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Home My WebLink AboutLODGES AT TIMBER CREEK 5TH SUPPLEMENT UNIT 19 20:oncacE Eagla Counuy n ssessors 0fflce B-q1*ot1o PER.\IIT fo; Parcel y'. TOWN OF VAfL CONSTRUCTfONF!.O2.O'I PERMIT APPIICATIoN FoRM DATE: APPLTCATION MUST BE FILLED OUT COMPLETELY OR IT MAY NOT BE ACCEPTED at 970-328-.8640 f \RcEL 0:,Lloa-ltff.t o taoS: | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * PERI"IIT TNFORI"LATION * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * rr * * * * :| . -'-'- - 't 1-nuirding [ ] -Plunbing JX) -nrectrical [ ] -Mechanibat [ ] -orher r._.._.__ rob Name , 1hub4o" "ffi"1,*6ah Job Acldre "", -2817 ft^l^r*t"""1-->^:UZIA Lesal Description: t,"51!;2il Block 'Thc lo4qes of Tvr'f rIng SUBDMSION: Address , ZgfT frr-l**/uilt h-,pn.'/t&lhbfwners Name: J ',-+-trchitect z h'rn'ttnq^ta'Ltt'u Address:------_--Arc".-b- /;l Pn. q7d- 64il leneral Description: v.tork Class: I n-New [ ]-Alteration I- I'l-Additional [ ]-Repair [ ]-other Iumber of Dwelling Units: 2-Number of Accomnrodation Units: **** * *********** ****** rr **** Town of VaiI Recl . NO. Phone Nunber: 'j;rmber and Type of Fireplaces: cas Appriances._ Gas Logs_ wood/pellet-., *** ** * rt* *** t<***** rk * * * *. ** * ******** ) xxxx'\''(t'(nt'xxt'***tr* VALUATrON2W'Tyy***********************r rurLDrNG: _t__ Er,EcrRrcAL.$4(7OO.OO orHER: $ ) __ ___: Ztloo &; liJiB}il8: *- f;ffiIfti:lL'l46aa-ao7 - fffficroR rNFoRMAl',roN ilectricaL Contractor: iddress: >Iunbing rddress: Iechanical Contractor: iddress: Flt4 }UTLDING PERMIT FEE: ,LUMBING PERMIT FEE: IECHA}IICAL PERMIT FEE: 'LECTRTCAL FEE: )THER TYPE OF FEE: )RB FEE: :onments: BUILDING PI,AN CHECK FEE: PLUMBING PI,AN CHECK TEEJ MECHANICAL PI,AN CHECK FEE: RECREATION FEE: CLEAN-UP DEPOSIT: TOTAL PERMIT FEES: BUILDING: SIGNATURE: ZONING: SIGNATURE: o?il:1""f":i:1,Contractor:Town of VaiJ. Reg. No. Phone Nunber: Town of VaiI Reg. NO. Phone Nunber: :*rl>t:t :t** *rt* ***** * * *)t * * ** ** * *****FOR OFFf CE USE rt* * ***** **********rt*?t***** * *** F VALUATION ) CLEAN I'P DEP.OSIT REFT'ND D/-a)nt r*ffi A_)rl REpT131 TUl.lN OF UArLr tr0LORAD0 09/o.3/98 &7t34 REOUESTS FOR INStrECTION IIORK SHEETS FOR: 9/ 3/94 PAGE AREAI DS L7 ri:::" elu Activityr 897-O19O Address: Location: ?897 TIHSER CREEK DR UNIT€ Parcel ! 21o3-I43-cla-9lt'Deseription: NEhl DUPLEX Flpplieant: S.H. COLE CONSTRUtrTION COfrlpANY Owner: S H COLE trONSTRUCTION Ctl -Contractor: 5. H. COLE CttNSTRUtrTItlN COfttPANY 9/ 3/98 Type: B-BUILD Status: ISSUED tronstr: NDUtr (LgDGES Oec: Fh one : Fhone: Fhone: f,T TIIIBER CREEK} 0i'Og7 Use: U N 979-476-t4?6 979-476-14?6 Locks, Ho lds, ACTI U ITY Not ice: and Notices.... No TCO issuance until e EHUS are recorded for the project Inspection Request Requestor: stan Req Ti re: O1,.1QQ;Iters requested -to Inforration. . . . . Corrent s:, u,nit..19. .be Inspected... Action Fhone= 476-L4?6 APPROVED APPROVED Reinspect as not ed: Inspection History..... OO5O0 PtJ-Baekfi l 1 Inspect ion 6050l Pll-Terp. aceess/drainaqe OASS? P!,|-Rough grade OOS03 Pll-Fina1 driveway grade OOOIO BLDG-Foot ings/St ee I t6/O9/97 Inspector: FIRT Action: AtrtrR w/corrections noted: Notes: REIIIOVE STANDING l.fATER IN FURFIS. REiIOUE llUD AND UNSUITABLE f'lffTERIAL IN FURilS. Iter : Qo,fi?g BLDG-Foundat ion/Steel 16/13/97 Inspector: CD Aetion: APPR Iterr OOS2O PLAN-ILC Site trlan OSllL/95 fnspeetor: DOFIINIC Aetion: AtrtrR Iter : OO030 BLDG-Fraring Aetion: N0 It er:Iter:Action: APPR APPROVED Iter: ft er:fter:Iter:Iter: g7/3O/9A Inspector: FIRT Notesr PROVIDE BLOCKING flT STAIR STRINCERS LTITHIN IIALLS PROUIDE FIRE BLOCKING IN LOI.IER LEVEL T.IALL BETI,JEEN UNITS HORIZONTAL SPACES NOT TO EXCEED 10 FT. tr'{UVIDE PTISSITIVE CONNEUTION AT BEAI|I AND PACKED STUD COLU ON LUI'IER LEUEL. OTHER FRA}IING INStrECTED AND APPROUED 07/31/9A Inspector: CD flction: flPtrR ALL CORRECTIONS FIADE B8./IB/98 Inspector: CD Action: APtrR UNIT aO OOOSO BLDG-Insulation ooo6td BLD6-Sheetrock Nai I A8/94/95 Inspector: CD rrent s --- ilntcq:lAnR Fnx-Ef-EnTElCAl pANFI pENETRAfING FIRE RESISTM ASSEFIBLY OglE4l9A Inspector: Iter : o,0,D70 BLDB-ltlisc. o6/td?/95 Inspeetor: Iter: OOO9O BLDB-FinalIter: OO53g BLD6-Terp. C/tr Iter: OO53e PL|-TEI{P. C/O GRG JRFI Action: APFR Action: APPR UNIT *eO = OK ALL 3/8"X AptrR LATH,STUCCO REtrTlsl TOtrN (lF VAIL, COLORADUg9/o.3/98 O7r54 RE0UESTS FOR INStrECTION tltlRK SHEETS FOR: 9/ StqS PAGE AREA: DS 1A Iterl OO533 Iterr 40537 Iterr OO539Iter: OO540 PLAN-TEIIP. Clg PLAN-FINAL C/O PW-FINA_ C/O BLDE-Final trltr -kh,; u*lffi q\\r'^qra , L-F.rpt ,.1 n 1{ ?. ,< nS\ trZ lrj$[.".b j:.:,'r' REPT131 TONN OF UArL, COLORADU Q9/O3/9B 67=54 REOUESTS FOR INSPECTION }IORK SHEETS FOR: 9/ 3l9B PA6E ffREA: CD Aetivity: Address: Loeat i on r Parce I : Descr i pt i on : AppI ieant : Owner: Contraetor: p9S-SO35 9/ 3/99 Type: B-pLllB Status: ISSUED tronstr: NDUF 1031 trCLrN slitt/4 14-5-81 e103-143-OO-011 F.!I4F FoFr t NITS le' ao tPDsEs AT S-'H COLE CONSTRUCTION CO _ S H COLE CONSTRUCTITIN CO -J&CPLUMBINGEHEATING Occ: Use: TISFEE.CB€EK Phone: Phone: Fhone: 3O3944?635 Inspeetion Request Rcquestor: stan Req Tire: OlrO6' Iters requested to Sgego F|-lrlB-Final Inforration..... Correntsr unit.,,tr!) be Inspeeted.,. Aet Fhone = 476-t4?h Tire Exp Iter : olo,?L0 PLttlB-Undergnound 6,4/e4/98 Inspector: CD flction: APPR UNITSD f9 AND eO Notes: UNIOT *19 5 PSI AIRTEST UNIT *EO 5 trSI AIRTEST Iter: go.??g trLltlB-Rough/D. l.r, U. 07 /3o/95 Inspector: f,lRT , Jdg/17l98 Inspector: CD \ter : olo,?30 trLMB-Rouqh/l,later 07 13o/9B Inspeetor: ART EA/17/9A Inspector: trD Iter: Ao,?4ti PLttlB-Gas Piping 67/3o/9A Inspeetor: ARTgBllT/99 Inspector: ED Iterr O0e5O PLltlB-trool/Hot TubIter r o,o.260 PLMB-ttlisc. Iter : WlEgO PLttlB-FinaI Iter: OO538 FIRE-FINAL ClB Action: APPR Actionr APPR Action: AtrPRAction: APtrR Action: AtrtrRAction: AtrtrR D.W. V. e UNIT EO R/water5E*PT G-pipe€e7*pT 5* psi OK 5* pT C 50* psi 0K 30*/15rin OK Inspection History..... REpT131 ToHN OF VAIL, COLORflDO Oi/93/9A O7r54 REOUESTS FOR INStrECTICIN tftlRK EHEETS FUR: 9t stgB PA6E AREAI GD Aetivityl I'fi)S-OI4O 9/ 3l9B Type: B-ifECH Statue: ISSUED Constr: NDIJP Address; Loeation: LODGES AT TIIIIBER CREEK UNITS fg-e0 Farcel: ?l03-143-gel-0ll Occ: Use: Deseript ion: rechanical for new duplex Applicant : J & C trLUI'IBING & IEATING Owner: 5 H COLE CONSTRTETION CO -Contractor: J & C trLUHBINE A HEATING Phone: 393984?635 Phone l Phoner 3S39442635 Inspection Request Inforration..... Requestorr stan Req Tire: Ol:OO Corrents: unit 19 Phone z 476-l4t?5 Tire ExpIters requqsted to be Inspected... AetioqTSorrentsoo3eol9nilt /6 a@:3are Inspeetion History..... Iter: O$?gg ltlECH-Roughg7/3$/9A Inspeetorr ART g7/31/95 Inspeetor: CD OSllT/94 Inspeetor: CD Notes: FRBVIDE COI'IBUSTION AIR DUCTS SEpARATE, ONE T.TITHIN I FT. OF OF FLOTIR. I Str INCH PER A060 APPR lllcorrections noted: - CONTINUOUS TO THE OUTSIDE AN CEILING AND ONE I.IITHIN I FT B.T.U. EACH DUCT NtrtrR CORRECTIONS I{ADE PA UNIT EO SEE NOTES Aet ion: Action: Aet i on: . .,,:i....:. 'rl-,,:.''ri" Iter: I ter: IterrIter:Itcr:Iter r Notes: CUtl AIR DUL'TS NOT INSTALLED ENUIRN. DUCTS NOT INSTALLED BOILER FLUE MPROVED Bo,?4O PLltlB-Gas triping OO31G ltlECH-Heat ingg8flT/99 Inspeetor: CD OO32O ]'IECH-Exhaust Hoods OO339 ltlEGH-Supply Air OG34O ilECl-Filise. @39O HECH-FinaI Action: AtrtrR 30 PSI AIRTEST HEAT LINE TOMI OF VAII,75 S. FROISTAGE ROADvAIrJ, co 91657 970 -4't9-2L35 ElacE!Lcal.---> DRB Fea Inv66tigit.lon 'wlll crll----> TOIA! PABS- - - > ilob Address: I,OCAt,ION. . . : TODGES AT TIMBER CREBKParcel No.. : 2103-L43-00-011Project, No. : pRJ97-ot2} Stsatus...: fSSL'ED #Applied. . : os/12/L998Issued...: 05/L2/L998 Erqrires . . z LL/OA/L998 Phone:- 3034535424 Phone: 3034535424 DEPARTI,IENT OF COIIMT'NITY DEVELOPMErinf NCfIE: TIIIS PERMIT MUST BE POSTED ON JOBSITE AT AIJL TIMES ELECTRICAL PERMIT Permit #: 898-0097 APPLICANT TR.IAI{GLE ELESTRICP O BOX 4068, FRISCO eO 80443CONTRACIOR TRIANGI.E EI.,EdIRICP O BOX 4058, FRISCO CO 80443OI{NER S H COLE CoNiTRuerrON co _ oGIrlBy T CHARITES , 2g3g s FROI.|TAGE RD W, Descrlptlon: ELECTRIACL FOR 2uNrTS vArL co 81557 Valuat,ion:4, 800 . 00 i*ttt',ttttt*trtr+',*t*t!"tt**tt trtartt*rttri.. FEE auuuARy rtrilr,,rrrrrtrr.rrrirrr*rr'lrlrrrrrrrrrrt*rrrr*t',**r**irrria*. t95 . oo .00 .00 3 .00 lat .00 1SB - 00 .00 199.00 1AB. 00 .00 Tot.al Crlculat,od F6€6- - - t Addillonal FecE- --------> TocaI P.!alt FG.--------> gayuenla-------- AAIANCE DUB- -.- - r r*rr*,rrtt*r *r rrti *r r rr, r*tr. rrr t *.t,rt1.,,*a, a I!r |,* r* ta r r r w I9e.rni .060Q0_E_!BgIRrcr,L DBpARtilENT Depr.: BUTLDTNG Division: 95 / L2 / L99e _ .lBU - - --- Ecloni Aidpri -appnovED JRfi- - I9eqi .055q0_$_ne DEprrFi?AEiif -bt'pc: FrRE Divieion:o5/r2/L998 irRM-- ---i[cEioii, appn r/a trt tttt?tttt*titrt t'rati r+trrtta t* tat,rtttl t*rri*!rttrtat r rrrir*ari r**r!rrtitr * tr i*t t*frr'rr!rrtr'r CONDITION OF APPROVAL ]-. FIELD TNSPBqTIONS ARE REQUIRED TO CIIECK FOR CODE COMPLIAT.ICE. ri*i...*r.**r*t DECLARATIONS r hcrtby acknorl''dg. lhit r h.v. r.ad ch16 appllcatlon, flllod out ln full che infonariori rcqulr.d, couplrtOd an accurala plotjpl'n' 'nd '!'t' ch.t .lt the inforo.cton proviara.6 r.guired is corr.ct, r agrac t'o cooply rtEh the lnfoh acion and plot pLen,co cooply wich rll Tor.n ordinanceE .nd luacG 11r.6, and co bulld chlg sctiucEulr qccording go tho Torn,B zoni[g and gubdlvisioncode6. d'6lgn r'vi.l apProv.d, unlfonr Bulldtng cod. lnd oEher o!dr.nanc6. of !h. Toen qppllcabls lh€rcto. RBQltBglS FoR lltSPEqMNa gHAt tJ BE [{ADB TlfllfTv-PouR HoURa IN ADVANcE 8Y TELEPttoNE AT t?9-213s oR AT ouR oF!'IcE FRolt s:oo A Eroo pM **********************************************************:l***** TOWN OF VAIL, COLORADO Statemnt**************************************************************:t* Statemnt. Number: REC-0400 AmounE.:188-00 05/L2/98 10:25 Init: iIRIIPalrment, Method: CK NotaEion: 2590 Permit No: E9g-0097 Type: B-ELEC EIJECIRICATParcel No: 2103-143-00-011 LOCAt,iON: LODGES AT TII{BER CREEK f19 & 20Total Fees:This payment, 199.00 Tota} ALL pmts: Balance: PERMIT 188.00 188 .00 .00* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * i * * * * * * * * ** ** * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * :t tt * Amount. 185.00 3 .00 Accounts Code DescripE.ionEP OO1OOOO31114OO EI.EETRIEAI, PERMIT FEESWC OO1OOOO31128OO WIIJL CALI INSPEqTION FEE TO9IN OF VAII..75 S. FRONTAGE ROADvArIJ, co 9165?9?O-479-2L38 El.ccrlcrl---> DR8 Fgc lnvGrtlga!1on> flll crl1----> to|fAt PtBa- -- > DEPARIITEIIT OF COMMUNITY DEUELOPMENT NOtrE: TTIIS PERMIT MUST BE POSTED ON ELEETRICAIJ PERMIT ilob Address: I-,OCAEiON. . . : LODGES AT TIMBER CRBErParcel No. . : 2L03-1.43-00-011ProJect No. : Ptt'.tg7-0120 iIOBSITE AT ALL TIMES PermiE #: 898-0097 Statue...: ISSIJED #Applied. . : O5/L2/L998Isgued...: 05/L2/L998Eq)ires..: tL/08/L998 Phonet 3034535424 Phone z 3034535424 APPLICA$T TRIAI{GLB ELESTRTCP O BOX 4068, FRISCO CO 80443CONTRAETOR TRIAI{GLE EI..8dTRIC P O BOX 4068, FRISCO CO 80443ol{NER s H coLE CoNSTRUCTTON CO _ OGIIJBY T CHARI.ES, 2938 S FROTTTAGE RD W, Descrlpt,lon.: ELECTRIACL FOR 2ttNITS vArL co 81657 ValuaEion:4, 800 . 00 titrrt.."ti't.,ri'titttat't+'t''rtat't.tt.rtt.t*tttrtttttrtrri* FBE SullARy rtartrarrrrtalJrrrtirrtarrt.rtitirirt.r.rrrr,rrrr.rrrrtrr?. 135 . OO .00 3.00 r8l. o0 Total Crlculrt,.d Fccc- --; Addlcloml Fsca---- -----> Tocrl P.rult F.c--------> 9ayEant6-------- AALA}ICE DUB. -. - - lgg.00 .00 tg8 ,00 186,OO ,00 t*rtirrlrtrlrairtrtrtirrrrr..rir.ittrrirrrtrrr.l ,arrrr.,e.r,i,r, IEe.qi .06000_EItEefRIclT. DBPART'I{ENr DepE: BUILDING Dj_vision:9.5/tz ltggQ^.rr<U_ Actsion:-Appd-appnovsD Jfrfr--Itsenr 0s600_E-r_RE DEpitRrT,IEiit - --.----'-- -b?'pr: FIRE Division:os/L2/L998 irRtr--- ---;rCEidii appR u/a rr ttlr'tttttt'rttra li'r t ltatar., tttrt'rrt t ra t. rt*rr'riitrt!arrrrrn iaa *,r rrti *t rttaiatat,r *tt, r,,. rrr. CONDITION OF APPROVAL 1' FTEIJD rNsPEgrroNs ARE REQUTRED To cHEcK FoR coDB coMptrAllcE. a.tt*r I rrra.rr*t. irrt r. rarrrr.. DECLARA:UONS I h'r'by 'cknorl'€. chrg r h.v. r.rd lhle appllcallon, ftll.d out ln ful,I th! inforrarion rcquircd, sonplcEld rn rccurc!. plotPl'n' 'nd 'c't' Bh'! .rl th. tnfot[.cton pro;4ad ra !.qulr!d is corr.ct. r rErac !o cotwly rlrh Lhs tnfomaEion and plot pl.n,to cout'ly tlch r11 torn ordlnanc.! and scate hra, and to bulld lhig 6cr-ucLulG .ccordlng to th. Tor,n,6 zoning .nd .ubdivlaioncodas' dceign nvtrr lpprovrd, unlforr aullding cod. .nd oEhGr oldlnincc. of th. ?otn applicabro gh.!c!o. RBQuBgls FoR tf,6PBeIrONg AHAtJt BE IIADB ttlBltfy-FouR HOuRs IN ADIaNCE 8Y TELEPHOI|8 AT rz9-2r.3s oR AT oUR oFFIcE FRo[,] cloo Arit s:oo pril *****f *****************************************************!t**** TOVIN OF VAIIJ, COLORADO sEate$nE***************t************************************************ Statennt, Number: REC-0400 ArnounE:188 .00 0s/12/98 10 :25Init: iIRMPaymenE MeEhod: CK NotaEion: 2590 Permit. No: 898-0092 rype: B-ELEC ELEerRrcAl, PERMTT Parcel No: 2]-03-L43-00-011 LOCATION: LODGES AT TIMBER CREEK #L9 & 20 This Payment, Tot,a} FeeB: 1-88 . 00 Total ALtr Pmts: Balance: 188.00 188.00 .00 *************************************i**********t*************** Account Code Descrlpt.ion EP OO1OOOO31114OO ELESTRICAL PERMIT FEES WE OO1OOOO31128OO WILL EALL INSPEC:TION FEE Amount 185.00 3 .00 ,:.:*-\ united states iit Tii')Pep"ttloeDt ortlU'Ag=icoltore Foree t Sernice Forest P roduct 6 LaboratorT One Gifford Piocbot Dr. Hadison, PI 53705-2398 Reply to: A700-2 Date: March 4, 1992 l1r. Bob Andergon A1p ine Log }iones PO Box 85 Victor, lff 59875 Loa,rs Q TI,vuBte ceEL K tq- )o r'l-i(LDear Mr, Anderson: This letter is in reepoDs€ to your recent phone call regarding the fire endurance of 1og cabin wa11s. We do not have the deta to make a reasonable esti[rgte of the fire endursnce of a load-bearing 1og cabin wa1l. The only test dats De are gware of are tests on load-bearing 1O-foot-high 2 by 4 rs and 2 by 6 'E nail Laninated wa11s conducted by the National Bureau of Standards in 1946. The 2 by 4's and 2 by 6rs were laninated verticallv and had actual thicknesses ot 3-5/8 and 5-t/2 inches. Buckling failure occurred in 45 ninutes for tbe nominal 4-inch-thick r*a1l and 68 rninutes for the noninal 6-inch-thick wa11. One possible analysis is to reduce the total thickness of the wa1l by the expected anount of charring and perform a standard structural analysis of thevlall. For this analysis. the safety factors in the design streases would be reduced to one. For l*hour fire endurance, I reduction of 2 inches wouLd be reasonable. The actual char rate would depend on the speci.es, density, and moisture content of th€ lrood. The charring rate of wood is discussed in Research Paper 450 and the extended ab6tract trspeci.es Effect on Wood Charring.rr Assuning the 1o!s are sound and intact, I wouLd expect the charring rate of the logs to be the 6atre a6 dimension lunber. However, thecritical dioension would be the miniroun thickness of the well which is not 1ilely to be the diameter of the 1ogs. For 6tructural wood nedbere of nonrectengular shape, practices for visual grading are given in the Standard Practice ASTM D 3957-90 Establishing Stre6s Gredes for Structural Menb ers Used in Log Buildings. One source for assistance in the visual greding of 6uch nenbers is Hark Hope, (Phone nunber 404-922-8000), Tirber product rnspection, Box 919, gg4 Blacklawn Road, Conyers, GA 30207. As indicsted in the pagee fron nThe Fire Perfornance of Tirnber - A Literature Survey by Timber Reseatch and Developnent Associstion (England),, the preaenceof jointe con6titute6 the weaknees in a solid wood Da11. ffiil:::x'.?1-^.,,-n TELEX:FACSIMILE ! ,z:-\ @, lr Ander s on llithout joints, a thiekness of 2-L/2 to 3 inches would probably satisfy the therrral requireurents for a 1-hour wa11. The tenperatures developed in a 7-1./2-inch-t hick Douglas-fir laninated luuber panel are given in Figure 4 of FPL ReporE No. 1999. If the lunber is bonded with phenolic or resorcinol adhesives, the eharring rate6 at the joint should be equivalent to e solid wood. lie suspect that a well-nachined, t ongue-and-g roov ed joint in a 4-inch-thick, nonload-bearing wa11 will last I hour. : Gypsun wEllboard could be added to a 1og wal1 when a higher rating is required. Fire stopping Bsterials could also be used to reinforce the joints. Sashco of Denver, C0 (1395 South Acona,80223. phone (303)778-7600) hae obtained an UL one hour rating for an non*load-b earin g 1og wal1 rrith their sealent in the gaps betroeen the 1ogs, In NBS tests of nonloed-bearing nail larninated ua116 with plain joint6, the 3-5l8-inch-thick wa11 failed in 85 rrinutes and the 5-1l2-inch-thick wal1 failed in 126 ninutes. In the load-bearing ea1ls, fire penetration failures occurred in 45 ninuteE in the noninal 4-inch-thick llall and 106 ninuteg in the noninal 6-inch-thick wal1. In the FPL test of a 7.5-ineh-thick nail laninated iral1 lsith plain joints, the uncharred wood renoining after 2.3 hours of fire exposure lras 3.91 incheE thick. The results for the llBS test6 on solid wood wa1ls are reflected in the ratings given in Table 2.4.A of the Supplenent to the National Building Code of Canada-1980. While sone tests heve shown irnproved fire endurance with fire retsrdant6, other test6 have shown little improvenent. Fire retardants are designed to reduce flanespread acroaa the eurface. In general, fire retardents nould have srinirral effect on the fire endurance of a solid wood wa11. Other enclosuree include a list of available FPL publications on fire perfornance of wood and a partial list of reference6 on 1og buildings. Pleage 1et ue know if ne can be of any further assistance. My phone nunber ie (608) 231-9265. t,F,n:!t 4/ il/e_ ROBERT H. WHITE, I{ood Scientist Eire Safety of liood Producte Encl-oEuree: ' Pages fron Fire Perfornance of Tinber Supplenent to NFCC Partial Liet of References on the Construction of Log Buildinge Excerpt fron Fire Teets. Conrnerc ial Fire Teeting Laboratories ) List of Perforroance of Wood in Fire , Seebco - DatatTec Report No. 1999 - Truax Species Effect on Wood Charring. Analytical Methods for Deternining..... Research Paper FPL 450 .Wood Handbook-Chapter 15 & I{ood Hsndbook Techline . ASTH D3957{-fi\ IUIS{ THE SUPPLEMEI.IT to tbe NATIONAI, BUILDING CODE of Canada 1980 Issocd by thc Associate Committee on the National Building Codc Natlonal Research Council of Caoada Ottawa NRCCNo.17724 % 4l SUBSECTION 2.{ SOLID IVOOD WALLS, FLOORS AND ROOFS 11,1. The mininum thickncls of rolid 'rood w:lls, tloor: rnd rooft for 6rc.tcsistrncc ntings fron V: h to I yr h is rhoirn in Table 2.i.A. 'Trblc 2,1,A, Forming Prn of Aniclc :.1.1. !lol.. to Trbl.l.l.A.: o)SGs CSA Otrl.lg?0. "Sohrrood Lurnber" lot rizc!.('Thc 8rctnbly contilrt of !6 rnm.thick nl.mb.:r on Gdg. flStctrcd tolcrhc.:rith l0l rDtn comtnon eit! nriL. !F&€d ng( morc thrr l0() nm o.c. .nd rtr?gefrd in the dit?ctioo of ih? 9r1n.OTtc lloor co'r'irtt of nornio:l 6t mm bv !-$ rnn t|.iC: plrnkr cirhrr longlcd .nd groovcd or wilh 19 nm 0y 3t |!r! tplinct t€t in 3toov6 rd trtcold totchct sith t6 nn Gommoo nrib tPrctd oot morc thu 'm nm o,c 2"a.2.(t) Thc firc-resiltrnce r3dn-!! of the rsscmblies derribed in Table 2.{..{. rrc inctcesed by 15 nrin iI onc of the finishes descibcd in Clauses ( al to (c) is ePplied on re fire<rposcd sidc: (r) 12.7 mm-thick gvFum $'.llboard. (b) 20 mn-thick gyp:um-:rnd phster on rnetal lrth. or (c) l3 Dm-thick gypaum-lud plarter on 9.5 nm gyprum lrth. (r) F stcning of thc plagtcr to thc wood stnrdure nust conform to Subscction 13. lrJ. Supplcmenran ralin!5 based on te:c are includcd in Table l.+.8. Thc ratrnP fiYen aP ply to conrtnrdonr rhar conform in dl dcnils wirh tle dcssriptions given. ilrlNt;|ruIl THICK\ESS,o OF 50LID 'ilOOD wALLS, ROOFS AliD FLOOR5. rnm TIF of Consruction Firc.Rcsistance Ratinr Vrh vrh lh tri h Solid *qe6lrt fioo1r'ith building prp:r and 6nish fiooring on top E9 I lJ It(,1( Solid sood, splined or toncucd-and- groovcd ioor u'ith building prper anC 6nish llooring on toptlt 6l 76 Solid r.oodct wrlls of lordbeering vcnical phok t9 lro l8r Solid woe6t:1,"t1;t of non'loedberting hori' zonlal plark E9 E9 E9 I l{) Colurnn I 1 3 42 Notg to Trblc ll.B.: tll Tbc rrrins rnd rrol6 rt! tllcr (rom "Firc R6irrrocr Clcsriftrdonr of Buildint Conrhniont.- Buildb3 Mrtcn!1, md Struaturg Rcmn BllS 9!. Ntrionrl Burcr! oJ 50ndrrdr. \! rrhington. llt2.l:rRrnnp tot pb*ood bcad p.acl rrc b$cd on phenolic rc$n dlr bsrrt urcd ior 3loin3 bcint to rood fntlr6. l[ orhct trpc' of 3luc rrc urcd for :hir 6rrporc. thr r.r|'lr c|n bc ratcr ro rpply il rhc j|ci!!r rrr lail3d to tltc Jrrn€ ia ddirioa ro b.int 3lued. Trbk al.B. Forming Pen of Anicle 14.3. FIRE-RESISTA:\CERATtT-CSOFIO,-r-.LOAD8E{RING BUILT.UP SOLID TT'OOD PARTTTIONSD Consrnrction Denils Acturl Ovcnll Thickncrs, tr|m Fire-Recistrnc. Reting. h Solid prnelr of eood borrds 64 mm ro 140 mn qidc grmved rnd ,oincd wirh wood splinca. nrilcd togethcr. borrds phccd vcnicr,lly sirh staggercd joinu.3 borrd; lhick 5t ,f' Soiid prnels wirh 4 nm pllr',ood (acin6('| glucd ro ,t6 mra rolid *qo'd colg of glucd T & G coosrnrction for borh :idcs rDd cndr of colc picccs wirh T & G rrib in rhe core rbout 760 mm eorn 54 Columo I ) .+!.<,, THE ONLY CHINKING /t l. \ TO HOLD A \ YL i UL CLASSIFIED\..-./ 1 HOUR FIRE RATING.* LJC-OO2 LoE J&m,- Home Chinking r PRODUCT DESCBIPTION Log Jam '' Home Chinking is a waler clean-up matedal which has the 'look ol morlar- )€t dles rubbery to absotb log movement. lt is compalible wilh most stains. preservalives, and wood sealers. r BASIC USES This product is specilically dgsigned for application between logs to lorm a positive. elastic seal where lhe aulhentic -look ol mortar'is desired. lt out performs mortar in adhesion to logs. lhe ability to absorb log movement. the insulation value. the repairabilily, and application ease. Log Jam '' Home Chinking will span ioints 3 lo 4 inches wide. ll is excellent lor applying dhectly over old moftar lor restorallon puposes. Log Jam'' is guaranteed to remain package stable thrcugh 5 heeze'thaw rycles. I LIMITATIONS Log Jam'- Home Chinhhrg is not lor conlinuous submersion nor lor use where exposed to heavy loot or vehicular tralfic, APPLICATION r NEW CONSTFUCTION Joint width should be a minimum ol tour limes the anticioaled movement of the logs. This would include movemenl due lo log shrinkage. house setlling, and loading lactors. For ioints I inch in widlh ot more. depth should be li2 inch. The deDth ot ioinls less than I inch wide should be hall ol the widlh but in no case less thah l/d inch deep. These ouidelines are to insufe sutlicienl mass to abgorb loa movement and maintaii a tight seal lor an ertended period ol time. Regar;less ol width. it is not necessai lhat depth be greater lhan t/2 inch. A backing material should be installed between logs prior lo chinking. A closed.cell polyethylene type is recommended. Sashco supplies a "flat profile'log hom€ backing rod which aids in l6t6lng I unilorm ioint ol sufficienl depth. ll a round backing rod material is used, car€ rnusl be taken to apply sulficienl malerial at lhe apex ol lhe rod. Using open-celled backing malerials or insulalion such as fiberglass batiing is noi recommencled. The-y are likely to l) provide an iregular lurrace. 2) - pfovide insuf{icienl or inconsislenl supporl. and 3) be subiecl lo water absorption. r BESTORATION All log surfaces musl be kee ol dust, grease or uncured oils. Remove all loosa morlar. When using Log Jam'' as a fesloratlon chlnking over old motar. a -bond breaker- lape should be applied. A variety of plaslic tapes may be used such as 7 clear packaging lape or ducl tape. Applied over lhe old mortar prior to rechinking. the bond breaker provides a surlace to which Log Jam'' will not adher€. When log movemenl occurs. Log Jam'' will be kee lo strelch. Loo Jam'' should be lool€d to conlact at leastl/f of th€ bare wood surface oi eilher sid€ o, the old mortar. This will insure adequale adhesion. Surlaco Preparatlon: Surlaces should be clean, struclurally sound. lree of uncured oils, dirt or other loose materials. Log Jam'' Hom€ Chinking may be applied to slightly damp logs it no additional water is actively rewening lhe surface. Soma type of wood tfeatment is recommended, and most can and should be agglied belore chinking. Wood seaters, preservatives. or slains should be Urdrougnty cured befori chinking is appiied. A tew sealers (esoecially those heavy in war conlent) may interlere with edhesion, Sashco mainlains a list or those treatmenls tested which should be apglied after chinking. It in doubl. apply wood |reatments e/ter chinking making sure chinking is thoroughly cr.lrcd. Surfaces should be 40"F. or above uoon aDolicalion. Chinkino should be II sastlco, Il F'lt rFar t': [.:: s:ltrEb i';ii:; tr:dl trfh:i f,{ ffiq n:lE{ .tlre THE ONLY CHINKING /lh \ roHOLDA\YI./ UL CI-,ASSIFIED 1 HOUR - FIRE RATING. (* see below) bchnical Mclhodg: Sashco Loo Jam- Homc Chiflkinq i! shipoed in Plasuc' sttaight 3ided. fi"e- oatlon oails. This allois lor a wide ranoe of ipglicatior methods. Groul bags. bulk iaulkinq ouns. or oumoir,e svslems ma'y De used. The procuct dots rot conlarn haavy abrasi'isi This reiuces d-owhtime and ieolacement cost ol bulk equioment. especially pumps. It msy be pumpod through most orogressiv€ cavity pumps or ah{riven pumps. A 'O:lratlo is racommended il using air pumps. Log Jam' Homa Chinking may be tooied with odinary masonry type. tooling bledes ol ani*he,e |tom y.- lo t'zi-in wioth. we tiave also seen that tie use ol \ryal€r-soakec polyethy'ene loam paint brushes work quite well. The procedure lor using lhe loam brush. iouto tje as lotlowi: Log Jam ' would be agPlied lo the loq surtece and lhe ercess sltuck ofl with an ordinary gutti knile. Then. usinq a waler'soakec loan brush. otelimrnary toollnq takes placd (keeb a rag in ons hana to pick up dflps ol wale! and stcess Log Jam'- ). Flnal toolino can then take otace usinq anolh?r loam brush. this tlm. nol so wel. leaving 6 'strikrnqlyl clean beed N6t onty dois lhis technrqus give an aeslhelrcally plgasing chinkinq iirie. il also insutes a prdper seal beMeen lhe Log Jem'' and lhe log suflace' This pr&edure is easy to learn and wilt give very prolessional resulls Becauss ol the 'ratly'waler resislance of Log Jem'' it may tooled l0 to 30 minules aller aD9licalion in order 16 teduce lhe milky' streiking caused by the soray mixlufe. The alternative methods ol tooling immedialely ot waiting ere up to lhe personal slyle ol th6 chinl(er and ofler eauel end resulls. The chinker must loot. however. befote eny significant'skinning'lakes place' Water may be used lor cleaning hands, sutlaces. and equipment. Ioxic solv€nt3 ate not need8d lor cleen uo.fata /aler Resislance: pplicalion Flange: ervice Flange: aintable: ompatible: ure-lhrough Time: rlrusion Rate: reeze-thaw; ardness Shore A: lump: :ck-Free Time: dhesion (180' Peel): Log Jam'' Home Chinking lotms a rain'tesistant skin in one lo lour hours after application. (Depends upon bead size, humidity, and tempetature). .10"F. to | 20'F lsubslrate temDerature) -30'F. lo 250'F. Wth oil or latex stains and paints. (Allow one week cure limel. Wilh most sealers and preservatives including: tinseed oil, penlachlotophenol. copper compounds. !plcal Physlcal Propertles 3-weeks (l/2' thickness. 70'F., 50% R.H.) 750 grams per minute (1/8'orifice at 40 lbs. Ptessute) Package stable through 5 cycles (0"E lo 70"E) ?A O'In 2'channel (l hour al room temperalure) Less lhan 30 mlnute3 (70'F.. 509'" R'H.) Substrata ' Wood' Wood treated .with followlng sealerst Foreslry Formula Cuorlnol Clear Wood Preservative Moorwood Cleer Wood Finlsh Flood CWF ThomDsons water Seal Lbg-t lyPe of Llnear lnch Fallura 12c t3 alc f3 c t5 c l.l c ll c * UNDERWRI'EBS LABORATORIES. INC.O CLASSIFIEO JOIN I TRFTATMENT MATERIALS FtRE FESISTANCE CLASSIFICAIION DESIGN NO. U5I9 SEE UL FIRE RESISTANCE DIFECTORY 2558 a -edhesivo c -cohe3iveI Slanded Blrch ptF|ood lest boards used. t Contacl Sashco tor €xpanded list ol adhesion dala lo various sealers Those 'tith adhetion figute3 below fO lbgln rhould be epolied aller chinking' Cuprinot is a registered ttademark ot Ensign.Bicklord lndustties Moorwood is a rggislered trademark ot Beniamln Moote 6 CornDnny 't--A,.- - ^, lt!- Cl^^r a^a^.^.,\ =r=ttcn Chapter 15 .1* "'-.it- ..: t_ Fire Safety in lVood Construction Pote Firc Pcrformmcc Chursdcrisrics of Wood .............. l5-2 . lgnition .............. l5-2 Chaning md Fire Resi.rtonce ........ l5-3 Flant Sprcarl ...... l5-4 llest Rclcme rnl Hcar of Grmbustion ................ l5-4. Smoke ond Toxic Grses ........,....,,....,..,.....,.... 15-6 lrnproving Firc Safety Through Design ................,. 156 Wood-Rtclcd Hcaten nrxl Chimneys,,.,,...........,. I 5.6 Combustible lntulation ............... 15.7 Wood Roof €ovcrings ,,......... ...,. 15.7 lncrlor Finish ....... 15.7 Arco end Hcight Limitutions ............................ l 5-8 Automatic Sprinklen ................. l5-8 Ffuc Resistamc . . . . . . . . . . q . : . . . . . . . ..... ts-E Fitcstops ard Draftsops ............. l5-9 Doon aad Stairwrys .,................ l5-l Fire-Retudant Treurmcnrs .............. 15- 12Inrprcgmtion ....... 15- 12' Cortings ............. 15-12 Chemicrls ........... 15- 12Applicltion ......... l5-ll Durability ...........:........ ........... l5-tl.Strcngth ............. 15.13Hygroscopicitl, ..... 15- 14 Corrosion ..................;. ........... 15.t4Ivlrhinabiliry ............ 1.5- | J Gluing Choractcrisrics ........... ..... 15- t4Paintabiliry ......... l5-l-l Selectcd Refcrcnces ... 15- t 5 l5- l Fire Sai'etv in lVood Construction' Firr-' rrlctv i: Jn ilnponxn{ ctrncern in ull tl pes r)l construc- tion. Inlirrrnulirrn on thc llre-salt usc ol'rvrxrd in construclion is L'r'rercd in this chlpter. This includcs lire pcrlbrnrancc charxcteristics. ruch :rs ignition. charring, llanrc sprcad. hcut rcle:rsc. und snrtrks. When evtluating lire salctl'. h:rsic d:rta lrc nccrlcil rrn pcr{irrrn:rnse churucteristics ol' buildine nra- tenals. Elen nrorc inro()rtant thun thc pcrlirrnrunee ol'thcse ntutcrials is thc rlcsiurr r)t'thc buildint':. Tlrcrclirrc. mcthotls ure discusscd lirr inrproring lirc suletl, thrtrugh tlcsign and llre-fu:rrdunt trcJtnlcnts thal can irrtDrrrve thc fire nerlirnrrlncc of s trrd. !Urrior huilding codcs lcncr0llv recornizc live classillc:r- tirrns ol construction blscd un r!['c\ ol Inttcriuls and reqtrircd firc rcsist;rncc ratings. Of (hc livc. wrxrrl is pernrittc.d in three trl thc cl ssificotiorrs. Tltcsc !hrcc t]pcs ol c(rnslnrction h l,c trlditirrnallv hcen t:lerrcd l{r as hcrv\ tinrhcr. ordinarr'. lnd Iight-lr:rnre. Ilr:rrr'r lirrrbcr con\tructi()n h;rs wrxxl colltntrrs. lloorr- r0rrlr :rnd iDtcrirrr nilrtiti()ns trl ccrt in nrininrurrr ditnsnsitrns. I:rrr cx:trnplc. bc'anrs and girdcrs rn:rv he not less than nominal b :nchcs in rvidtlr:rnd nol lcss th:rn nonrinal l(l irrches in depth. Ordinurr, cr)nstruction has srrrallcr size wtxrrl membcrs. such as nrxnin:rl 2-inch-thick rvrxxl joists. In both hcrvv Iintber arrd ordinln cr)nslruction. the crlcrior rvalls irrc rrl nrlnconrbuslitr[' ruteriuls. In licht-l rlrnc crrn\lructi(]n. the sllls. lloors- and rrxrl.s rnal,be nonrin:rl l-inch-thick rvtxxj Iranring lnd thc c.\terior walls rnav be ol cornbustihlc nrateri:rls. 'l'he lire resistuncc ol light-lrurrre lnd hcuvv tinrber construction rvill hc tliscussetl lutcr. Whilc thc olher t*rr c llssillcrtions . firr'-resistir c and nonconrhrrstihle construction.. hlsicalll rcstrict the construction to nrncombustihle nratc'rills. ll rc -retardan t- t rcltcd rrorxl is penrrittcd in linritcrl rpplic:rtionr. Thc ltigh lcvcl ol n:rtionll conccm lirr lirc sllttr'is relicctr"'d in linrit;rtiorrs and rlesi!:n rcquircnrents in thc btrilJing cor.lcs. 'fltc codcl prrlridc thc nrinilrrunr stututon' n'tluircrlcnts li'r lirc ritlctr'. .\tllrr'rr'ncc to crrrlcs sill resrtlt in lrn inrpro,cd L'r'cl ol [irc ,.itlctr. Crxlc olliuills rhould hc eonsultctl curlv in the <lcsign rrl r bu iltling. , ^+cuusc thc uotlcs ol lcr :rllcrnal ivcs, Frrr cxrnrplc. lloor urcirs cln hc incrcused $ ith tlrc urJditi0n rrl luulr''rrralic sprinklcr svslcnrs. Cr c rrl'licruls hrrvc the option trr irnprorc lrltcrnltivc nratcrials nd nlcth()ds ()l constrttction and nxrdil'r' protisions ol'thc !'r cs shcn cquivulent lirc pro- tcctir)n iin(l stnrctrrr:rl intcgrity is docurncntcd. Insurirncc rirl- inr: burc'lus lnd llrc insuruncc cnuinccrs urc uvaihrhlc trr hclp hrler in:ur:rncc costs. As u supplcrrrcnt to thc huildint cor.lcs tlrc Natiorr:rl Firc Pr(rtcction Assrrciution's "Lilr'.Sulctv Cotlc " prrtvidcs S!idclincs lirr lilc satttv lront lirc in builtJin!rs untt structurcs. As \ ilh thc nrrxlcl huiltlint crxjcs. rrroviriorr:, ol ' Rcriiir,n hr Roht'rr ll Nhitc. 1..'il-rrr. ('hcr rri. :, 1 I:nginccr: :rntt .l'hn t-s.l lirrc.t Prrxluctr'fcchnrrl'Siil; Srr.:rrr J. IJrcnrlcn. ('hcnrieul linrinrur. thc lilc sufctl'code urc \tirtutorl requirenrents rvhen atloptcd hy local or state aulhorities. Fire Performance Characteristics of lVood Wood will hurn shcn erposed trr heat and air. Severrl charactcristics. discussed in this st'ctirrn. cirn bc usud to quan- ti[' this behu vior. lgnition Wood products ignile rvhen subir'ctcd lo cenain conditions ol'high terrrpcrllur'.: in surrr)undings thut provide ox)'gen fbr conrhustiorr. The rrtxrd rtPieclly rcs;xrnds to lhese exlernal e.\posurcs lry decr>nrposing. or pyrolvzine. ttttrl volatiles and ru char rcsiduc. Altcr pl'rolvsis. the chur nltv hurn in place or tlisintcgratc hl glorvilrg or strtttltlcrinu: thc vollttilcs nlix with orvqen in thc :rir and ntov undergtt llanring combustion Smol- tlcring can pru('ecd n ith or ,.ithout tlttwing. so that the onl)' cvidcnce ol'thcrnral degradalion tnav be a color change xccom- punictl hl ir $eight loss over u nlcttcr of c lerv ntinutes in the uffected regiorr. Sound-deadening board has been known to cxhibit this nxrde ol sntoldering. lgnition occurs in one of rwo rvats (modcs)-piloted or nonFiloted. Piloted ignition rclcni to the presence ol' llarne th:lt serve!. as an ignition source for the volatilcs resulling l.ront thcmtal decrrmprrsition. lr{ode ol ignition is a ke..; conccpt in understantling the igni- lion Dhcn()nre na. The qucstion ol'ignitebilitl is sl:i1r g6verncd by the fire cxrK)sure in lcrms trl heat florvs und time. High heet tlorvs causc high tcml)errtures. rvhich arc asstrciated with shoner I ilncs to iunit i\)r!. Bcccusc ntanl' fustors affect thc accunttrlution rrf hcat b)" lirc-cxprrscd utxxl :j:'scntblics. thcrc is n() chJrilcteristic icni- tir)n tcnlncr:lturc. At thc prcscnt lillle. it is nrrt ptrssiblc to gi|c specilic ignitirrlt duta thlrt rpplv lrr lt hroitrl ran[c of crrscs. Fttr rurJiant heating nt cc'llukrsic srrlitls. nonpilotcd lsF()ntanc(rus) trcnsienl ignilion is rcnrtflcd xt l.lll'F {60()'C}. rvitlr pilotetl trtrtsient ignition at 571 to 770 "F (-1(l(} to {10 "(l). Pcrsistent tlaming ignitirrn has hcen ohlained lt lcnlperurures grcrlcr than hout 603 'F (-12{) "C) . With ctrn- vecli!c hcirting ()l'rrood. nonpilt)le(l ignition is rcponed 3s Itrw us 518 "F (170 'C) nd as hich us uTll "F (470 'C). A liequcnt cnncgnt is thc "ma:(illtum s:rlc'rrorkine tentper' :rlttrc.' li)r rvrxrd ctposcd ()\'L'r lonQ rxirit)ds tic' thc lrl3i(i- nruul lcnrpcrtturc lhitt \ill ttot lcit(l to itjrlition). A lcrnpera- ture ol l ll "F ( t(l(l C) is rrlicn ttsctl. itltltotrglt I los'er liuttrc ol l 70 'F t 77 '(l) is r()nlctitllcs snccil'ictJ to illltrs it llrJrgin ()l' sulttl', Thc Sclcctcti Rclcrellccs includc rrnc hv Sch:rl'lcr lor consc^ ti\.cl)- !'slinuting thc initilrtion trl snr ldcrin-t! in cases $hcrc thc rrrlatilc dcgr:rdati(rn pr( ucts cilnn()t xcuulnulate :rnd lc:rtJ to ll:rrtting ignitiorr. Buildine codes do not generally consitJcr ienirion. As il rcsult, generaldesign crireria huve not been tjeveloperj. Rarner. this subjcct is considcred in conjuncrion with lirnits on combustibilirr', Crrmbusribilir), mey be defined eirher in renns of flame spread or in rerms of a standard test method tusualll. A.STIV E 136 or its equivalenr). Firc-rctardanr rrerrments can be used to alter tlre thcrmal dcgradation producrs fiom wood. usually resulting in reduccd itnitabiliti. and llame spreutl. An emerging arel ot'concern abour ienirion Dhcnomcna' -has rcsulretl from lires in artics *,here ccllr]lt>sic-huseri insulu- tion has contacled electricrl fixtures (see Combustible lnsuta- tlon). Charring and Firc Resistance As noted before. wood exposcd to high temperarures will decompose to prcrr.ide rn insulating laver of char rhat retards further degradarion of the s.otrd. The load-carrr".inc caoacilv of a structural wood member depends upon irs ciosisecri,.,nal dimensions. Thus. the chaning ratc is the maior l.actor in rhe fire endurance of srructural wood members. Thermal dcgradarion of wood occurs in stagcs. The degra_ dation process and the exact products of thermal deuratlutron depend upon thc rete ol heatine as s.ell as the,.rnnl"rr,ur".. At temper:rtures up ro -'|t): "F ( t50 'C). u.rrxl becrrnres <tchy- drated and evolves watcr vlprtr. ln the rJnue ol tclnpcr:jtures from 212 to J8l 'F t l(Xt to 150 oC). slorv de[ratlarion t.lccurs and the wood will evcntuulh hcctxrrc charrccJ. l.he uascous products given otl rlurirttt slorv degradutirlr Jre n)ostl\. noncombustible. Actir,c rlr lasi dc.gradation r)ccur{ itl lenlDcru- turcs of 536 to 931 'F r:tlO ro 5(X)'C). Crrnrhusribie l::rses are etolved during this sratc, Flunrinu is the cr.,rrrhurt r,rn-, rl .rrrl- tile organic pr(xlucts r)l thcrrnul tlccrarJ:riron. The standurd tcst nlcthod lilr dcrcrnrinirr!: the uhilitr. ol structurul :rsscrnblics lo !virhsrxnd :r lirr, ir A.Sl-It e if .r. When wtxrd is lint crposcd t() tirc. thc rrrrod chirrs irnd eventutlly llunres. ltnitron rrccurr in uhout I rninrrte.s urrtjcr the ASTfvl E Il9 Iire-tcsr exp()surcs. Chanina rhcn procecrjs at a rate of'approrimctclv l/.30 inch per,nrinutc lirr the ncxt lJ minures. Therealier. the char hver hls:rn insullttinl ef.lccr. and the rarc dccreases ro l/40 inch per rninutc. Con-sitterine the initi:rl ignirion delar'. rhe flsr initi:rl charrinu. an,l thcn rhl slowing dou,n to a const:lnt ratc. the averrrle constitnt_rjhirrring rate is about l/.1() inch pcr nrinute or l-li2 inches Der h()ur(Douglas-lir. 7 perccnt nxristure conrr.nu. The ratc of chur penc-tratirn is invr:rselv n,lutcrl to thc wood's dcnsitr. lnrl rrrrtisturc conrcnl. Thc ncrnlcilhilitv ot.lhc wood may also be a lrctrrr in the chlrrin! rltcs. Bum.thrrruult rates lbr venicalll. lirc-crpo<ert l-inch borrrds ol.Anrericrn specics {tahle 1.5- lt_a-rc ohr;rinerl undcr AS.fi\l H I l9 ljrc exposure- Empirical cquttirrns. rclating charrin:: rcie un<lcr ASTI'"1 E I l9 fire exposure to densitl' and moisture conrenr. are available for Doughs-fir, southern pine, and white oak. These equations for rares transverse to (he grain are: R = l/l(57.a + l.l6Nt)p + 8.4] for Douglas-fir R = l/l(11.7 + 0.24N4)p + 25.Tlforsourhernpine (15-l) R = lil(a0. t + 0.8lNl)p + 15.01 for white oak where rQ = char rate ( inches per minute) i/ = moisture conlent (percent) p = dry specific gravity (dimensionless) Chuninu in the longitudinal direclion is rcportedly double that in the tr:lnsvcrse direction. These chaning rates can also be aflected by the severity of rhe fire exposure. Table l5 - l-Burn-through rate for rcnically tire-exposed l-inch boards under ASTIII E I19 firz etDosufc Species Specilic gravity' Ratel Baldcypress Basswood Birch, yellow Chestnut Douglas-fir Hemlock. eastern Maple, sugar Oak: Northern red White Pine: Eastern white Ponderosa Southern Sugar Bedwood Spruce, Sitka Sweelgum: Sapwood Heartwood Yellow-poplar 0.44 .63 .45 .45 .40 .64 .o I .El 20 .42 .32 .38 .43 .az .44 lnihr 1.7 2.4 2.O 1-7 t.o 1.6 2.1 1.8 r.5 1.5 2.1 2.2 2.O 1.6 1.8 2.4 1.5 z, l I Specific Arauty is based on weighl when ovendry and votume at 6 oercenl mcislure conlent. 2 Moisture conlent ol 6 to 7 oercenr. | .: -.1 The tcrnnera(urc a( the innermosr zone of th. chrr la1.er is approxinratelv 550'F (238 "C). Duc ro rhc low rhermal cooductivitv of u'ood. the wood li4 inch in*,ard from the base of rhe char lu1"er is a maximurn of 360 "F { lEl "C). This sl:sp {emperJture gradient mesns the renraining unchlrred crcss--s-ectional area of a large wood member rcmains at r Io* temperlture and can continue to carry a load. lrloisrure is driven inro the wood as charring progresses. A moisture content peak is creared inr*'ard liom the char base. The peak molslure contenl r)ccurs where the temperature of the wood is about 212 'F (l(X) "C) at about li2 inch from the char brse. Panel products provide a thc;mal (or fire) barrier for structural menrbers cnd combusrible insulation. The fire- resistance test criteria for thermal barrien generally is the time until there is I 250'F ( ll9 oC) averaee renlperarure rise or J25 oF ( l8 | "C) localized temperaturc rise on rhe unexposed side of the panel product when the orher side is subjccred to ASTM E I l9 fire exposure. lncreased densiry. moisrure content, and thickncss of a panel product will significantlv increase rhe rime ro achieve rhe 250/325 'F (139/l8l "C) temperature rise. The protected element or other materials immediately behind the thermal barrier affects the performance of the thermal barrier. Insulative materials behind a thermal barrier reduce the time for the criticul temperature rise because thev conduct little heat away from the barrier- ln small-scare tests of rhe rimes ro reach 150'F ( 139 'C) remperiture rise. the performances of 518-inch-rhick exterior ply.wood and l/2. inch-thick regul:rr gypsunr wallboard were equivalent. Flame Spread Code authorities attempt to eliminare hazardous materiuls and improve life safery in buihlings by rcgularing the flame spread of buildins nrarerials. Thus. flarne sprc:rd is one of the most tested fi re -perfornrance propenies of a nraterial. Numerous flame-spread tests are used. but lhe most conlmon one cited by building codes is ASTlvl E 8{. the 15-foor tunnel test. This test merhod involves the use of a 20-inch by 25-foot specimen exposed horizonrally lo a furnace operaring untjer forced draft conditions. The operator posiiions the specimen on the bottom of the lurnrce cover, The flame impinges on the underside of the specimen a( one end. The operaror records the distance and tinre of maximum flame front trrvel in a l0-minute period. For regularory purposcs. interior finish materials arc classi- fied accor<Iing ro rheir flame sprc:rd. The classcs are 0-15 for Class A or l. 26-75 for Cl:rss B or ll. and 76-2OO for Class C or lll {see "lnrcrior Finish"). In the past. rcd oak flooring rvas used as a_standard and was given a flanre-spreltl indcx of 100. ToJa1 . rcrl oak t5-.1 floorine still has an index around 100 but is no longer used in the calcul:rtion of the ASTITI E 84 flame-snread index. Culibration of the ASTIr'l E 8,t 1g5s is now based on operarional specifications mcasured on a standard noncombustible material. Most wood species have llame.sprecd index values from 90 to 160 by the ASTlvt E 8.{ mcthod. A fcw species hava flame-spread index values slightly less than 75 (wesrern redcedar. redwood) and qualifl' for Class I applications (see "lnterior Finish"). Flame-spread indexes reported in the literature for severai species oi nominal l-inch-rhick lumber are listed in table l5-1. Values may be higher for thinner th icknesses. Several versions of the corner wall test have been used to measure flame spread. In these tests , the test material is placed on two walls and a ceiling forming a corner. An ignition source is placed on rhe floor of the corner. Rate of flame spread is expressed as the time required for the flame to reach the cciling. Heat Release and Heat of Combustion The total heat of combustion of ovendry wood varies from about 8.000 to about 11.000 Btu's per pound of original *ood. depending on species. resin content. moisture, and other factors. The contriburion to llre growth from this total depends on lhe circumstances of rne fire exposure, the completeness of combustion. and. to a critical ertcnt. on the rate at which the heat is released. In recent ycars. the concepr of heat release rate has become a more imponant criterion than total heat available. Addirionally, rate-of-hcat-release infbrmation is required for input inro mcrhematical models of llres and lire e.rposures. lnitial11,. research el'fons in this area uere direcred toward guantitative mersurements under a varictv o[ fire erposure conditions. Rcsults of'the carly r,r61[ showed that heat-release- rate values depended strongly on the cxposure conditions and on the experimental appararus used. Eventually thc procedure known as ASTM E 906 became the mosr widely rccepred mcans of making these dererminations. Results of this test method hirve been used in the develorrment of fire models for comPanmenls. At present. this area of fire research is changing rapidly due to the emergence of a technique knorvn as thc "oxygen depletion" method for measuring hear relerse ratcs. The mcthod is based on thc e.rperimental observation that the heats of conrbustion. per uni, o[ o-rygen consunted. dre approxinratell' constant for a wide variety of organic substances. Beccuse the concept of hert rcleasc rates is new. this phcnomenon is not usually covcrcd in dcsign method- ologies or building codes. Tabte 15 - 2---.t STi[l E 84 famc.spread inderes for vaious wood specics of t -inch nominal solid lumber as rzporled in lhc litcrature Spsciesl Flams-soread lnoer Source Baldcypress (cypress) Cedar:'" Easlern redcedar Alaska (Pacific Coast yellow cedar) Western redcedar Douglas-fir Hemlock, western (West Coast) Pine: Weslern while (weslern white, ldaho while) Eastern while (eastern white, norlhern white) Lodgepole Ponderosa Red Southern (southern yellow) Redwood Spruce: Eastern (white, northern) Sitka (western) Birch, yellow Cotlonwood Maple (maple flooring) Oak (red or white) Sweelgum (gum. red) Walnut Yellow-poplar (poplar) SOFTWOODS 145- 150 2lto t6 70 70- 100 60- 75 37s,72 85,3120-215 65- 1 10 '105 -230 142 31so- 195 70 100 HARDWOODS 105-110 115 104 r00 140- 155 130-140 170-185 UL HUD/FHA cwc HPMA UL UL UL,HPMA cwc,uL cwc UL cwc UL UL cwc,uL UL UL UL cwc trl UL UL UL Sources: CWC - Canadian Wood Councit. Fko ptot€ctivs design-llama'sptead rating. Oata file FP-'5. 1973 HPMA - Hardwood Plyrvood Manulacturers Assoc.. T6sts 596 and 592. HUO,FHA- U.S. Department of Housing,and Urban O€velopment. Manualol a6eptable O.actices to lhe HUD minimum property standards. 1973. UL - Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. Wobd.tiro ha:ard classilicalion. Card Data Service. Setial No. UL 527. 1971 I In ca99s whers lhe name givan in th6 source did not conform lo tho otlicial nomenclalu.e ot ths Forest Servicg, th8 likely ofiicial nomenclalute nam6 b given. The name given by lho sourco i9 given in paranlhsses. 2 Thickness ol l/2 in. ! UL tootnote-due to wide variations in the ditlerent species ol the Dine lamily. and'iocal connotations ol their pooulat names. eracl idenlrli- calion ol the typas ot pine tested was not possible. The eflects ol dirlering climalic and sorl conditions on lhs burning chatactarisiics ol a given sogci6s have nol been determtned. 'UL footnole-ln tB tests ol ponderosa pine, 3 had values ov€r 200 and lhe average ol all tests is '15't. 1.i.5 Smoke and Toxic Gases One ol the mosr imponant problems associated with fires is the smoke they produce. The rerm "smoke" is frequentll' used in an all inclusive sense to mern the mixture of pyroiysis producrs and air that is present near the fire site. ln this context. smoke contains gases. solid panicles. and dronlcts of liquid. Smok!. presenrs potenrial hazanls because ir interacrs *ith light to ob:rcure vision and because it contains noxious and loxic substances. Ceneralll,. tu.o cpproaches are used to deal u,ith the smoke problem: First. limir snroke production: and second. control the smoke that has been produced. The control of smoke florv is most often a factor in the design and construction of large or trll buildings. ln rhese buildings. combusrion products may have serious effects in arecs remote front the acrual fire site. Several references relating to smoke flow rates are given at the end of this chaprer. Currently. several laboratory-scale test meihods provide comparrtive smoke 1,ield information on mgterials and assemblies. Each merhod has entirely different exposure conditions: none are generalll, correlated ro full-scale fire conditions or expericnce. Up unril the middle 1970's. smoke yield restrictions in buildine crrdes rvere llnrosr aiwavs blsed t:n drta front A.S]'lvl E 8J. Horver.cr. rhe rnelhod of ASTM E 662 has recentlv gained increasing recognition and use because it can be applied ro a variety of fire exposure situations. Toxicity of conrbusrion products is an area of emcrging concem. Somerhing on the order of 7-5 or 80 percent of fire victims are not rouched bv rhe tlame. bur die as a result of exposure to smokc. to toxic gases. or as the result of oxygcn depletion. These lifc-threatenr ng conditions cun result from buming contents. such as furnishings. as well as from the structural rnatcricls involvcd. The toxicitr resulting fronr the thermal dccomposition of ..vrxrd and cellulosic substanccs is not well undcnlood. Pan ol- the reason is due to the wide variety of compounds lbund in rvorx! smoke. Their individual concentration depends on such t:tclors ns the lire erposure. the oxygen and tnoisture present. the species of u.ood. any trertnrents or finishes that ma.v have been applied. and other considerations. One upprooch used io estimate the toxiciry hazard of uood smoke is to find the roxicologl, duta for individual smokc components. This. of course. ncglects possible synergistic elfccts. Thc other rpproach is to rneusurc the rcsponse of llboratory uninrals to the products of combusrion. lmprovcd toxicit), dutu are bcing gathered and should be availublc in rhe near fururc. Irnproving Fire Safetl' Through Design Methods for improving fire safety can be groupcd inro Ihree categories: (l) prevenrion. (2) containmcnt, and (3) detection and evacuation. Fire prevention basically means prcventing the ignirion of combustible marerials bv conrrolling either th: source of heat or the combusrible materials. This generally involves proper design. installatiorVconslruction and maintcnance of the building and irs contenrs. Topics in this crlegoD' include rvood-fueled heaters and chimnelrs, combustible insulation, and wood roof coverings. Design deficiencies are often responsible for spread of heat and snroke in a fire. Fire containment depends upon the use of design methods which limit fire growth and spread within a complrtmcnt and those that limit the spread of the fire outsirle lhc conlpartnlent of origin. Topics related to fire growth wilhin a companment include interior finish. area and height limitarions. and aulomatic sprinklers. Topics related ro spread of a fire out of a companment include fire resistance of assemblies. firestops and draftstops. doors and stairways. The ability to escape from a fire often is a critical facror in life safetv. Topics relcted lo fire evacuarion from a building include lire detectors and exits. Each of the lbove topics is discussed in this section. Proper fire safetv nleasures tJepend upon the occupanc!,or processes taking place in the building. Furure rrends in fire safery include systems approaches to desien. Methodologies for sysrem- atically evaluating fire risks include fire safety decision trees and nerwork dia_erams. ln addition to being intcgrated approaches to fire safety. svstems methodologies permil greater flexibilitl in design and a better evaluation of the octual deeree of risk. ll'ood-Fueled Heaters and Chimnevs Home helting svstcms are one of the lecding causes of fircs. As the use of solid-fuel hecting eguipment has increased. fires rssociated with heating s1'stcms have also increased. lmproper installation is often the cause for fires involvine heating equipment using wood as a fuel. lvlanu factu rer's recommendations and local building codes should be consulted whenever anv honre hectine s1'stem is installed. Wood construction can bc prorected agrinst ignition by heat from heaters. tireplaces. and chinrncys. Proper clecrances litr thc hc..:rter. chimney connector. and chinrncv are necessaD to protect nelrbv conrbustible mclerials. Clcarance-relrted requircments lbr heaters dcpend upon the type. sizc. temperalure characteristics of hcrter. and the clearrnce itsel[. when wall clearance is small. a non- combustihle shield is required to bc placed bctrveen the *all t5-6 and the heater. Spacers are used to allow ventilutiun betucen the wall and the noncontbusrible shield. The chimney connector or smoke pipe connects the heurer to the chimnev. lt should be :rs shon and srrright as possible. The propcr size ventilatins rhimble should be used uhen it is neccssary to pass through an inrerior wall. Smake pipes should not-pass through an exterior u'all. Smoke pipes should not pass through floors or ceilings but should join rhe chimne!' on the same floor where thev originate.'. Thc chimney musr be rhe proper type rnd of ldequate size. Onl-v one heating unit should be connecied lo one chimnev flue. With multiplc venting. it would nor be possible ro suffocate a fire bumine out of control. Also. inrproper venung from the hearers can result wirh multiple venring. Wood beams. joists. or ral'rers should be separated liom an1. chimncy by at least a 2-inch space and this space should be filled rvirh noncombustible materials. There are minimum requirenrents for the extension of the chimnev beyond the roof surface in the codes. Combustible lnsulatlon In rddition to heatins with wood. there is a ereat inrerest in insulation to reduce home heating or cooling losses. Trvo highly effective tl,pes of insulurion are cellulosic insularion and foam plastics, While these are combustible materials. Proper precrutions allorv for their sat'e use. Cellulosic fibers provide an economical mcrhod of insularin! homes rnd properll' rreated fibers significantlv reduce anl polential fire hazerd. Repons of fire incidenccs inrrtlvinu cellulosic insulation indicate that !he fires are iniriured br. smoldcrint ctrnrhustirln causr.'d hl th!' r)verheirtinu ol' reccsscd light fixturcs :rnd ()rher clcctricul devices inrpropcrlr.covcrcd with insulution. Burricrs should he built erounil rhe top ot' recessed light fixtures to scparcte Ihcnr from the insul:rrion and to allow ventilation. Cellulosic insutation r,r,.irh appror.cd fi re-retardant treatnrent shou ld hc snc'ci fied. Requircntents for the sulc use ol liram pllstics includc maxirnum flanrc-spread and snroke-dcnsit-v rutincs itnd the installation of a themrnl harrier trver the interior surface tlf rhe foam plastic. The themrul barrier (see Churrinc and Firc Rcsistancc) is designed to prorect the foanr plasrics from lire exposure liom thc inrerior of the builtling. Building codcs require a | 5-ntinutc thermal barricr in mosr irnnlicatir)n\. Cenerally. t/l-inch-thick lrpsurn brxrrd is acccpr('d rs hcins o lS-minutc thermal barrier. lVood Roof Coverings lvlan.'- huildc.rs consider rvorrd shinrles t(t b!. rllc ultirnnrc irr roof coverint nrateritls beclruse ol'thr..ir esthc'tic Jpnearance. natural durability, and practicalitl . ln geographical areas subject to hich winds, wood shingles tre more resistant than asphalt shingies to \,r'indslorm dumage. Safer heating svslems. increaserj separation bctween structures. and improved fire-resistant materials have reduced thc number of fires attributed to sparks on all roof types. Sometinres code ordinanccs require special firc-retardanr- treated rvood shingles and shakes for slructures in dr.v and brush1,areas. areus rvhere fire protection is difficult to supply. or within ccnain fire zones. These shinglcs and shakes are trcated with a lerch-resistant fire retardant to improve the fire performance. Installation of shingles or shakes over fire- resistant underlayment will funher improve the firc per- formance. Roof-covering materials are designated either Ct:ss A, B, or C according to their performance in ASTivl E 108. Class A i.s the most fire-resistant and Class C lhe least under this syslem or rating. This standard includes intermittent flame exposure. spread of flame. buming brand. flying brand, and rain tests. Leach-resistant fire-returdant-lteated shinqles are available that canJ a Class B or C fire rating. Some iesting laborarories publish lists that identify products which meet these ratings (i.c.. UL Building N'laterial Directory). Class A can onll'be nret b1 lulll' noncombustible roof coverings. For Class B and C rctings. IactoD-trealed redcedar shinglcs and shakes must be lsid in accordance wilh manufacturers' instructiuns and are linrited to roof decks crpoble of receivine and retcining nails irnd to inclines sufficient to permit drainage. ln uddition to the uhxrvc requirentents. Class B shingles and shakcs rre linrited to use on lr2-inch minimum thickness plvsrxrd decks covered s'ith a luver of O.ff)2-inch poly- ethylenc cOatcd srecl liril. lnlerior Finish lntcrior linish comrrrrrnlr used in builtiing construction consists of the cxposcd inlcrior surlace of *,alls and ceilines. Intcrior lloor llnishes nre:rn thc erFoscd lloor surl'accs of buildines. including floor coverings such cs carpcts and floor tiles. lvllnv codcs cxcludc lrinr :rnd incidcnt:rl linish, as well ss dccorutions and lumishinss thrt lre nol affirctj ro thc structurc. lronl the nrore ricid requircnrcnts lirr rvalls and ceilings. lvl:rny locul huilding r!'sulirtii)ns huvc hccn erpunded to incluclc provisions regulating lloors and l}r)r coi'erings. cither hy'including lhcnr :rs interior f'inish or b1' reguiring them to nrect r)ther tcst critcril. lirr crirrnple. u critical rudiant llur t ASTi\l l: frJS l. lvlateriuls arc classil'icd inrtr grrrupr b:rscd on thcir AS'Ii\l E 84 llantc-sprr.'cd indcr tO-15 is Cl:rss A or l. 16-75 is Class B or ll. und 76-lOO i5 (lrss (lor llll. Corjcs gencrallv snccil\' nurrirrrurrr ll:rnrc -snrr.'utl inrlcrcs lirr in,artnr nnttn t5-7 based on building occupanc,', locarion within the building, and availabilitv of auromuric sprinklcr prorecrion. The more restriclive requirements. A or B. for surface flammabilitv of interior l'inish are generally prescribcd for stainval-s and corridors providing access to e,tits. [n general. the next classiljcation indicarive of grearer flamntability is permitred for thc interior finish used in orher areas of rhe building rhar are not considered exitu'a1,s and for matcrials thal are protected b.v-"automatic sprinkler devices. Where inrerior finish is restricted for flame spread. Class C finish is usually the leasr rtstrictive reguirement in buildings. Wallpapcr and paint may be exempr from thcse requirements unless they are judged to be unusual fire hazards. Mosr wood species have flame-spread inder values of 90 ro t60 by ASTlvt E 84 (sce Flame Sprcad). As a rcsulr. unfinished wood. 3r8 inch or thicker, is generally acceptable for inrerior finish applications requiring a Class C rating. Fire rerardant treatments for wood arc usually nccessiur, when Class A and B flame spread is required. A few species (sec "Flame Spread") can meet the Class B flame-spread performance and only rcquire fire-retardant rreatments to meel a Class A radng. I\|ost common painrs and vamishes have negligible cffects on tbe flame-spread mrings of wood tsee "Coarings"). Area and Height Limitations Fire safcty in struclures is improved by limiring building areas and heights of companments. A companment is the area within surrounding exrerior walls and fire walls. Building codes lirnit building areas and heights primarily upon rhe rype ofbuilding construction and rr.cupanc1,. ln uddition ro breaking up an arer with tlre walls. lirc sul'er). can be improved bv adding rutomatic sprinklers. incre:rsing propen) line serbacks. or specifying a more tlre-resisrrnt construction. Building codes recognize improved lire salctl,resuhing tiom application ol' these factors by increasing the ullor.r'able rreas and heighrs. Thus. proper site plannine and building design may,resulr in a desired building area classitlcarion being achieved wirh wood construction. Automatic Sprinklers Propcrly insralled and maintained automaric sprinklcrs will significantly improve the fire safety ol r building. In u<Jclition to improving lire safety, there are econonric inccntives. Where sprinklers are installcd. building code requirenrenrs lbr flanre sprcad lnd lire resistancc rnal'be lcss rcstrictive- As nrentioned before. urea and heighr linritarions mav be less resrricrive for sprinklered buildings. Reduced insurance prcnriums ore srill another advrntalre. Automutic sprinklers are cotnmon in indusrrial and t5-8 commercial buildings but are presently rarely used in single- family rcsidences. Efforts are bcing madc ro make sprinklcrs more practical for dwcllings and other small buildings. In addition to its standerd on sprinklers (NFPA I3 ), thc Narional Fire Protection Association has a standard for the installarion of sprinklcr systems in one- and two-family dwellings and mobile homes (NFPA t 3D). Since desien features of a building may affect the cf- fectivcness ol the sprinkler system. thc sprinlhr svstem should be included in the initial planning of a building. Sprinklers providc the initial attack on a fire. To be most effective in extinguishing or controlling the spread of a fire. sprinklers should be installed in all ponions of a building. To allow thc water to reach a fire and put il out. precautions should be takcn so the water from the sprinklers will not be obstructed by either pan of the building or its contents before rcaching any iueas the sprinklers are meanl to protect. Proper site planning includes considerations of adcquate access and water supply for fire departnrent operations. Fire Resistance A lire staning in one room or companment of a building will be confined to that room lbr a variable period of timc, depenrling on rhe amount and distribution of combustible contenb in the room. the amount of ventilation. and the firc resistance of walls. doon, ceilings. and floors. Firc rcsistance is the ability of materials or their assemblies to prevent or retard the passage of_excessive hcat, hot gases. or flames while continuing ro suppon their structural loads. The standard test for fire resistance is ASTIU E I 19. The sell-insulating quulities of worrd. punicularly in the large wood sections in heavv timber constnrction. are an imponanr tactor in providing a good degree of fire resistance. Light rvood-frame constructiun can be provided with a high degree of tlre resistunce through use of conventional gypsum buard interior finish. Heavy Timber Construction The low lhcrmrl conductivity and slow penetration of fire by charring allow hecvy timber members to maintain a high perccn(agc of their original strength during a fire. Heavy timbcr construction is generally delincd in thc building codes ond standrrds by minimum sizes for thc various mcmbers or ponions ol'a building. For example. columns may not be less than 8 inches in any dimension. The acceptance of heavy limber construction is based on erperience with its perfor- nrance in cctual fires. the lack of conce:rled spaces, and lhe high fire resisrance of walls in this t."-pe of construction. l{eavy timber c()nstruction simplilies fire-fighting operations bccruse there cre ferv concealed spaces in which fire carr- begin and sprea<.| unnoticed. The fire resistance of elued-laminattd stnrctuial members, such as archcs, beams, and colurnrs. is approximarelr.equiva- lent to the fire resisrance of solid mcmbers of similar size. Available informarion indicates rhat laminared members giued wirh phenol. resorcinol. or melamine adhesives are at leasr eq'ral in their fire resislance to a one-piecc member of the sarne size, Laminrted mcmbcrs glued with casein have onlv siightl]' less fire resisrrnce. , Proper heavy timber construction includes using approved fbstenings. avoiding concealed spaces under lloors or roofs, and providing rcquired fire resisrance in the inrerior an<J erre- rior walls. The dimensions of the various members or por- tions of a building should meer rhe minimum size require- ments for heavy timber. The hck of an ASTIvt E I l9 fire-rcsisrance raring for large timber members has limired rheir use in buildings nor classi- ficd as heavy rimber construcrion. Mcthodologies for calcular- ing the lire resistance of timber bcams are described in build- ing codes. As a result. large timber members will be permined in a wide range of applicarions on which a l-hour fire- resistance rating is required. Light-Frame Construction Fmme construcrion is generallv subdivided inro nr.o prns. protected and unprotected. For protected frame constructiun, most structural elements have a l-hour fire.resistance rating. ln the standard fire-resisrlnce tes( rASTtll E I l9). rhere :rrc three failure criteriu: element collupse. passage of llames. or tempcrature rise on the nonfire-exposed surface exceedins 250 "F (139 "C) average or 325 "F (l8l "C) marimum. Traditional construcrions of gl.psunr rvallboard or lath and plaster over rvuod.ipists lnd sruds ha\.c l'ire-resistunce ru(ings of l5 to l0 rninures und upperr to be rutficienr in rnost cases. Nlanv recognized :rssenrblies involving uorxJ-framed u.alls, floors. and roofs proridc u l-hour or r l.hour fire resisrance. As an example. u rrall r.r'ilh one layerof 5rll-inch-rhick rrpe X gvpsum rvrllboord ()n etch sidL' ol the stud h:!s ! t-hrrur rxting. Fire -resistilncc rttin,gs of vlrious lssemhlics ure listr-.<J in several of the references. including the Fire protectirrn Handbook. Fire-resistance ratings xre usually obtainerJ by conducring standard fire tests. Eflbns have also been nrade to der.qlop procedures for predicting rhe tire resisrance of an asscnrbly Cunently. fire-resistance desisn nrerhods do not consitler the variability in perlirrmancc ot'an assemblv. Evaluation of an assembly is based on a sinule test:esult. To develop morc rational levels ol srltr\.. rcliubilitr'-based desisn mcrho(ts har.c been proposed lirr u6n.u,".,ad \ood joist Jnd u.rrud rn:rs floor ststems. Thcse nrethotls u.ill inclutje the vuriahilirv in fire-severin' and iirc-resistunce perlbrmance. Whilc llre-rr.sisrcncc rrrinls are lirr the cnrirc asscntbl\. the fire rcsistrncr. of a *rll rrr llotrr cln be vicucd as the sunl of the resistance of the interior finish and the resistance of the framins menrbcrs. The interior l'inish provides the initial fire resistance. The method of fastening lhc interior finish to the frrming members and the treatment of the joints arc signifi- cant facrors in the firc resisrancc of an assembly. The typc and quantit-v of eny insulation may also affect the fire rcsis- .trnce of an assembly. Gypsum board provides an effective protective intcrior finish. Tvpe X gypsum board has textile glass filaments and other ingredients thit belp to keep the gypsum core intact <iunng a fire. Type X gypsum board, by definition, is s glpsum board that provides a l-hour fire-resistance rating for 5r8-inch thickness or a 3/4-hour fire-resistance raring for li 2-inch thickncss when applied in a single layer and properly fastened to each face of load-bearing wood-framing members. The relatively fine structural behavior of a traditional wood member in a fire test results from the fact thet strength is generallv uniform tlvough the mass of the piece. Thus the un- bumed fraction of the member retains high strength and its load carq,ing capacitf is diminished only in proponion to its loss of cross section. lnnovative designs for structural wood members often reduce the mass of the member and locate the principal load-crrr,ving componen(s a? the ouier edges where lhev are most vulnerable to fire. as in str.rctural sandwich prnels. With high-strength tacings rttached lo a low-strength core. unprotecied lord-be:rring srndwich panels have failed to suppon their load in less than l5 minutes. Ifa sandrvich plnel is to be used as a load-bearing assenrblv. it should be protected with glpsunr uallboard or some other thermal barric r. Quulitr. ot sorkmunship is inrponanr in uchieving odc- qurte lire resisrancc'. Inudequlte nailing und lcss thtn requircd thickness ,lf the interior linish c;rn reduce the fire resistance ol'an assemhlr'. Electric:rl receptacle outlcts. plpe ch ses. and olhcr poke-throughs thirl are nor rrlequately lirestopped cln lllcct thc llrc rcsis(ancc'. UnprrxectetJ lieht-lrirme s ood buiklinss do not hlvc the natural lire resislance uchieved with heavier rvtxrd nrembers. In these. as in ull buildincs. a ention to grxxl construction details is imponant to minimize lire hrz:rrds. In addition ro the design rli \valls. ceilincs. lltrors. und rltlfs for l'ire resistancc. slairrvur,s. doors and lircstops lre ol panicular impon:rnce. Firestops and Draftstops Firc in huildings spre:rtls hv thc nroverrrcnt of high- tempr'rulurc lir und tlses throuuh opcn chunnels. Fircrtops and drlltstop. in conceclcd lir spuces:rrc ricsigncd to intcr- lerc ttith thc pitrsJtc rrf ll:rnres trp (!r :rctr'\\ I huilding. In addition to hulls. stlin''irr'.. und ()thcr lurgtc spuccr. hcated |.5-9 PLATFORM FRAM/NG F/RESTO Flgur! 15- l-Typical nlsstopping in concaaled spaces ol stud walls and parlltions, includlng furred spaces at cailing and lloor lavels lor pladorm lram- ing ard balloon ftaming (NFPA). gascs ulso follorv the concealed spaces berween floor joisrs. cnd between studs in panitions and walls o[ frame construc- tion. Obsrruction of these hidden channels provides an effec- tive merns of restricting fire from spreading to other pans of the structure. Firestops are obsrructions in rclatively small concealed pas- sages in building components such as floors, walls. and stairs (fig. l5- I and l5-l). Effecrive liresrops include two rhick- nesses of 1-inch nominal lumber with broken lap joint. one thickness of 3/4-inch plywood with joinrs backcd by .3/4-inch plywood. 2-inch nominal lumber wirh tighr joints and some noncombustible nraterials. Cood practice includes the use of: t l) tircstops in exrerior wolls at each floor levcl. and ar the lcvcl where the roof connccts with the watl: (2) firestons :rr cach lloor lqvcl in panitions thrt are continuous througtr rrvo or more stories: (-1) firestops at all interconnections between concealed venical and horizontal spaces such as occur at soffits. drop ceilings. and cove ceilings: (4) headers at rhe top and_lottom of the spacc between stair carriages: (5) mineral wool or equivalent noncombusriblc material packed tighrly l5- r0 EALLOON FRAM/N6 lMr19 at&rl around pipes or ducts that pass through a floor or a firestopi and (6) self-closing doors on venical shafts such as clothes chu tes. Drrftstops cre barriers in large concealed passages. New design and construction techniques such as suspended or dropJrd ceilings and parallel chord trusses have resultcd in new draftstop requirements. Draftstopping materials include l/?-inch gypsum board and l/8-inch plywood. Two locations where draftstops should be used to break up a large area are floor-ceiling assemblies in which the ceilings are either sus- pended below solid wood joists or the joists are open-web tnrsscs, and attics and other conccaled roof spaces such as monsards and overhanss. Some construction practices increase the risk of a fire spreading to rhe concealed spaces. lnstalling cabinets. shower sralls, and orher tirturcs rvithout an interior wall lining on the studs allorvs easier penetrution into the wall cavities. A built-in bcthtub provides interconnections between two walls and the floor. A thin plv*'ood cover over a trapdoor allows a fire to spread easily to the atlic or other concealcd spacc. Doors and Stair* avs Doors can be critical in prcvenring the sprcad of fircs. Doors left open or doors with lirrle fire resisrance can easily defeat the purpose of r fire-rared wall. Thc standard methods of fire testins door assemblies arc givenin ASTNI E 152. Rarings for do-ors are generalll, l/3, ll2,314, l. l-l/2. and 3 hours. Lisrings of firc-rrred doors, frames, and accessories are provided by various testing agencies. when selecting a fire-rated door. details about rvhich t.vpe of door. mouniing. hardware, and closing mechanism are acceptable for any given locarion should be obraincd from authorities having jurisdiction. Some solid wood core or particleboard core wood flush doors have 20- or 3O-minute ratings. Hollow core flush doors offer less resistance to firc penetration. Various wood-covered composite doors with an insulating core have 3/4-. l-, or l-l/2-hour ratings. Meral doors are available wirh 3-hour ratings. The enclosing of srairways rerards rapid spread of fire from floor to floor. lf rhe interior design calls for an open stairway below. it can ofren be closed at the top with a door. The location of slairrvavs should be planned wirh emergencv cvacuation in mind. Stainr.ays should have no dead ends and should have doors at each fioor- Watls of the stainvav enclo- sure should have adequate lirc resistance and rn interior fin- ish with a low flame spread. Fire Detectors The ability to escape from or exlinguish a lire rJepends largelv upon eurll'detection. llear and snrokc tJetectors lacili- tate discovery. Smoke detectors have rhe advantaee ol resprrnd- ing to smoldering fires und eivine quicker response to flam- ing fires. The h^v cost of' batterv-operated sntoke detectors h:rs led to their wide public ucceptance in residences. Avuil:rble metns of esc:rpe should be considered in rhe placcnrent of smoke dctectors. lt is -eenerally recommendetl th!t. at a minimurn. thcre be one smoke detector ourside each sleeping orca and one on each habitable srory. and bilsement. of the home. Reports on llre incidents confirm that smoke detecors save lives. Smoke detectors need to be continuouslv nrainrained. Exits Oncc people Jre aware of r lire. the number rnd rccessibil- ity of exits becomes imponanr. Thus. fire sofetl. can be improved bv usinq ftvorable sfirtiirl trcnlemenr rnd proper crit design. There should be- at lelst t\r.o means ()l !.scJpe from all living and slceping roorns. People shoukl bc able to Flgurc 15 - 2-&atlstops in mullilamily buildings. Top. in the tloor-ceiling assembliss and bottom. in etlics. mansards. overhang. or olhet concealgd root spac€ abovs and in lino wilh lenanl separation when lenanl separalion \,ralls do nol exlend lo the foof shsalhing above (NFPA). lM!.9 a36. | | elsilv climb out of a windorv rvhen it is considered :rn erit. Thus. it should bc ersv to open. of rdequate size. and nor loo high liom thc floor. Hallu'avs should not have porlions rhur are dead ends- Doors should suing in the dircction of erncr- gcncy erit and be readily opened. The effect of accessibility ol' exits should be considercd *'hen improvine huildine sccuritv. .€A\AN r S€PA RA./O/| ------'- t5-tl Fire-Retardant Treatmen rs Two general applicarion methods are availabic for improv. ing the fire pcrformance of wood rrith fire-retardant chemicals. One merhod consists of pressure impregnaring the wood with war-er- or organic solvent-bome chemicals. The second method consists of applying fire-retardant chemical coatings to lhe wood surface. The impregnation melhod is usuall;- mJrc effec_ tivg 164 longer lasting. For wood in existing consrrlcrions. surface application of fire-retardanr paints or orher finishes offers a proctical merhod to reduce flame spread. Impregnation In the impregnation treatments. wood is pressure-impreg- natcd with chemical solurions using full_ccll pressure pro_ cesses similar to those used for chemical presen-alive treat- ments. Rcrenrions of the chemicals must be fairly high to be cffective. Full-cell pressure impregnation providcs the most effective method for gerting chemicals inro the wood at the high reten_ tion levels needed for reduced flame spread. Srandards C20 and C27 of the American Wood- preservers' Association rcc- ommend the trearing condirions for lumber and plywood. The wood is usuall], treated in the air-dried or kiln-dried condirion. but cenain species mav be trearcd green if the rvgsd i5 fi151 given a sterm trearment for periods of up to 4 hours. The penerrarion of the chemicals into the wood depends on the sfrccies. wood structure. and moisture content. Since some species ore.difficult to trea(. rhe degree of imprcgnation rcquired ro obtain a Closs A caregory may nor be possible. Certain wood species ure incised prior to trcatment lo imorovc the depth of penetration. Knife checks and end grain at panel edges improve thc ease of impregna(ion on sheets of rrlvwood. thus eliminaring rhc necd for incisine. with warer-soluble impregnation. orrly exrerior-grade plvwood should be used. lo prevent the plics from dclaminating. After wood is removed from the trcaling solution. it must be carcfully dried and. in certain cases, curcd under rhe proper conditions. Various laborarories perform fire performance iat- ing tests on these treated materials and maintain lists of prod- ucts that mcet cenain standards. ,. Coatings Manv commercial coating products are available lo oro_ vide varying degrees of protection lo wo{)d againsr fire. Thcse coatings gcnerallv have low surl'ace flammability charrcteris- tics rnd "intumesce" to form an cxpanded low-densitv film upon exposure to fire. This film insulcres the wood surface below fronr high rernperatures. Alsrr. coatings har:c ingrcdi- t5- tl ents that restrict the flaming of an1, rclcased combustible vapors. These formulations may contain chemicals that Drc_ mote the rapid decomposition of the wood surface to charcoal and u,ater rather than forming intcrmediate volatile flamma_ ble producrs. Chemicals Sevcrll 616"t nt kinds of chemicals are used in cunenr fire-retardant formulations and range from inexpensivc inor- ganic salts to more complex and expcnsive chemicals. lnorganic salts arc the most commonly used fire rclardant for interior wood products, and their characreristics have been known for over 50 years. These salts include monoammonium and diammonium phosphate. ammonium sulfate, zinc chlor- ide. sodium tetraborate, and boric acid. These salts arc com- bined in fomrulations to develop optimum firc pcrformance ],et still retain acceptable propcrty characteristics such as hygroscopicirv, strengrh. conosivity. machinability, surface appearance. gluability. and painrabiliry. Cost also musr be considcred in rhesc formularions. Many commercial formula- tions are available. Water-soluble organic fire retardants have rccently bcen devel6pg6 to meet the need for nonlcachable systems. This t;-pe of compound falls inro rwo catcgories: Resins polymer- ized after impregnarion inro wood. and graft polymer fire retardants attached directly to cellulose. The rmino risin sysrem is the most commonly used type of lhe first category. lt is based on urea. melamine, dicyandia- mide. and relared compounds. The process is simple. chemi- cals ore inexpensive. and the pol.vmer is insoluble. Several different formulations of rhis sysrem are commerciall!, availahlc. Grali poll mer llre rcrardants for rvood resulted from rvork in fire-retardant treatmcnt of textiles. Hos,ever, the *.91[ is still rJevelopmenral and not commercialll' available for wood products. Besides the $rter-soluble fire rerardants mentioned above. oil-soluble fire rcrardanrs can be used for exterior applicarion such as railroad rimbers and ties. Triar.vl and tricresyl phos- phates have been used in conjunction with creosote for treat- meot of timbers. However, high retentions of oil-typc preser- vatives crn crerte a greater fire hazard than do low retentions. and require increased percentagcs of fire retardants. Fire-ret!rdant coatings include those based on water-soluble silicates. urea rcsins. carhohldrares and alginares. polvvinr.l emulsions and oil-basc clkl-d. and piemented paints. ln man1. ol' the wuter.solublc pcints. manufacturers use ammonium phosphate or sodium borate to ohtain fire-retardant charac- tcristics. The oil-base prints liequently make use of chlora- nrted paraffins und alkl ds plus anrimony rrioxide ro limir the flammabitity of any pyrolvsis products produced. Inen materials, such as zinc boratc. mica, kaolin. and inorganic pigments, are aiso included in rhese formularions. The naru- ral characterisrics of some of the ingredients, such as isano oil, may assist inrumescencc. Applicalion Fire-retardant treatmenr of wood improvcs the fire perfor- . mance by reducing thi amount of flammable volariles rclcased during firc exposure. consequentty reducing the rale flames spread ovcr the surface. Trertntent also reduces the amounr of heat released by rhe volariles libcrared during thc inirial stages of fire. The wood may then sclf-extinguish when the primary heat sourcc is removed (fig. l5-3). Firc-retardant treatment of wood does not prevent the wd from dccomposing and charring under firc exposure-the rate of lire pencrarion through treared wood appioximates the rxte through untrealcd wood. One can obrain slight improve- ment in the fire endurance of doors and walls when using fire-retardant-trcared marerial. lr,lost of this improvemenr is associatcd with rhe reducrion in surface flammability, rather lhan any changes in charring rates. For most rating purposcs. commercial laboratories use the ASTM E 84 resr (see Flame Spread) for evaluartng rhe sur- facc flame-sprcrd characteristics of interior materials. Effec- tive fire.retardant tre3lment can reduce the flame-soread index of tumber and most wood producrs to 25 or less. iomc treat. ments qualify for a special "FR-S" raring. This raring is assigncd to products which pass an extended 30-minute tesr instead of the usual l0-minure tesr. This raring indicares a flame-spread classificarion of not over 15 an<J no evidence of significant progressive combustion in this ertentjcd -:t)-nrinure ASTM E 8.1 rest. Fire-retardant-treaied wood and plywood is cunently being used fbr inrerior finish and trim in rooms. luditoriums. and corridors rvhere codes require materials with lors surfacc flammabilitv. While firc-retardant-treared ruood is nor considered a noncombustihle material, many codes have acccpted the use of fire-retardant-treated wood and olvwoo<lin fire-rcsistive and noncombustible consJructions' ior the framing of nonload-bearing walls, iroof asscmblies. and decking. Fire-retardant-treated wood is elso used for such spccial purposes as wood scrffolding and for the frrme. rails, and stiles of wood fire doors. Durabilitv Thc chernicals used as firc retardants rre rhermrll). stable lo tcmperatures up to 3-10 "F: therefore, fire-retardant-treated wood remains durable and effectivc under normal conditions. uttrRtAr€o i\sl i Lo \ Q Hi! Fl a* 5 v E ta\ qs 800 600 100 200 o 400 200 FIR€. RETAffiANT. TR€ATED o3--2o10&80 NHE (HINUT€) Flgurc 15 - 3-ln addltion to redudng fleme spread. tire-ratardant t.aalment reduceg th6 rete at which heal is raleased ffom wood dudno a firs. oru.3e7) Trealed wood which has been in service for over 40 ycars has dcmonstrared this durabiliry. lnorganic salt fire rerardants are warer soluble and are leached out in exterior applications or with repeated washings. lnorganic salts can also make the wood more hygroscopic than untreated wood. Thercfore. hygroscopic salts are recom- mended onll' for rhose applic*ions where the relarive humid- ily never exceeds 80 pcrcent. For cxterior applications. such as wood shingles or shakes. one can usc leach-resistant types ol' llre retardanrs. These types of formulations maintain thcir effectivcness with extc. rior weathering conditions. and do nor increlse rhe hygro- scopicity of the product. Materials are lesred for durability in rn accelerated weathering apparatus. Exterior fire-rctardant treatments should be specified whenever rhe *.ood is exposed to exterior weathering conditions. Strength Fire-retardant lreatment results in some slisht rcduction in the strength properties of wood. Tcsts indicate thar some curenl treatments decrecse the modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture when both treated and untrertcd samples are conditioned rt the ;ame relarive humidirr. condirions. Firc- rctardirnt-treated wood is more brash thtn untreated rfff)d. While this reduced resistance ro impcct is nor usually consid- crcd in design. the work lo marimum load. uhich measures brashness. mav be decreased. l5- t.1 Because evidence indicates some reduction in the strengrn properlies of pressure-impregnated fire_retardant-treaterl lumber. design values for the allowablc unit stress are reduced compared to untreated wood. Dcsign values. including fas_ tener design loads, for lumber and structural glued laminated timber prcssure imprcgnated with fire retardant chemicals can be obrained from the company providing rhe rrearing and redr.ving scn ice. Hygroscopicity Word treared with inorganic fire-retardant salrs is usually more hygroscopic than untreated wood. panicularlv at high relative humidities. lncreases in equilibrium moisture conrenr of treated wood rvill depend upon the type of chemical. level of chemical rclention. and size and species of wood involved. The increase in equilibrium moisture contenr at g0 "F and l0 to 50 percenr rclarive humidity is negligible: at g0 "F and 65 percenr relarive humidity, ir is 2 to g percentl at g0.F and gb percenr relative humidiry, it is 5 to l5 percent and may result in the exudarion of chemicals from the wood. Currently, commercial manufacturers are marketing new types of inrerior fire rerardants that are effective for ajplica_ tions where rhe relative humidiry exceeds g0 Dercent. This lreatnlent is nonhvgroscopic. is suirable up ro relative humidi_ ties of 95 percent. and is not corrosive to metal fasteners Corrosion Corrosion of fasteners can occur naturally in untreated wood. However this corrosion can be accelerated under condi- tions of high humidity and in the presence ol. fire_retardanr salts as cvidcnced by the problems of corrosion occurringwith lruss plates. Fire-retardant treatnrenls that are hvtro- scopic displav a gre ler propensity to corrode cenain me-to,. than nonhygroscopic treatmenrs. Therefore. fire-retardant- trerted wood in areas of high humidity or for exterior Dur- poses requires the appropriate fire-retardant trcatment to rejuce the corrosion of fasteners. Manufacturcrs of truss plates also recommend particular types of truss plates ro be used wtth fire retardant treated wood.. For fire-retardant treatments containing inorganic salrs. the type of mctal and chemical in contact with each other ereatlv affects the rate of conosion. For example. rnonor.rn-oniri phosphare is very corrosive on iron, steel. an<t copper. some. what corrosive on brass. and only slightly corrosiue on zinc. Some chemicals such as borax are noncorrosive on brass. steel. or zinc. Sodium dichromate can inhibir corrosion in most cases: but in some cases it can accelerate corrosion(i.c.. ammonium phosphates with respect to zinc. mono- ammonium phosphate-boric acid mixture with rcspecr to zinc. l5- r.t and zinc chloride with respect to steel). To prevent corrosion, exterior or interior treatments should be selecred thar are noncorrosive in adverse moisture conditions. I\{achinabilitv The presence of salt crysrals in wood has an abrasive effect on cutting tools. lncreased tool life can be obuined by using' cutting and shapin,e tools tipped with tungsten carbide or similar abrasion-resistant allovs. Regular high-speed steel tools are practical only for cutting of no more than a few hundred feet of fire-retardant-trcated u,ood. The usual practice in pre- paring firc-retardant-treared wood for use in trim and mold- ings is to cut the material to approximare finish size before lreatment so that a nrinimum of machining is necessary after lreatment. Gluing Characteristics Cenain phases of the gluing of fire.retardant-treared woods still remain a pioblem. However. unrreated veneer facings can be satisfactorilv glued over treared plywood corcs with the conventional hot-press phenolic adhesives. For assembly gluing oi [i re -reli rd a n t-treated u'ood for nonstructural pur- poses. one can use adhesives such as casein. urea. and resor- cinol rypes. The nrajor problem is in the srrucrural bonding of fi re -retardan t -treated rvood to provide bonds, which under both interior rnd exterior exposures are equivalent to those obtainable for the unlreared wood. Special resorcinol-resin' adhesives. which employ a high formaldehyde content hardener, hrve proven capabilities for gluing fire-retardant- treated wood. This tvpe of adhesise inrproves bonding when cured ct lemperatures of l50' F or hieher. Paintabilitv The fire-retardant treatment of uood does not generally interfere with the adhesion ofdecoratire paint coarings unless the treated rvood has an increased moisture content. For woods trcated with hygroscopic inorganic salts. one should reduce the moisture content to 12 perccnt or less at the time of coating application. Crysrals may appexr on the surface of paint coarings applied over wood treated with h1'groscopic salts. This usually occurs rvhen the wood is exposed to high relrtive huntidiry. Natural finishes can be used on certaih fire-rerardcnr lreatnrents. l.lo\'evcr. in general. fire.retardut treJtment and subsequent drving ofrcn causes darkening cnd irrcgular slsining. lttanufacturers usually prepare decorative fire- rctardan! plvlvoods by treating rhe plywood core and then bonding a thin. untreated decorative r.encer facing to these cores. This eliminates rhe stained surfaccs, which may be difficult to finish propcrly to a narural wood appearance. Manv of the commercial firc-relardant finishes have been tested according to ASTM E 84 (25-fr runnel furnace) when the coarings are applied over a substrate of Douglas-fir lumber. These coarings, when propcrly applied to lurnber and wood products, can reduce the surface flame-spread index to 25 or less. To obtain rhis reduction in surface flammability, users must apply coatings in thicknesses grcater than generally used . for convenrional decorative finishes. However, many of rhcsc coatings do not have as good brushing characrerisrics because of thc added ingredients. Most of the fire-retardant coarings are intended for interior use, although some products on the markcl can be used on the exterior of a structurc. Some manufacturers recommend an application ol rhin coarings of convenlional paint producrs over thc fire-rerardant coalings to improve their durability. Most conventional decorative paint coating products will slightly reduce the flommubiliry of wood producrs when applied in convenrional film thicknesses. A limited nunrber of clear fire-retardant finishes are availablc. Selected References Gcntral American Plywood Assrriation. Construction for fire D.otcclion. T.coms- WA. n.d. CrnarJian WqxJ Cuuncil. Firc prurective dcsign. Dall lilct t-10. Onawa. ON. Canada: CWC: tyie currrnt cditionl. Egrn, iH. David. Conccps in building 6csafery. Ne*.yurk.,r,hn wilev and Sons. Inc.: 1978. Gage.Babcrrl & Ars$iures. lnc. Firc salttv in hrrurint. Washington. DC; U.S. Dcptnnrenr of llousing lnd Urban Dcvclupnrenr: l9?5. Nrtionll Firc Prorccrirrn Associirrion. fire proreclion hrnrlblxrk. euincy.MA: NFPA: tsec curNnt cdirtonl Undenrntcrs Latxrrlrorics, lnc. tsuilding nuterirls dircctur.v. Nrrnhbrrxrk. lL: UL: rscc currcnr cdiri()nl. U.S, D!.Dunnt€nt ol Housint und Urbln Dtvchrprnent. rnuill 0t.il((rnl:rbte prrcttccs to thc HUD mininrum propcny stondards. Witshinpton. DC: t97 3. Codcs Buildinr Oflicists rnd CqJe Adnririsrraron lnrcm:rrionrl. tnc. Thc BOCI\ basic building corle. Homewrxxl. lL: BOCA: tsce current cdiriont. Council of Amcricln Building Oflicials. Onc and t*rr family <lu.elline corJc. fublishcd joinrly by 8OCA. ICBO rnrj SBCC; tscc currcnr crjiriunr. Intcrnltiunrl Confcrcncr of Building Ofliciah. Unilixm buiklinl cooc.whitricr. CA: ICBO: (scc currBnt cdition.) Nationrl Firc Prurcctien Aii.xitlion. CqJc for srfclv ro lifc from lirc in buildinrs rnd srructurcs tLifc Srfcty CtxJct. NFPA tOl. euincv. MA: NFPA: tsce currcnt cditionl. Southcrn Building Crxlc Congrcss Inrcrnlrion.l. lnc. Starxlrrd buihlinr corlc. Birminrharn, AL: SBCC: (scc currcnt .dirion,. U,5. Dcpannrrnt ol Housing rnd Urbln Dcvehrpnrcnr, ltininrum prrrpcnv stlndurtls, wfihinFtun. DC: HUD: (sce curcnt edition). lgnltlon Amencan Socidy for Tcsring and lr,lrrcrials, Sltndard rest mctbod for bchrv. iqr of mrrcrirls in a lcnicll rubc furaacc at ?50 "C. ASTM E li6. Philarjclphra. PA: ASTt't: tscc cur.nr cdiliont. Schrffcr. E. L. SmokJcring in ccllulosics undcr prolongcd lorr-levcl hc.rrnt. Firc Tcchnology. l6tl): l!-28: 19E0. Chrrring rnd Firc Rrlstanct Schaffer, E. L. Rcview of information rclatcd to rhc qhrrring rutc of wq.rd. Rcs. Nore FPL-145, lrladison. Wl: U.S. Dcpanmcnr o[ Agriculrurc, For- cst Scrvicc, Forest Producrs LlboBtor.v: 1966. rcv. 19E0. white. Robcn H. Wo<xl-bascd pIrrrcling as rhermal brnicn. Rcs. Pap. FPL tOE. irladison. Wl: U.S. Dcpanment uf Agric0lrurr. Forest Scnicc, For- cst Produc|s Llboraror.v: 19E2. Flamt Sprcad Amcrican Srricty for Tcsting rnd lvlctcrials. Strndard rcsr mcthod for criti- cll radilnt flux of noor.covcring iy5rcms using a radiant hcat cn.rgy sourcc. ASTM E 6.18. Philadclphit. PA: ASTlvl: (sce cuncnt edirion). Am.ricrn Socierv for Tcrting and MJlcrirls. Tcst for surf*c bumint char.c. tcristics of buildinS matcrirls. ASTlvl E 8.1. Philrdclphia. PA: ASTM: (scc currant cdilion l. Hcrl Rllcrsr rnd Htat of Combustlon Amcncan Socicry fur Tcsring lnd Matcrials. Standard mcrh<rd of Icrt for hcat rnd visiblc snrokc rclcirsc rates from matcrials and pmducls. ASTM E 906. Philadelphiu. PA: ASTNI: (scc cuncni cdirion). Chambcrlain. D. L, Rate uf hcrt rcleasc-tool for thc evrlu{ion of thc fira pcrformancc of marcrills. Presenred ar rhc joint mccring of thc Ccnrnl Stares ond Wcstcm Srarcs sccrioo of thc Combustion Inrtitutc: tg75 ADril ll -11: Srn Antonio. TX. Smoke rnd Torlc Csscs Arnericrn Srxiery lirr Tciling and lvlarcrills. Test for specitic optic.l dcnsiry of snroke ccncr.rtcd hr solid rnatcrirls. ,.\STiU E 662. Philodelphir. PA: ASTM: tscc cuncnr cdition). Fclhcr8ill. J. W. Cornputcr-xirJed dcsitn tcchnology firr smokc control .nd rcmoval s!stems. Firc Tcchnologv. lJt:l: 197E. Hcsclden. A.J.M.: Bahjrvin. R. Thc movcmcnt lnd crrntrul of tmukc on cscolrc routcs in huildings. F'ire Technology. lJ(-l): l97E l9urd llcatcrs and Chimnt.rs Buikling Olticials urrd Codc .'\dministrlr(rn Int(rnrtion!1. Inc. Buminc rotid luel sulcll. lirmcrrrxrrl. lL: BOC.\: lq)'Jl. Intcrnational Conlcrcncc ol Buildinr 0lticii|ls. Insrall;rti.rn unrJ opcrrtirrn of rrrlid-fuel-hurnins .rpplirnccr. Whilicr. C,\: lC00; l9lll. Combusrlblc lnrulatlon Consunrcr Pr'ijuct S lctt Cr'nrori:rion. St:rnrlud lfr CFR. Pan l]09: Cdru- losc insuhrion-inrcnm \rtirv srrnJird: itnd Prn lJ(ll- Cellulu$ insulJti('n. Wurhington, t)C; CPSC: r.cc cuncnr cr,jiriqnt. Nrrssc. Jrrhn H. Enlrrrcrnrcnr of f(rxm plastic rcgululitrn. Building SJtcty. (sleciul conrbinird issu'i rr[ Thc Uuikling Otliciul ;rnrl Ctnlc r\dminisrr.,rror. Buihling .St;rnd:rrrJs. rnd S()uthcm Euilding,: l'lar.rApr | 979: tJ - l0 Thc Srrictv ol rhe Phsticr Inrjusrn. Inc. llrrrjcl crxjc provirir,rns Jxnainrng to rigid foim pl:rsticr inrulatir>n. P|CC.J0:. Neu.York: SPI: tlrce cuncnr cdition ). \l ood Roof Corerin|:s Amcdcrn S(Eicty |r,rr'fcrting Jnil i\lJtrriuls. SrirndJrd nrcth(rdr dl fire lestt of n'(,f ctrrcrings. ..\STII E 108. Philldctphir. Pr\: AS rirl: tsc! durcnr cdition t. Holrncs. C, .{. Ilcrh(ilr rrf r:valu:rring ntc.rcrlrrjrnr t.cJrnEntr litr rir\{ shiogles. Il:rr.Jirun. \\-l: Frvest Prrnlucts Journll. ::t-rr: J5-.t0: t97:. Morttc. Honird E. Pror(sting resirJenccs lr(!m .rildli.rr: a guidc lirt homcowncrs. l.rnmakcrr. Jnd pl:lnncr:i. Gen. Tcch. RcD. PS\f -50 Bctklc)-. C,\: L'.5 Dcpirnnrcnt of '\griculturc. f'rrcrr Scrvicc. Plcitic South\esl Forc.t unrl RJn!. Erpcrimcnt StJtil'n: l9Xl. |.5-1.5 A.cr rnd H.llhr Limltrtlong Nrtional Forcst F:\tJucts Assc'ciarion. Code conforming wrrc<J doirn, allo*. rblc hciShts and att!s. Wrshinglon. DC: NFPA: (rcc cu[cnr cdition.) Autornrt,c Sprinkltrs Nrtiunal Firc Plorccrion A3rociarion. Stand d for thc insrellarion of sDrink- lcr s:{rlcms. NFP.{ l-1. Quincy, MA: NFPA: (sac cul'eni cdirion). Nrtional Firt Proiecrion Associirion. Standard for sprinktcr sysrcms in onc- ud iro-frmil!, d\r'cllints .nd mobilc homcs. NFPA | 3D. Quincy. MA: NFPA: (!ec cul'cnr cdirion. ) Firr Rcslstrnce Arncrican lnstitule of Timbcr Construction. Timber construction manual.'l{cw York: John Wilcy and Sons. Inc.i (sce currnt cdilion). Amcrican lnsurance Ass(rciation. Firc rcsistaoce niinpr. Ncw York: AIA: (sce cuncnt edirion). American Socicty for Tcsring rnd Matcrials. Standard mcthods of firc te5ts of building construcrion rnd matcrirls. ASTM E ll9. Phitsdclphia, PA: ASTM: (sce cunrnr ediriont. Gypsum Associ.tion. Firc rcsistancc dcsign manual, Evrnstofl. lL: GA: (scc currcnt cdition ). Scheffer. Erwin. State of stn ctural timbcr fire rndurancc. Wood rnd Fibcr. 9(2): 145- l?0: t 977. Underwriter Labor.torica. lnc. Firc rcsistancc ditcrory. Nonhb.ook. lL: UL: (sce cuncnl cdirionl. U.S. Dcpanmcnt of Housing and Urban Dcvclopment, Guidelinr o.l fire ntin8s of archaic m.tcrirls and asscmblics. Rchabililarion Guidclinc:. Pan 8. Wrshingron. DC: Supcrin(rndcnt of Documcnts: 19E0. U.S- National Burcau of Standards. Fire resistance classificarions of build- ing constructions. Building Marcrials rnd Srructurcs Rep. 921 l9J?. (Avaiiablc tmm Narional Technical Inform.tion Scrvicc. Sprin!ncld. VA.) Flrestopr .rd Draflstops Nalional Fore3t Producls Associltion. lmproved firc safctlr: derign of fircstopping for concealcd spaces. Wrshingror. DC: NFPA: (s€c cuncnr cditiont. Forest Product.s Laboratory. il[alerial. Agric. Ilandb. of ,\griculture. Chapter Doors end Stilr*rl: Amcricar Society for Tcsting and Mrterials. Srrnd{d mcthodt of lirr tcsls of door !s!cmblics. ASTltl E 152. Philadclohia. PA: ASTI'I: (scc cumnr cdilion). Bribcr. A. A., Sr. Constn ction. tcsting. rnd usc of compolite fire doors. Forcst hod. Joumal. l6(3):62-63: 196,6. Dcgcnlolb. John. Thc 20-minutc door-and othcr con3idcnlions. Southem Building. Aug..Scpt. l9?5; 7- l?. \l anock Hcrsey lnrcmationel. lnc- Fire r.ling scrviccs-building mrtcrirls rnd cquipment. Antioch, CA: WHI: (scc curltnt edhion). Flrc.Rcterdrnt TrratmrDt! American Society for Testing and Mrtcrials. Standard method of tests for acc.lerrtcd \relrhcring of filr-retardant trratcd wo(d for fi'l lcsting. ASTI'{ D 2t98. Phihdclohir. PA: AST[{: (scc cunlnt cdilion). American Wood-Prcscrvcrs' Association. Strucrural lumbcr, firc-retlrdrnt trcatnrcnt by pressure proccsscs. Standad C20. Washington, DC: AWPA: (sec curEnt .dition). Amcrican Wood-Prcscrvers' Associ.tion. Plywood. fire-rchrdrnt maorcnt by prcrsurc proccsscs. St.ndard C27. Wrshington. DC: AWPA: (scc cut- rcnt cdition). Holmcs. C. A. Effcct of fire-rctrrdant trratmcns on pcdormancc pmpcnica of wood. In: Goldrtcin. I. S., cd. Wood technology: chemical rspccts, ACS Syrnposium Serics 43. wasbington. DC: Am€dcan Ch€miel Society; 1911 . Holmes. C. A.: Knispcl, R. 0. Ertcrior wcathcring durability of some lcach- rcsist&t ftE"rclardant lrealmcDt! for u,ood shingles: A fiec-ycar tcpon. Res. Pap. FPL {0-1. l.{adison. Wl: U.S. Dcpanmcnt of Agriculrurc. For- cst Service. Forest hoducts Laboratory: 1981. LcVan. Susan L. Chemistr-e of lirc rerardancy. ln: Rowcll. Roger lrl., ed. The .h.mirtry of solid wcrod. Advanc.s in chcmislr)' scries 207. Wesb- incton. DC: Americrn Chcmical S*icty: l9t4: Chrptcr 14. 1087. \Vood llandbook: l\bod as rn Engineering 72. Rev. \Va-.hingron, DC: U.S. Department ri. l5- r6 ANALYTICAT METHSDS FIRE RESISTAI\CE OF TIh,IBER MtrMBtrRS Robert H. White I.\TRODUCTION Thc fire resistance ratings of u'ood members and assem- blies, as of other marerials. have rradirionally been obrainedby tesring the assembll, in a furnace in accordancc u,ith American Socier1. for Tesring and Marerials (ASTM) Stan-dard E-ll9.r These rarings irc also published in lisrings. such as the Undenvrirers Laboratories Fire RcsistaiceDirecto4': or the Gypsum Association's File Rcsistanc? Design itlanuaLr and in rhe model building codcs..r The radn3s lisred are limited to the acrual assembly telrcd and normall]' do not permir modificarions such as addinr insula. tion. chan_cing memtrer size. changing or adding inrerior finish. or increasing thc spacing birrveen mcmbjrs. Cooe inrerprerarion of the tesr results somerimes allows the sub. stiturion of larger members, thicker or deeper assemblies, reduction in member spacing. and thicker protcction laycrs,withour reducing rhe listed rating, ln reccnt ycars. two fire-en-durance design procedures for wood rhar aliow greatcr ffexibilirl' ha-vc gaincd U.S. and Canadian buildini code acceprance. In addirion. other procedures and modeis have been proposed or arc bcing devaloped. Whcn atrcntion is given to all derails. the fire endurance of a wood member or assembly depcnds on three ilems: l. Performancc of its prorective membrane (if anyl.2. Extcnr of charring of the slrucrural wood clemcnt. and3. Load-carrfing capacity of the remaining uncharrcd por- tions of the srructural w@d elemenrs.: ..I he follor*ing secrions rcvicw the methods availablc fordetermining rhe contriburion of each ircm and discuss thcmajor propenics of wss,6 rhat affect the thermal and stnrc-tural response of lood assemblies or components- . CONTRIBUTION OF THE PROTE CTIVE NIE:\,IBRANE G1'psum wallboard and plywood paneling arc two com- -son t]'pes o[ prorcctive membranc. which is ihe firsr line of Rhitc, Robcrt H. Anall'ricrl mcthods for dcrcrmining firc rcsisrcnccol rimbcr mcmbcrs. 1988. Thc SFpE handbook of firc ororccrion Section 3/Chapter 8 :lij;$ilr1'.ar'ili;';I^' Nrtionar Fire Protcction Associstion: Dr. Robcn H. \\'hire is a Rcrcrrch Foresr producrs Technolocisral the USDA. Foresr Scnicc. For?sr producrs Laboratoa.. -it rt3carch hri-Drimarilt been in thc rrc$ of q,ood chrrrint and firecDduEnct oi s rrod lsrcmblics. resistance to a fire in wood construction. ln a protectcd assembly, thc fire resisrance rating is largely detcrmined by the t!,pe and thickness of rhc prorective mcmbrane. The cfect: of thc protective membrane on thc thermal perfor- mance of an assembl.r' are included in Harmathy's ten rules of fire endurance rating.o These ten rules tFigure -'i-8.1) provide guidelines to evaluate the rclative etrecrs of changes in materials on (he fire resisrance rating of an assembly. The rules apply primarily to the rhermal pcrformance of the asscmbly. The conrribution of thc protecrive membrane to the fire resistance raring of a light.frame asscmbly is clearly illus- trated in the component addirive calculation procedure dis. cusscd in rhe following subsection. Brief discussions of fire-resistive coatings in trood constn ction and numerical heat transfer modcls are also addresscd. Component Additive Calculation Procedure The component addirivc calculation proccdure is a mcthod to dererminc consen'ativcly the fire resistance rat- ings ofload-bearing light-frame wood froor assemblies and of load-bearing and nonload-bearing wall assemblies. Wirh rhis procedurc. as with Harmathy's rules I and l, one assumes that times can bc assigned lo rhe typcs and thicknesses of protectivc membranes and that an asscmbly with tn o or morc protective membrancs has a fire resistance ratins !t leist that of thc sum of the rimes assigned for rhe indivijual la1'ers and the time assigncd to thc framing. The procedurc u,as developed by rhc Narional Rcscarch Council of Canada and has becn in the National Building Code of Canado INBCC1T for a numbcr of ycars. lt has iecenrll' bien inrro- duced inro the U.S. building codes as a rcsull of efons by the National Forcsr Producrs .{ssociarion. Thc rimes assigncd to thc protective membranc {Tlble l-8. I ). the framing (Tablc 1.8.1). and other facrors are based on cmpirical correlarion wirh acrual ASTM E-lt9 resrs of assemblies. Tables 3-8.1 ihrou3h 3-8.,t are based on rhe lgti-S Standard Building Code (58C1.5 Thcre rre diferences he- rwccn ihe 1985 SBCi and rhe 1985 NBCC.' The SgC' acceprs caleulared rarings ro 60 min. u,hcrcas rhc .YBCC: accepts them ro 90 min. In addirion to rhe rimes lisred in Table i-8.l. A'BCC assigns a rime of -(0 min ro a douhlc FIITE RESISTA\CE OF TIIIBER }tE}IBERS 3-131 a N 4u Hnn HnUNru 'r '2 't2 ,r2 )t', *,a BULE I nw um uw 't '? Irr;l l:l:l lElEl rr nr lellf- - Itlal t6t:'t rFl PNt '2 w W,,^ W 't HN HNNN HN HN HNHN HN '1 '2 ll =t2 RULE 5 BEAM TESTED AS PART OF FLOOR tl)tr RULE 2 tr )i: RJLE 5 EEAM TESTED SEPAFATELY r: ),r RULE 3 i:)rr RULE 4 lr )12 RULE 8 ,aa aart t2 ,., *,2 RULE 7 FOF THE FLOOR FOF A BEAM WHEN ASSEMBLY TESTED SEPARATE LY tr )t2 RULE 9 Y.-in. fiberboard +b-in, Douglas lh plyrvood, phcnolic bondedyr-in. Oouglas lh pt)revood. phenolic boftted Yr-in. Douglas lir pb^rood. phenolic bortsed Yr-in, gypsum wallboard '/r-in, gyp3um wallboard Yrin. gyp3um wallbosrd {min} f 10 r5 t0 15 30 25 40 25 35 40 test repons or listings. (A frnish rating is defined rs the limc lbr an average tempcraturc rise of l-c0'F. or a maximum rise of ll-<'F. on the une:(posed side of the malerial.) In lddirion to the *ood stud and rvood joist framing. the 198-{ ,VBCC assigns o time of -r min to rvood roof and floor truss assemblies wirh spacings of l.l in. Wood trusses are assumed to consisr of wood chord and rveb framing members not less than I x { in.. nominul. and connector Dlates labriceted tiom at least l-mm-thick grlvanized steel with projecting teeth at lcrst I mm long.? The 1985 58Cs includes a provision for odrling l5 min to lhc fire resistance raring of wood stud walls. if the spoces betwcen the studs rre fillcd with glass Fber. rock wool. or slag mineral rvoul botts rvcighing not less th:rn % lblfi: ofrtall surface. The lgtt5 NBCC' has deleted the ghss fiber insula. tion liom the provision. for lack of test data. Thcrc arc minimal reguircments for the membrane on the sidc not TABLE 3-8.2 . Time AsslEned lor Con'/lbutlon ol Wood fuame Bts.d on SBC'' DescriDtion ol |rame Time rsrQneo lo |ramc %-in. type X gypsum wallboard v.rin. lfpc X gyp3um wrllborid Double v.in. gtrpsum wsttboerd 7"-in. ! trl-in, gypsum wallboard Double 'A-in. gypsum watlboerd Wood studs. l6-in. on cenlrr Wood lloor and rool ioists. 16-in. on crnter {rntn) 20 ' Gypsutn borrd ShOd6 bC instrfd wilh tho tong ati|nrffiron Oar.trrt to t,arflng tntfnDcrs in ,rlls rnd Darpcruicuba lo I'lnrlng ,nanbcr! ,n tbor cliting e,{t rool.c||ling '3samt ica. lnd rtt ,o| ! shoutd !a l||!strad. " lhca! vtluat tgDly onty whm hanr'tg rncrnocrt l?G sDtclo I mar|mum olt6 In. on c!rn!a. 'All Strrds shoulo bc no|ntnal ? !n. r .l h.: tll ,os!s thould h3vc I r'tor?rr.tl lhGkn6s ol rtrc!31 2 m. ano soacing !$rccn t:uds of lo'sts 3nould !.tt trclto 16 n. on ctnr"f. @a @4 I'l A8 BEAM A CAN BE REPLACED BY BEAM I lF t2 > l.l RULE 1O Fig. J{.l. Hanathr" tcn ral.t of frc cndurancc.' 0.-(-in. gypsum wallboard. if a wirc mesh rvirh 0.06in.. diameter wire and I sq in. opcnings is fastened between lhc t\!o sheets of *allboard. The rvSCC also includes times for lath and plaster protecrion. The rimes given in Table 3-8. I cre based on the membrane's ability to rcmsin in plrce during fire tests. The times assigned to thc protective mem- branes are not the "finish ratings" of the material cired in TABLE 3-8,1 nme Asstgnd to Protcctlv. Mcmbrancs Based on SBCs''f DescriDtion of tinish 3-132 DEsrc\ cALcL'LATIo\s TABLE 3-8.3 Altemitive Menbranes on Fece ot Wood Stud Wells Not Exqosed to Fire (Extetior) Based on s8cr. -l-8.i1 or an1'panel u'ith an assirncd time of l-l min (Tablr l-E.lr. l\Iodel for Fire-Resistive Coatings on Wood The stcel indust4 improves the fire cndurance of stec, members bv ctrvqdng them u'ith fire-resistive mlteriall or coarings. Currcnth. thc marketing of fire-resistive coatincs for use on wood is ver] limitcd or nonexislent. The 6re retardant cortinss marketed for wood are onlv designcd and recognizcd tbr use to reduce the spread of flames over I surface t flamesprcad t. Depending upon irs rhickness and durability undcr fire erposure. a coaring mar merclt delaf ignition oI the woor1 for a fru' minutcs or mal provide an eFective insulative lar er that reduces rhe rarc of charring. Borh for 6rc-rerardinr coa(in8s and firc-resistive coatings, the performance as a fire resistanl mcmbrane on rvood has becn evaluatcd.l and empirical cquations have been devqleps6. dcscribing bene- 6ts of their usc."'rt' These equations can readily be combincd u ith fre resistancc models for a firc-e,rposed wood membcr or assembly, However. they need additional verification before thel,can be used in rhe ficld. Tests on coared rimber members have also becn reported in Finland and U.S.S.R.l Numerical Heat Transfer Irlodels The protectivc membrane contributcs to fire resistancc b1, providing thermal prorection. ntumcrical heat transfer methodologies are available to evaluate this thermal protec. rion. Fungi: developed a one-dimensional finite diference model and computer program for thermal analysis of con. struction walls. Difficulties in modeling the charring of wood and the ph1'sical deterioration of rhe panel products compli. crtc thcse numerical methodologics. Numericul heat transfer models are used not onlv to model the performance of thc protective membrancs but also to model the chamng of the srrucrural rvood members. the second major factor in the fire cndurance of a wood member or assembly, CHARRING OF llIOOD Wood undergoes thcrmal degradation (p1,rol1,sis) rvhen cxposcd to firc. (Sce Figure -r-E.ll. The pyroll.sis :rnd com- bustion of rvood have been studicd extensively. Literature reviews include anicles bv Bros,ne.rr Scha$er.to.ri Hall et a/,tJ and Hn<tvig.r7 By convening thc *ood to char and gas. pyrolysis results in a rcduction in the wood's densirv. The Shealning PaDer Erlonof linish v..-in. longue and groov! lumbet -Y!..in. exlerior gtade Dtywood l,?in. gypsum lYall5oard Ye.in. glosum wallboafd ',.-in. llDerboard Lumbrr siding Wood shingles and shakes y..in. plvurood extcrior gradr %.n. hardboard Metal siding Stucco on metal talh Masonry veneer Sheathing PaPlr None +i-in. cflerior grade ply ooo ' M"6branc may b! e^y cornDnlt on ol ahaathing. pttat. ar6 Gxtlno. firrih b3rod a^ tauc or any otnar mlmbrtn! h3rd rt l5 nrn oa grr lr n rtbh 3-E.1. exposed to fire lTables 3-8.1 and j-E.a). in order to assure that the assambly docs not fail because of firc oenetrarion or heat rransfer rhrough rhe assembly. lnstead of bcing onc of thc combinaricins lisred in Tables 3-8.3 and 3-8.4. the mem. brane on the side not exposed to fire (the oursidel may beany membranc lisred in Table 3-8. I wirh a rared timeof 15 min or grearer. The 1985 NBCC? lisrs onl;r rhe firsr three sheathings lisred in Table l-8.3 and omirs the reouire. menr for shearhing paper. Borh .SBC5 and NgCCt in;lude requirements for fastcning the protective membranes to the tramc. This procedure gives llexibility, for example. in calcu- lations for pl!,nood and gypsum combined as an interior finish. EXA,ITPLE: The ,calculated fire resisrance raring of a u.ood stud wall(l-in. x {-in. sluds. l5 in. on center) rvirh /.-in. Douclas fir phenolic-bonded pl! u'ood over !/:-in. rype X _cl psuri u,all- board on the side erposed to fire is: From Tabie -r-E. l: 7'.-in. Douglas nr pl!'u'ood. phenolic bonded t-l min !z:-in. typc X g1'psum u'allboard 15 min From Table 3-E.l: Wood stud framing l0 min Calculared raring (total) 60 min Thc other side of thc u'all. if ir has no fire rcsistance rcquirement. can be X-in. cxrcrior grade plyu.ood (Table TABLE &8.4 Floo ng ot Roofing over Wood Framing Based on SBC'. Assembly Subllmr or roof deck Finish tlooring or rooling Floot rAin. pl)rwood Of r/,.-in. tongue and gtoolrt SOflurOOCl ) H.rdwood or sottwood llooring on building papat Resilient llooring. pllqu?t lloor, lehfil-synth€tic'libcr lloor covcirgs. crrprtingi or ccfrmic lilc on Vr.in..thict panehb,p! undrrley Ceramic til? ori | %.h. mgrtar brd. Rool t#.in. plywood or rli..in. tongue and groovt 3oftwood Finish roohng materiel wilh or without rnsulaton ' struc|u.|l m'mblrs arc rood. rlb|o aptlttt onlt to 166 ior3t cor6truc16n In sBc. d 13 not rpDtrcabp 19 $.ggd trus3 constn ctron. uooaf rnrhbfrnc cons'ts oI| 3ublloor lnd tintsh oor. root dlct lnd roofi^g, 6, any oni, -i.Jrrr|r- t,rr"o at t5 '|nlr or grr ?, i^ Trbtr 3.g t. FIRE RESISTA.\CE OF TI}IBER }IE]IBERS 3-133 CHAFI LAYE A PYROLYSIS ZONE PYROLYSIS ZONE BASE Charring REt! (mnvtnln) 1- Westem ted ceozl 2. Oak, urile. keruinq lguqun), leak. greenhaett. Fr'tan 3. AJI other tsted sgltctutal soeoe! n<n 0.65 Scha0'edn reponed transversc'lo-grain charring rates as a function of dcnsity and moisture contenl for white oak' Douglas fir. anrl sourhern pine. The regression equatioos for I (min oer in.. thc reciprocal of charring ralcl were Fig. 3'8.2. Dcgrcdation aoncs in a wood tcc'ion' pyrolysis ges undergoes flaming combustion as it lcaves the charred wood surface. Glorving combustion and mechanical disintegration of the char evcntuall;r erode or ablatc the outer char layer. The charring rate generally tefers to the linear rate at which wood is convened to char. Under standard fire crposurc. the charring rates tcnrJ to be fairly constanl after a highcr initial charring rate. Esrablishing thc charring rate is critical to evaluating fire rcsistance becausc char has virtuall!' no load'berring capac' ity. There is a fairlv distinct demarcalion bctween char and uncharred wood. The base o[ thc char hyers is *ood reaching a temperature ol approrimately 190'C (5-<0'F). To determine the chlrring nt(c. we use both empirical models based on experimental data and thcoreticcl motJels bssed on chemical and ph;-sical principles. E}IPIRICAL }IODELS Standard ASTN{ E-ll9 Fire Exposure Expressions for charring rate io lhe standard ASTM E-ll9 test are the resull of mrny- e:rperimental studics. The empirical morlel that is most generally userJ assumes c constant tnnsversc-to-grain char rote of 0.6 mmimin ( l'l: in./hrt for all goods. rvhen subjectcd to the standard 6re e:tposure. There urc rlillcrenccs umong species associoted with their densitl-. chcmical composition. and permcrbility. ln addition. the moistrrrc contcnt of the rvoor.l :rfects thc charring ratc. The British C'rk ,tJ Pnu tit e .lir the Structnntl Ltse ,ll' Titnlrert*'t" rtividcs rpccics into lhrce groups. The lssigned chlrring mtas are: ,tt = percent moisture content. and p = dry specific gravir] ' Assumption of a constanl charring rate is reasonable whcn the member or panel product is thick enough to be treatcd as a semi-infinitc slab. For smaller dimensions' the charring nte incrcases once the lcmp€raturc has risen above the initial tempcrirlurc al thc ccnlcr of thc mcmber or al lhe uncxposed surfacc of tha Panel. in pracricc, the linear charring ratc model is adequatc' Howenir. slatisdcal anallrsis of char depth over time indi' cates a lack of fir. Kanury and Holve:r suggcat the model i-0('-T) wherc f = thickness of slab. t = 6rc endurance time. and a-b = constants. The-r consider the (Ja) factor an ir!eal charring rate and the ratio (btlal es a coreclion factor accounting for thick- ness and thermal diffusion efects. Fmm tests of DouSlas fir f,oorjoists. Lawson ct ai:: obtained tlrc equation I - 2[(]8.?16 + 0.5?8]r)p + .t.184 for Douglas 6r 8 - :[(5.E]: + 0-l:0,]t)p - I2.8621 for southern pine S - :[(]0.036 + 0.1o1,!t)p + 7.Jl9l for whitc ork wh:re .r - 0.051r0'r \r.herc .t = char depth lin.). and r = timc (min). This equarion for charring rate conesponds roqghly ro the generally ecccpted 0.6 mm/min lincar charring rote' which is the cqnation r - 0.024r 16) The charring rare porallcl to lhe lrain of wood i: approxiinately t\ricc that transvcrse lo lhe graln"' A! il beam or column chars. ihe corners become rounrJed' The rurnding is generalll' consi<Jered to hrvc r rcdiris equivalcnt to lhe chrr dcnrh on thc sides. tl) (:) r3) (11 {9 3-131 DESTCN C.{,LCLrL.{TrON5 The ellect of fire.retardant treatment and adhesivcs on firc rcsistanc: ciepends on thc t)'pe of odhesivc or treatment. Lumber t''onded u'irh phenoiic or r:sorcinol adhcsives has a cnamng r.ltc con!islent wirh thar of solid wood. Fire. rriardant lrcatmenls are designcd to reduce ffamespread. The fire retardant s eFect on the charring rate ma), be to only slightly' incrcase the time until ignirion of the wood. Some fire rcrardants rcducc ffammability hy lou'cring lhe temper- ature at $ hich charring occurs. This ma;- incrcrse the charring rate. Horvever. a [eu. fire retardants have bcen found to improve charring resislancc.:., )ionstandard Fire Exposures The lbotc equations wcre slated to applv lo the stan- dard ASTII E-ll9 frre .xposure:r HadvigrT has dcr,eloped equarions for nonstandard fire etposure. The charrins rate in a real fire depends upon rhe sevcrir\. of the frre ro u'[ich theuood is eltposcd. The firc scveritv depends upon such factors as the available combusrible marerial (firc load) and thc at'ailable air suppl!, (design opening facror). The design fire load is ,aS*x'; TABLE 3-8.5 The Transfer Coelflcient, k'7-2. Tyoe ol lare com. oarffntnt' Geometncal ogenrnc lador, F' 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.10 0.12 B n H 1.0 1.00.85 o.es3.0 3.0 r 'lE r a( 1.65 I .50 r .0-o.5 1.o-o.51.50 r.451n ,ln 1.0 1.0 0,85 0.85 1.35 l .50 r t< ! qn 0.H.5 0.7-{.51.35 l .25,t'1 an 1.0 1.00.85 0.853.0 2.3 !(i rA<r.75 2.o0 0.7{.5 0.7{.5r.r5 't.05 3.0 2.5 (7) 'A: (Slsrderd lrr? :cmDrnmc^tl. Thg tvrrrgc Con3istrng Ol brrgk. COnCral!. anc 9a! co cre!!. B: COnCrdr, incluOrng concretc On lha ground. C: Gas concretc {densrty 500 kg mrl D: 50 pcr co^ircl!. 50 tci gas congtlt! (drnsity 500 kgrnr). E: 50 pcl g8s concrrtr locnsiry 5m tgmtl, 3l pct c!|tcrltr. rrd tZ 9et laminrr! con3rs|r,E ol ltlkln lrom tha ins6!) l3..nh ptastloorrd (drnsity 5OO k9 'nl. lGcn rn'^crll wood (d!rufy g) kg.fit). rnd bnck ldrmity i.Bm t9 rn'). F: 80 psl stlcl 9l!t!. m pct @^cr?lr. Ttrr lifr cornoartmcnt B complrlbtr to a gtorafrqrtr or olhrr bsilding ol a 3imilrr kind wilh !n uninrulatcd rgol. wrls ol 3laal olal!, rnd lloof ol concrrtr, G:20 pct concrutr l|1d 80 pcl brninrt! con3istrng ol r 6ouuc ptssrertorrd (2x t3 mml (dlnsity 790 lg mt). lGcflr atr lpace. rnd tnothrr doubt! Dtastlooard (2 x l3 mm) (dlnsiiy 790 kgxrf). H: Sre€t plrtc on aihrr rlds ol lo$mm mincrsl wood (drr6ity 50 kgmt). "Th!-highcr vrlurs eDgly to q < 60 MJ'm: tht b|ttr vrtu!! .9ply tO O > 5OO MJirnr. Intlryarung vaturt lrr tound by lneDolltion. Thc dimensionless coe6cient. /. (Figures l-8.3 and J-8.4) increascs the openinB factors when thcre are horizon- tal opcnings. For only venical openings./is egual to l. Hadvig's r7 equations are wn ere g = design fire load (MJ/m:). I = rransfer coefficient (dimensionless|. 0 = sum of thc products of densiry and lower calorific value of mareriais to be found in the comDanment(MJ). and ,{, = total intcrnal area of the companrnent (m:). The transfer coefficients are given in Table 3-8.5 for difcrent-r1'pes of companments and geomcrrical opening factors. In the case of fire companments whose boundini strucrures do not come under an1' of the tl.pes A-H. l. isusualll' determined b1'a linear inrcmolarion in rhe table betl6gn appropriarelv choscn rl pes oi companments. The geomerrical opcning facror is P - O.0l?5 g /l-=1.15- 0'035 F + 0.0:l X - 9o't (l0l for 0.01 s F s 0.10 (t t) - A.,i h Al rvhere F = eeometrical opening factor (mlnl, ,,{ = total arca of windows, doors. and oiher oDenincs in u,alls ti.e.. venical openinBs only) (m:), and /r = rveighred mcan r.alue of thc hcighr of venical open- ings. u'eighred against the arel of rhe individurl openings (m). The design opcning factor is p - F.k.f where F- t= dcsign opcning factor (mr/:). geomctricnl opcning faclor (mr/:). tnnsfcr coefficicnt of bounding slructurc (dimension- less). nnd cocfficient (dimcnsionless) lo account for horizonral openings. looooc A . \./h Ih''t A.Vh Fig. ]AJ. Diagraa lor rhc dctcrminotion ot!lorjn tcarpcrllrluns ol 50tC oad l0AtC. (8)rorosts!{t2) (e) FINE RESISTANCE OF TI;VIBER TIE,\|BERS 3.135 Fig. JJ.J. Sinplifcd lk.tch o! l.tnica! cmgs-tcction compotu;ant vith notaion.,, r.35 - 0.ot4(E) .* -/"(-*,.i'-i;) n,!s,so where d = time at which maximum charring is rOched for thcvalues used for F and g (min). Fo = initial value of rate of iharring (mm/min),X = charrin8 deprh (mm). F = design opening facror (mrn) (dcfined in Equation 9)g = design firc load (trtJ/m:) (defined in Equ"il; ij:'*;7 = hme (min), .-_ T.ta equarions are valid for fire cxposures less than 120 min.and a room where the combusrible ,"rcrl"f iil*a.rlastrc -burns morc violently and for a shoncr $me thanwooo. when the combustible materials in the room areplastics. Equarions l0 and lt are rhcrefore rnooinil io,faster char rate _tp,, is 50 percenr triel,ert. snonei"iime'lsafioweu lor ma\imum charring.{0 is cut in haln, and Equa-tion ll is applicable for i < a.,, . Equations l0 rhrough 13 are for glued rimber with adensity of .170. ksr6r in-ctudins " ;di;;; i"ii.i.,, li'rirpercenl and minimum widrh oi g cm or gr..,.i oi ,ou"iimembers of minimum 5 x 5 cm. Equar;o"nilj'ai; li;;;valid onl!, for 0 < ,( < b/4. whcre A t rf," oir*ri"" "iii.narrow fice tcmt of a rectangular member. For dimensionior nonsquare cross-sections betwecn 3 and g cm. the ratio oithe original dimensions must be equat lo or grcarer than t.7.ll! th:tdtg deprh.perpcntricurar io rrre *ia-e i"ll't X. i"i :1: .n$,lC. deprh perpendicular ro the narrow face iso:rermrned by mulriplying Equation 12 or lj rimes theormensronlcss quantity Assuming a fire tcmpcrarure of 100ffC. a wood densirv of 500 kgmr, and lowercalorific value of li MJ/ke, describe the charring of a 3.E. x 25-cm wood bcam cxposed on threc sides afrcr 8 min of the fire. Thc geomcrrical opening facror (Equation g) is r F -A,/h - Jllll 2t + lt.s ' rD.,fi A, [2lj x.to) + 2(3 x J) + 2(3 x l0)] z< Fi..-v,.J - 0.0{8 mur The dcsign opening facror (Equarion 9) is F - F'.k.1 The t is obrained from Table 3-E._s (& = 1.0 for rype A. f' -0.HE). Thc / is obrained from Figures l-E.J and j-g.4. A,.'E il-s x JtJi 4.s./i.___=__-__:___:-0.o9 ,1\/h 1.Se/t.s 7.5Jt.5 A, 4.5- -:; - o'cA t.> An/i ot Q.Og and ArlA of 0.6, thc/from Figure 3-8.3 is 2.4. F - (0.O4tXl.0XZ4f a Q.l lJ 6tt: The design 6re load (Equarion 7) is n- u.I,- 11.ey(6 ' 1E' 17)-:i# - 268 Mrim, Maximum charring will be reached at 0 min (Equation l0). , - 0.0t75 258 MJ/m' o.trfriF-{l .in Thc initial charring rare (Equarioo ll) wilt bc o^ - 125- 0'035 o.rrs+i.6iT-Imm/min At 8 nin. the char dcpth (Equation t2) wi be ,Y-tx8-8mn tlt for0tt=T Thc minimum dimension D of rhe bcam is l.g cm. Tbe charring deprh crircrion 0 <.r < trl4 is 0 < E < 9.j mm. soEquations 12 and 13 are valid. The nrio of rhe orilin,al dimenrions is 258.8 or 6.5. Sincc 3.E cm is less rhan t-cm. thc mulriplying facror (Equarion l4) is 1.35-0.044(3.E1 -t.tE At 8 min. thc uncharrcd area of the beam will be approxi. mrtely o/ vntilatcd (t3) For A,Jir ( t{) EYA,IIPLE: ._-.1na room is a _standurd fire companment consistinr ofonc[. conc.retc. and gas concrete. The f,oor arcr is 5 x 1['6.and the he;ght is I m. The opcnings or. on. *iiAo* i.S',high anrJ I m rvirle. rhrce winrjorvsl.fln ni.-n;n';:;;ldJ:alq.of. skvtighr t._< x J m. The .lyrishr i;-im a-b;l'il,;midhcighl of rhe sind6s.s. Tfre nre toai'is'i rni "i **a."' 3-136 DEsrc\ c.tl-cuL.{Tto}.s 38 mm - 2(8 mm) - ll mm wide and 150 mm - (l.l8 x 8 mm) - 2{O mm high As the charring procceds after (9.-< mm)/( | 66/6i6y s1 9.5 min. the 6/4 crirerion of rhc eguarions no longer holds. This is because the charring rare increascs as thc remperarure at lhe ccnter of the beam stans to increase. For situations for \r'hich no empirical models exist. solutions ma.v be found b1. the usc of rhcorcrical modcls. iUost th.orerical models have rhe lle:iibilirv ro be used for an1' desired 6re exposures. Theoretical i\{odels Considerable efrons hrve gone into developing theoret. ical models for *ood charring. Theorerical modals allow calculation of rhe charring rate for geometrics othcr than a scmi-inFnite slab and for nonsrandard firc exoosures. Unfor. tunatel)'. no complercly sarisfacrory modcl has )'et been devslep66. Robens:! reviewed the pioblcms associited u ith the thcor.lical analysis of rhc burning of wood. including stnrctural efects and internal heat transfer, kinctics of the pyrolysis reacrions. hcar of reacrion of the pyrolysis reac. tions. and variations of thermal propenies during pyrolysis. He considered rhe major problems ro be in rhe fonnularion of a mathematical model for the complex chemical and physical processes occurring and in the acquisition of reliable ciata for use in the model. lrlany models for *ood charring arc based on lhe standard conservation of encrgy equation. The basic differ- ential equation includes a lerm for each contribution ro the intcrnal encrgl' balancc. .{n- earl!. modcl for wood charring was ldven b}' Bamford cr ai.:6 The basic dillcrential eouatio; used by Bamford was ct c-l rwCp-:--K--,- rr<lct axt t 6t wncre X = rhcrmal conductivirl,,I = temperature. X = location. x' s u'eight of v6ls11;6 products per cubic ccntimet?r of wood. | := lime. q - heat liberdted at constant pressure per gram of volatile material evolved. c = specific hcat. and p = densil!'. ln Equlrrion l-(. the rerm on the left side ofrhe equal sign represents rhe cnergy stored at a given location as indicated by the incrcase or dccrease of lhe lcmpentlure with time at that location. The firsl term on rhc right side ofthe equal sign aepresents the thcrmal conduction of energy away from orinto the Biven location. The second rerm-on th; lefi side represents the energy absorbed lendothermic reacrion) or the energy given of (cxothermic rcaction) as the wood undergoes. pyroll'sis or thermal degradation. Numerical so.turons usrnB compulers are normally uscd to solve thesc differcntial equrtions. In Bamford's calculations using Equatioo t-<. the ratc of dccomposition uas l:ilen b1' an Arrhenius equation. The h.at of d.cornposition. 4. \r'as thi differcnce betwcen the heat of combustion of the wood and that of the products ol dccomposition. Thcrmal constants for wss6 and char wcr: assumed to be thc samc. and the rolal thickness of char and wood $'as assumed 1o remain constant. Thomas:t added a convection tcrm to Bamford's cqua- tion to obtain , C J CI')prA *i;r*Mc,=--4fi fl51 \4 nere V = local mass ffow of pyroll'sis gases. and ce = specific heat of the gases. The convection term represcnts the energ)'transferred in or out ofa location as a result ofthe convection ofthe pyrolysts gascs through a region with a temperaturc aradient. The Factory Mutual modcl (SPYVAPI includcs rerms for intcrnal ionvection of volatiles and thermal propenies as functions of temperature and dcnsiry. lt u'as develoDed bv Kung:t and larer revised by Tamanini.s Atrevaro has iunhci reviscd this modcl to includc moisrurc absorption. His energy conservation equation is -*l-,* (".- *91( - t)-,,1 (p. c. + p, c, - P ^ Q T - * (x {) -,(r - t ro) ", # ;eA.+ H.- H,l (17) wherc C" = specific hcat {caligm "C). . - K = thermal conducriviry (cal/cm'C sl.f = temperature (K). , = rime (s), X = disranc. (cm), p = dcnsity {gmlcmr), 11, = 6g1*"td mass fiux of volatile Eases Ltm/cm: s).ff = thermal-sensible sfecific cnrhalpy (cal..gm), 0 = endothermic heat of decomposirion of wood for a unir mass of volatiles gcnerated {caVgm at I.). andi,j = paramcrers to simulate cracking, bett*ecn 0 and |: subscripts: :c = ambient. x'= virgin wood. c = char. 9 = volatilc gascs. d E unpyrolyzed active material. |n - moisture, .f = final value. and r = solid wood. Equation l7 is similar lo the previous cquations erccpt the material has been broken up into its components (wood, u'ater. and char). The paramercrj eliminates the conr.cction tcrm if thc pyrolysis gases arc escaping lhrough cracks or fissures in lhe wood. The last tcrm reDrescnts the hcll absorbcd with vaporizarion of thc r.r'arer. The conscrvation of mass cquation is FIRE BESISTANCE OF TI.\IBEB }IE}IBERS 3.137 tM, 6p, . io. eX et it (t E) and ensures that the mass of the gases eouals lhe mass loss du. to thcrmai degrrdation of the wood and vaporization of thc moisture. As notcC bcfore, the decomposition kinetics eouation for wood is the Arrhenius equarion to. b. - o,l - = -.{ --+ erp (-E,'R7-l (19} "' (t -2t\\- P-l where A = frequency factor (l/s), E - activation energy (kcaVmole). and R - gas constanr. Atreyalo uses a moisrurc desorption kinctics equarion for vsporizarion of rhc warer in the wood. which is i"',t-o-exP(-E-/Rr) (20) Parkedthas taken char shrinkage parallel and normal to thc surface into accounl in the model. Kanury and Holvc:r have presented dimensional. phc- nomcnological. approximare analyrical. and exact numerical solutions-for wood chamng. Other modcls include those of Havens,'r Knudson and Schniewind.rr Kansa cr a/.r. Had- vig and Paulsen.ri and Tinney.s Moisture desorption and surface recession wcre not considered unril reccntly. There may be not only moisturc desorption but also an increase in moisrure conlenr behind lhe char fronl caused by moisrurc movement away from thc surfacc.rT The Cl\tA modeltE developed for NASA provides good results for oven.dry wood. becausc it includes surface recession but does not take into account moisture desorp- lion. A major problem in the use of thc more sophisricared models is the lack of adequarc data to usc es inDut. Most thcoretical models for . wood chamng not only define rhe. charring rare but provide results for thi rempera-turc gradienr. This remperature gradient is imponanr in evaluating rhc load-carrying capacity of thc wood rcmaining uncharred. . LOAD.CARNYING CAPACITY OF UNCHARRED WOOD During the charrini of wood caused by fire. the rcmoer- aturc gradicnt is fairly stcep in the wood iection remaininluncharred. Some loss of srrength undoubredly resulrs fro;elevated temperatures. Schafer el a/!e haue iomUincO oar.allel-to-glrain strengrh and sriffness rclationships wirh rcm_ Perature and moisrurc contena lnd thc gradients of tcmpcr-alure and moisturc content within a fire-erposcd slab roobtain graphs of rclativc modulus of elasticiry. corpr.ssi". slrength. and tensile strengrh as a funcrion of distanic bclowlhe char layer. (See Figure 3-8.5.) Thc rheorcrical modclsr.hscusscd prcviously can be uscd to detcrmine lhc temDcr.aturc gradienr within thc woorl remaining uncharred. ,_ ,Thtt.. are basically two approochca to evaluating ahelood<arrving cap:rcit1': to evaluatc thc remaining sc-crion 6,- -Ad MOOULUS OF ELASTICITY -/ F z!J vl F) UJ cc ,A.. -- -^r' -l--o" , TENSILE - 0.5 I 1.5 2 DEPTH BELOVY CHAR LAYER. IN. Fig. J-E.5, Rclatitc mdulut ol elasthity ond compntsite ond tcnilc ttr.ntth as o luactiotr ol distancc bclov char lavr ia sof*ood tcction undtr firc ctpowrts. (Expnsscd in pcrccnt ol that at 2fC and initia! moit'!r. co ant of 12 pcncnt.) Datztion ol frc ctposurc shouV bc qaal to or grcatt thaa 20 tnia to oppll nsuhs ol thk fgure. citber as a single homogeneous material or as a composite of layen with diSerent propenics. Empirical a rVodels ln the srandard ASTM E-ll9 rest. srrucrural failure is assumed to occur when the member is no longer capable of supponing its design load. the design load being a fracrion of the ultimate load of thc original berm. Failure occurs when the cross.sectional arer of the member has been reduccd bv the charring of thc wood. One common approach in accouni. ing for the loss in srrenglh in the section remaining unchaned is to assume that rhe strengrh and sriFness of rhc entirc uncharred region are fractions a of thcir room temperature valucs. For bending rupture of a beam. an equation of rhis type would bc where M = zpplied momcnl (dcsign load). 5 = section modulus of charred mcmber. co - modulus of rupture at room tcmperature. andt ' timc. Assuming the residual cross-scoion is rectangular in shape bcfore and during 6re e:rposure. the scction modulus of the chaned member is{ srrl = *tt8 _ 2crf tD _lc.,t:l (2?, where I = original brerdth of beam. + tt;";;;i" (2t) I'I m-t". { 3-138 DESIGN CALCULATIO.\S Knrppa.o' Kirpichenkov and Romancnkor..i discusscd thecalcularion procedures in tbeg:!"ii'ru':i'fi ,l?.:":"".i['H:"'-X':1,'"iJ:":"li: In devcloping a model for fire-exposed unprotcctcdwood joist ffoor assemhlies. Woesre and Schaf;;f,,.ii:;;; :::.d. *dor-: rime-dependcnr gcomerric ,.rrf if,it "outA i.used toiodif:/ the srrength reducrion facror. c. d;;;;; ^D = origjnal deprh ofbeam, L I E chamng rate in brcadth direction.., = 9t1arri1u nre in dcpth oirccii-onl.anaj - | for thrce.sided fi cxposure (Fig*. i-tE$Tsurc or I for four'sided fire rrrj"*$l'l;r:"" E{uations 2l and !1 are the folrowin', ! ap ldY a td/D .:Gfrfi ' \- ) .231 for exposure on all four sides..r and k B;D / d\2;m-ED,r -t;j e4l for exposure on thrce sidcs.r:..r where ,- = ,11*::: l.crion of room tempcmture utrimare load of. ongrnal member. anda = cridcal dcprh of thc uncharred beam. ^-.'.,J|tc, fire resisrance is.cgual to rhc rime lo reach rhecnrrcal depth. or t _ (D _ dtljc (:51 0." ll"FiilJ;iiT f#::r_l'_.-..0.i in New Zearand ro,"*""ii,r,,'iiil;[ ll.;Iff;i"'j1,."",ii'i!i,,lT,,0,y.1 i? l*Hi**r$itr*tnril:'rlffi tr,n,,$i^1!l}?.1ion of thc rbore squs1l.rs is Eencrauv;l:::"r]:]1rg."food.members. Orher.reviewi ;i il,il1'-il:: T:' T"f.',lT:s'"f:il :::ii:s: :# ffiiTff I::i Fig. 3-t.6, Fin ctposun o!bcons oa thnt or four sidtt. I'-E\: (16r \ 8D J"' u,hcre t, = failure lime. andy = empirical thcrmal degrade paramcler. Thc model has becn_experi.mcnralll, ev3lul1gd.s: g1- :.j*1j" ffoor-rnr.ss asscmoles.. ..-- and used as pan of a ffffilijr.;$"nd.momenr retiabitiry .;;ly-r;' [i" noor' Composite l\fodels ...^-ij..o,nd approach to evaluaring the fire endurance ofawocd member is to assum ' i' t' oi i. y.,,. i" ;.' il'i i';l Jn ;::j'fi :,. :HT,:IJ;and tensile srrenglhs and modulus of elasticit;r of cach layerar_e.assumed.to be fracrions of th. ,oorn t.rp.oi;;;.r.usrng one t.S-in. heared layer wirh ;;;.";'il#;j.r,Schaffcr et o/re analt,zed aanarysis r" ",i.-";JiJ;iifi',:#f ?f:;;::Hlzero.slrcngrh tayer u.as calculared_ rn. rirrri"r i#'ijll".h.eared,la!.er was used ro calculare o" .;;ir"il;.;:;".srrength lay'er. 5. For bending. rhe 5 was "riil"i,.a io u.. i.l 'n. rhick. This zero-srrength ia;_er. e. "ar"Jl.jii;."il",::lrl. pr: ro obrain.the to-ral zcro-srrcngrh lavcr. Tbe rest ofrhe membcr was rhen evaluared ,r;"i i*h.i.rp.,lil*ProPeny values. For firc-da recommended 5 of 0.!-( in. tll111'l"tbers' williamson-q p'.*ionri.ii jnl'rrfi ri',i'rlT"li,:lfi :'dir1ill,i,r,i;1,iiil;use of 100 perccnt of the -orir carcurarion? iJJ ;;;;'d;:t'""t basic attowabre sresses in Do and Springgy's- sr' h modet for;'*'i-#;, b"r:'::ejoPo'.ed a firc resistance g3 n: *"*- ii.i,i. jl.;:dlfi iT j::ilifi"';p;*jf tures and mass toss u.irhin rhe u.ood member. r;iliiiil'J* :iT-. !?. small-scale tension. compre.d" ;.' ;J;;; il;oone on spccimcns that had muffie oven. I previously becn heated in a . Thc approach of an c far fl.p:"fft ,,r+#$l#:J',iti.r#::i#:l l:.::1op . .modcl for exposed gtuea-hmina;d-;.-;;rr:l nesc are discussed in thi resr ot thrs section. ONE.HOUR FIRE.RESISTI\,E EXPOSED WOOD MEMBENS .-.,-!-:l_ d..":,oped simple formutas for catcutaring rhc firc :::':_,i.1... of targe wood beams and .orrrnnr. 'i."i.i .r" tn_eoretical srudjes involving crperimcnral Ja;;' #::,;;trons similar.ro Equarions : titrrough :-a. n ._.'ilrmrfr.J""r..conlaincd u.irhin rhe Council of Aieri""" B;i;"g';;ili: FIRE RESISTA}.CE OF TIIIBER )IE]IBERS 3-139 1 .00 40 on f!e, !!,2. Load loctor vcnus load oa ncmbo as pcccat of allo*abk.(NBCC uscs 12 instcod o! I I os cir.rion lor ,vo cun.t.) ' (CABOI Repnrt ,\s. NRB-250tF and the suDDlemenr lo lhe N.ational Building Code of Conada.r The merhodology is discussed in two American Insrirure of Timbcr Consrruiiion publications.:e o These formulas give thc 6re resistance time. l. in minutes. of a wood beam or column with minimum nominal dimension of 6 in. The nct 6nish widrh for a nominal 6-in. glued-laminatcd member is j |4 inches. For beams. the equalions are t - 2.5AZB|4 - 2(8lDD for firc exposure on four sides (27) t -.2.5a2811 - lBlDll for fire erposure on thrc! sid6 [28] whcre 8 = width (breadrh) ofa beam before e.tposure ro fire (in.). D = depth of.a berm before erposurc ro fire (in.). and Z = load lactor. (See Figure l-E.7.) For columns. thc eauations arc t - ?.5aZD[3 - (DtBl] for fire exposure on four sides (:9) t = 2.542D13 - lD/2811 for 6re cxposure on rhrcc rid6 (30) wnere 8 = larger side of a column (in.). and D = smallcr si<ie of a column (in.). For columns. the load factor. Z. (see Figure 3-8.7) includes thc cffect of the efecrive lengrh facror. K,. {see Figure 3-8.E) and the unsupponed length of rhe column. (. (in.). Cunentlv. the codes do not permit the \r'ide side of the column to be the une.rposed face (Equalion l9). The full dimensions of the coiumn are uscd even if rhe column is recesSed into a rvall. Connectors and fasteners relating to suppon of the member must bc protecred for equivalcnt fire.resistive con- strucrion. Where minimal l-hr firc endurance is required, conncctors and fasleners must be proiccted from fire cxpo- sure b1, l% in. of wood. fire-rated gypsum board, or any coating approved for a I hr rating. CABO Reporr No. NRB-250ttt includes diagrams giving rypical derails of such prolectron. Thcre is ofien a high-strcngth rension laminate on thc bottom of glucd-laminated timber beams. As a result. ir is required that a corc lamination bc rcmovcd. the tensioo zone moved inrvard. and tbe equival.nt of an ertra nominal 2-in.-thick outer tension lamination bc added to ensure that there is slill a high-strength laminate lcft after fire exposure. EXAMPLE: Determine the fire resistance rating fora 5%-in. x 2l-in. beam exposcd to fire on three sides and loadcd to 75 perccnt of its allowable load. D= 2l in. 8 = 5.125 in. From Figure 3-8.7. Z lor a berm loaded to 75 percent of allowable is l.l. From Equation 18. I = 2.5.{ l.lX5.l 25}[{ - (5.1]5/2t)l t - 53.8 min. ,t,lo id< 9EAI.IS-COLUMNS r./d > l1 100807060 EFFECTIVE COLUMN LENGTH FOR VAFIOUS ENO CONOITIONS EUCK LING MODES IrF I rl ;lil rl I* I 0.5 nlE z, It C I? ! ff9Pltt,ll I Ii 2.O I I , THEORETTCAL Kc VALUE RECOMMENOED OESIGN K: WHEN IDEA L CONDITIONS- APPROXIMATED ENO CONDITION CODE t.01.00.7 0.8 1 .Z r.0 2.1 2.4 ROTATION FIXED. TRANSLATION FIX ED ROTATION FREE. TRANSLAIION F IXED ROTATION FIXED, TRANSLATION FREE FOTATION FREE, TRANSLATION FREE Ftg . J-l.t. Efccne colrmn ltngth. 3-140 DESIGN CALCULATI0NS Fire-Exposed Clued-Laminated Beam Bcnder ct al' developed a reliabilit.v-hased modcl to predict the strcngth of giucd-laminatcd beams uncier normal Lcmperaturc condirions. Using thc approach of a !r + 6 zcro.strength layer. they extended the modcl to include fire endurance analysis. The char rarc. 8. and incremcnral zcro- strangth ialcr thickn:ss.6. were assumed to remain con- srant. The glucd-laminated model uses transformed section analysis to derermina the srresscs within the laminares. ln the firc endurance model. lhe char depth is incrcased at cach tim. incremenl until thc calculated stresses \.ithin the lam. inates ercecd thc corresponding tensilc strencth values. Tha critical moment permirred by lateral rorsional buckling was also calculated. and the lowest value of moment leadine either to preoicred rupture or ro buckling goucrns rime ti failu rc. PROPERTY DATA Propcr input data are crirical to the use of anv modcl. For the models discussed in this secrion, propeny dara include strengrh and stiffness propenics and thermal prop enies. Propeny data for wood can be found in the Wood Handbook: Wood os an Engineering Mareriol62 and princi- ples oI ll'ood Science and Technologl,.6t Equations and graphs of the strength and srifness of w6rq6 as functions of lemperarurc and moisture content are available.s-6 but additional research is ncedcd to better understand lhes. relationships. Thermal propcrties can also be found in the various r-efcrences for charring models and in an aniclc by Kubler.6t Thermal propcnies arc necded for char and wood at the higher lcmpenrrures. While ir is ofrcn less complicated to assume constant propcny values. these propenies are very ofren a funcrion of other propenics or factors, Most wood propenies are func. tions of density. moisture cont.nt. grain orientation. and tcmperaturc.^: Chemical composition may also bc a factor. Sincc an undcrstanding of thcs: factors is imponant to the acpiication of propcny'data. th! factors are defined in the rest of this section. The ovcn-dr1' density of wood can rang: from t0lb/f:rto over 65 lb/ftt. but most spccies are in the l0 to {J tb/fir rangc.6: The density of wood rclative to the densiry of watcr. i.c.. specific grayitli. ls normally uscd to express the densiry. The specifrc gravitl' of wood is normally, based on the 6ven-d4'weight and lhe volume at some specified moisrure contenl. bur in some cases thc oven-dr), volume is uscd, As the empincel cquations for charring rate sho$ , the materials with higher density have slower char rare. Wood is a hygroscopic matcrial. \r hich gains or loscs moislure dcpending upon the temperature and relative hu. midity of the surrounding air. ]rloisrure content of wood is defined as the weight of '*,ater in wood divided by the wcighr of ovcndry wood. Oreen wood can have a moisture conient in cxcess of 100 pcrcent. However, air-dry wood comes to equilibrium at a moisture contcnt less than 30 percent. Under thc conditions stated in ASTM E-l19 (23'C. 50 percent rclative humidity). wood has an cquilibrium mois- ture content of 9 percent. At :3'C, 65 percenr rclative humidity. thc equilibrium moisture content is l2 percent.6: lr{oisture generally reduces the strength of wood but also reduces the charring rate. Both density and moisture conrent affect the thermal conductivity of wood. The average thermal conductivity perpendicular ro thc grain for moisture contents belo*,40 perccnl6: is I = s(t.39 + 0.0281r) + 0.t65 where t = thermal conductivity (Btu . in./hr . fr: 'D. 5 = specific gravity based on volume at currcnt moisture content and oven-dry weight. and rlf = moisture content (percenl). Thc fiber (grain| orientation is imporlant because wood is an orthotropic matcrial. The longitudinal axis is parallel ro -- -200 -r50 -too -50 0 50 too t50 TEMPERATURE {.C' Fig. t-t.10. Thc iaacdiatc .f.ct of t.mp.tarurt os ',dulus o! rapan ia bcndiag ot thrcc moisturt coat.,ttt r.letiv. to ta1ruc u 2CC,' 200 r90 100 50 0 Fzw tr lu ; tro ul lt.o 1t J)oo E u, F tg O PERCENT MOISTURE CONTENT 2't! UJC. u, F )l tt o3r Egl F J u,-200 -t00 0 lo0 200 300 TEMPERATURE (OC' F.ig, 3-8.9,. .llhc iancdiate .t ct o! tcn pc,uturt oa aoduhs o! clot-ttcit, FmAd to thc gmia at two mohturt cont''ntt rtlarit.,o,alac ar 2CC. Thc plot is a compotitc of ntuln lroa lrrrcm! $trdict. l,eraabilit! .n n'dn.d ttcadt it illatnatcd b, th. vidth ol hndt,., '8 PERCENT MOISTURE CONTENT FIRE RESIST.{.\CE OF TI.\IBER TtE}IBERS 3.141 zw C) UJ F z llJ F = UJ J ul r50 I2 PEFCENT MOISTURE CONTENT 3. Fitc Resisttn<.e Dcsign Monnttl, Gvpsum A3sOciition. Evan- ston ( l9t.ll. 4. Unifonn Buihlinx Ciclc. lnrcrnarional Confercrice of auihJins 06cials. WhiniBr I t98J). 5. Stonlor<l Euihling CoJt. Sourhem Builrting Cutc Congrtss lntcmerionrl. Birmingham t 1965). 6. T.Z. Harnarhy. Firc Tech.. t. 9l ( l!)6J). 1 . Supplcmcnt to rhc Notional Builclin! Codc of Conuda, National Rcacrrch Council of Canada. Ottr*a t lgEol.t. R.H. Whirc. in A57,V SIp t?6. Amcrican Socicty for Tcsring rnd llarlriats. Philadetphia r t983). 9. R.H. Whire. in Procccdinss, Jd Annual Fite Engincering Conltren<.c, Ilrnhanan Co cge. Rivcrdale ( tgEj). f0. R.H. rvhirc. J. o! Tcst, and Er.ol., t.t. 97 | t9t6).ll. Fire Rcsisroacc oJ'lyo.r.! S,rn..rkr?J. Technical Rcrearch Ccntrc of Finland. Hclsinki ( l9E0). i 12. F.C.w. Fung, rv8SlR 77-l?60. Narional Burcarr of Srandards. washinBron ( 1977). f3. F.L. Brownc. Rep. ,\u. ?1J6. USDA Forcsr Scrvicc. Foresr Prcducr Lab.. lvtrdisoo ( l95tl.l{. E.L. Schafcr. Res. Notc FpL-145. USDA Forcsr Scrviee. Foresr Producr Lab.. Madison ( 19661. lJ. G.S. Hall. R.G. Saundcrs. R.T. Aficom. p.E. Jackman. M.W. Hickel . and R. Fitt. Fire Pcrfitrmdnce of finber-A Litcrdtnrt Jrn.rr.. Timber Rescarch and Developmcnt .Associarion. Highrvycombe tt97ll. 16. E.L. Schafcr. Wood md Fiher.9. l{J {t977}. f7. S. Hadvig. Charring of ttoocl in Building Firrs. Technical Universiry of Dcnmark. LynEby (l9Ell. 18. BS -(:6E. Codc o! Pructicc Jbr the Srrnuro! IJsc o! Timbcr:llethod ol Calu unng Fire Resistonce of Tinber llcnbcrs, Brirish Sltndrrds Institurion. London tl97E). 19. H.L. Irlalhotra. Design of fire-Resisting S,rlcrrrr?J. Surrey Univcrsiry Prcss. London t 198:t. 20. E.L. Schaffcr. R es. Pop. FpL69, USDA Forect Scrvicc. Forcst Product Lrb.. lltadison ( t 96?,. 21. A.M. Kanury and D.J. Holvc.,VBS-OC/C 76-J0. Nrrionat Bu. rmu of Srandards, Washingrofl (t9?-<). lJ. D.l. Lawson. C.T. Websrer. and L.A. Ashton. Srnrc, Eng6.. 30. :l ( l9-(l). 21. E.L. SchatTcr. !, Fire and Flomm,. l. % 9?.t1. :4. O. Perr?rsson. S.E. irlagnusson. rnd J. Thor. pnblicotion 50, Swcdish Insdture of Stccl Consrrucrion. Swedcn ( 1976).5. A.F. Robcns. in Thirrc"nth Stnpotium llnr.1 6t1 6r2651rrrion. The Combusrion Insrirurc. pirtsburgh t 197 t r. 16. C.H. Bamford. J. Cnnk. ahd D.H. Italan. proc. ofCatnb. phit. Soc.. 16. 166 t l9a6l. 17. P.H. Thonas. Fire Rescurch rVorc rVo. a16. Fhe Rescarch Stadon. Borebamwood ( l960), 2E. H. Kung. Combnstion tnd Ftamt,lE. tEj (t97:).i ?9, F. Tarnanini. in Appen<lix A of Factot:r Motual Rcstarch Corpontion Rcpon No. 2t0ll.Z. Factory Murual Rcscorch Corir., Nor*ool I 1976). 10. .{. Atrcya. Pr.rolysis; lgnition ond Fire Sgtreod en Hori:ontal Surlo<'cs of ll'rp</. Ph.D. Thesis. Harvard Univprsit;-. Cam. bridS€ ( 1983t.!f. W.J, 64.r. in Firc Sulen S<.icncc-proceedhu?t of te Firsr lat?rnationnl Srm4r.rirn. Hcmisphcrc. Nerv york t 19g6l. J?. J...\. Havcnr, Thermal Dcconposition of lVood. Disscnation. Universiry of Okhhoma ( 1969). 13. R.Il. Kaudson and A.P. Schnicyind. Forcst protl../.. :j. :l ( l9?-ll. 11. E.J. Kansa, H. E. Pcrlcc, and R.F. Chaiken. Ciirn h. unr! Flqmc. 19. .!t | (l9t). 35. S. Hrdvig end O.R, Paulsen. J. Firc tnl Flarnm.. t, .tll r l9?6t, 36. E.R. Tinnev. in Tarh Synposit.m (lnt.t on Combnstion. Fhc Combustion lnsrirurc. Pilrsburgh ( 196_( '.37, R.H. Whhe and E.L. Sch:rfrer. lguilind Fihcr.ll. l? ttgElt. 3E. R.H. Whirc and E.L. Schatlcr. Fire Tc<.h,, tJ. :?9 | t9781. 19. E.L. Schafcr. C..V. Ilarr. D...\. Bcntlcr. rnrl F.E. Woesre. Rcs. Ptp. FPL J67, USDA Furesr Scrvicc, Forest t'roducr Lab.. llrdiron t l9iarr. r00 50 -200 _r00 0 loo 2oo 3oo TEMPERATUBE {!) l!. 3:.1l. ..Thc iaadiatc cfcct of tcmpcmrar. on compzrsrir. strcngth pamllcl to th. train ot t*o mobtun coatcnu nlantc b thzwluc at 2AC..t the fiber or grain. The two tnnsverse directions (oemendic- ula-r to lhc grain) arc the radial and tanSeDrial a.res. Theradial axis is normal to rhe Srowrh rings. ind rhe rangenrialar's rs. rangenr.ro the growth rings. For erample. the longi-tudinal srengrh propenies arc usually abour I0 times rietransv€rse propenies. and the longjrudinal thermal conduc_tivity is 2.0 to 2.E rimes lhe rransverse propeny. . In 6re resistance anal!.sis. temperaturc ctn havc asignificant -influence on the propenies of wood. Th. pr.ptn- !"pn"i -9f^!rogny dala is oficn timired to remp;raruresbelow 100'C. The effect of temperatures on the srrengrhpropcnies of wood is shown in Figures -1-E.9 rhrough 3.E.1 | .The spccific hert of dry^wood iJ approrimarely *lr,J r"temperature. r. in .F by6: Spccific heat - 0.25 + 0.0CD6r . Jh: major componenrs of rvood are celtulose. lignin.nemlcellulose. extractivcs, and inorganic matcrials (;sh). ,Softwooa; have lignin conrenrs of 2j to ll p.rc.ni, *t iilhardwoods have 6n;t 16 ro :5 pcrccnt. The rypes andamounls of e-rtractives vary. Cellulose content is ,encrallv 3rou.nd..59 percenr by wcighr. Thc componcnt siuean ofnemtcellulose are different for the hardrvood and sohwoodspecies, Chcmical composition can xtfect rhc kinctics ofpyrol),sls (Equarion l9) and rhe pcrcentrge wcight of theresidual char. REFERENCES l. ASTI\I E-f t9 E3. Stonianl lttrhorrls qf Fhc ltsrs tf gui&ins Censtrnlri,,,nt und .llncriuk..{mcrican Soticrv tb; iGil;;jIlatcrials. Philar.lclnhir r l98.rl.J. Firc Rtsistlrn<e l)ir?cur^.. Undcrg.rircrs t:borrrories. Nonh.brook ( l98l t. 3.142 DESIGN cALcUL{TIoNs {0. E-L. Schafrcr. Ret. pop. FpL 4SO. USDA Forcsr Scrvice-t-ore product l..ab.. M.dison 9tJt. ,f l. C. lmqizumi. tiors( Slogiad,16. t{0 962).42. T.T. Lie, Cua. J. of Cir.it EngR.. 1, t6t llgllt.41. K. Odcen, in Fire und Snvcturcl Use of Titnber in guildinps. Hcr lrlajcsry s Stalronery Offce. Lonaon t tSf0i.,r4. B. Frcdlund. Rcport No. N-5. Lund Insrirurc of Technolo3y.Lund ( 1979t. 45. C. .lUcvcrOtrens. in flrec Drcades ol Snucrnra! Fire Safe*,Building Rcsc:rrch Establishmcnt. FiraRcrcarch Sr"tion. -lioi.. hamrss6d. Engtand ( l9EJl..f6. O. Pctr:rsson, ia Three Dccodct of Strnctural Fire Salet1..._ Buil.Jing Rescarch Esrablishmena. Borehamwood (fgEjl. ' ' J7. B. Sunheicmy and J. Kruppr. Resistancc o, Lru jii' S,rrr.,frrcr. Edirions Eyrolles. paris (197E).{6. G.Il. Kirpichenkov and l.G. Romancnkov. ,V8S/R E0.rrdg. ._ National Bureau ofsrandards. Washingron ffg80f. -- -'--' {9. K. Odcen. Firc Tech.,:1,.14 96J). - 50. F.E. rVoesrc and E.L. Schaffcr. Fire ond Matk..l. 126 9791.-(1. F.E. wocsrc and E.L. Schaffcr. Ras. r"p. iii :ii.'ist5i-- Forest Scrvicc. Forcsr producr Lab.. U"Olon trCalj.' ---" J:. RH. Whitc. E.L. Schaficr, and F.E. Wocsrc. iooi ina Fiber.t6, i7{ ( I98Jt. 51. E.L. Scha6cr and F.E. Woeste, in procedings, Mcrol plate lvood Trust Confcrence, Forest products n.l."r.l So.i.ii.Madison t I9t t l. 5.f . T.G. Williamson. it Eralnatirn. tVaintcnqncc. und Uoprutlitoof t*ood StrnuureJ, Amencan Socicl!. of Cji.il Enginecrs. Xe,;York ( l9Ell. J5. M.H. Do and G.S. Springcr. J. of Firc S<.i.. t. :71 9Blt. f!. M.H. Do and G.S. Springer. J. of Firc Sci.. t. ]Ej fl9811. 57. M.H. Do and G.S. Springer. ./. ol Fire Sci.. t. :97 n98lt. JE. liarionaf Evaluarion Boerd. Report n-o. ,\Rg-250. Council ofAmcricen BuildinS Officials ( t984,. 59. T*hnical ,\orc No. 7. Ancricln Insriturc of Timbcr Consrruc. tion, Englewood ( l98rl. 60. Amcrican lnstitutc of Timbcr Construction. Titrher Consrut-tion ltlanrol. John Wilcv and Soni. Neu- york t l9g5t. 61. D.A.8cndcr. F.E. Wocsre. E.L. Schafrcr, and C.M. Murr. Rcs, Pap. FPL 160, USDA Forcar Scn.ice. Forcsr prod- LaO.. Madison ( l9E5). 62. tlood Ilandhook: lltood as an Enginecring .\luterial tIJSDA Apr. Hdbk. No. 72,1. Supcriorendcnt of Documcnrs, Wa3hington ( 19871. 51. F.F.P. Kof f mann and W.A. Cotc. in Prir ciplcs of Vtood Scicnce ond Tcchnology, Springcr-Vertag. Nerr yor|r tt966). 64. C.C. Gcrhards , l4/ood and Fiber, t4. 4 ( l98lt. 65. F.C. 8cafl. in Stucturol lJse of tlood in Adtenc Entitoa-rrenrr. Van Nosrnnd Rcinhold. New york ( lgEl). 66. B.A..L. Oslman, Wood sci. Tech., 19. t0l fl98j1. 57. H. K_ubler, in Encyc-lopedia of Llaterials Scicncc and Engincer-rrg, Pergamon. Orford ( 1986). Abstract Anallrical procedures to predict thc firc endurance of structural wood nrembcrs have becn dcveloped worldwide. This research is revie*'ed for capability to predict thc rculrs of tcsts in Nonh America and what considerations are necessary to apply thc information hcre. Critical research needs suggested includc: (l) lnvestigation of load levels used in reported tcsrs, and parametcrs in analyses, for application to North American practice; (2) the effect of lumber grade on wood property response at clcvated temperaturei and (3) further effort in rcliability-based dcsign procedures so that the safety of fire-exposed membcrs and assemblies may be determined. Kcywords: Structural design, structural members, timber/structural, wood, wood laminates, fire resistance, fire protection, structural analysis, conneciions, joints, bcams/structural, columns/structural, structural adhesives, soflwoods, hardwoods, hcat resistance, high ternpcrature tests, thermal degradation, mechanical properties. Ocrolrr l9O{ Schrlftr. E L Stru.i$d ltrc dctlrtr: Wood. RGr. prD. FpL 4tO. Mdboo. Wh U.S. Dc?arl[rot of Arlarture. Forltt Scndc!. Forlrr hoducttIrbotrtqt: l9!4. 16 p. A lirtltcd r|utnbct of frcr copi.s ot rhk publicrtion l'G ri,rlhblc to abc public tron lhc Fore Produc$ Lrbo or', p.O. Bor jl!0, Mrdisoa, Wl 5!t05,lrborlory publlcrtiort rr! r.nt to ovc' t.m bruiG, tn thc UDir.d Srrl6 lnd chqrhcrc. Th. Lrbontory b tn iDhiocd i! coopcrrtion sith thc Unlw'rity of Wircontin. Contents lntroduaion Propenies of Wood. ... ... C-harring Tempcreture and Gradicnts . Strcngth Modulus of Elasticity (parallel to Grain) . . . . Tensile and Comprasive Strength (parallel to Grain) . . Duration of Losd Summary Deformation (Iime-Depcndcnt) Fire Endurancc Prcdiction Beams .,,. 6 Columns ;. . .... 9 Connections Tcosion Members .. . .... t4 Combined Load Members ... 14 Research Nceds t5 References erea beam brcadth beam depth charring rate correction factor for column load and slenderness distance into section from scction surf&ce distaDce into wood from char_wood interfacc functionals heat llux load load-bearing area scction modulus modulus of clasticity modulus of rupture moment of applied load radius of gyration rario of initially applied load to initial crirical buckling load slenderness ratio span or column length strSrn stress lemperature tempcrature rcduction faclor t€mpcrature-time shift factor thermal conductivity tbermal diffusiviry thcrmal er(pansion coeffi cient Lrme volume Nomenclalure Page I 3 b A f x ( g,h q P s E i,roR N{ r x l/r,I I € o I o cT k oq a t v I 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 E Otber Properties Decking . t5 I\Iathematical S1'mbols xl lambda script I cpsilon sigma alpha beta kappa Subscripts bending char-wood interface critical effective heat initial or reference condition residual secrion and sirength propcny secondary conditions surface tension B c q o t7 s T Structural Fire Design: Wood E. L. Schaffer Forest Products L:boraror1,, Madison. fl,is. Introductior Heavy timber constructionatrriburesuy,r,J-ii"i.ryir.r:,T"i','"'r:?l'"'"'.Ll';jliifi 11:carly 1800's (d).,Massive treavy timber ioni"".if"", *i,f.nminimizes concealed spaces foihidae; i; ;;;;;j;iL*,minimaj combustible surface area, withstood ,.u.r. i,r.l"wirhour structural failure. \t'irh t'he i;;;il;;i;;.;;:endurance rating sysrem employing ern.ll""-s".i.ii, 'i", resrins. and uareriats (asrb l,, tl;t'il,;;r",r.' i.r,r, !9avl timbcr tlpe consrrucrion, of specihed .iii-" '-' dimensions, was considered .q,ii".li"iio'"]'i.ii.r't'ii" ",r,*t1'pes ofconstrucdon having a t_hour ni.i"j"iri...-iii,appeared to be a,,grandfari., "l.ur.';ior-"..-.i;il ;;';proven sysrem. With the key issue being lhe aiff.if"". ' ' b.etween .'real" fire and ..simularcd,, fiie p..forr"n.., ,t i,allowance uas a rational dccrsron. Fire endurance is defined (3) as a mcasure of the elarrsed timeduring which a marcriat oi assemuiy ;;il";;;'i;;;'iib,i ;r"rcsisrance under specitied conditions "i i;;i; j ;;;;;;;;...As applied ro srrucrural elcmenrs of b"ildt;g;;; -l.i;;;"'-" fryti"^4 ir is measurcd by the merhods ."a i"-iii.J.ri, orA-STM,Srandard F I l9 6. rn. rrru"rur"i i;;#;r;;'"""assemolres are subjccted to a standard fire exposuri andevajuared for rheir conrinued Io"a-*ryini "Uiiiir'ir'"-effecriveness to act as a heat transmission iarrier. iinqlestructural members are onlv evaluatea f., in.i, f r#.""rryi"g lbjllly. rn. sandard speci fies rh;46; appil' #;i;;i ;i'mTrrnlp superimposed load allowed by iesign undcr ''-- narionalty.recognized strucrural o"si gn criicri;, f-hiJio.oinocondition is -termed,,full design loaj,' and *ouij"#'--"'"scrermrned for timber constructions in the United iiates SpJolrlg the Narionat Desisn Specifi cari"; 66-";; ;:Timber construction Manuaill;. The E ii-d ii"ialri "i."atlows tesr under less th"n .,fuil'd.rignl;{ilil" ''"" restricted load conditions are reponed. Th_e minimum.nominal dimensions requircd for timber to beaccepr ed for classi fi ca tion "s ., n.""y i-i. d-.i ;' *.' r] "'. j"i "".table l. Though members were once erclusivqly sawn fromlargediameter logs, such sizes,arc n"* "t* "u;t"ii;'il';fu-lTll:_t.9 lumber @lulam) secrrons navrng equivatenr fircpenormanoc. Fire endurance rests of neai.y-tim;.;';;;*, using the ASTivl E t t9 standard fire erposure indicare somesjzes,mat-not me€t the pcrformance requircmcnts of fhestandard for a l-hour rating. This.papcr. will attempt to summarize the dala base rclated tothe. delerministic predicrion and m..surelneni; i;';;;"endurance of heavy limber members. ro, rliring'i;.';."urr""of analyrical models, the characrcrisric f*ai"s ;8"jiri"", ;"iaaual-fire endurance times of members "r. nJ.a.a. i-t ii i,donc for each member lype. [Nole. Unired Starcs-Canadian data cannot be directlvcompared $ilh Asian_Europcan fire endurancc J.i;'i;,memDers. I hough their fire erposure severities (timc_lemperatu-re curves) are similar to UniteO Srates-banaaianpractjce (fig. t), Asian_European countries compule allowaUtedesign stresses for the wood and members in marl.aiu'- "- differing ways-(/8). Hcnce, for comparison, ,|le;r;;;-truropean results must be translated to the Unilcd States_Caradian basis. The mean srrenSrhs of ary.t.ai *iol, ll, "r.reduced to design stress levels, f,, Uy applying- a ,;j;;#' I::lol f"i variabitity,. o; senerar-adjustr.ii, i""ii, -r..'ii", rncludes duration.of load applicatjon effects; grad; fa;l;;:'\JF; ano cross-seclion size, C.; fr = o F, GoCr . il, (t) Th.e reduclion factor attempts lo correct a population toanucrpated use of a weak member. In a stitistically normatpopularion, these are usually 5 p.r..nr "na-i'pii..it "-"""' :L.]:::?l l'''lr.:r srrensrh (1e., e5 pcr and ei pctrcspeclrvely oI the wood used is expected to be itronger thanlhis lcv-el). These facrors are shown in rable 2 tlal fJi s."eialvariabitiry levels. The reducrion f"d;, fo, ";;ii;;;;il'"lumber jn the United States is abour 0.4j4 arrd,l;;;;comparrson, practices in other countries need to bc cali6ratcdto.lhis levcl. The same care must be uscd in tf,. i."*J'"-'sdjush_ent factor, gradc factor, and sir. faao, tirm..-Unitcd. Srares-Canadian F, lcvcls for *ir**a, "r. ,ir"r, ,"o.dependent as shown in rablc a 1.2;.1 'llrlicircd nult|bcr in pucnih-alc! ,crr' to ,crcicncca citcd .tcrd of tcDorl. Trble l.-Ilinlmum nominel dimrnsions for hesvt tlmb.r conslruction Mernber tnd osc'Inches, nominrl C.olumns Supporting noor loads Supporring rpof ald ceiling loads only Floor framing Bcams and girders Arches and trusses Roof framing Arches from grade not supponing floor Archcs, trusses from top of walls, and other roof framing not supfrorring floor loads Floors (covered with l -in. flooring or %-in. plywood) T and G or splined plank Planks sct on cdge Roofs T and G splined plank Planks set on cdge T and G plywood (rirh cxtcrior gluc) 4x6 Tsble 3.-G€ncrrl rdjustmcnt frctor, F". rpplicd to verious sofhrood' slresr l!pes in the Unltrd Strlcs rnd Ccnrdr (2) Propertl Frclor 8x8 6x8 6 x l0 8r8 6x8(lowerhalf) 6x6(upperhalf) t-l/8 Nlodulus of elasticiry Bcnding srrenglh Tensile strength Comprcssivc strcngth parallcl to grain Shcar strength Compressive trength pcrpendicular to Srain l.m 0.17 5 .415 .526 .2U .667 rAdjustmcnl factors for hardwoods are generally t0 percent smallcr ( l0l. 3 ) J s iu{ F*)\ 600 400 'T and G-tongued and grooved. Teble 2.-\'rlues of rrductlon fsclor for I pcrcent rnd S pcrclnt crclusion limits (normgl distrlbuaion) (22) lrvels of coefficicnt of vlrirtion (@v) Reduclion frctors (Ol 5 pcrccnt exclusion limla I pcrcenl cxclusion linit nuE 4 UTES| FiSurc l.-Standard fire exposurc timc- lemperature curvcs used around tbe xorld. (M 149 244) 0.,10 .35 t.32 .30 ,.25 .20r.l6 . .t5 '.t I '.t0 .05 0.342 .424 .4'14 .507 , .589 .6? r .?53 .819 .836 .9r8 0.068 .185 .251 .301 .418 .534 .627 .651 .7 41 .761 .884 'Visually graded sawn lumbcr. (Bascd on Nationat Forest products Association stimarBs of cxtrcme fiber in bending.) 'Visually gradcd gawn lumbcr. (Bascd on t977 Narional Dcsign Sfrcilicetion medulus of clasticiry.) 'Glued-laminated lumbcr. (Bascd on National Forest pr6ducrs Association 6timatcs of extremc fibcr in bending). 'Machine strcs-ratcd sawn lumber. (Bascd on lgli National Design Specifi cation modulus of clasticity.) 'Glucd-laminated timbcr, (Based on l97i National Dcsign Speciticarion modulus of clasticiry.) 2 Q eauanr V JAPATJ lJts-lp pt. tgzS I rso . - us asruE -Ig,t Q rcv rntauo A nussttn Properties of lI'ood To generare anall.tical models for estjmating fire endurance thar are nol simpll' empirical, the models nied ro includaparameters for the charring of the wood, comnensarion forwood strength or deformarional characteristici at eleiated temperature. and changing moisture conl€nt. Considerablcprogress has been made in defining lhcse effects in recenr ! aars. Charring The progressive conversion of the fire-exposed surfaces to er er-deepening char occurs at definable o,r.. g.";r. oi,n.negligible srrength and fissured nature of this char, oniri'uncharred wood is assumed to contribure to to"J_."irfingcapabiliry. The inrertace belween charred anO nonct "rr.?uood.is. the demarcarion plane berwecn black and brorr.nmalerial. . Because lhc temperature gradient fhrough this arears sreep, the demarcation is practically characrerizid by alemperarure of 288.C (550 "F). It is relativell' well established that fhe rate of conversion t<.rciar decreases u'ith increasing moisture conrent and O.nsit, ofthe wood used (4J). Charring rate is also affecred b1 rhe TIT?llliI of th.e wood to.saseous or vapor fiou.. etxylln*nolmal to the grain of u.ood is one_half that parallel to fhegrain (19,22,54). As long as rhe residual section is l"rs. ",irnrespect. to the depth of char development, the rate isunaffected b1,the dimension of the section exposed. The charring rate, v, for vertically exposed surfaces of coastDouglas-fir and southern pine spiciej (.ornrnonil, ur.a in--- Brulam Deams, columns, and decking) and whire oak undcrASTM. E l.l9 fire exposure (fig. I ) ii given in tabie . - Othercounlrres cite charring rates comparable to these for specics ofsimilar densities. However, Germar experimenrs (rg) haveshown that thc bottoms of loaded U.r-, .*p.ri*i. ; ;;h.,charring ratc (0.043 in./min) during exposuies of upio " - sO-minu1es. Evidently the increased charring is a rJsult of theeffect of beam deflection to reduce insulativi .6""i; ;i;;clar layer. That is, the char laycr develops *ia.. n..rilr""than in the nonloaded case. Charring rates have been both measured for various speciesand employed in design by various countries. In r.".i"i. -- solwood rates range from 0.024 to 0.033 inch pei minure(in./min) and are inversely proportional ro d;"lay.-';;;;upon lnese rcsulrs, a charring rate for aII softwoods wouldconservatively be 0,031 in./min under fire exposure.Hardwood charring ratcs are less than 0.02t in./min, 'Irhlc .1.-('hrrring retc of r.articrll\ fire-exposed seclions o, corsll)ouPls\.fir. southern pinc, snd $hitc osk (Jt) Spccies l)r1 spccific p18iitt Cherring' ralc. r' (in../min) CoeIficient of Yrrirtion Coast Douglas-fir Sorrthcrn pinc Whitc oat 0..{ 5 .52 .68 0.0:4J .0J00 .0207 9.9 6.5 'Al ncan spccics dcnsitt and moisturc content of t2 pcr-nl Th.e charring rales cjted appll. lo cases t.here members areeither large enough in cross section or durations of fireerposure shorr enough to minimize bcat storage within rheuncharrcd residual volumc. A.qualilatir.e nteasure of theonsct of hear sroragc is given bl.the.timc at $hich lcnlpcrature at the center of a fire_exposed section begins torisc significanrly above that initially. A Z- U1,+-inch icrion,for erample, could tolerate only a few minuies of fire ' -' exposure on four sides, as comparcd to an g by 10, before asignificant heat storage eflect develops. Su.t itoogi oi i,..,n'ill incrcase the charring rate because less energv is-rcquirejto rajse the material temperature and more ."n-b. ,r.j lnp1'rolysis. For a given l,ood species, the energ].stored u,jthlime can.be rigorously defined as a funclion oi "ooa Ocniiiyand specific heal capacit)', mcmber volume, surface area er:posed, and temperalure difference bet$,een exterio, andinterior. lf all other variables are consrant. one may exDecr the time, t, u-ntil heat storage develops significanrlv io be onlya function of the member surfacc aria .xpos.a to'nr., n.,.'and member volume, V: For a long beam or column, this can be expressed as afunction of initial fire-exposed perimerer "na .rorri".t;on area, A, For a three-sided fire erposure of a beam ofbreadth, b, and depth, d, the time is: to A (b + 2d) Q) The. r-ela ionship of charring raie to this effect has not beenqualified. Temperature and Moisture Gradients The temperature gradients generated uilhin a fire'exposed *ood section are ver] steep because oI the lou thermal diffusivit;- coefficien!, oo, of *ood. Char develops in the temperature range of 280' to 320" C (536' to 608 " F); 288 " C (550'F) has been found to be a convenient temperature level to locale the char-pyroll'zing uood interface through the usc of embedded thermocoupies. The steep temperature gradient Oeal nur() pcnerales movement of moisture within the section. Description of the temperature and moisture gradients within fire-exposed u'ood sections has received considerable research attention in recent years. Such description is intended to provide lhe basis for adjusring standard mechanical properties for elevated temperature and moislure content in fire-exposed load-bearing members. Providing an analysis that predicrs either, or both, the temperature gradient and moisture gradient within such sections has not been attained to date (53). Though a finite element analysis does predict the temperature gradient quite wcll in ovendry' (0 pct moislure content (MC)) wood, the results with moisture present do not. Approximations of the temperature gradient at early and later staBes of fire exposure have been found useful. For fire cxposure with little char developmcnt (up to 5 min), Carslau'and Jaeger (//) provide estimales for constant heat flux, qo: Once thc centcr of a section begins to increase in temperaturc. hcat is bcing stored. In this case. too, no anal)-tical soiutions are availabie to dcscribe the temperature gradient change with tlme. Xanury (2J) provides estimates for lhe tcmperature distribution in solid panels exposed to fire on one side. lmproved predictions of temperature and pyroiysis of rvood are being souSht (e.9., Kansa e/ al. Qa)\. The moisture distribution has been measured in sections during and after fire cxposure (13,47,53). One notes that the moisture decreases fionr a peak to zcro in a 0.59-inch (1.5+m) zone in Ihe wood below the char-wood interfacc. Rcsearcb (aZJJ) has shown that a peak occurs at about l00oC and is about 1,26 to 2.0 times Ireater than the initial IlC. The location of the peak is well correlated (R = 0.98) to the location of the char-wood interface. Typical moisture and (enrperature gradient curves are shown (f19. 2) for a southern pine section of mean dry specific gravity of 0.52 and initial lr'lC of 10.0 percent. ots7 Ld FPar. sufiFAc€ lratr) Figurc 2.-Experimentally measutcd lempctature and moislure conlcnt gradicnts within slab crposcd on one facc lo furnace tempcralure of 538'C for about 20 minutes (JJ). O n o Moisturc contcnt results A Tcmperatute rcsults (M148 841) )dT - r" = ('['"){oot;l:i.rf. t-'i*). ], rrjhele: ierfc(u)= + i (o-u)e-o?do.va u I I t 6 E it,-:-6, (^ 6lr o (3) (4) The heat flux, q", is about 3 watts/cm'for a standard fire exposure. A second equation has been used (47) to describe practically the temperature distribution in the uncharred wood below the char-wood interfac€ et a distance, {, once a quasi-steady-state charring ratc, v has been reached. (This occurs about l5 to 20 min after initiation of fire exposure.) The equation is: ,f - T+), = exp 1 _J!_ y, {T* - T"} oq . and where: T.* = char-wood intcrface temperature of 2E8" C (550" F), andT" = initial wood temperature. | = dcpth into wood from char-wood intcrfacc.rq = thermal diffusivity The lempirature distribution for times betwecn 5 and l5 minutcs would require interpolation, as no satisfactory solution is available. (5) Streng(h This section focuses on ho*.various defect_frce u,ood strengths (rensil:, compressive, bending, and shear) and themodulus of clasriciry (E) are influenceJ Uy a cirange in- -' temperarure and [,1C. (Considerable recent rrsea.ih indjcaresthat tcmperature and moisture change response of defect_ireewood.djffers signilicanrly from rhat of lumber and rimbericontaining knors, checks. and slope_of-grain defects. Unforlunately there is yet no way to compensare direc(ly forlhe effcct tcmperature and moisture have'ep 6.1.., -.oi,"l"i"glumber. As a result, corrections for remperalure and- '---" moisture in structural lumber and timbers must be based uoondefcct-frce response estimates,) llodyrlul oI Etasticirl. earailet ro grain) The E of dr1'(0 pcr htC) u'ood dccreaies linearly u,ith rncreasrng temperarure to about 200 " C (fig. 3). Above200'C, there is some evidence it decreases ioniin."rly, -fo, wood at 12 percent MC, a common in-use level, "irn"tt-tin.",decrease is observed to abour 180. C, and a*r."r.i iipfjiiabovc this level (fig. 3). Tensile and Compressiye Strcngth (parattei ,o rrain) The tcnsile strengrh pa;llel io grain exhibits a small linearo.crease to about 200t: above 200t rhe effect becomesgreater (fig. 4). l::ll:]-l::1"" comp'essivc strengrh of dry wood (0 pcr MC)rncany oe,creases more rapidll.u.ith temperalure rhan iensilesrrength (fig. j). Limired dara for wooj "r IZ periint-trid'- and tcmperalures lo ?0oC show an even greater decrease. ; I i I oSOt@EA?@ rt*EQArua" l'c J FiSurc 4.-Tcnsile strenSth as function ofrllflrllr. while hor as wcll as afrer coolinS (d7).(N,n4J r 76) 3* '50 I Cto R s h 3 FFll FF Qd too T \\.i aa F* I 6' F lc Ri{o -9050t@ I F., $i:f 55:l-tto lEyEfnll,tR€ ttt '@ -30 o & too ,to---ri rE ,Ptn,arunE Fc) rta.atRAruaa t.cl Figurc 5.-Compressivc atrength as function oftcmperaturc whilc hot as wcll as sfter cooling (tZ). (M r15 t 74)Figurc 3.-Effcct of lcmp€rature on E parellel to8rarn al ncar 0 percent MC and at aboutIz pcrcrnr MC. E is lm p€rccnt at 20. C.58ndcd-arcas indicatc varirbility iI| rcsulrsteporled by various rcscarchcrs (rZ).A. Moisturc con(cnt of l2 uerccnrB. Moisture conlcnt of O Dcrcent.(Ml,l8 689) (Mt19 8r8t Iis ".;i-- *i rzeia s'$ " ll,.o *- b ,..r-a}\e /.2 '.S .. SS ra QSoo to 20 Jo 40 50 DEP\H 8 ELOTY CHAR LAYER (mn/ Duration of Lood \lood can carrl'substantially greater maximum loads for short durations than for long durations. As a rcsult th. *orking stresses are compcnsated for expected periods of load application. The allowable srresses given in thc Nationa.l Dcsign Specification (39) have been adjusred to reflect rhe cffect of l0 continuous oraccumularive years of full design load application and is termed normal duration of load. Tbe ratio of other working strcss levcls to the normal allowable stress levels is shown in figure 6 (39). Note that for a period of load application of full design load for t hour, the allowable normal stresses may be incrcased 47 percent- The duration of load adjustment does not apply to moduli of elasticity or rigidit;.'. Other Properties For detailed information on such other mcchanical propenies as shear strcngth and tensile strcngth (normal-to-grain), the reader is directed to a comprehensive survey produced by C. C. Gerhards (/ 7). Summary A rise in temperature decreascs all mechanical properties and the decrease becomes graater with incrcasing wood moisture content. The parallel-to-the-grain strength and stiffness responses may, at this point, be combined with temperature and MC gradient information for large l'ire-exposcd secrions. This is illustraled in figure ? for parallel-to-grain E, and compressive and tensile strength as a function of distarce into the rrood below the char layer. The results apply to a cross section large enough to minimize lemperature rise at the center of the section and afler 20 minutes of fire exposure to allow a quasi-steady moisture and temperature gradicnt to devclop. These factors can be applied to adjust the modulus of elasticity and expected tensile-compresiive strength for estimating rupture levcls under fire exposure. Care should be used in applying any duration of load factor in accomplishing this. To precisely predict the true stress state, or prcdict failurc, a complete analysis including timedependent stress-strain compatibilily is required. Deformation (Time-Dependent) The parallel-to-grain timedependent deformation (creep) of wood is important to fire-exposed structural membcrs. Though longduration creep has been cxamined at lcmperatures of 25 o C and several moisture contents, no similar long-term crecp information is available at highcr temperature with varying MC. Increasing the cxposure tcmperature rcsults in increasing the ratc of crcep deformation 15,26,29,13,16). As MC is increased as well, the creep rate is increased proportionately (6), Hencc, hot moist conditions arc conducivc to high creep dcflection. i i$- sQ sae\:iist ssll\s auPArp oF utx6lu^t LoAo Fi8urr 6.-Adjustment of working strcsses for rarious durations of load application (J9). (trl l49 822) I t.5 \\ i s E tr t' Figurc 7.-Rclative modulus of clasticiry, compressivc and tcnsilc atrcnglh as function of distance bclow char layer in softwood section undcr lirc cxposurc. (Exprcssed in pcrcent of that at 25'C and initial moisturc contcnt of l2 pct,) Duration of firc cxposure should bc cqual to or grcater than 20 minutes to apply results of this figurc. (M149 621) F-': '" -'*^_r'l Y+,{,":/l,r\ /f/t: I1 ' \ ,*:{N, ,6r"' too 90 ao 70 60 50 40 JO 201 s xt-(JI L\ra*e'e-tzIeos,t$tt where I = absolute iempcrature {.K1,D, = creep compliance, F' = thermal elpansion or shrinkage (time dcpendent), 9, = function of the tcrnperarure djffircnce, t, " | =T-T..and ' A.tt = I *,and0'rar = shift facror = arCt), g, (o) and gdo): functions of stress, o. TT .ffTl of elevated lemperaturc on crcep response is rc.fl.ected in the shift facror, a1. Creep incieasei dramatically$rrn tncreaslng temperature as shown by the rcsponse ofreciprocal shift faclor with tempcreture shown in figuri g. Creep is magnified renfold at 125. C and fiftyfold it-ZlO; Ccompared to 25 o C. Levels of creep arc smatl at room tempcraaure, but incrcasewith borh rcmpcraturc and MC (6) (fi!. 9). o.25 420 \ o.ts \' o.to o.o5 r€MPERATURE /'F)a6 P2 ./ao ' O.25t ' |OOO MtN.t?ra Mc w t50 200 ?50 |EHERATUNE PC) Figure 8.-Rcciprocd jhift frctor (l/ir) for gvcndry Dougles-fir rs r function of tdrperaturc.(Mlr9 8t7) Total_ creep strain behavior, c., can be prescribed as a function of tcmperaturc, T, by a single exponential function(J): q = ot0.8{(.27 1 19-rp1p(.042T)} tel where t is time in minut6, and T, the tempcraturc in oC. Such a form has bccn cmployed to predict'the total dcformrtion with time in a short coiumn loaded parallel to Brain, nsing a finite difference technique (J). To partition the crcep into recoverable and inccovcrable lpermanen! or plaslic) dcformation at etevated lemDcraturc nas pjovcd difficdt ro fully quantify (tE), bur it is bclievcdue tocat model has the form: Gc = 8'(o) l o,ft-tt dg'(o) 0,, _@ dE' * i p,c-e,, df'(00r, (z) -6 df' 8Z UC 4* tlc Jo so TEMPERATUPE l'Ct Figurc 9.-Rrtio of crecp complirnce lo clrsliccompliane for neple |s function of trmperrlurcrnd moisrure contcnr (6). (Applied srress ir 25 pctol room lempcraturc ultimrtc. DurUion of ctccpt = !,ffi minures.) (M119 491, Fire Endurance Prediction The fire endurance predictive models in Europe and Asia have been deveioped through mociifying simple srrength theorl for th3 reduction in cross-section size due to charring. Similar models ha!e not as yet been proposed in the United Srares and Canada. The models and references to acrual fire endurance resl data for major struclural member types u,ill be brie fi1' discussed in the sections to follow. Negligible effort has t'een expended in using the thermal and mechanical propert)' characteristics summarized in the preceding section to develop improved models. The analysis to determine the stress or deformation state to predict failurc requires the application of time-dependent strcss-strain compatibility and solution of heat and mass transfer eguations. The models proposcd are attractive to users because of their simpliciry in anplication. Beams Undcr fire exposure heavy beams may catastrophically fail due to (l) achievinS critical extreme fiber stress, (2) reaching a critical horizontal shear, or (3) reaching a state where the beam becomes unstable if not laterally supportcd. Excessive deflecrion or crushing at the suppons might be other conditions of intercst, but thcse usually are not as serious as the above three. Available analyses have focused on using the initial thrcc cited. For bending ruplure, the elemenlarl'strength of materials formula of Mo= 5 (8) is used to calculate time under fire exposure to achieve a selccled rupture stress level. ln this case it takes the form: where M = moment of applied load oc, = critical modulus of ruplureS(t) = section modulus for the char-rcduced section. Unprotected rectangular beams are usually exposed to fire on thrce or four sides, in which case S(t) is: 'SO = + lfto-2v,Q(\-kv,t)rl (10) As before, v, and vr arc charring rates normal to the grain in the width, bo, and depth, \, directions respectively. Here k is a constant, I for thrce-sided fire exposure, and 2 for four- sided. Such a formulation requires specification of an appropriate critical modulus of rupture, o.,. and charring rates, r', and v,, to solre the equarion for the t ime.to. faiiure, r. N,lany countrics emplol'this form ro eilher predict the failurc of hcar'l timbcr bcams or set minimunr cross-scction requiremenrs to achieve 30-,60-. and 9O-minute endurance ratings for various beam grades (9, 13,)4, 19,23,26,29,31.32,31, 3-\,40,41,49,50). Charring rates, yi, and crirical srrengths, oc, (tiven as a fraclion of unheated 5 percent {assumcd) exclusion limit strength), for several countries are shown in table 5. Some analyses include the elfect of "rounding" at the corners ol'beams (9,26,35), but most neglccl this effect in computing the residual section. The degree of rounding reduces the nct section as a funclion of the breadth to height, b/h, ratio of the secr.ion (26). The area lost can.be approximated per round as: A = 0.215 (r,r),(r t) and the center of gravity of the area lost will lie 0.223 vt from either initial surface (9). A hcavy tirnber deck is assumed to provide sufficient latcral restrainl 1o a beam 1o prevent lateral buckling during firc exposure (41). lf, however, such rcstraint is not prcsent, analyses are available which include prediction of failure for this state (;,6,23). The most derailed anall'sis (/6) requires numerical procedurcs to solve for failure time and as a resull. expresses the results in dimensionlcss ratios as a function of char depth, brcadth, height, and span for several factors of safety. Horizontal shear failure can occur during fire cxposure of beams having relatively short spans and great depth. lt is suSgested that the crilical span, l, to depth, d, ratio must be 22,2 or less for shear failure to bc evidenced during fire exposure (26). Other limit states are used to predict beam failure in some countries. Auslria (7) employs a r.tc of bending dcformation limit {cmlmin} of l'18,ffi0d and Britain (9) l/30. M-tvo-(e) Tshle 5.-Critical parrmt|rrs for fire cndurence of sofr*oorl beams rnd colrrmns propored hl larious corrnlries Counlr.r Finland 0. ?_< Char mtes 0.024,.024 ,.031..03 t .0?1,.0:4nt( nr< .031,.03 r .026,_0:6 .0lt,.o11 .026,.0:6 Bending Compression liorizonlsl Shesr 0.85 0. ?8 43 28,49 66 57lt <n <l 42 60 Tension c'/cn Referrnce Swcden Neu Zcaland Russia Britain Gcrmany Franc: .6 .5 .8 .68 .8_1 0.8 .68 .70..80 0.8-5 'oo,Co:590 exclusion limit ultimate srress. 'For solid-san n members, rUsing E/Eo = 1. Trble 6'-Minimum dimcnsions for bese/hcight rcqulred for glued-leminetrd beems of reclrngulsr cross scction (t?) to resist four 16cls of stress, For fire cndurznre chss Lcr el Stress 30 min 60 min 90 min Base lleight Height Base Hclght >14 1 <3 >14 n 'l <3 Psi 2,030 r ,600 ,,020 415 2,030 I,600 1.020 .t35 mm 420 330 244 2 t0 mm ?80 6& 450 330 mm mnl 3.SIDED FIRE EXPOSURE 4.SIDED FIRE EXPOSURE ntnt I 2 4 2@ 200 t50 t20 t4 I l0 80 80 520 4@ 300 220 930 ?50 570 150 450 JOU 210 2q 620 5m 380 300 3t0 ?(n r90 t@ 150 t20 90 80 280 220 t@ l4t) I J 3m 2N 180 l@ 'Interpolation is permitted bctwecn levcls. Of all beam analysts, German engineers (Ja) have done themos.l lo. test.lhe predicrive capabilities of thi simple reducccsecuon bendlng strenglh model. A group of 35 fireendurance tes( results obtained on giued_laminated beams ofvaried cross section and subjected to load levels "*],;l;;.;"ru ocslgn ,oad wcre compared with predictions. Ruoturc slress was assumed to be about 2.5 times the initial aflowabledesign strcss. The cquation was found to consistentt- --' undercstimate time-to-failure by a range of 0 lo 30 minutes.As a result, thc model has been uscd to generate .onrir""ilu"fire endurancc design curves for thrce_ aia four_s;aeJ -fire-' :1p9::re of Slulam beams (figs. t0 and I I ) having ar least rheDreaolll, b, and depths, h, as given in table 6 to achieve thetespcctrve llrc endurancc. For cxamplc, a three_sided fireexposur-c of a glulam beam under loid generating an applied :1r,::: of I 4.N/mm-' (2,030 lblin.') musr-have ;;i ;;'"1' -- sectlon modulus.of about 13,000 cm' (?90 in.'; ro have ancxpectcd lire endurance of 60 minutes, it musi also have aminimum breadth of 280 rnm (t t.0 in.; anO Oepitr-oilZO rnrn(20.5 in.) lo be acceprable. Filurc l2 lltrrtr"r.! rt. inn-u.n."appueo stress has on prcdicted fire endurance for a givenDeam type. Columns The analysis of fire endurance of columns is based uDon the incrcasing slenderness ratio for buckling due to decreasins cross section under fire exposure. As a result, column bchavior under fire exposure depends upon column length, fixity, residual cross-section geometrics and properties, inj modulus of elasticity of the wood. The chaning rare for fire_ exposed columns is bclieved to be less than that for bcams due to the verrical orientation. This rate is about 0.024 to 0.031 in.,zmin (0.6 to 0.8 mm/min) for softwoods (c.g. 20,42,48). For a short column, failure can occur when compressive strcssin the column achieves a levcl equal to the temp;rarure- reduced compressive strength oo",, of oo", = f (12) t3 .t./ 9tcIt $t R (a Q- s\90 ts l6a R ** ;a srR€ss o fnt-nz-i,In the case of longcr columns, buckling can occur as predict ed b!, Euler's formula: A' sEcf totr A4oouLus bh2/6 b,rrt) Figure 1O.-Fire cndurance timc of glued- laminatcd bcams cxposcd to fire on three sides and loadcd to various strcss lcvcls. Beams of Grade Class ll (modificd fron Meyer-Ot(ens (J/)).(l N/mm, = 145.04 lblin.') (Mt.tg 8tj) tooo 5,OOO tO,O@ sECrtoN HoDuLus bh2/6 Figurc I L-Firc cndurancc rime of glucd- leminatcd bcams cxposed to firc on four sides and loadcd to various strcss levcls. Beams of Grade Class Il (J{). (t N/mmI = t45,Ol tblin.t) (M149 814) EncEHr oF &AOE t OdSr6 .7*55 p@ ,tu t@ @o a@ tuoo atuo s-]'E s tBt) where o., hcre is thc critical compressive stless at buckling, E, is modulus of elasticity of the rcsidual section, and I is thc slenderness ratio (1./r). (Ihe radius of gyration, r, for a rectangular scction of breadth, bo, and depth, do, is initiallydol'r;; when do ( bo.) II one introduccs the reduction of cross section due to charring during fire cxposure, both cases generate 8n equation of thc form (3.1): --:-e- = o r_{_yn f -rr-fr do (14) where n = I for short columns and n = 3 for long columns. For intermediate lenglh columns then I < n ( 3, and n is expected to be 2. By inserting the time-dependent residual depth, d, of: r = 33 (*)r3 - (*)l d =d" - 2vt (t 5) one may solve for the time-lo-failure or critical residual depth, d-. Lie (3,1) providcs such curves for columns fire exposcd on four sides (fig. l3) for various values of initially applicd load to critical buckling load, x. Lie assumes that the other factors are as follows: a = 0.80 v = .024 in./min He further suggests an approximate formula to predic-t time to achieve failure: FIR€ €XPOSUR€oN J S |OES 5,OOO ro,ooo 50,ooo 50,ooo kntl (13) (t6) n\ H s I &602080fr ]-gaao F|EE rcSUE$'ea ns '-SIED F]f,f E'rcUE€ $'to' ht where dimensions are in melers, For x lcss than 0.2 (or a factor of safety on applied loatl of greater than 5) the approximate exprcssion ovcrcstimatcs thc time predicled by the more exact cquation solution. Lie then compares calculatcd and erperimentally obsencd firc endurance times of others (E,,|1,l,5,33,18). An avcrage va.lue x of 0.33 and n = 2 was assumed. Most predicted tim6 cxceeded those obscn'cd, but the diffcrences were as hirh as 50 percent baween prediction and observed times. Some _') improvement in prediction was achievcd by correcting for column slendemess and applied loads less than alow;ble load. ao t-@ Figurc !2.-lnflucncc of applicd strcss lcvcl on fire cndurrncr of glulam bcams rrposcd to litc on thrcc rnd four sides. ffhrcc*ided bcam lcction modulus - 305 in.', four-sided bcam rcction modulus = 5t0 in.'.) (Mt49 21i) IO 2.5 5 7I I p /2t3t1/ ./ / // //t// :c Fc. o \ 2oo &o 1N ,u) x=0.2 0.3 0.1 ..\ - AAS'C FORMULAS .---. APPROXIMATE FORMULAS The resuking approximate formula for four-sidcd fireexposure !r,as: L = l00f d" 13 - (5)l' 'b.' ' (t7') where f is thc correction for load and column slenderness,Values of f for.use are as spccificd in rable t. l;;;;i;i; seen tbat reducinE the load increeses the fire endurancc- In addition ro the above model, and comparison with axperimenral evjdence by Lie, the team oi Hakserer-andMeyer-Orrens (20) proposes the use of soturion of tt e'buhrequatioll using properties of a $andard "ro* ,.Joi "r-i''-'base. The srandard secrion is 5.5 in. (ta.rnl in j.pif,, 4,and the "effecrive" cross-sectiorial tcmpcrature, T, incrciieswith lire exposure timc, t, in minutes ai foliows: - T = 20 + t.61 t {.C) 0E} To determine temperature risc, T", in other sections, oneemploys the expression: J l '28T- = T 1-j-) where d, is the residual depth as function of crposure time, 4=q-2vt (20) lncorporated is the effective temperature_time dependence ofmodulus of elasticity and compressive slrength a;: E,.\lrrl = C0.) E. -gll- = h(r.) (2r) The charring rate, v, is assumed 0.02g in./min (0.7 mmlmin).The compressive stress at bucklinB, "., i, .guri.j i";;;;cxparded form of a resulring .oainja guti, cquaiion:'-.'-" o, = % lo(t) + "':'- E(t) (t + c)l _r'(t) \/ v lo(t)" Ifflll(t + e)l' - "'iiii3u, .,,,, Here, c, is specified as: a=o.t+ /(!)-y t25 i (19) 1.00.80.60.10.2 dolbo Figurc t3.-Firc endur cc of columns firecxposed,on all four sidcs ss ! function of size (rn)rnd losd (J/). (Mt49 Et3) Trblc 7.-Iord conlctlon frctor, f, tor llrc+rposcd colomns (Jr) It t.3 t.5 I.0 t.t t.3 (22',) (23) il Iord (rr pct of dlorrblc lord) Tablc 8'-l\linimum cross{tclion dimtnslons (mm) for hmilrt?d columns of rectsnpulsr shspr to srtisft firc cndurrncr clesses F 30-B rnd F60.8 (J.J ) F J(|-B F 60-8 Column t!'pe Applied compICssive 3l16S lN/mm'l Euler-type 3 '/. = l.ol Eulcr-ti pe 3 or 4 'r. = 0.7I lo 0.51 Eultr-tr..pr l 'I. = l.ot Eulcr-ttpc 3 or 4 '1. = 0'71 to 0.51 3.05.03.0tn7.05.03.02.07.05.03.02.0 7.05.0 2r0 24A 2& 280210 2l I 2-u 250!80 186 198 2t0 240 2$ 300 340215 2_1t 263 295 | 80 t 90 210 230 t50 tsr t62 t70140 143 149 t55120 122 126 130 160 168 184 2@f15 l5t t63 115t20 t21 132 t40 zi4 310 210 220 2r{) 2&242 210 195 202 216 230f9{ 2t0 170 t14 l8t t90 140 t48 lu 180 140 144 152 lffi z2o 238130 136 I48 t60 130 t33 I39 145 200 214r20 122 126 130 |l5 I 16 I t8 t}o l?0 178 >tl = 8.5 <5 >ll <5 l.t 1.2 t.3 )l 71 2.3 '1.: Effcctive column lcngrh lm). 'l: Column length {m},(l N/mm' = 145.07 lb/in.') One then can seek equivalence of the riSht-hand and left-hand sides of the above cquation numerically by using increments,At,.of I minute. The prediaed sizes for a squ"re 1boZd. = t1 and rectangular columns having bold D 2 in order io aitain 30- and 60 minute times are given in iable g. Figure l4 illustrates hou.fire endurance time is influenced b1,squar. column dimension, effecrive length, and applied initiil stress. Above a b"/4 = 2, they show that fire endurance tjme no longer is a function of bo;'d but only of minimum dimension. Experimental results of testing l5 rectangular columns, plus employing the column (est results of Stanke (46), are found to lie within the range predicred by the analytical method.(Kordina, Haksever, and Meyer-Otrens (20,2g) also provide predicted minimum cross-section dimensions for ,.I'; and"T" shaped laminated columns that will attain 30- and 6O-minute fire endurance times.) Several key differences are found between the resuhs predicted bf .Lic (J/ ) and thar of Haksever and Meyer_Ottens(20). Possibly the grealest difference is gen€rated by the assumed design load condition. The Unired Stares-ianadian allowable loads are substantially greater than that in Oermany for short columns (ng. l5). At an l/d. of 12 (l/r of 42), Ior example, the a.llowable load is 26 percent greater in theUnited States and Canada. Lie partially corrccts for this in employing a greatcr corrcrtion factor, f, for columns of(l/dJ.< .10. However, if rcsults using Lie,s approximate formulation arc compared to thc predicted resuits of Haksever _end Meyer-Ottens given in figure t4 for square columns, Lie prcdicts consistently earlicr failure. Tlte difference at lm percent design ioad is about G7 minuies and rncrcases to as much as 30 minutcs for applied load less than 50 perccnt of dcsign. This illustrates the need for additionatanalysis, espccially at reduced load levels. (Odeen ({0), employing a modificd Euler equation, predias failure iimcs _ on the order of j min less than Lie ar i00 pct design load.j' Lie also prcdicts that for increasing boldo, fire end-uran.. tirn. in-creases for a given dimension, q; ;h;;s ff "fs.".r "nj'Meycr-Ottcns conclude fire cndurince time is insensiiivi'io increasing brcadth, bo, beyond bJL = Z- l2 United States experimental work on columns is limited(J437). Results on a few timber columns showed the importance of a load-carrying column cap on fire endurancc of longleaf southern pine or Douglas-fir columns of 120-in., cross section, A concrete or protected steel cap u'as rcquired to achieve a 7-(-minute fire endurance time under full desicn load for thcse IO-foot columns. Haksever and Meyer-Ottjns predict a fire endurance of ?0 minutes and Lie onl1. 56 nrinutes for this case. None of the analyses assume the end cap has any effect on fire endurance. European fire endurance tests of columns are more abundant (l2,20,21,27,33,48) and have been used in thc discusscd analvses. For a discussion of the results of other *ork. a previous paper can be rcferred to (42). Connections The connections recommended for hcaq. timber construction in the United States and Canada have changcd significantly fiom the connections employed in early mill+ype construction. Earlier connections featured more hcaw cast- iron units. Newer connections are composed of steel platcs, hangers, and bolts for which the critical load-bearing ponions are embedded or concealed within the timber members (jg). Typical details are provided in a National Forcst products Association publication (38) and Canadian Wood Council publication (/0) and are too extensive to dupliclc for use bcrc. European publications also support ernbcCrrt of critical connectors within wood sections and provi& lails consistcnt with United States recommendations (9, l!,2t). Several typical construction details showing methods me;ting this requirement are shown in figurc l6 as taken fiom German reference (.19). Limired information or: the performance of rimber joinrs rsavajlat'!c in Iirerarure (29,30,14,51,52). fi,. C.ir"i-i"i.r.n..(?9) also provicirs rh€ results of invesiigating iir. if..r,r"iprotecrion afforcjed bolred and naileO jointibl, o,oo.i'piue, o,aCdilional thicknesses of u,ood cover piare. Tiris is Jloln inlrgure t6(o), _A plug or plare of 0.4_inch f io_rnrniir,i.i ".r=can increase rhe lire cndurance of a splir-ring'Uoii.J oi'""ir.Ojoint und.r load from l5 ro _10 minures. t;-".;;;,;;;;our, a -t.4-inch (35-mm; rhickness is required. fi,. i.rutl ol'i.*,of nonthermally protected spllr*ing "ra u"fi-"ii"..,ei' ioin,,b.! L-eicesrer (30) of ll and la minires c;;";; ;;;';;,i;Lordina and lvteyer-Ortens (29). Schaffer f?tl, .,i"f"r"icorer plates of I inch (25 mm) with 2_, /2-inch (6a_nrml snllr- 111t5s t1tn9r than 2'inch- (51-mm) rtricf pt.r.i ani *."ia"oIalrute rn Jess ahan I minure. . Simple lap split_ring joints ofnominal 2 by 4 members carried the de;iS; load ;"d.; fir;cxposurefor an average of 2.2 minutcs <i"ng. o.J iii" " Douglas-fir coas( wood and 4.0 minures tr.,ig.l.+.slj'rnin I insourhern pinc. Nonjoinr mcmbcrs failed at iO.i."a'- ""' l-L7 minures respccrively for rhe species una.i'j.rig-n fora intenston. Nailed joints fare subsrantiall), bcucr under load and fire. ^U-nprotected wjth cover plates, failure o..urrln zi'ri "''' 33 minutes (29,30). Recommended critical dimensions and spacings for v31iep5joinrs in order to achieve 30- and 60_minu,. fii.'.ia"r""..are given in German references (1g,25,29). Decking To .qlalify for hcavy rimber construction (rable t ), solid l.ooddecking in the Unircd Srates is requircd io be of ii_i*r ' 2-inch (t.5-in. actual) rhickness if 'rongue anJ il;;;"&A)or splined, and of nominat 3_inch 12.5--in. aci"iiiir,"i"ilirconsisting of planks ser on edge. io satisfy C;;;;;'^"-"stardards (29), double T&O dicking is ,"quir.Jio il. so,,(?.0 in.) thick to meet 30 minure firi .nd;;;;; ;;j.; j;#: This can be reduced to 40 mm 1.6 in.) thick ii""*;;;;; :l.l:i:10 f.li"d. (.!?.5-..rn1 gypsum board or if j;ini; ;;cowreo.wtth a 1.2-inch- (30-mm) thick wood batten. Ai leasr2-?S--inch- (70-mm) rhick T&G Oi.ring pru, o.Jlii; "' '* (12-5-mm) gypsum board are requiredfo. . oi-.iiut" fir.endurance classificstion. A calculation procedure is givcn b1. Kordina and Meyer_ 9l!!T.t2," setcct deckin! rrricricss. i'rre ;;;J;# - carcutales the residual uncharred thickness afier a civ.r, cr. :11"j_T:: !:'igd, and computes rr,. ,*ia""i ,..il;;;l;;",ano apparenr srress under floor load. nis ,.suttani iiies, ii 9orl^rrgd with five times rhe near-minimum ,tiil;i;;i;'"(or l0 times rhe allo*abte bending srress) to J;i;;;."""-whethcr it wil perform sarisfacto;ly. s;"h ;;r;;;l;r.as^sumes lhe room tcmpcraturc bcnding ,tr.ngif, i, iJr..aE0 pcrcent (or is 20 oci of roortr,.ii.ii"el-r;f i, fi il;'."J;:.[T,ff:ature strensth) duc to FiEurc 14,-Sqrrarc lanlinatcd *.ood column firc crdurance timc as function o[ column dimcnsion(thodifird- frorn Hakscver and llcycr-Orrcns (20)).(l N.hm' = 145.O4 lb/in.') (lr 49 8t9l tr,.:Ci /t/t Lf Q6rp-9'i q "30 o iw I I Ilw. Il J? J4 \i aa .1 L -t,.1, itC li /1 t6 ta a a ! uu,\' =-- -\ | .t i J-,..1 - I_.2a 2i ?1 2( 2e Jc Ttlt€ A's la^ t..8 /cn) Y"t ,io";*to' t./F, , ?5a.5 ) .J -J J I-l -{ qac 14 Is P'42 60 8C too ,rr*orlir!(' ,nr,o Figurc 15.-Column allowablc dcsiSn s(rcss as afunction of slendcrness tatio (l/tl i-n G.rlnrn! ,nONorlh Amctica. (Curves bascd uoonE/F. = 266.5.1 (Mt49 820) IJ -T-]-! r- i I II t,.. I ---:__--r- Iil I t..l ll Thc Brirish (9) also recommend rhal the uirimare tensile srress in the residual s3ction be assumed 2.0 rimes the allox.able long-term dr! slrass 1as is done in compressi!e eiements), Onl)'one relerence (4{) reviewed dealt u.ith the elperimental fiie endurance of tension memb:r:. Though previouslv unpublished, nominal 2- b1. 4-inch (1.62_<. b). 3.615-in. acrual; Seiect Strucrural coasl Douglas-fii and southern pine were constantly tension loaded to the allolrable design slress during stanciard fire exposure. The mean tirres-to-failure and standard deviations (in parenlheses) r.ere: Dcuglas-fir I\f in r0.5 (2.1) Southern pine hfin il.7 (t.l) Conbined l-ootl fllembers Russian scienrists (26) recommend that an inleraflion formula bc applicd ro dcternrine rvhcn failure will occur under comhirrcd rcrrsion and bcnd ing: p L.l(;-) + (-+) (o. (251 \r'here o(, is the failure stress in tension and A, and S, are the resjdual area and residual section modulus resDectivelv. Again, no experimenral evidence is provided to indicaie rhis procedure is acceptable. lt is not the same as the commonlt applicd inreraction formula o[. rlll1'1' * '[' <r e6)oFT ora u'here limiting tensile stress, orr, and bending strcss, orB, differ at room temDerature. ---r-r-- iEn --T-i'-- rE-lI'i'l B l,,l R-- f- lFl i F lFlrl{,i F+ l"i ,ffiH It- Fl r1 t, E F'I I J Fi-rurc 16.-Typical firc resistive timber connections recommended in Gernlan). (2J ):L Nailed butr.splice joinr $.irh sa$iiicial neilcd co\.cr plarcs. 8. Split ring and bolred joint with countersunk and wood-capped bolt heads and nuts. C. Embcdded srcel shoe and bolted assembll" lPith countersunk and wood+apped bolt heads. D. Simplc cmbeddcd or wood-dowclcd conncction. E. Split+ing connccred butt-splicc platc joint having crposed bolt head and nut but$ith cover plates nailed to members. F. Buu- splicc joint cmplo;-ing embcdded steel dowels end vrood-capped boles. (M149 802) Tension Members A tension membcr can be trealed in the same way as is a short column. That is, the time to failure undcr ioad, p, isdictated by the ultimate tensilc strcss, o.,, on thc residuai cross-section, A, (9,26):p o"' = i (24)A. Howevcr, one refercnce recommends thc charring rare be increased 25 perccnt in computing the rcsidual sirion when using charring rates dcrived from untoaded sections (g). Though not $bstantiated, it was surmised that charring wilt bc accclerated by the presence of tensile stress. (fhis issimilar to the vjew ihat the charring ratc along thc bottom offire<xposed beams should be consJrvatively lb perc.nt highlrthan along the sides (29).) l4 Research Needs AJI of the anairtical methods proposed are based unon dererrn::-.isric modcls rhar emplol. a load.resisring s:crior sirrinking unci:' fire :xnosure. The limir srar: rc preCi:: faiiur: is normalir the reach;ng of a ternperarure-iedrrc,,,ii ruplur: stress. lr.lodcrare success has been achicved in Errropcin preriicring short-rerm (less than I h) fire endurance usins ... ruptur€ srress oI abour 80 percent of inirial ulrimare los. ]ei.el (-5 pct exclusion limitl srress. With the availabilirv of netl. <iata on temperature and moisture gradients u,ithin large fire- exposed sections, improvemenis in anallsis are nossible. The translation of Europ:an member and connection lest resulrs to whal ma)'be erpected jn North America reouires care[ul atrention. For example, it is necessarl,ro define and compensale fo:, the induced initial stress states in Eurone as comfiarcd to what is prescribed in North Amcrica. As indicareC earlier. allouable slress levels are docrrrrincd invar]'inc rvavs in Europe; the fire cndurance of members isquite sensitive to the level of loading. With the current Nort h American practice o f conducting l'ire endurance tes,.s for rating purposes under full design load in order to use the results more universalll,. the allowable stress level plays acritical role. The fi:ndamental properries of strength and sriffness as afunction of temperat ure and moisture content have been developed emploi'ing "defeq-free" wood specimens. There is some concern that lhe response may not be the same for common structural grades of lumber and timber. Unfortunately, negligible information is available to devcloo r.espgn-se curves for lorver grade material so the response ofthe defecr-free wood will need to be used until berier information is available. The analyses reviewed appear to be on a sound enough basisto be used in design. However, when one is confronied s.ith selecting a given charring rate, rupture stress, and even applied load, normal conservatism means that design is for a"\\'orst case" siluation. This approach is tradition-al instruclural design and has been very successful. However. theapproach does not allow the ,,safety" of the structural members to be defined. To assess safety we need to accountfor variability in fire endurance bf including variability in rheproperlies of members (e.g. charring rate, sirength, stiffness),vanaDrlrt) tn_anticipated applied load, and variabiliry in fireseverity. Reliabilitl,-based design and analysis provides suchan approach. R eferc n ces l. American lnstilrite of Timber ConsrrUclion. Timber conSirualron manual. -lohn \\'iie| anC SCns. Neu. )O;l:: 1971. L Antcrican Socictv for J'cstinr and Natcrials. Srarrdard nrcthocl for evaluating allosaojc propertjes for gracies ofstrucrural lumber. ASTf.t Sland. D ?9t5. Ameiican Socierl for Tesring and trlarerjals. IrhilaCelphia, pa.: 1971. i. American Scrcielv for Testing and l,"larerials. Srandard definilions of rerms relaring to tire tesls of buildinp consrruction and marcrials. AST^l Stand. E l?6. Amcrican Socicrr for'Iesting and lrlarerials. l)hiladclphia, Pa.: l9?9. 4. Anlerican Societl, for Testing and lr.larerials. Srandard methods of fire tests of buiiding construction and materials. ASTtr,l Stand. E ll9. Amcrican Societv for Tcsting and lrlarerials. Philadelphia, Pa.; I9g0. -{. Arima,_T. Creep in process of temDeralure change. Ill Prediction of creep at elevaled temperature. J. Jip.\\'ood Res. Soc. I9(2): 75-?9t 19i3. 6. Bach, L. Non,linear mechanical behavior of g.ood in longitudinal rension. Ph.D. Thesis, Sl,racuse Unir... Slracusc, N.Y.; 1965. (Availabl: from Unir.lrlichiean Ir{icrofilms, Ann Arbor.) 7. Bednar. H. Building regulations concerned with fire safety and their impacr on lhe use of rvood products: The sjtuation in Austria. In: Behavior of wood products infire. p. 129-142. Pergammon pressl 1977. E. Boyd, R. B. Trends in regulation of s,ood consiruction and products: an insurance company viewpoint. Wood and Fiber 9(t): 3-t-39; 1971. 9. British Standard lnstirution. Code of practice for the structural use, part 4. Fire resistance of timber structures, section 4.1r method of calculating fire resistance of rimber members. BS 5268, part 4, Section 4.t: 197g. British Stand. Inst. UK; l9?8. | 0. Canadian Wood Council. Construcrion types_Fire Proteclive Design. CWC Dala File Fp-2. Onawa, Canada; 1977. ll. Carslaw, H. S.; Jaeger, J. C. Conduction ofhear in solids. Oxford Univ. prcss. Oxford, England; 1965. 12. Compin, B. Bchalior of wood structurcs and componcnts (beams and columns) in fire. /n: Behavior ofwood products in fire, Semin, U.N. Econ, Comm. Eur.,p. 85. 197?. 13. Dorn, H.; Egner, K. Fire tests on glued laminated slructural timbers (glulam beams). Holz-Zcntralbl. 2g:435438:1961. t5 1.1. Dorn, H.; Egnei, li. Brandr.ersuche and bre schiciltverlcimlen Holztiagern unler Biegebeanspruchung. Holz als Roh-und \\'erkstoff g: l95i . Ls. Fackler, J. P. Essais de resistance au feu. Cenlre S;ientifigue et Techniqu: ciu Batiment, Cahier 4l_<, paris, France; | 961. 16. Fredlund, B. Structural design of fire exposed re:rangular Iaminared \A.ood beams \ri(h respect to larcral buckling, Rep. 79-5. Lund lnsr. Tech., Dep. Srruct. Nlech., Lund, Su'eden; 1979. 17. (ierhards, C. C. Effect of moislure content and lemperature on mechanical properties of wood: an anail'sis of immediare effects. \\'ood and Fiber. l4(l):4-36:1981. 18. Coodman, J. R.; Kovacs, Z.; Bodig, J. Code comparisons for design of wood members based uDon factor design methodologl'. Presented at annual FPRS mecting. Boston, N,lass., July 1980. 19. Cotz, K-H; Hoor, D.; Mohler, K.; Natterer, J. Holzbau Atlas. Instirur fiir lnternationaleArchirektur- Dokumentation Gmb H. lvluchen, Germany; I9?g. 20. llaksever, A.: NJe!'er-Ouens, C. Brandverhallen von bret tsch ich r verleimten ljolzstiitzen. Forschu ngsbeitrige fiir die Baupraxis. Vcrlag von tVilhelm Ernst & Sohn. Berlin, Nlunich, Dusseldorf; 1979. 2 L Haksever, A.; Meyer Ottens, C- Fire response of laminated rectangular wood columns with respect to buckling. lnstitute fiir Baustoffc, Massivbau und Brandschurz. Technischen Universitit Brunschweis. Brunschweig. \\i. Germanl'; 1979. 23. lmaizumi, K. Slability in fire of prorected and unprotected glued laminated beams. Norsk. Skogind. l6(a): l40,l5l: t963. '24. Kansa, E. J.; Perlee, H. E.; Chaiken, R. F. Mathematical model of wood pyrolysis including internal forced convection. Combust. Flame 29(3): 3l l-324; 1977. 25. Kanury, A. M. Thermal dccomposition kinetics of woodpyrolysis. Combust. Flame l6(l): ].S-g3;1972. 25. Iiirpichenko, C. lr'1.: Rornanenko',., I. C. Basic principles ol fir: resistance anall.sis of tinrbe:- slructures. Ipresented a: US-USSR Conf. on Firc Resisl. of Srrucl.. NBS. Caithersburg, lrtd.l; 1980. 21. Klenrent, E.; Rudolphi, R.; Sranke. J. Das Brandyerhalten von Holzstiilzen unter Druc k beanspruchu ng" Deutschen Ge-selischaft fur Holzforschung. (DCFH) 6: 316-330t I9?2. 26. Kordina, K.: lvleyer-Ottens, C. Feueru,iderstandsklassen von Bauteilen aus Holz und Hotzrverkstoffen. Tech. Unir'. Braunschweig, lnst. fiir Baustolfkunde und Stahlbetonbau, Braunschweig. 29. Kordina, K.; lvleyer-Ottens, C. Fire behavior of wood slructures. Tech. Unit. Braunscbweig. FRC Inst. Bausrofflunde. Stahlbetonbau Braunschweig; 1977. 30. Leicester, R. H.; Seath, C. A.: Pham. L. The fire resislance of metal connectors. Proc. lgth For. prod. Res. Conf., l2-16 Nor'. 1979, Melbourne, Australia: t9?9. 31. Lie, T. T. A merhod for assessing the fire resistance of laminated timber beams and columns. Natl. Res. Counc. of Canada, Dir'. Build. Res., DBR tt8; June t97?. 32. Lic, T. T. Calculating resislance ro fire. Can. Build. Dig., CBD 204, NRC. Canada: l9?9. 33. hlalhotra, H. L.; Rogorvski, B.F.W. Fire resistance of laminated timber columns. In..Proc, Symp. No. 3, Fire and strucrural use of timber in buildings. p. t6-51. N{inisr. Tech. and Fire Off. Comm., Joint Fire Res. Org., HMSO, London; 1970. 34. I\,leyer-O ens, C. Feuerwidenstandsdauer unbekleideter hoher Rechreck balken aus Brettschichtholz. Forsch ungsbeitrige fiir die Baupraxis. Wilhelm Ernst and Sohn, Berlin: 1979. 35. Monomen, E, Design of timber structures for fire resistance in Finland. /n: Behavior of wood products in fire, Semin. U.N. Econ. Comm. Eur.; 197?. p. 103. 36. National Board of Fire Underwriters. Factory Mutual. Natl. Bur. of Srand. Ja: Fire tests of building columns; 19 t9. 37. National Bureau of Standards. Fire resistance classificarions ol building constructions. Rep. BMS 92. NBS Dep. Commer., Washington, D.C.; 1942. 38. National Forest Products Association. Heavy timber construction details. Wood Construction Data No.5, D.5. 22. t6 r.r! 39. Narional Forest Products Associalion. Narional desiqn snecificaiion for uood construcrion. \\'ashingron. D.C.: t980. 40. Ode€n, K. Firc resistance of glued. laminated timbcr slrucrures. ln: Prcc. Symp, No. 3, Fire and structural use of timber in buildings proceedings. p. ;--15. tr,tinisr. Tech. and Firc Off. Comm., Joinr Fire Res. Orq.. HMSO, London; I9?0. 4l . Ozelton, E. C.; Baird J. A. Timber designers manual. Chaptcr 22. /z: Srructural design for fire resislance. Crosbl, Lockwood, Staples; London, UK: l9?6. 42. Rogo*ski, B.F.\\'. fllsling of tinrbcr in fire tesrs. /n.. Proc- Svmp. No, _1, Firc and structural usc of rimbcr in buildings. p.52-59. Minisr. Tech. and Fire Off. Comm.. Joint Firc Res. Org., HMSO, London: t967. 43. Sawabe, O. Srudies on the thermal softening oi rvoorl. lll Effects of temperarure on the bending creep of dry Hinoki wood. J. Jap. Wood Res. Soc. 2}tlll:sli-SZ2; 1974. 44. Schaffer, E. L. The effects of fire on selected slructural timber joints. M.S. Thesis Civil Engineering, Universirvof Wisconsin, lrladison, \\tis.; t96l. 45. Schaffer, E. L. Charring rate of selecred woods- transverse to grain, Res. pap. FpL 69. Madison. Wt: U.S. Departmcnt of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laborator,v, I 967.. 46. Schaffer, E. L. Elevated temperature effect on longitudinal mechanical properties of wood. ph.D. Thesis, College of Engincering, Unir'. of Wisconsin. (Available from Univ. Microfilms 7l-16901, Univ. - Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.); l9?0. 4?. Schaffcr, E. L. State of struclural timber fire endurancc. Wood and Fiber 9(2): t4it 1971. 48. Stanke, J. Ein Beitrag zur lheoretischen Ermittluns der Feuer widerstands daucr von eitciligcn, brettschichtverleimtcn Stutzen uter bruckbeansDruchunp (Contriburion to the theorelical determination of 0,. iii endurance of single gluedjaminated wood columns under gompr-essive stress.) Zeitschrift fur Forschung und Technik im Brandschurz l9(2): 67-7t; 1970. 49. Syndicat National des Constructeurs de Charpentes en Bois Lamelle-Collc. Laminated wood in face of fire. Paris, France. 50. Tenning, K. Glued laminared rimbcr beams: fire tests and expcrience in practice. /n: Froc. Stmp. N0.3, Fire and srrrrcltrral use of tinrber in building;. p. l-f,. l\Iinist. Tech. and Fire Off. Comnr,, .loinr Fire Res. Or!...lltrlS0. London; 1970. 51. \\'ardle, T. \1. Fire resistance of hear'1' rimber construclion. Ne$ l.g21gr6 For. Sen.. Publ. tnf. Ser. No. -<J. \\'ellingron. N.Z.; t966. -(f. \\'ebsrer. C. T.; Ashron L. A. Invesrigarions on building fires. Part 4, Fire rcsistance of timter doors. Natl. Build. Studies Tech. Paner No. 6, UK: 1951. .r3. \\rhirc. R. ll.; Schaffer, E. L. Transient moisrure gradicnt in firc-cxposcd s'ood slab. \\'ood and FiberI3(l): l7-38:1981. -54. Wrighl, R. H.; Hayrvard, A, lr,l. Kinerics of rhe rhermal dcconposirion of rrood. Can. J. of Tech., 29(12): 503-510:1951. 2.0-LOl84o U S GOvtRNMtNI pRtN NG Ofnct: t98a_754 0{O }0012 l7 I T I T rUrO/("r ",t-z) I /= let 7 4 fuf,n' *',j'ft ?? 5/P // - a yuro, /. lzl " y': -a(zzt7zna= LSD2?q' lLv-7Y 0Vz ztc t4./€,vr: 7t = "'5- = ?'/*o c..t,c1 /4v ,L . . rLY 7z vzr I h---::-='-.- 3{/ ;dL/('/r{ ,"" tt.l 2 z '-(>.(t ] / / ltf.* A- fz >Lc.r li 1lat1 BEAUDETTE CONSULTING ENGINDERS, INC. PRGIECT Lzrse Vhlo(" /n!"psysl/t o/'r l BY 7= SHEET NO. ft""- &.^ t(.tttt5'1^ f I I faart4cs) ,4*p' ??/ 3/b/zo"o = />. os fr * I h* 4 !a'3( x (L* o)o '/S- 4/ e.ru ' '3(x (L* o)o '/S't ! : ,a Ifrt-)fOuf 1t-1 (' JfA I u et jj, i'l I ' ' ' )J' 'i :I F= E rtg= t .A--lra tt= ffr&/ - q,L// ft"-/ . ? t' /( lrzooa Vgr/ Us< L;bSQx/LhP n\ :J iir' i: BEAUDETTE CONSULTING ENGINEERS, INC. PROJECT bfuy 4 fi^ b., Cr*! 4/Z{.onaArLs/rt BY T} SHEET NO, -7- fi*u ka u- tU/ti'a^ 6D TIHBER PRODUCTS INSPECTION lnc.N9 422s Timber Products Inspection, Incorporated, certifies that as of the date of shipment indicated below that ATPINEIJOG HOMES is a current subscriber to TP's LOG GRADE-MARKINC PROGRAM, and as an Approved Facility in good standing, is licensed to apply the TP grade-mark to structural logs in accordance with contractual quality control procedures and the TP 1986 specifications, which have been formulated using The Standard ASTM 3957-80, "Establishing Stress Grades for Structural Members Used ]n Log Buildings". The gradihg performance of the above plant is routinely monitored by TP represcntatives. Plant Order #A1(5A$Shipment Date oy$ln unir Modet # or Name Lodses d Timb€r Cheok Unitg #21 & f22 Buyer S.H. Cole Congtrucfion Ship Tb Vail. Colorado Size & grade on lhis order Description of item Unit sq. footage Lineal lootage lf nol shlpped as unit Grade/s Orig.: BUYER Canarv: MANUFACTURER PiDk: TIMBER PROOUCTS INSP. .J|\. Trrrrl TIMBER PRODUGTS INSPECTIO]I Inc.\.7 N9 4224 Timber Products Inspection, Incorporated, certifies that as ofthe date of shipment indicated below that ALPINE TJOG HOMES is a current subscriber to TP's LOG GRADE-MARKING PROGRAM, and as an Approved Facility in good standing, is licensed to apply the TP grade-mark to structural logs in accordance with contractual quality control procedures and the TP 1986 specifications, which have been formulated using The Standard ASTM 3957-BO, "Establishing Stress Grades for Structural Members Used ltr Log Buildings". The grading performance of the above plant is routinely monitored by TP representatives. Unit Modet# or Name Lodges d Timber Cr€eh Unib #lq & #a0 euyer S.H. Cole Construction s6ie 1s VaiL Colorado Size & grade on lhis order Grade/s Name: Plant Representalive: BOb AadeCrOrn--,, .(Signature) Orig.: BUYER Canary: l'4ANUFACTURER Pink TIMBER PRODUCTS INSP. TOWN OF VAIL 75 S. FRONTAGE ROAD vArL, co 81657 97 0-47 9-2138 Description r NEW DUPLEX Occupancy TypeDweJ.Iings ZoneDwel}ings zone rable Date! 05/17/Igg6 Fi reptace Infornation: Restr i cted: DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT NOTE: THIS PERMIT MUST BE POSTED ON JOBSITE AT ALL PROJECT TITLE: LOGDES€TIMBERCREEK L9-2O NEW (SFR,P/S,DUP) PERMIT Permit Job Address: Status. . .Location...z 2897 TIMBER CREEK DR UNITApplied..Parcel No..: 2103-143-00-011 Issued...Project No. :-RJ97-0120 Expires. . ISSUED o07 /03/1ss7 07 /25/|ee7or/27 / resB TIMES 89 7 -019 0 3,822 .7O .00 APPLICANT S.H. COLE CONSTRUCTION COMPANY Phone: 970-476_1426 2897 TTMBERCREEK DR. +25, VAIL, CO 81657 CONTRACTOR S.H. COLE CONSTRUCTION COMPANY Phone: 970-476-1426 289? TTMBERCREEK DR. #25, VArL, CO 81657 OWNER S H COLE CONSTRUCTION CO - OGILBY T CHARLES, 2938 S FRONTAGE RD W, VAIL CO 8].657 ***********Lt*****i**************************************t* fEE SUlll,lARy ***********************t*t**t*********************t****i** Bui Lding-----> 1,566.@ Restuarant pl.an leview--) Number of Dwelling Units: 002Factor Sq. Feet Valuation 1 V-N 80.60 2 t875 231 ,725,001 V-N Basement 17.50 7,433 25,077,5OSubtotal: 4,308 256,802.50Total Valuation z 256,802.50 Town of VaiI Adjusted Valuation: 256,8O2.5OO fof Gas Appt i ances:fof Gas Logs:#of l.lood/Pa L tet : .0O Totat Catcu(ated Fees---> 3,822.70 200.00 Additionat fees---------> .0O 862.50 Totat Pernit Fee--------> 3,8?2.70 Ptan check---> Invest i gation> tli tl. caLt----> 889.20 DRB Fee-------- .00 Recreation tee----------> 3.00 Ctean-Up Deposi t--------> TOTAL F€ES----- 500.00 3,4?2.70 SALANCE DUE---- *************************tt****t**t****************tri******l****************************************t*i*************************** Item:05100 07 /03/ree7 o7 /25 /ree7Item:05400 07 /03 /1ee7 07 /r0 /ree7Item:05600 07 /03/rse7Iten: 05500 07 /03/ree7Item: 05550 o7 /03/lee7 07 /08/tee7 BUTLDING DEPARTMENT CHARLIE Action: NOTE CHARLIE AcIion: APPR PLANNING DEPARTMENT CHARLIE AcLion: NOTE DOMINIC Action: APPR FIRE DEPARTMENT CHARLIE Act,ion PUBLIC WORKS CHARLfE Action ENGINEERING CHARITIE ActionTERRI Action APPR APPR Dept: BUILDING Division PLANS TO DANcharlie daVIS Dept: PLANNING Division PLANS TO DOMINIC see condition Dept: FIRE Divislon N/A Dept: PUB WORK Division PLANS TO PUBWORKS Dept: ENGINEER Division PLANS TO TERRI oK wr/Pw NOTE APPR *****i*******t*t********************************************************************i*************************************t******* See Page 2 of this Docunent for any conditions that may apply to this permit. - DECLARATIONS I hcraby acknovtedge that I have read this lpptication. fil.ted out in futl, the inforration required, compteted an lccurate ptot Ptan, .nd state that atl the information provided as rcquircd is correct. I agree to compty with thc intormation rnd ptot pLan, to comPty Hith al'|. Tolrn ordinances and statc [avs, and to buitd this structure according to the To,,rnrs zoning and subdivision codes, design review approvcd, Uniform Buil,ding code and other ordinances of the Tovn app(icabLe thereto. REOUESTS FOR I}ISPECTIONS SHALL BE IIADE TIIENTY-FOUR HOURS IN ADVANCE BY Send Ctean-Up Deposit To: S.H.CoLE PAGE 2******************************************************************************** CONDITIONS OF APPROVALPernit #: 897-0190 as of 08/04/97 Status: ISSUED******************************************************************************** Permit Type: NEW (SFR,p/S,DUp) PERMITApplicant: S.H. COIJE CONSTRUCTION COMPANYJob Address:Location| 2897 TIMBER CREEK DR UNITS 19-20 (LODGESParcel No: 2103-143-00-0Ll Applied I O7 /03/L997Issued I 07 /25/L997 AT TIMBER CREEK) ******************************************************************************** CONDITIONS * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * !k * * * * * * * * * * * * * J. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1. THIS PROJECT WILL REQUIRED A SITE IMPROVEMENT SURVEY. SUCH SURVEY SHALL BE SUBMITTED AND APPROVED PRIOR TO REQUEST FORA FRAME INSPECTION.2. ATTrc sPAcEs sHALl, HAVE A cErLrNG HETGHT oF 5 FEET oR L,Ess,AS MEASURED FROM THE TOP SIDE OF THE STRUCTURAL MBMBERS OFTHE FLOOR TO THE UNDERSIDE OF THE STRUCTURAL MEMEBERS OF THE ROOF DIRECTLY ABOVE.3. No TCo shall be issued untir 2 EHU restrictions have been recorded for the project. This includes all units4' No PLUMBTNG,MECHANTCAL oR ELECTRTCAL woRK ALLOWED uNTrL PERMITS ARE OBTAINED CO}ITRACTOR FOR HII.ISELF AND OIINER **************************************************************** TOWN OF VArL, COLORADO Statemnt**************************************************************** Statennt Number: REC-030? Amount: 3,822.70 08/04/97 09257 Payment Method: CHECK Notation: *2325 Init: CD Balance r .00**************************************************************** Pernit No: ParceL No: Location: Thie Paynent Account Code 01 0000 4131001 0000 41331 01 0000 4L33201 0000 22002 30 0000 45032 01 0000 41336 897-0190 Type: B-BUILD NEUi (SFR,P/S,DUP) PE 210 3-14 3-0 0-01 L 2897 TTMBER CREEK DR UNrTS L9-20 (LODGES AT TrTotal Feesi 3,822.703,822.70 Total ALL PmtB: 3 ,822,70 Description Amount BUILDING PERMIT FEES 1,368.00 DESIGN REVIEW FEES 2OO.OO PLAN CHECK FEES 889.20 CLEANUP DEPOSITS 5OO.OO RECREATION FEES 862.50 WILL CALL INSPECTION FEE 3.OO TOWN OF VAIL 75 S. FRONTAGE ROADvArL, co 81657 97 0-479-2t38 DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY DEVETOPMENT NOTE: THIS PERMIT MUST BE POSTED ON JOBSITE AT PROJECT TITTE: LOGDESETIMBERCREEK L9-20 NEW (SFRTP/S,DUP) PERMTT Permit TIMES 89 7 -019 0 Job Address Location. . . Parce1 No..Project No. I SSUED o07 /03 /res7 07 /2s /),ee7oL/2L /1,eeB Status. . . 2897 TIMBER CREEK DR UNITAppIied..2103-143-00-011 Issued...PRJ97-0120 Expire6. . APPTICANT S.H. COLE CONSTRUCTION COMPANY 2897 TTMBERCREEK DR. #25, VArL, CO 81657 CONTRACTOR S.H. COLE CONSTRUCTION COMPANY 2897 TIMBERCREEK DR. #25, VAIL, CO 81657 Phone ; 97 O-47 6-1426 Phonez 970-476-1426 OWNER S H COLE CONSTRUCTION CO - oGTLBY T CHARLES, 2938 S FRONTAGE RD W, VAIL CO 81657 Description :NEW DUPLEX Number of DwellinqType Factor Sq. Feet Zone 1 V-N 80.60 2,875 Zone I V-N Basement 17.50 1,433Subtotal: 4, 308Date: O5/17/L996 Total Valuation: Tovrn of Vail Ad'iusted Valuation: Occupancy Dwellings Dwellings TabIe Ptan Chcck---) 889.20 DRB .00 Totat Ca(cutated Fees---> 200.00 AdditionaI Fees---------> 862.50 Total Perrit Fce--------> 500.00 Payments------- Units:. OO2 Valuation 231 ,725.0025,077 .50 256,802 .50 256,802 .50 256,802 .500 3,8?2.7O .00 3,A?2.7O 3,E22.7O .00 ti reptace Inforration: Restri cted:flof cas Apptiances:dof Gas Logs:fot !,ood/Pal. Let: *ft*********t*i********l******ff*************i******tt***** FEE SUllltARy *****ti*t**i*********t*************i*ti****t**********t*** Bui Lding----> 1,36E.m Restuarant pl.an Rev.i err--> Invest i gat ion> t,i tL cat l----) .00 3.m Recreation f ee----------> C Iean-Up Deposi t--------> TOTAL fEES-----3 ,422.7O**itt*f,t******t******t**t*****ff*tt*i*tt***********t*t*i***ffi**tt*****ff****t***t***i***********t************************ft*t***i ItEn: 051OO BUILDING DEPARTMENT07/03/L997 CHARLIE Action: NOTE07/25/L997 CHARTJTE Action: APPRItem: 05400 PLANNING DEPARTMENT07/03/!997 CHARLIE Acrion: NoTE07/L0/L997 DOMINIC Action: AppRItem: 05600 FIRE DEPARTMENT 07/03/1997 CHARLTE Action: AppRItem: 05500 PUBLIC WORKS07/03/L997 CHARLTE Action: APPRItemi 05550 ENGINEERINGo7/03/t99't CHARLIE Action: NOTE07/08/t997 TERRr Action: APPR Dept: BUILDING Divieion: PLANS TO DANcharlie daVIS Dept: PLANNING Division: PLANS TO DOMINIC see condition N/A Dept: FIRE Division: Division: Division: Dept: PUB WORK PLANS TO PUBWORKSDept: ENGINEER PLANS TO TERRI oK wr/Pw ***i*t*it**t**l*t*********t***lt****tt**t*i***t**t***********t****t**********t***rii***********i********tt*i******ff**t***i******* see Page 2 of this Document for any conditions that may apply to this permit. DECLARATIONS I hcreby acknovtedgc that I have read this apptication, titl,ed out in {utt the information nequired, compteted an accurate ptot ptan, and state that alt the information providld as requircd is corr?ct, I agnee to comp[y lrith the information 6nd ptot pl.an, to compty Uith al,L Tom ordinances and state [aws, and to bui[d this structure according to the To]rn's zoning and subdivision codes, design revieH approved, Uniform Buitding code and other ordinanc€s of the Tolrn appticabIe thereto. REOUESTS FOR INSPECTIONS SHALL BE I,IADE TI.IENTY-FOUR HOURS IN AOVANCE BY Send Ctean-Up Deposit To: S.H.COLE PAGE 2******************************************************************************** CONDITIONS OF APPROVAL Permit #: 897-0190 a6 of 08/04/97 Status: ISSUED******************************************************************************** Permit Type Applicant Job Address Location Parcel No NEW (SFR,P/S,DUP) PERMIT S.H. COLE CONSTRUCTION COMPANY 2897 TIMBER CREEK DR UNITS 19-20 210 3-14 3-0 0-011 Applied: 07 /03/Lee7Issued. 07 /25/1997 (LODGES AT TIMBER CREEK) ******************************************************************************** CONDITIONS******************************************************************************** 1. THIS PROJECT WILL REQUIRED A SITE IMPROVEMENT SURVEY. SUCH SURVEY SHALL BE SUBMITTED AND APPROVED PRIOR TO REQUEST FORA FRAME INSPECTION.2. ATTIC SPACES SHALL HAVE A CEILING HEIGHT OF 5 FEET OR LESS,AS MEASURED FROM THE TOP SIDE OF THE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS OFTHE FLOOR TO THE UNDERSIDE OF THE STRUCTURAL MEMEBERS OF THE ROOF DIRECTLY ABOVE.3. No TCo shall be issued until 2 EHU restrictions have been recorded for the project. This includes atl units4' No PLUMBTNG,MECHANTCAL oR ELECTRTCAL woRK ALLOWED uNTrL PERMITS ARE OBTAINED SIGNATURE OF CONTRACTOR fOR HII'ISELF AND OI,INER / **************************************************************** TOWN OF VArL, COLORADO Statemnt**************************************************************** Statemnt Number: REC-0307 Amount: 3,822.7O 08/04/97 09357 Payment Method: CHECK Not,ation: *2325 Init: CD Permit No: Parcel No: Location: This Payment Total Fees:3,822.70 Total ALL PmtE: Balance: Description BUITDING PERMIT FEES DESIGN REVIEW FEES PLAN CHECK FEES CLEANUP DEPOSITS RECREATION FEES WILL CALL INSPECTION FEE 897-0190 Type: B-BUILD NEW (SFR,P/S,DUp) PE 2103-143-00-011 2897 TIMBER CREEK DR UNrTS L9-20 (LODGES AT Tr 3,822.70 3,822.7O .00**************************************************************** Account Code 01 0000 41310 01 0000 41331 01 0000 41332 01 0000 22002 30 0000 45032 01 0000 41336 Amount L,368. o0 200.00 889.20 500. 00 862. s0 3. 00 TOWN OF VAIL 75 S. FRONTAGE ROADvArL, co 87657 970-479-2L38 P Lan check--> Investigation> Ui l,L cat t----> NEW (SFR,P/S,DUP) PERMTT ALL TIMES #: 897-0190 Alorrrr?_ "a-",DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT NOTE: THIS PERMIT MUST BE POSTED ON JOBSITE AT PROJECT TITLE: LOGDESGTIMBERCREEK L9_20 Permit Job Address:Location...: 2897 TIMBER CREEK Parcel No.. : 2103-143-00-011Project No.: PRJ97-0120 Status...: APPROVED DR uNrTApplied. .;OO7 /O3/L997Issued...: O7/25/L997Expires..: OL/21/!998 APPLICANT S.H. COLE CONSTRUCTION COMPANY Phone: 970_4?6_T426 2897 TIMBERCREEK DR. #25, VArL, CO 81657 CONTRACTOR S.H. COLE CONSTRUCTION COMPANY Phone: 970-476-1426 2897 TIMBERCREEK DR. #25, VAIL, CO 81657 OWNER S H COLE CONSTRUCTION CO - oGTLBY T CHARLES, 2938 S FRONTAGE RD W, VArL CO 8l_657 rtt**t*t**rrtt***t.*t****t**t*****t*f,1****i***ffi*f*fi*i**** FEE SUI'lllARY *fir!H*****trr*ffi****t*tttt*ft*t*ft***********tffi**t** 8ui Lding----> 1,368.00 Restuarant Ptan Revieu--> Description : NEW DUPL,EXOccupancy TypeDwellings ZoneDwellings Zone Table Date: 05/L7/L996 FireDtace lnforration: Restricted: Number of Dwell-ing Units: 002Factor Sq. Feet Valuation1V-N 80.60 2,875 23It725.00 1 V-N Basement 17.50 I,433 25,07'l .50Subtotal; 4, 308 256 t8O2 .50 TotaL Valuation: 256,802.50 Town of VaiI Adjusted Val-uation: 256,802.500 fof Gas Apptiances:fof Gas Logs:fof t,lood/Pal. Let: .00 Total Catcutated Fees---> 3,a22-7O 200.00 Additional. fees---------> -OO 862.50 Total Permit tee--------> 3,82?.70 50O.00 Payments------- 669.20 .00 Recreation Fee----------> 3.00 ctean-up Deposi t--------> TOTAL FEES----- **t*t**ffi**ffi*'lt**,rlt*ffiff***t*********tffi***ffit**ffiff*ffffi*#*i-itffi********ffi****ff*ffsffiffit**fi*ff*t*ff****** lt,em: 05100 BUILDING DEPARTMENT Dept: BUILDING Division:07/03/1997 CHARLIE Actionr NOTE PLANS TO DAN07/25/1997 CHARLTE Action: AppR char]ie daVrSIIem: O54OO PLANNING DEPARTMENT Dept: PLANNING Division:07/03/1997 CHARLIE Action: NOTE PLANS TO DOMrNrco7/lo/L997 DOMINIC Action: AppR see conditionItem: 05600 FIRE DEPARTMENT Dept: FIRE Division:07/03/L997 CHARLTE Acrion: AppR N/Arten: 05500 PUBLTC woRKs Dept: puB woRK Division:o7/03/L997 CHARLTE Action: AppR PLANS TO PUBWORKSrtem: 05550 ENGTNEERTNG Dept: ENGTNEER Division:o7/o3/L997 CHARLIE Action: NOTE PLANS TO TERRr07/08/1997 TERRI Action: AppR oK wrlpw ****t***ff**t***tt*tffiffi*t***ffff*ttf,****f,****ffi**t*t********ffit****ffiffi**i*t*****!ffiff*******ffi**ffiff*fr*irt***i-t***rt see Page 2 of this Document for any conditions that may apply t,o this perrnit. DECLARATIONS I hereby acknoutedge that I have read thjs apptication, fil,Led out in ful.l, the infomation requi red, conpteted an accurate ptot Ptan, and statc that att the inforntion providcd as requi rad is correct. I agrce to compty vith the information and plot p!an, to comPty vith att Tovn ordinsnces and state tavs, and to buitd this structure according to the Tovnr s zoning and subdivision codes, design reviev approved/ Uniforn Buitding code and other ordinances of the Toyn appticabl,e thereto. REAUESTS toR INSPECTIoNS SHALL BE I'IADE TIIENTY-F0UR HoURS lN ADVANCE BY TELEPHONE AT 479-2138 0R AT oUR oFFIcE FRoll 8:fl) Al,l 5:fi) Pl'l Send Cl,ean-Up Deposit To: S.H.CoLE SIGI1ATURE OF O!'NER OR CONTRACTOR FOR HIIISELF AND OIINER PAGE 2******************************************************************************** CONDITIONS OF APPROVALPermit #: 897-0190 as of 07/25/97 Status: APPROVED **************************************************************************d,***** Pernit Type: NEW (SFR,P/S,DUP) PERMTT Applied: 07/03/t997Applicant: s.H. coLE CoNSTRUCTION COMPANY rssued: 07/25/1997 Job Address: Locationz 2897 TIMBER CREEK DR UNITS 19-20 (LODGES AT TIMBER CREEK)Parcel No: 2103-143-00-011 ******************************************************************************** CONDITIONS******************************************************************************** 1. THIS PROJECT WILL REQUTRED A SITE IMPROVEMENT SURVEY. SUCH SURVEY SHALL BE SUBMITTED AND APPROVED PR]OR TO REQUEST FORA FRAME INSPECTION.2. ATTIC SPACES SHA]-,L HAVE A CEILING HEIGHT OF 5 FEET OR LESS, AS MEASURED FROM THE TOP SIDE OF THE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS OF THE FLOOR TO THE UNDERSIDE OF THE STRUCTURAL MEMEBERS OF THE ROOF DIRECTLY ABOVE.3. No TCO shal1 be iseued until 2 EHU restrictions have been recorded for the project. This includes all units.4. NO PLI'MBTNG.MECHANICAL OR ELECTRICAL WORK ALLOWED UNTIL PERI,IITS ARE OBTAINED 4*Contact 0ffice fdl;';l TOI{N OF VAIL CONSTRUCTTON PERI.IIT APPLICATfON FORMDNrr: 7bh7 , APPLICATfON UUST BE FILI;ED OUT COUPLETELY OR IT !,lAY NOT BE AcCEpTED r************************it*** PEIUNIT INFpRI,IATIQN *****************************n lLdt- #-V';ia;'iAfA;;'-' ill-Buildins I J-ptunr'ins t :-r_regtirtdi [ .l-Mechanibat [ ]-other',okfiter*ffiK Address:k, Eagle County Asseseors 28-8640 for Parcel #.PERI'IIT // ToTAL: S- ON *************** * * * * * *,6ffi8 Job Nane:7 nJurvrurNG: r _ !{ECHAI{fCAI.:$ -- vll * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * _ colrlRAgroR INFORIIIATTO7 Eenerat contractor: 5 t+ 6te G.I: A : -dfi---o tAo-Contractor: 5 il 6te L,egal Description:- Lot_ Block_ Ftltng susprvlsloN, orrners Na!'e: #h'fp?fti,fur Address: ,l?, Architect:| {ry lq,ftrua/k. Address: lnsa. Dr. l/a+/ pn. t/Zbffot ceneral Description: work class: t!-llew [ ]-Alteration [ ]-Aclditionar I j-Repair I J-other Nurnber of Dselling Units: L Nurnber of Accomnodation Units: d::: ::: :*: or Firepraces: n"'^nnil"i6TryaGas Loss- wood/peuet- /f*******.Yr\ffif;#*********** varirfr"r6fg Y*'i******************!r********!r** BUTLDTNG: lwrm_- ELECTRTCAL: $i;#iffi; Ecraxr,1rr., rr- 9I*5: ffi;:3:''"\:\i;'i;r5:?EFW! a' $tr-orqo T:T-": Y:11 R"9;, .no'lmPhone Number: 4't- utT i*:::::'r contractorz '/rit'vle €lec - p1l^".r--y:ll *"s. No.- il5*:l? contractort f+L?hl^b:t'u1 row.tn of vail Res. No. Mechanicar contractor: Trc (lahh'q Town of vail Reg. No._Address: *****************************il**FORBUTLDTNG PERMTT FEE: PLWBING PERUTT FEE: r.IECHANICAIJ PERMIT FEE: ELECTRICAI.I FEE: OTHER TYPE oF FEE8 DRB FEE: oFFrcE usE ** *** ** * * ** ** * *** * * * * * ****** * ** BUTLDTNG PIAI.I CHECK FEE: PLWBTNG PIJAI{ CHECK FEE:mm+*r6ffiffitTil TorAL PERMTB; EEEsirr i q ra9?;ii* [f0U 'i 3 1ss7 BUTI.DING: SIGNATT'RE: ZONINGs SIGNAIITTRE: CIJAN I'P I'EPOSIT IEFIND I{}:*ffW**.t", luwn TO: EROM: DATE: su&TECT: 75 roulh lrlntagr rc.d u.ll, color.do 81652 (303) 479-2138 ot 479-2L39 otflcc of communlty devclopmcnl ALL CONTRACTORS CURRENTLYL REGISTERED I{ITIT THETOWN OF VAIL TOWN OF VAIL PUBLIC WORKS/COMMITNITy DEVETOPMENT I.IARCH 16, 1988 CONSTRUCTION PARKINC & UATERIAL STORAGE rn sunnary, ordinance No. 6 states that it is unrawfur for anyPerson to ritter, track or deposit ani-soir,-"J"i, sand, debrisor uateriar, incruding tras5 !"ipsters, portabre toilets andworknen vehicles. upon any streetl siaewaixl -;li;y or publicplace or anv porti-on trt.i""il --irr. rrght-of-sray on ar] Town ofVail streeti ina.Ig"g= is approiinately 5 ft. off pavenenr.This ordinance nill be Jt"iEliv--lnforced by the Town of vai.rPublic works DeDartlrent. --p"i=6nl found, vieta[in; this ordinancewirt be given a 24 hour ,riii.i-'n;i;;*t;-;;;:'="id nateriar.In the event the person so notified.aoes noi-conpfy with thenotice within trrg ea hour.riD;-;;;;iii"I,' ii"-iiliric worksDepartment wilr renove.said nateliir-"t-inJ !*ili=e ot personnotified' The provi.sions-or-trrr! orainance sharl not beapplicable to c-onstruction, n"irrt"n.nce or repair projects ofany street or attey or any uriiiiies -i; 6"-;iifri_"_r.v. To review Ord,inanse No. 6 in full , please stop by the Tomr ofvail Building Departnent to obtain a copy. rlani< you for yourcooperation on this natter. Read and acknowledged by: hrn/rv Fr,Jhn (i.e. contractor, owner) lnwn 75 toulh trontrge rord vell, coloredo 81657 l3o3l 479-2138 ot 479-2L39 ofllce of communlty dcyclopmanl EUILDING PERI.IIT ISSUANCE TIME FRAME If this peryit requires a Town of Vail Fire Departnent Approval,Engineer''s (pubtic !l*rt review ana ipp"ouai,'i iiiil,iini'b"pu"t "ntreview or Health Departm6nt ieview,-.ni.a_review by the Buirding lsrt[;18",1;"ll: "'.t'uted time ro"'a-tstar ;;;i;*;"i"iuil'ui r6ng fl] cgtnngrgial ('rarge or smail) and a'r'r muril-fami'ry permits wi'[have to fo]low the above menti6ned maximum requirements. Residentialand smali projects shou'rd take a-reiier'amound of time. However, ifresidential or smal'ter.ppjects impiii *re virtous;;;;. mlnuoneadepartments with regard to-nicisiiiy-revrew, these projects mayalso take the three-weef peiioA. Every.attempt will be made by this deparrment to expedite thispermi't as soon as possible. - 'v !^rLv' rs r'' I:-!!. undersigned, understand the plan check procedure and timetrame. f/, Pro j ett-Xanre Commun'ity Devel ooment Department. I MEMORANDUM ALL CONTRACTOFS TOWN OF VAIL PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT MAY 9, 1994 WHEN A "PUBLIC WAY PERMIT'IS REQUIRED TO: FROM: DATE: RE: NO ls this a new residence? ls demolition work being performed lhal requires the use of the right of way, easements or public property? ls any utility work needed? ls the driveway being repaved? ls ditlerent access needed to site other than existing driveway? ls any drainage work being done atfeAing the right of way, easements, or public property? ls a 'Revocable Right Of Way Permit" required? 8) A. ls the right of way, easements or public property to be used for staging, parking or fencing? B. ll no to 8A, is a parking, staging or {encing plan required by Community Development? !f19u_ algwered yes to any ot these questions, a "Public Way Permit" musl be obtained.'Public Way Permit' applications may be obiained at the Public Work's office or atC9.11u1ity Development. lf you have-any questions please cail Chartie Davis, the Townof Vaif Construction Inspector, at.479-21*. I have read and answered allthe above questions. YES x1) 2)k X }( x X x 3) 4) s) 6) 7) K ft, PUBLIC WORKS PERMIT PROCESS How it relates to Building Permits: 1) Fill out our check list provided with a buildino oermit aoolication. lf yes was answered to any of the above questions then a "public way" is required. You can pick up an application at either community Development, located at 75 S. Frontage Road or Public Works, located at 1309 Vait Valley Drive. 2) Notice sign offs for utility companies. All utilities must field verify (locate) respective utilities prior to signing application. Some utility companies require up to a 48 hour notice to schedule a locate. 3) A construction tratfic controUstaging plan must be prepared on a separate sheet of paper.An approved site plan may also be used. This plan will show locations of all traffic control devices(signs, cones, etc..) and the work zone, (area of Gonstruction, staging, etc..). This plan will expire on oct. 15th. and will need to be resubmitted for approval through the winter. 4) Sketch of work being performed must be submitted indicating dimensions (length, width & depth of work). This may be drawn on the traffic control plan or a iite plan for the job. 5) Submit completed application to the Public Works's office for review. lf required, locates will be scheduled for the Town of Vail Electricians and Inigation crew. The locates take place in the morning but, may require up to 4g houis to perform. 6) The Public Work's Construction Inspector will review the application and approve or disapprove the permit. You will be contacted as to the status and any thai may needed, Most permits are released within 48 hours of being received, but pteas6 allow up to one week to process. 7) As soon as the permit is processed, a copy will be faxed to community Development allowing the "Building Permit'to be released. Please do not confuse the "Public Way Permit" with a "BuiHing Permit" to do work on a project itself. NOTE: I Jtrg,gOgle.process ts"for work in a pubtic way onty.* Public Way Permits are valid only untit ttovemOer iSttr.* A new Public way Permit is required each year if work is not comptete. cd/prYay 75 South Frontage Road Vail, Colorado 81657 303-479-2 I 38 / 47e-21 39 FAX 303-479-2452 Department of Comnuniry Deve loprnent TTFORI|AIIOf, I{EEDED TIIIEIf AFPLITTG FOR A IIECTIA|TTCTL PERIIA HEAT LOSS CAICUIJATIONS. TO SCALE FLOOR PLAN OF MECEAI.IICAL ROOU WITH EQUIPI'IENT DRAWN IN TO SCALE, I{ITH PHYSICAL DIUENSIONS AND BTU RATINGS OF ALL EQUIPMENT IN MECHAIiIICAL ROOM. sHow sIzE AND LOCATION OF COMBUSTION AIR DUCTS, FIUES, VENT CONNECTORS AND GAS LINES. NOTE WHETHER ELEVATOR EQUIP!{ENT WILL ALSO BE INSTALLED IN MECHANICAT ROOM. FAILI'RE BO PROVIDE THTS ITFORI,TATTOI{ I|II.IJ DELAT ToUR PERIIiIT. 1.. 2. 3. 4. 75 toulh tronbg. rc.d Yrll. colo?.do E1657 (303) 47FZr38 (3Gr) 4?$2|39 otllce of communlty developmenl NOTICE TO CONTRACTORS/OTINER BUILDERS Effective June 20, L99r, the Town of vail Building Department hasdeveloped the following procedures to ensure that new constructionsites have adequately established proper drainage from buirdingsites along and adjacent to Town of Vail roads or screet.s. The Town of vail Public works Department will be required toinspect and approve drainage adjacent to Town of vail roads orstreets and tbe installation of tenporary or permanent culverts ataccess points from tbe road or street on to tle construction site.such approvaL must be obtained prior to any request for inspectionby the Town of Vail Building Department for footings or temporaryelectrical or any other inspection. ptease catt 4'1 9-2160 ti,request. an inspection from the public works Department. ArLow aminimum of 24 hour notice. AJso, the Town of vail publj-c works Department will be approvingaLl finaL drainage and culvert instaltation with resulting roaipacching as necessary. such approvaL must be obtained pri.or toFj.na1 Certificate of Occupancy i_bsuance. BE$TCOPT AIJNJEE oFfliUE'6bPv 75 Soutlt Frontage Road Vail, Colorado 8j,657 970-479-2t 3V479-2139 FAX 970-479-2452 the Proj ect Number: PRaI97 -0120 Address ; 2897 TIMBERCREEK DR Occupancyr R3,Ml 'fype of Const-: V-N Departuent of Connnunity Developnent Town of Vail 75 South Frontage Road Vail, Colorado 81657(303) 479 -2138 PIan analysis based on 1991- Uniform Building Code Name: LOGDES @ TIMBERCREEK #20 Date: ,fu1y 25, L997 ContracLor: s. H. COLE Archi.LecL: LANCENWALTER Engineer: THOMAS A BEAUDETTE Plans Examiner: Charl ie Davi.s NOTE:The code it.ems listed in Lhis report- are not inbended t.o be a r:ompleLe list-ing of. aIl possible code requiremenLs in the 1991 UBC. It- j.s a qlui.de toselected sections of t-he code. SE PARAT I ON DIRECTION BOUNDARY AREA INCREASE NORTH Building 0.0 Feet EAST PloperLy line 14.0 Feet SOUTH Propert.y line 57.0 FeeL WEST Pub1ic way 53.0 Feet RATINGS AND 5-A FIRE PROTECTION 0.0 Fee L 14.0 tteet 57.0 FeeL 42.0 FeeL OPINING PROTECTION EAST SOUTH WEST NON-BRG OPNG BRG NON.BRG OPNG BRG NON-BRG OPNG WAIJL PROT WALL WALL PROT WALL WATJL PROT Ohr None Ohr Ohr None Ohr Ohr None Ohr None Ohr Ohr None Ohr Ohr None EXTERIOR WALL FIRE Table 17 -A & Tabte NORTI.I OCC BRG NON.BRG OPNG BRG WALL VIALL PROT WALL R3 thr* thr* NOP Ohr141 1hr* thr* NOP Ohr The exterior walls may be of COMBUSTIBLE mat.erial. Sec.2201. None -- No fire protection requirement.s for openings.Prot -- Openings are to be protected with 3/4 hr fire assemblies. 50% of the area of the waII maximum. Sec,2203. (b) & Tab]e 5-A Maximum single wind.ow size is 84 sq.fE with no dinensiongreaLer than l-2 feet. -- Sec. 430G. (h) NOP -- Openings are not permitLed in this wall.* -- These walls may be required to have a parapet. wall 30 inchesabove the roofing. The parapet wall is required to have the samefire rat.ing as bhe walr. see secLi-on 1?l-0. for detaits and excepLrons, {g o""'"""uuo rfis; 75 Soutlr Frontage Road Vail. Colorado 81657 970-479-2 r 3 8/479-2 I 39 FAX 970-479-2452 FL NAME AREA Departnrcnt of Conntunity Developuent MIN . LIGHT MIN.VENT NO. EXITS EGRESS 2 Bedroom #22 tsa t-h room 2 tlalls, closeLs, eLc,TOTAI, TOR FLOOR :1. Bed room 1 Ba t-h room I K i t-chen I l,r.vlng/uInrng 1 Ilal1s. closets, ehc TOTAI., FOR I.'LOOR B Garage B IIalls, clo.set-s, el:c 'I'OTAI, ITOR F'I,OOR I]U I LDI NG TO'I'AI, F OO'I]NO' ifi : 180 52 46r 693 14 0 52 60 z to '144 646 10 1L6 14 37 18.00 0.00 0.00 14.00 0.00 10.00 27 .50 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.00 2 .50 0.00 7.00 2 .60 5.00 13. B0 0.00 0. 00 0.00 Yes No No Yes No No No No Yes No Yes 1 L I 1 1 1 1 1 r 1 l 1 1 I 1 ) I;(lRl,lJtfl An operable window or door that opens di.recLlV to t.hr-, ext.erj or is; rr:quired f rc'm Lhis r-oom. The mini.mum clear orrenable ar-ea lnusr- m(-rel, Lha lollowing. - - Sec. 1204.1) 'I'tre minimum clear heighL i,s 2.4 inches 2) 'Ihe mininum clear width is 20 i.nches'l) 'l'hc' mjnimum .tl ().tt- .r] ca is '-i .7 s(Juar(l 4 ) 'l'lrr.' lraxi rnurn s; i I I lrc j qlrL ir; 44 i.rrche r; 2) !'lre nrrmtrer of exits is based on Tabte 33 A 3) A mechanical vent-ilat-ion sysLem may be used operrings for ventilat-ion. -- sec. 1205. (c) 4) The requir:ement- for an egressj window in t-he fiec:. 1204 . lleet ( Dwel. 1 i nc{s ) in in lieu of ext.erior basemenL is based orr I{OOM DIMIiNSIONS: Habi.l-able space shal). have a ceiling height- of not-, ]ess than T feeb 6inches. Kitchens, halls. bathrooms and toileL compartments may trave aceiling heiqht of 7 feeL measured Lo Lhe lowest projecLion. If bhe ceilingis sloping, then the minimum heiqht is required in only I/2 of the area. - - Sec. 1207. (a) Every clwelling uniL shall have at least one room which has not less than 120sqtlare feet of f}oor area. OLher habiLable rooms except kilchens sha]l havean area of not. fess than 70 square feet. -- Sec. l_207. (b) Habit-able rooms other Lhan a kitchen sharl not be less than ? feeL in anvdimension. - - Sec. 1207. (c) GLAZING REQU I RE}'IENTS : All glazing in hazardous locations is required to be of safetyglazing material. -- Sec. 5406. (d) 1) Clazing in ingress and egress doors except jalousies. 2) crazing in fixed and sliding panels of sliding door assembries andpanels in swinging doors other than wardrobe doors. 3 ) Glazing in st.orm doors. 4) Glazing in aII unframed. swinging doors.5) Gl-azing in doors and enclosures for hot tubs, whirrpoors, saunas, steamrooms, bat.htubs and showers. clazing in any portion of a building walr {P o'"'"''"''u'"'\il'l$ TUTN OF VAIL 75 Soutlt Frontage Road Vail. Colorado 8l,657 970-479 -2 I 3 8/479-2 I 39 FAX 970-479-24s2 Departme nt of Coununity Developntent enclosing these comparhments where Lhe botLom exposed edge of t-he cjlazing is fess than 60 inches above a sLanding surface and drain inlet. 6) Glazing in fixed or operable panels adjacent to a door where the nearest exposed edge of Lhe glazxing is wiLhin a 24-inch arc of either verLical edqe of the door in a closed position and where the bohtom exposed edge of Lhe glazing is less Lhan 60 inches above t-he wal}:ing surface. 7) Glazing in an individual fixed or operable panel. oLher l.han t,hose locaLions described in ilems 5 and 6 above, Lhan meets al1 of t-he f ol lowing condi Lions: A. Expo.sed area of an indi.vidual pane gt'eaLe]: than 9 square f eeL. ll . Exposed bottom edge less than LB inches above the floor- C. Exposed top edge greater t-han 35 inches above the floor. D, One or more walking surfaces wiLhin 36 inches horizont-alIy of Lhe plane of Lhe glazing. B) Glazinq in railings regarriless of height, .rbove a wall:ing surface- Included are sl.rlrct.rlr:al baluster panels and nonstrucLur-al in- f j.I1 panels. liee exr:eo l: i on s - SMOXI,] DITECTOR REQUIREMENTS : A smoke detector is required on the ceiling or walf at a poinL cent-ral1y I ocal:r,'d i n the c:orr j dor or area ct j-vj nc1 acciesi; t-o each r,;l ccp i nc, at:c,ir . i"< ' 12l0' ('t) 4' i-^ ^- ,,.r'r .i- ^^-.LA srnol-.e deLect.c>r is required on the cei},,,y sleepi ng area. Sec. 121.0. (a) 4. A :jmoke deLector is required in Lhe basement,. -- Sec. 1210. (a) 4. A smol:e deLecLor is reguired on all sbories. -- Sec. 1210. (a) 4.If the upper level- conLains sleeping room(s), a smoke detecLor is reqrrired.in the ceiJ-ing of the upper ]evel close L() bhe stairway.- Sec. 1210. (a) 4 ljmol:e det-ecl,ors are required Lo be wired t-o Lhe buitding's power source andshall be equipped with a baLLery backup. -- Sec. 1210. (a) 3.Del-ectors sha11 sound an alarm audible in alr sleeping ar.ea of Lhe clwe 1. lingin which Lhey are locaLed. -- Sec. 1210. (a) 4. OCCUPANCY SEPARATION: BeLween the garage and the residence, materials approved for thr f j.r.e consLruction are required on the garage side only and any doors betweent-he garage and Lhe residence are to be a self-closing l3/B inch solirlcore door or a 20 minube fire door. -- Table 5-B & sec. 503, (d) exc. #l STAIR REQUIREMENTS: A sL.airway in a dwelling must be aL leasL 3G inches wide. -- Sec, 3306. (b) The maximum rise of a step is 8 inches and the minimum run is 9 inches.-- Sec. 3305. (c) exc. *t Provide a handrail on one side a stairway 34 to 38 inches above Lhe nosing ifthere is 4 or more risers. -- Sec. 330G. (i) Provide a guard rail where drop off is greater bhan 30 inches. tlinimum heighL= 36 j-nches, maximum opening size = 4 inches. -- Sec. L7LZ. (a) exc. S1The minimum headroom is 5 ft.- 8 inches. -- Sec. 330G.(o) Enclosed usable space under the stairs is required to be protected as required {P *"''"""' "^"'*w 75 South Frontage Road Yail, Colorado 81657 970-479-21 3V479-21 39 FAX 970-479-2452 I) e p a rt m e n t of C omn unity D eve lop tne nt for Lhr fire- resisLive construction.Sec. 3306. (1) SHAFT ENCLOSURES: 1) Chutes and dumbwaiter shafts wiLh a cross - sec t-iona 1 area of not more t.han9 square feeL may lined on t-he inside wiLh not Iess than 26 gage galvanized sheet. metal wiLh all joinLs locklapped. The outside must be L hr const.ruction. All openings into any such enclosure shall be probecbed by not less than a self-closing solid wood door 1 3/B inches thicl: or equival.ent-. - - Sec. 1706. (f )2) cas vents and noncombusLible piping installed in !^ralls passing through3 floors or Less do not need bo be in t hour shafts.'- Sec. 1705. (c) 3) ShafLs for gas venLs, facLory-built chimneys, piping, or ducts thaL do not extend Lhrough not more Lhan 2 floors need not be in t hour shaf l-s.'- Sec . 1706. (c) 4) Alt other shaf l-s are required Lo be enclosed in a t hour assembly.'- Sec . 1705. (a) ADDITIONAL RI1QUIREMENTS : I,'or l{l occupancy l'his project will require a site improvement- survey. Such sul'vey shal1. be submiLt-ed and approved prior to requesL for f r:ame i n spec t i c.:n. r_o Any building sibe with a slope oE 30 degrees or more shall require anengineer design. Such design shalI address drainage, soil ret-ainacleand sLrucLural desiqrr. AI L crawl spaces within the Tolrn Of st l:ucrt.ural Iloor cei.] j.nq ]reic;ht of 5 vent-i I al,ed as per UBC 251.6 (C) 6 wit,h 251.6(C)2 and maximum access of 9 sq. ExcavaLion below slabs on approval . Address numbers shall bestreet. Vai I are I imi l'-ed to a ealth ', be eart-h f loor onIy, be minimum accer;s as per UUC ft-. grade shall not be permitCed wit.hout prior posted pl.ainly visible and legible from the For Ml- occupancy Slope garage floor to allow for drainagefloor drain wiLh sand and oil interceptor Any garage f l-oor drain connecLed to sewer EagrIe Val}ey Water & Sanit.ation Districc. to outside to provide a to d.ry well or to sewer. must be approved by Upper In garages wiLh living area above, the walls of the garage wiich arebearing t.he area above shall be protecLed with one hour fireresistive const.ruction. UBC 503 (B) . {P *""'"""*'*sffi TO,TN OFVAIL Tbwn of Vall OFFICE COPY 75 South Frontage Road Vail, Colorado 81657 970-479-213V479-2 139 FAX 970-479-2452 D e partment of C ommunity Deve lo pme nt 'l own ot vall 75 South Fronhage Road Vail , Colorado 81557(303) 479-2138 PIan review based on the 1991 Uniform Building Code Project Number: PRiI97-0190 Namer Address | 2897 TIMBERCREEK DR Occupancy: R3, M1 Type of Conne: V-N SIIE['T TDENTIIIICATION I,ODGES @ TIMBERCREEK #19,20 DaLe: July 25, 7997 Contractor: S. H. COLE ArchiLect: LANGENWALTER Eng ineer: THOMAti A IIEAIJDIITTE Plans Examiner: Charl ie Davis CORRECTION RI'QUIRED This ext,erior wall i.s required to be a thr fire assenbly, -- Table 5-A A.l. l. el cc;tr:icaf work i s t-, o be (:olnpl el.o. I o Lhe f (:ctruil-elnenLrj ol. Lhe .l ;rt-ol;t N:rt- j.ona.l lil ect,r-ic:a1 Cocle. all Town of VaiI Ordinances, and tloly Cross Requirements. A bathroon is required to have an openabJ-e window ora nechanical ventilation system. -- Sec. 1205. (c) In baLhrooms with a tub or shower and in laundry rooms a mechanical ventilation sysLem connecteddirecLly to the outsid.e shalI be provided. BaLhrmstrhich contain only a water closet or lav. may beventilated with a recirculating fan. UBC l-205 (c) . Domest.ic clothes dryer exhaust. ducts shall beinstalled as per UMC l-104 and 1903. Flexible duct connect.ors may noL exceed 5, in length and shall nohbe concealed wiLhin construclion. Ducts shallterminate outside the building and not exceed 14' l ength . No domestic dishwashing nachine shalI be directlyconnected to a drainage system without Lhe use of anapproved dishwasher air-gap fitLing. UpC 608. {P *"'""'n''"H,sl TOWN OF VAIL 75 South Frontage Road Vail, Colorado 81657 970-479-2r3V479-2139 FAX 970-479-2452 De pa r t ne n t of C on m unity Deve lop nre nt In buildings of unusually tiqht consLrucLion (alI new constnrction within the Torrn of Vail), combusLion air shall be obtained from the ouLside, Such combustion air openings shall be as per UMC Ch. 5. Supply a mechanical drawing indicaLing design of system, sj.ze (BTU and volume) of equipment-, venb Iocation and Lermination, and combusLion air to besupplied prior t-o any insLaIIation. Gas piping shall not be installed in or on Lhe ground under any buil.ding or struci-ure and exposedgas piping shall be kept ab leasL 5r' above grade. uMc 221 3 (b) The garage musL be separaLed from the dwel-ling bythr f ire-resist ive construction on the qarage side-- Table 5-B & 503. (d) exc.Sl A one-line electrical drawing for each level is required for this project- Failure Lo provide such may resulL jn f i.eld correcLions at t.l.re cxp>r:nse of cajll l- l'aci I ol:. 10 11 {,7 *'"'""" 'u'* ffiffii _ Tbtyn ot Vall OFFICE COPY 75 South Frontage Road Vail, Colorado 81657 970-479-2 I 3 8/479-2 I 39 FAX 970-479-2452 Departnent of Conmunity Developne nt Town of VaiI 7 5 Sou Lh Fron l-age Road Va j,I, Colorado 81657(303) 479 -2138 P1a n analysis based on Lhe 1991 Uniform Building Code Proj ecL Number: PRJ97 - 0120 Address t 2897 TIMBERCREEK DR Cont-L-acLor: S.H. COLE Occupancy: R3, Ml 1'ype of Const-: V-N NOl'l,l : The code i Lems I is ted in this report lisLirrg oll all possible code requirements sel ected secl-i.ons of t-he code. Name: LODGES @ TIMBERCREEK #19 Date: ,fu1y 25, L997 Archi t-ec t ! LANGENWALTER Engineer ! THOMAS A BEAUDETTE Plans Examiner: Charl ie Ilavis are not i.nt-ended to be a complete in Lhe 1991 UBC. IL is a suide Lo DI RNC'1'ION NOTITII [A ST SOUTII WE S1' I]OUNDARY Bui lcl ing Property Iine Bu i lding PubIic way SE PAITAT ION AREA INCREAS;Ii l-9. 0 Feet: r).u I eet 0. 0 Feet- 53.0 Feet: EAST BRG NON-BRG OPNC WAI.JL WALL PROTOhr Ohr NoneOhr Ohr None be of COMBUSTIBLE FIRE PROTIICTION 9 . 5 lleet: 15.0 Fee t- 0.0 Feet 42.0 Fee h SOUTH BRG NON.BRG OPNG WALL WALL PROT thr* thr* NOP l-hri thr* NOP material . Sec.2201 EXTIIRIOR WALIJ FIRE RATINGS AND OPENING PROTECTION Table 17-A & Table 5-A NORTH OCC BRG NON-BRC OPNG WALL WALL PROT R3 Ohr Ohr None M1 Ohr Ohr None The ext- e r ior walIs may WE ST BRG NON-BRG OPNG WALL WAI-,IJ PROT Ohr Ohr NoneOhr Ohr None None No fire proLection requirenents for openings.Prot -' Openings are to be protected wihh 3/4 hr fire assemblies. 50% of t.he area of the wall maximum. Sec.2203. (b) & Table 5-AMaximum single window size is 84 sq.ft wilh no dimensiongreater than 12 feet. -- sec. 4306. (h)NoP -- Openings are not permitted in Lhis wall.* -- These walls may be required to have a parapet wall 30 inchesabove the roofing. The parapet wall is required to have t.he samefire rat.ing as t.he warl. see section 1710. for details and exceDtrons {P ^""""'u "*'r T$,s; 75 South Frontage Road Vail, Colorado 8/,657 970-479-2 I 3 8/479 -2 I 39 FAX 970-479-24s2 Departnent of Conntunity Developnrent M I N. VENT NO. UX I'I'S L:GRESSNAMEFLAREA MIN. I,IGHT 2 Bedroom #2 2 BaLh room 2 Ha1 ls, cfosets, eLc TOTAL FOR FLOOR I Bedroom #1 l- Ba t-h room l- Ki t-chen I Living/Di ninq I HaIls, closeLs, et-c TOTAL FOR FIJOOR B Garaqe tl Ilal I s, cl oseLs, eLc TOTAI, FOR F'I,OOR BU I LD t NG I'O'TAL FOO',I'NO't'Efi: 180 54 459 693 143 f.t 50 276 2r2 745 650 L34 7r1 1438 18.00 0.00 0.00 14.30 0.00 10.00 27 .50 0.00 0.00 0. 00 9.00 2.70 0.00 7 . tc: 2.70 5.00 11.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 Yes No No Yes No Ncr No No Yes No Ye si l 1 1 1 1 I l 1 I 1 I 1 I I 1 ) LCRI1SS - An operabLe wi.ndow or door that opens direct-.1 y t-o Lhe exi-erior i.s r.-eqttired from t-his room. The minimum clear openable area must, meeL t-he f-ol lowi.ng- - - Sec. 1204. 1) The minimum clear height is 24 inches 2 ) 'l'he mi nimum cl.e.rr widLh is 2 0 inches J) 'l'lrc rninirlurn c.l.ear ;rr-.:a is 5. / squ;tl c 4 ) 'l'he max.i.mum sil.1 height is 44 inches 2) Tlrr-- numlrer of exiLs is based on Table 33 -A 3) A rner:lranical ventilation system may be used openincls for ventilation. -- Sec. 1205. (c) 4) The requirement for an egress window in Lhe liec. 1204 . fcct- (Dwellings) in in lieu of exterror basement is based on IIOOM DIMENSIONS: tlabitable space shall have a ceiling height- of not less than ? f eet_ 6 irrches. Kitchens, ha]1s, bathrooms ancl toileL compartmenLs may have a cei.Iinq height of '/ feet measured t-o the lowe.sL projecLion. If Lhe ceiling is sloping, then Lhe minimum height l-s requirecl in only L/2 of Lhe area,'-Sec. 1207. (a) Every dwel]ing uniL shalL have at leasL one room which has noL less than 120square feet of ffoor area. OLher habiLable rooms excepL kiLchens shall havean area of not less Lhan 70 square feeL. -- Sec. 1207. (b) llabitable rooms other than a kitchen shall not be less Lhan 7 feet in anv dimens ion .Sec . 1207. (c) GLAZING REQUIREMENTS: All glazing in hazardous locations is required Lo be of safeLyglazing material. - - Sec. 5405. (al) 1) Glazing in ingress and egress doors except jalousies. 2) Glazing in fixed and sliding panels of sliding door assemblies andpanels in swinging d.oors oLher than wardrobe doors.3) Glazing in storrn doors. 4) clazing in aII unframed s$/inging d.oors,5) Glazing in doors and. enclosures for hot tubs, whirlpools, saunas, steam {g *''"'"""''o"'r -ffis 75 Soutlr Frontage Road Vail, Colorado 81657 970-479-2 I 3 8/479-2 I 39 FAX 970-479-2452 D e partn e nt of C onnrun ity Deve lop m e n I rooms, bat-htubs and showers. Glazinq i.n any por:t-ion of a building wal1 enclosing l-hese comparLmenLs where Lhe bottom exposed edqe oI Lhe qlazing is less t-han 60 inches above a sLanding surface and drain j.nlet. clazing in fixed or operable panel.s adjacenb to a door where Lhe nearest exposed edge of the glazxing is wiLhin a 24-inch arc of either vertical edge of t.he door in a closed posiLion and where the bottom exposed edge of the g}azing is less than 60 inches above the walking surface. Glazing in an individual fixed or operable panel, other than those focaLions described in items 5 and 5 above, Lhan meets alI of the f ol lowing condi t i ons: A. Exposed area of an individual pane greater than 9 square feet. B. Exposed bott-om edge less than 18 incires above the f1oor. C. Exposed t-op edge greaLer than 36 inches above the f loor.'. D. One or more walking surfaces within 36 inches horizont-al1y of the pl ane of t.he glazing. B) Glazinq in r:ailings regardless of height Includecl are shructural baluster paneJ.s panel s. See excep L ions. af- a lroinI c:crtl r-;rJ I1, t-';rclt r; I rrr:1r i rrcl o r e:.r . in each sleerp-irrcy 6) tl above a walking surl ac:e. and nonsLrucLural in- ti.11 SMOKI DII'I'IJC1'OR RIiQUIREMENTS : A snrokc del ercl or i s r-c<1rri r-ed on l-he cci Li trcJ or wal I Ioc.-rl.c,'cl .i n t lte cr,rr'.t iriot (Jt- at ecl qi v irrcl it(icc{ir; t-osec. 1210. (a) 4. A smoke (lel-€rct-or i.s required on t-he ce.itincJ or waI Iarea- - Sec. 121"0. (a) 4. A smoke detector is required in t-he basement. - fjec. 12L0. (a) 4.A smol:e det-ect.or is t'equired on all stori.es. -- fiec. 1210. (a) 4. f f Lhe upper levef cont-ains sleeping room(s), a smol:e det-ect_or is requirerlj.n l-ire ceilinq of the upper J evel r:lose to t-he stairway.-' Sec. 1210. (a) 4 smoke detect.ors are required to be wi.red t-o Lhe building's power source and.shall be equipped wiLh a battery backup. -- Sec. I2I0. (a) 3. Detect ors shalr sound an alarm audible in alr sleeping area of Lhe dwerringin which they are locaLed. -- Sec. j,2I0. (a) 4. OCCUPANCY SEPARATION: BeLween the gat:age and the residence, mat.erials approved for thr firecor]st!.-uction are required on the garage side only and any doors bet.weenthe garage and the residence are Lo be a self-crosing 13/g inch solidcore door or a 20 minute fire door. -- Table 5-B & Sec. 503. (d) exc. #3 STAIR REQUIREMENTS: A sLairway in a dwelling must be at least 36 inches wide. -- sec. 3306. (b) The maximum rise of a step is 8 inches and the minimum run is 9 inches.-- sec. 3306. (c) exc. #1Provide a handrair on one sid.e a sLairway 34 to 3g inches above the nosing ifthere is 4 or more risers. - - Sec. 3306, (i) Provide a guard rail where drop off is greater than 30 inches. Minimum heiqht= 36 inches, maximum opening size = 4 inches. -- Sec. !7L2. (a) exc. #1The minimum headroom is 6 fL.- 8 inches. -- Sec. 330G. (o) Best copy {9 *"""'"'" '*"r Available \ 75 Soutlr Frontage Road Vail, Colorado 81657 970-479-2 I 38/479-21 39 FAX 970-479-2452 Deparnnent of Connunity Developue nt Enclosed usable space under the stairs is required 1-o be protected as required for thr fire-resistive construcLion. - - Sec. 3306. (1) SiIAFT ENCLOSURES: l.) Chutes and dumbwaiter shafbs with a cross-secLional area of not more than 9 square feeL may lined on the inside with not less than 25 gacte galvanized sheet metal with alI joints locklapped. The outside musb be t hr consLrucLion. AII openings inLo any such enclosure shall be protected hry not less Lhan a self-closing solid wood door 13/8 inches thic): or- equivalenl-. - - Sec. 1706. (f) 2) Gas vents and noncombustible piping insLalIed in wal. ls passing t:hrough 3 floors or less do noL need Lo be in t hour shafLs- - - jieci. 1706. (c) l) $haf t.s for gas venLs, f actory-buiIL chimneys, pi pincl , or duct.ji t-hat- do nc-r t- exLend Lhrough not more than 2 f loors need noh- be in t hour shaf Ls.-- Sec. 1705. (c) 4) All ot,her shaf t'-s are required Lo be encl.osed irr a I hour- assembly.-- Sec. I706. (a) AI)DTTIONAT, R!:QUIREMENTS : ["or It ] occupancy 'lhis projecL wilt require a sil-e irnprovemenl- surv€y. Such survey slral I be sublnit-t-ed and aplrr:oved pric.rr 1..) re(luesl for l r.antr: I Illil)cc t I ()lt . Al1 craw] apaces wiLhin Lhe Town Of Vail are limited t.o a eart.h Lo sl,rucl-ural floor ceiling height of 5,, be earLh floor only, bevenl-ilaLed as per UBc 251-5(C)6 with minimum access as per UBc 2516(C)2 and maximum access of 9 sq- fL. Any building site with a slope of 30 degree.s or more shall require anengineer design. Such design shall address drainage, soil retainageand sl-ructural design. Excavation below slabs on grade shal,l noL be permitted wiLhouL prior appr ova I . A<ldress numbers shall be posted plainly visible and legible from thest-reet. For M1 occupancy Slope garage floor Lo allow for drainage Lo outside to provide afloor drain with sand and oil inLerceptor to dry well or Lo sewer.Any garage floor drain connected to sewer rnust be approved by UpperEagle Valley Water & SanitaLion DisLrict. In garages wit.h Iiving area above, the walls of hhe garage wiich arebearing the area above shalt be protected with one hour fireresisLive const.ruction. UBC 503 (B) . {,7 *""'"""' 'o"'' til-l$; TOWN OF VAIL 75 S. FRONTAGE ROAD VAIL, CO 8L657 970-479-2L38 DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY DEVETOPMENT NOTE: THIS PERMIT MUST BE POSTED ON ,]OBSITE AT PLIMBING PERMIT PETMiL #: ATL TIMES P98-003s Job Address: Locatsion...: 1031 PCLrN swL/4 Parcel No.. : 2103-143-00-011Project No. : PRiI97-0L20 APPIJIEANT S H COLE CONSTRUCTION CO - OGTLBY T CHARLES, 2938 S FRONTAGE RD OWNER S H COLE CONSTRUCTION CO - OGII,BY T CHARI.,ES, 2938 S FRONTAGE RD CONTRACTOR J & C PLT]MBING & HEATING P O BOX 81, NEW CASTT,E CO 81647 StaEus...: ISSIIED 14-s-81 AppIied. .: 04/2t/L998 Issued...: 04/2L/L998 Ercpires . .: L0/L8/L998 W, VAIIr CO 81557 W, VAIIJ CO 8l-657 Phone: 3039842635 Description: PLlvlB FOR ITNITS L9,20 TODGES AT Tllvlvaluat,ion:7,200.00 FEE SO!.'MARY Plunbr,ng-----> Plan chcck---> Invrsci.ga!ion> R€EcualanE Pl,an R6wicn- - > TOTAL FSES... - -30.o0 . o0 t{ilI call--- -> 3 .00 .00 153.00 Tocal calculaL.d Fee6- __> 153.00 Addicional Fe6a---------> Totsal Pantrits F..---_-_--> Paymenta- - __ __ - . o0 153 .00 ..-."."."..TH:l"lT;;;;;:;;;;;;::"","'..'"";::"' IEem: 05L00 BUILDING DEPARTI,IEI{T Dept: BUILDING Division: O4/2L/L998 JRI4 ACtsiON: APPR APPROVED 'JRIVIi€6fr;'656d0-FinE DEPl\RTllElri -__-- DepE: FrRE Division:64/zt/tgga fiM Action: APPR N/A CONDITION OF APPROVAL 1. FIELD INSPEqTIONS ARE REQUIRED TO CHECK FOR CODE COMPTIANCE. DECI,AR]ITIONS I hcr.by .cknoul6€. chaL I have r6ad thi6 epplicaLion, til16d outs in full th. inforoatsion rcquired, coEPlstld an accu!a!' PloE plan, and 6tat6 thac all fha inforaatsion providcd aa rcquired ia corrccE. r agrce to cottrPly rich !h. infonation and ttlol plan' io couply rith all To!.n ordinanccB and EtaEe laxs, and to build Ehis sllueEure according to thc Town'B zoning and aubdivisi on codcs, design levi€r approvcd, unlforn Bullding code and ocher ordinanccd of bhc Town aPPlicable thf\co. RtsQUESTS BE MADE TWEIITY-POUR HOI'RS IN ADVANCE BY FRO gsoo Al.t 5r0O PM80R AND OTINER TOXI| Ol Vttt , COLORIDO tE Ertrltg l'r.rlbar. tlc-0390 llount i P.tr!.n! llcchod ! CK Norrtlon! 228{1 SgrE.!nl r rrrr rra i I i.r rrai a ltrr ar ia LS3.OO Oll2zfta L2..56 fniCr itRtl PrrriE f,or P98-0ots qtr.. B-PulB Pl,ulDllfo EEnlalf Prrcll tror 2lo3 -la3-0o-011 I€crsl,on r 1031 PCLIII Sr1/{ ra-5-91 TlIa PrltB.nc toE l Fac.: 153,00 locrl llJL Pute ! Erlan€!: 153.00 153,00 .00 AccourE cod. D..crLltglon pp 001000031t1200 PlJulGldo PERllll t8Btt PF 00100003112300 P&,Nf CHECK tAAs tfc 00100003112t00 lllLt cltL llfaPBglloq FBE l'rcunl 12 o. 00 30. oo 3.00 TOIIN OF VAII., 75 S. FRONTAGE ROAD VAIIJ, CO 81657 970 -479 -2L38 DEPARTMENT OF COMMI]NITY DEVELOPMENT NOTE: THIS PERMIT MUST BE POSTED PI-,IJMBING PERMIT ilob Address:Locatsion...: 1031 PCLIN SWL/4 Parcel No. . : 21-03-143-00-011 ProjecE No. : PRJ97-0120 APPLICANT S H COLE CONSTRUCTTON CO - OGILBY T CHARLES, 2938 S FRONTAGE RD O!'INER S H COLE CONSTRUqTION CO - OGILBY T CEARIES, 2938 S FRONTAGE RD CONTRA TOR iI & C PLI'MBING & IIEATING P O BOX 81, NEW CASTI-,E CO 81647 SEAEUS...: ISSI]ED r4-s-8! App}ied. . : 04/2L/L998 Issued...: 04/2L/L998 Extrrires . .: LO/L8/1998 w, vArL co 81657 w, vArL co 81557 Plrone: 3039842635 ON JOBSITE AT Permit #: AI-,L TIMES P98 - 003 5 Description: PLMB FOR IJNITS 19,20 LODGES AT TIMValuaEion:7 ,200.00 FEE SUMMARY plud.bing-----> 12O.OO RoBtuaran! Pfan Rcvi€ir--> .oo Toeal Calcula!€d 8!c€---> 1s3'oo Plrn chcck---> 3o.oo ToTAL FEE9----- Invcgtig.cion> .oo Tota1 Pcrmits Fec_-_--__-> 153'00 will call----> 3.oo Pal'nentd - - - - - - - 153'00 BAIANCE DUE.--- Item: 051-00 BUILDING DEPARTMENT Dept: BUILDING Division: 047 ii / It 96-,JRI"I--- --- -AEEibn ; AFPR eppRovsD ilprut-rrem: osstjO-it'ns DEpi\FfMEilT ffipE: FIRE Division: 64/it/tgga RM AcEion: APPR N/A CONDITION OF APPROVAL 1. FIELD INSPECTIONS ARE REQUIRED TO CHECK FOR CODE COMPLIANCE- DECLAr<A*TIONS r hcreby acknorlcdg. lhac r havs r.ad thiE appliceti.on, fi11ed our in ful1 lhr informalion required, co$pl'a!'d tn accurat€ plo! pl.n, and stsatq ghats all thc infolraEion providcd as required ie colrecC. I agree Lo conply si.lh Chr lnfon0atlon ife::.*t"';;;;t; ;i;;-.ii-;";;-".iin"."". and stsaEe t.r.s, and to build lhis 'tructsure accordinE to Ehe ro'n'6 zonins and subdiviEj'on codee, dceign rcvj.er approved, unlforrn Building code and ocher oldinancc6 of thc Torrn altltlicable REQUESTS FOR INSPECTIONS STIALIJ BE MADE TI'IENTY-POUR HOURS IN ADVA.}ICE BY FROM g:00 Al't 5:00 PMeoR AND OWNER TOIOI O? VllL' @t OnrDO ScrEarnc truEb.rr REc-039o lE)unt ! 9 &rnl lt Bhoa! CR Iocrglonr 22041 ScrgarrtE tttttiiai r lt al|itt a l attt, L3t.oo Oa/2219a L2.36 Ini!: {tR$ 9.rEl,c xo, Pt8-0035 llp. r E-EL$B Pt lrllBlllc PB Ia Prrc.l lfo t 2103 -1{3 - 00 -011 toc.clon3 1031 gct IN An/4 ll-5-81 tlrla P.y!.ng Iotrl laa! r 133. O0 ToErl lL! lrBer ! B.l$cc: 153.00 153.00 .00 lrcunl r.20.00 30.00 3.OO t t rt att t l.a tttt.l r, ttt tt rl r, t ttrttril tt titt a a att a t I ttta ttattt *tta t ta fat lccclrnt 6da Do.crl,pBIon PP OOIOOOO311I2OO PIJTJIIBIIIO PERIIIT FBBI' pt 0ol00oo3112too PLlll cllEcK FEElt rC 00100003112400 rlLL CltJ. MgPECllOf IAE lon'tact'Eagle CouncY ffEL f : '1 3 -u,rtrur'n VAIL CONSTRUCTTON APPLTCATION FORM qETf- otzo 1 ' PER.\rIr /j IT MAY NOT BE ACCEPTED **************** ***** ***** **rr 0ffice TOWN OF PERMTT . APPLICATION MUST BE FILLED, r * Jr * rtrt Jr*:t:t * * * * * * * ** * * * **** * *r.* DAIEzI-2t,.?* OUT COMPLETELY OR PERMIT TNFORMATTON fi1-elunruing l-Electrical t 4LUkAddres FiI )wners Name: <,4. fc[" (lr,yT. Address: ,rchitect:Address: f ob Name: ,egal Description: Lot Block Dh Assessors Parcel /l . ;eneral Description: 'ork class, th-New [ ]-Alterationl l-Additional [ ]ln"pui, [ ]-orher umber of DweIling Units:Nurnber of Accomrnodation Units: ,;.rnrber and rype of Fireplaces: cas Appliun""yfl_ Gas Logs? wood/perlet ********************************* VALUATTONS * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I UILDING: $OTHER: $.LUMBTNG: 41-a_e_,+-z * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * *.*.* * *.* * * * * CoNTRACTOR INFORMAL,IONeneral contractor: ddress: Iectrical Contractor: ddress: lumbing Sontractor:ddress: echanical Contractor: ddress: ******************************* UTLDING PERMIT FEE: LUMBING PERMI'I FEE: ECHANICAL PERMIT FEE: LECTRICAL FEE: IHER TYPE OF FEE: RB FEE: EI,ECTRICAL: S MECHANIcAL: $--'-----TOTAL: { ***** *rr*************** * tr*** Town of Vail Reg. NO. Phone Nunrber: Town of Vail Reg. NO. Phone Nunber: rown of vair Res. No. f l5-P FOR OFFICE USE BUILDING Phone Nunber: Town of Vail Phone Nurnber: * * * * * ** rr* ****** * * * * ?k:t *** * * * * * * * PI,AN CHECK FEE: PLUI,IBING PI,AN CHECK FEE: MECHANICAL PI,AN CHECK FEE: RECREATION FEE: CLEAN-UP DEPOSIT: TOTAL PERMIT FEES: BUTLDING 3 SIGNATURE: ZONING: SIGNATURE: crnrnent,s : VALUATION 'LEAN UP DEPOSIT BXFI]ND AO: zJll 'l tl 75 south lronlage road vail, colorado 81652 (303) 479-21.38 ot 479-2L39 TO: FROM: DATE: SUBJECT: olllce ol communlly deyetopmenl ALL CONTRACTORS CURRENTLYL REGISTERED WITH THETOWN OF VArL TowN OF VAIL pUBLIc WoRKs/coMMUNrTy DEVELOPMENT MARCH l-6, t988 CONSTRUCTTON PARKING & MATERTAL STORAGE rn summary, ordinance No. 6 states that it is unrawful for anyPerson to ritter, track or deposit anv-""ir]-rlci<, sana, debrisor rnaterial, incruding trash humpsters, portabre toilets andworkmen vehicres. upon any srreer, "ia;;"i;, -;ii;y or publicprace or any porri-on th;;";i:--ine right:;;_;;;-ln arr rown ofVail streets ind.roads is approximately 5 ft. off pavenent.This ordinance wirr be ;i.i:iiy"e.nforced by the Town of VaiIPubl-ic works DeDartment. --p"r=lns found viirating this ordinancewirr be given a 24 hour writien n"ii""-to*;;;;;;=said rnateriar.rn the event the person so notified.aoes noi-'compr.y with thenotice within the 24 nour time-=p""iii";,"i;"-;"Lti" work=Department wilr remove said rnateii.i-ii-in""I"p."=e of personnotified' The nroviri""r-"r-"Iili= "rainance sharr not beapplicable to cbnstruction, ,.ir,t"r,unce or repair projects ofany street or arley or any ,!iiiai;;'i; ;;"-;i;;i_u_"uy. To review ordinance No. O in fult, please stop by the Town ofvail Buir'ding Departrnent to obtain a copy. rnanx you for your.cooperation on this natter. (i.e. contractor, owner) 75 louth ,rontage tord vall, colorado 81557 (303) 479-2L38 or 479-2L39 of f lco of community developmerrt BUILDING PERTiIT ISSUANCI TIIIE FMNE ll_l!t:_frgjt.lgouires a Tov,n of Vail [ire Department Approvat,tn9tneef ''s (.pubi ic l,lorks) reyiew and approval ,'a planninf'Departnent review or.Hea'lth Departmdnt review, anb'a_review uv ine duiiiins - Department, the estimated time for a total r.ui.*-ruy iali'as t6ngas three weeks. Al I commercial (.1arge or smal'l ) and al I mu'lti -family permi ts wil lhave to foilow the ibove rnentioned maximum requireminii. 'Residential ::1_:T:ll_prgi.:t:.shou'td take a tesser amount of time. However, ifresroenulaI or snlaller projects impact the various above mentioniddepartmcnts with reoard'to-necessary review, ttrese proje.li ,nuyalso take the three-weef peiioJ. Every attempt will be Tgge bV this deparLnrent to expedite thispermit.aS sqon as possible. - f' the undersigned, understand the plan check procedure and tjmeTrame - Communi ty Development Department. TO: FROM: DATE: RE: MEMORANDUM ALL CONTRACTORS TOWN OF VAIL PUBLIC MAY 9, 1994 WHEN A ''PUBLIC WAY WORKS PERMIT' DEPARTMENT IS REOUIRED Job Name: Date: Please answer the following questionnaire regarding the 1) ls this a new residence? 2) ls demolition work being performed that requires the use of the right of way, easements or public propefy? 3) ls any utility work needed? 4) ls the driveway being repaved? 5) ls different access needed to site other than existing driveway? 6) ls any drainage work being done aflecling lhe right of way, easements, or public properly? 7) ls a "Revocable Hight CI Way permit" required? need for a'Public Way Permit': YES NO B) A. ls the right of way, easemenls or public property to be used lor staging, parking or fencing? B. lf no to 8A, is a parking, slaging or {encing plan required by CommunityDevelopment? . ll you answered yes to any of these questions, a "Public Way Permit" must be obtained. "Public Way Permit" applicalions may be oblained at the Public Work's otfice or at C9.11u1ity Deve.lopment. lf you have any questions please call Charlie Davis, the Town of Vail Construction Inspector, at.419-21 Sg, I have read and answered allthe above queslions. Conlraclo/s Signature DateJob Name 3) How it 1) PUBLIC WORKS PERMIT PROCESS relates to Building Permits: Fill out our check list provided with a buildinq permit aoolication. lf yes was answered to any of the above questions then a "Public Way" is required. You can pick up an application at either Community Development, located at 75 S. Frontage Road or Public Works, located at 1309 Vail Valley Drive. Notice sign offs for utility companies. All utilities must field verify (locate) respective utilities prior to signing application. Some utility companies require up to a 4B hour notice to schedule a locate. A construction traffic control/staging plan must be prepared on a separate sheet of paper.An approved site plan may also be used. This plan willshow locations of all traffic control devices(signs, cones, etc..) and the work zone, (area of Construction, Staging, etc..). This plan will expire on Oct. 15th. and will need to be resubmitted for approval through the winter. Sketch of work being performed must be submitted indicating dimensions (length, width & depth of work). This may be drawn on the traffic control plan or a site plan for the job. Submit completed application to the Public Works's office for review. lf required, locates will be scheduled for the Town of Vail Electricians and lrrigation crew. The locates take place in the morning but, may require up to 4B hours to perform. The Public Work's Construction Inspector will review the application and approve or disapprove the permit. You will be contacted as to the status and any that may needed. Most permits are released within 48 hours of being received, but please allow up to one week to process. 2) 4l 6) 7) As soon as the permit is processed, a copy will be faxed to Community Development allowing the "Building Permit" to be released. Please do not confuse the "Public Way Permit" with a "Building Permit" to do work on a project itself. NOTE: " The.above.process is,for work in a public way only.* Public Way Permits are valid only until November 1Sth.* A new Public Way Permit is required each year if work is not complete. 5) cdlp,vay ili 75 soulh lrontage road vall, colorado 81657 (303) 47$2138 (303) 479-2139 oflice ol communlty developmenl NOTTCE TO CONTRACTORS/OWNER BUII.DERS Effective June 20, 1991, the Town of VaiI Building Department has developed the following procedures to ensure that new constructionsites have adequateJ-y estabtrished proper drainage from buildingsites along and adjacent to Town of Vail roads or sEreeLs. The Town of Vail Public Works Department will be required toinspect and approve drainage adjacent to Town of VaiI roads orstreets and the instaLlation of temporary or permanent culwerts at access points from the road or streeL on to the construction site. Suctr approval must be obtained prior to any lequesL for inspectionby the Town of Vail Building Depart-menl- for footings or Lemporaryelecl-rica1 or any other inspecE.ion. Please call 479-2160 torequest an inspection from the Public Works DeparLment. Allou: a minimum of 24 hour notice. AIso, the Town of VaiI Public Works Department vrill be approvingall final drainage and culverL installation wit.h resulting. roadpaiching as nece6sary. Such approva] must be obtained prior to Fj.nal Certificate of Occupancy issuance. 75 South Frontagc Road Vail, Colorado 81657 303-479-21 38 / 479-21 39 FAX 303-479-2452 Departuent ol Conuuutiry Dcvclopncnt INFORMATION NEEDED T{HEN APPTYI}|G FOR A MECHANICAI PERMIT 1. 2, HEAT LOSS CALCUI,ATIONS. TO SCAI-,E FLOOR PLAN.OF MECHANICAL ROOM WITH EQUIPMENT DRAWN rN TO SCAIE, WrTH PHYSTCAL DTMENSTONS AND BTU RAT]NGS OF ALL EQUIPMENT IN MECHANICAL ROOM. SHOW STZE AND LOCATION OF COMBUSTION AIR DUCTS, FLUES, VENT CONNECTORS AND GAS' LINES. NOTE WHETHER ELEVATOR EOUIPMENT WILL ALSO BE INSTALI,ED IN MECHANTCAL ROOM, TO PROVIDE THIS TUiONT,I.NTTON WIUT, DELAY YOUR PERMIT. 3. 4. FAILURE TOWN OF VAIL75 S. FRONTAGE ROADvArL, co 81657 970-479-2L38 APPLICAIqT,J & C PLT'MBING & HEATING P O BOX 81, NEUI EASTLE CO 8L647 CONTRAETOR,J & C PIJIJMBING & HEATING P O BOX 81, NEW eASTtE CO 8L647OVINER S H COLE CONSTRUCTION CO - OGITBY T CHARIJES, 2938 S FRONTAGE Description: mectranical for new duplex DEPARTTT,IENI OF COMMIJNITY DEVELOPMENT NOTE: TIIIS PERMIT MUST BE POSTED ON iIOBSITE.AT ALL TIMES MECHANICAT PERMIT PermiE #: M98-0L40 Job Address... 1t'?" SEaEus...: rssttEDLocation......: LODGES AT TIMBER CREEK ITNITS lApplied..: o7/29/a998Parcel No.....: 2Lo3-L43-00-oi.l_ Issued...r 07/29/]-999ProjecE Number: PRJgz-o12o E:q>ires..: oL/2s/L999 Plrone: 3039842635 Phone: 3039842635 RD W, VArL cO 8t-657 Valuation:. 6,000.00 Fireplace Infordatlon: Redlrictcdt y +of Oa6 Appliancea: 2 +of oas Log6:*of wood/PalleL: r*..**r*rrr*.r FEE sttltMARY Mechanical---> Plan Cheek- - -> Inve6Cigation> [{i l1 call.----> 120 . OO 30.oo ,00 .00 1S3 - O0 R6seua),ant Plan Revhw- - > DRB Fce-------- Tocal Celculaeed Fe€€- - - > 153.0o Addicional Feea---_-----> .oo TotsaI Pcrnic Pse----____> 153.oo.OO TOTAL FBES.. -.. 3 .00 153 . O0 BAI,ANCE DUE---.- .OO ITEM: .O51OO BUILDING DEPART!,IEIfT DEPL: BUILDING DiViSiON:07/29/L998 CHARLIB ACtiON: APPR CIIARLIE DAVISITEM: 05600 FIRE DEPARII4EI\IT DEPT3 FIRE DiViSiON:07/29/L998 CHARLIE AcE.ion: AppR N/A CONDITION OF APPROVAI-, FIELD INSPECTIONS ARE REOUIRED TO EHECK FOR CODE EOI'IPIIANCE. COMBUSTION AIR IS REOUIRED PER SEC. 607 OF THE 1991 T'MC.COMBUSTIONINSTATI.ATI AIR IS REOUIRED PER SEC. 607 OF THE 1991 T'MC ON MUST CONFORM TO MANI'FAETURES INSTRU TIONS REOUIRED PER SEC. 607 OF THE 1991 T'MC. CONFORM TO MANI'FAETURES INSTRU TIONS ANDTO APPENDIX GAS APPLIAN TO APPENDIX CHAPTER 21 OF THE 1.991 I'MC.GAS APPLIANCES SHALL BE VENTED AECORDING TO CHAPTER 9 ANDSHALL TERMINATE AS SPECIFIED IN SEC.906 OF TIIE 1991 UMC.ACEESS TO HEATING EOUIPMEIIT MUST EOMPLY WITII SEC.sOs ANDACCESS TO rN sEc.906 0F TIIE 1991 MUST COI4PLY WITII SEC.sO5 BOILERS FLOORS OF NONCOMBUSTIBLE CONST. FLOORING.BE POSTED IN MECHANIEAL HEATING OR HOT-WATER 1.2.3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. SI'PPLY BOILERS SHALL BE EOUIPPED WITH A FLOOR DRAIN PER SEC.2l_L9 0F THE 1991 UMC. *************************:l****************************************************** T'NLESS LISTED FOR MOI'NTING OPERMIT, PT,ANS AIID CODE AI{AI,YS ROOM PRIOR TO AN INSPECTIONDRAINAGE OF MEC}IATiIICAIJ ROOMS DECLARATIONS t h.f.hl' rcknotl'.dg. Ch.L t hrE E.rd fhta .lDllcatio. flllld out ln full thr irfotm.tslqt r.quir.a, coqrl.b.d .rr rccur.b. ploEpl.n' rnd .C.ts. Ch.t rll th. ,.nf,or!|tlon provldrd rr r.quir.d lr corr.c!. t lgre. co cqtqrly rtth tho infqlu.tioti and plot pl.n.to cd]ttly tilh.ll To,rn ordl,n[c.. |na aEr!. hr!, rnd co brrtld Ehtr rgructur. rcco8dtng ro cha Tom,r Eonl,ng |od rubdlvlalon cod.a ' d.rlgn rcvl., rtDrovrd, Ihlfon iullding cod. rnd olhar ordinrncrr of th. torn .ppll,c.blr th.r.to. REOi ESTS Fe, tllapEerrofia amlL BE !nD[ 1|tlr|5r-totn Ho(na u{-2tt3 ol' .[T OltR OIFICE PROfI gro0 lll 5,00 P$ S!(nnTURB Op Ot|rttR oR cbttlRAcmR FOi HIUtTLF ll|D or|nER ***}************************************************************ TOIiIN OF VAIL, COLORADO Statenmt**************************************************************** SLatemlt Number: REC-0430 Amount, : Pa)menE MeEhod: CHECK Notat.ion: 23L99 153.00 O7/29/98 L3t28 Init: @ PermiE No: M98-0140 Tlpe: B-MECH MECHANTCAL PERMTTParcel No: 2103-143-00-011 LOCATiON: LODGES AT TIMBER CREEK UNITS L9-2OTotal Fees: L53.00This Pa)rment, 153 . O0 Total ALL pmEs: l_53. 00Balance: .00**************************************************************** Account Code Description MP OO1OOOO31113OO MECHANICAL PERMIT FEESPF OO1OOOO31123OO PI,AN CHBCK FEES WC OO1OOOO31128OO WILL CALL ]NSPECTION FEE AmounE. 120.00 30.00 3.00 TOWN OF VAIL 75 S. FROI\TTAGE ROADvArL, co 91657 970-479-2L38 DEPARITITENT OF COMMI,NITY DEVEI-,OPMENT NCITIE: THIS PERMIT MUST BE POSTED ON APPLICANT,J & C PLI]MBING & HEATING P O BOX 81, NEW CASTLE CO'8L64'7 CON:TR.,ACTOR .f & C PLTJI,IBING & HEATINGP O BOX 81, NEW CASTLE CO 81647OWNER S H COLE CONSTRUEIION CO - OGILBY T CHARIJBS, 2938 S FROIfTAGE Description: mechanical for new duplex MECHANIEAL PERMIT 'JOBSITE AT PermiE #: Job Address...: Status...: ISSUEDLocaTion : LoDGES AT TII,IBER CREEK I,NITS lApplied..: O7/29/L998Parcel No.....: 2l-'03-j-43-00-01j_ Issu€d...: o7/29/L999 ProjecE. Number: pRif97-0120 Erq)ires.. : OL/2s/1999 ALL TIMES M9B - 01_4 0 Phone : 3039842635 Phone: 3039842635 RD W, VArt CO 8l-657 ValuaEi-on: +of Oaa LogE: 6, 000 . 00 +of wood/Pallel: PAE SUITIMARY Fireplace Infornat.ion: Restricccdt y *Of oae Applianccs: 2 Re6Euaran! PIan Revl.x- - >120 .00 30.o0 .00 3.OO IEEM: O5]-OO BUILDING DEPARTMEI{T DEPE: BUTLDING DiViSiON:07/29/L998 CIIARLIE ACTiON: APPR CIIARLIE DAVIS I!eqri.q56Q0_EIBE DEPARTMENT Depr: FrRE Division:07/29/L998 CIIARLIE AcEion: APPR N/A COIIDITION OF APPROVAL 1-. FIELD INSPECTIONS ARE REOUIRED TO EHEEK FOR CODE COMPTIANCE.2. COMBUSTIONAIR IS REOUIRED PER SEC. 507 OF THE 1991 I'MC.3. INSTALI,ATION MUST CONFORM TO MANI'FAETURES INSTRUETIONS AIIDTO APPENDIX CTAPTER 21- OF THE 1991 IJMC.4. GAS APPLIAIiICES SIALL BE VElil:IED ACCORDING TO CHAPTER 9 AND SHALL TERMINATE AS SPECIFIED TN SBC.906 OF TIIE 1991 T]MC.5. ACCESS TO HEATING EOUIPMENT MUST COMPTY WITH SEC.5Os AND703 OF TIIE ]-991 IJMC:6. BOILERS SHALL BE MOUNTED ON FLOORS OF NONCOMBUSTIBLE CONST.I'NLESS LISTED FOR MOIJNTING ON COMBUSTIBTE FLOORING,7. PERMIT,PI.A}IS AND CODE A}IALYSIS MIUST BE POSTED IN MECHANICAL ROOM PRIOR TO AN INSPECTION R-BOI'EST.8. DRAINAGE OF MECHANICAL ROOMS CONTAINING HEATING OR HOT-WATER SUPPLY BOILERS SHAI.,L BE EOUIPPED $IITH A FLOOR DRAIN PER SEC.2119 0F THE 1991 UMC. ******************************************************************************** Mechani.cal---> Plan Check- - - > Invc6tigalion> tlill caIl----> TOTAI, PEES-.. - - .00 153 . O0 Toeal Calculaged Fees- - - >153 .00 AdditioneL F..F-- --- --- -> .00 Tobal P6t.mit PcG--------> 153.oo PayrlenCE- - ----- - 153.oO BAI,A-T{CE DUE---.- .OO DECTARATIONS I hir.by tcknoflcdg. thaL r havc r.ad tshia apptlcrtslon, fIll.d out ln full Bh. lnfonrEr,on lcquir€d, cooplctcd .n rccurrL. pLot PIan' and ttat. thrt all thc inforortlon provldad r. rcqul,r.d l. corrcct. t tgrc. !o corurly dtsh Ehc infolE tion and plot plan,to cdply ui.ch all Totr! ordlnancca .rrd !!.!r hr!, rnd to bulld Ehi,. .truccur. rccordlng co th6 Toon, r zonLng and 6ubdLvlel.or!cod.s' dr.ign r.wicr approwed. unifor[ Bulldl,ng cod. lnd otsh.r ordin.nc.r of th. Toyn applicrblc th6r.to. REQUEgTS FOR IIISPBCIIOIIS SHA.LL BB ttADB rf8tEy_FolrR HouRa IN -213S OR AT OUR OFFICE FROU S:O0 AU 5:O0 P SIOI{ATI'nB OF OTINBR OR CbIITRAETOR FOR HIMI'EI,F ATID o|{NER ***:t************************************************************ TOWN OF VE,IL, COLORADO Statemnt**************************************************************** StatemnE, Number: REC-0430 Amount: t53.OO 07/29/99 13:28 Pa]rment Met,hod: cIIEcK Notat,ion: 23Lgg IniE: @ Permit, No: M98-0140 fi4ge: B-MECH MECIIANICAL PERI.,IITParcel No: 2103-143-00-011I,OcaIion: LODGES AT TIIIBER CREEK ITNITS L9-20 Tot,al Feee: 153 .00This Palment 153.00 ToEal ALL pmts: L53.O0Balance: .00 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * :t * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * Account. Code Description MP OO1OOOO31113OO MECHANIEAL PERMIT FEES PF OO1OOOO31123OO PLAN CHECK FEESwc 00100003112800 wrLL CALIJ TNSPEcTION FEE AmounE. 120.00 30.00 3.00 )*Contact Eagle County Assessors Offlce S;-'.3i ';?'Ti'b1\Ii+*;h-"t,'39g"?[ X]ll,SiilirRucrroN PER',rr , - oarin:ii-i_ib'"V /4 -\ O pfral- , APPLTCATION MUST BE FILLED OUT COUPLETELy OR tr* * * * * * * * * * r * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * PERMIT rNFORl.rATroN/l Architect: ceneral Description: work class:-,1g{-llew g r-Alteration [ ]-Acrditional [ ]-Repair [ ]-other Nunber of Dwelling Units, 2 Nunber of Acconmodation Units: - $rnber and ?]pe of Fiiepraces: cas Appliances_ cas Logs_ wood/perretv lT***r'***************************** vALUATToNs **** *** * * ********** ***** ********* BUILDING: $OTHER: $ Address: ado IT IITAY NOT BE ACCEPTED ****************************r [ ]-Buildi'g ,t )-plurnrt"y. , l-Erectrical X-r'recuanibar I J-other Job Name:1*t0 Address: Legal Oescription: Lot Block_ Filing oe/ners Name: . r{- 4 ' flO-F Address:piJ.ctx&t3_ Ph. EIECTRTCAL: $ , MECHANTCAL:. S@T TOTAL:$-- TNFORMATToN *************************** Town of Vail Req. NO.Phone Number: Town of VaiI Phone Nurnber: Reg. NO. Town of Vail Req. NO.Phone Nurnber: j-..{- t77 Town of Vail Reg. NO.Phone Number: FOR oFFrcE USE ******************************* BUTLDTNG PI,AN CHECK FEE: PLUI{BTNG PI,AN CHECK 3EE:T'TECHANTCAL PI,AN CHECK FEES RECREATTON FEE: CLEAN-UP DEPOSIT: TOTAL PERMTT FEES: BUTLDTNG: STGNATURE: ZONING: STGNATURE: Electrical Contractor: Address: Plunbing Address: Mechanical Contractor: Address: PLUMBING PERMIT FEEs MECHANICAL PERMIT FEE: ELECTRICAL FEE: OTHER TYPE 08 FEE: DRB FEE: CLEAN T'P I}EPOSIT NET'T'I{D ;ili 75 south f ronlage road vall, colorado 816S2 (303) 479-21.38 or 429-2L39 TO: FROM: DATE: SUBJECT: of llce of communlty developmenl ALL CONTRACTORS CURRENTLYL REGISTERED WITH THETOTfN OF VAIL TowN oF VAIL puBLIc woRKS/coMMUNITy DEVELOPI,IENT MARCH L6, l-988 CONSTRUCUON PARKING & MATERTAL STORAGE rn sumnary, ordinance No. 6 states that it is unlawful for anyperson to ]itter, track or deposit uny-.lit;-.;k; ;""a,'i"tli=or nateriar, including trash bu*prt.r", portabre toirets andworkmen vehicles. upon any street., sidewalk, alley or publicplace or anv norribn tneie"il--T!" rigtri-"i-;;;-"n arr Town ofVail street-s ana roads i; ;;;r";irnatety s ft. off pavement.This ordinance lif] Ue.;a.i:iiy'enforced by the rown of VaiIPublic works Department. p.ri6n" found vi6rai;.ng this ordinancewirr be given a 24 hour r.iti"n-notice t"-;;;;;; said materiar..In the event the person so notified does-";;-';;;ply with thenotice within the 24 hour tirne =p."iiieJ,"tn"-iuur.ic worksDepartment wiII remove said material -at the expei;;-"1";;;r"nnotified. The provisions "r ir,i= ordinance shall not beapplicabJ-e to c6nstruction, ,n.int"r,ur,ce or r"pui. projects ofany street or atley or any utirities-i; t;"-;ili._u_r.y. To review ordinance No. G in ful-l, prease stop by the Town ofvail BuiLding Department to obtain a copy. Tirank you for your.cooperation on this rnatter. (i.e. contractor, o!{ner) 75 soulh ,ronlage load v!ll, colo18do 81652 (303) 479-2138 or 479-2139 of llce of communlly devclopmerrl BUILDING PERI.iIT ISSUANCE TII,IE FMI,IE tr tiis ?.rq,it.requjres a Tou,n of Vai'l Fire Department Approval,Engineer''s. (.publ i. tll:! reyiew unJ -ipprouut,' a ptanni n!.b.pu"t .ntreview or Heat th Departm6nt. revi ew, unl-u-iuuiu; Li-iii;"drit ai ngDepartment, the estinated time for'a iotar review may take as iongas three weeks. All commercial (iarge or smar'r ) and ail mu] ti-famiry permits wiilhave to follow the ibove rnenti6ned mixirrr requirements. Residentia'land.small projects shou'r d tatce a-ielier amount of time. However, ifres'idential or snrar r er .projects 'impaii the various above mentioneddepartmcnts with regard'to-necessai^y review, il.i. i"Jji.ti n'uyalso take the three-weet peiioa. fivery.attempt vril'r be made by this dcpartnrent to expedite thispermi.t.as. s.eon as possible. - I' th" undersigned, understand the p1 an check procedure and timeframe.' Communi ty Development Department. TO: FROM: DATE: RE: MEMOFANDUM ALL CONTRACTORS TOWN OF VAIL PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT MAY 9, 1994 WHEN A "PUBLIC WAY PERMIT'' tS REQUIRED Job Name: Date: Please answer the following questionnaire regarding the need lor a 'Public Way YES Permit": NO 1) 2) ls lhis a new residence? ls demolition work being performed thal requires the use ol the right of way, easernenls or public propeqty? ls any'utility work needed? ls lhe driveway being repaved? ls diflerent access needed to site olher than existing driveway? ls any drainage work being done affecling the righl ol way, easemenls, or public property? 7) ls a "Revocable Bight CI Way permit" required? B) A. ls the right of way, easemenls or public property io be used for staging, . parking or lencing? B. lf no lo BA, is a parking, staging or {encing plan required by Community :Development? . : lf you answered yes to any of these questions, a "Public Way Permit' musl be oblained. "Public Way Permil" applicalions may be obtained at the Public Work's otfice or at C9mryu1ity Development. lf you have any questions please call Charlie Davis,lhe Town of Vail Construction Inspeclor, at 479-2158. I have read a tl above questions. el 4) 5) 6) wered a .l DaleJob Nam Cont or's Signature lL/r"["'* /''' . ry( q6'octqo F:c,a d FAX 94'3-4C)48 THE LODGES AT TIMFEE CFjEEH\UNITS D...,3 AND D?4 VAIL I::O Kamen Supply Eo, Box 436 95O Nottinoham Avc,n, ro erB:r-t Fhsne (3O3) 9+9-43r-,O BTUH LOSS 34 1s7 GAIN 1AC)45 6:. 1(:) FASEBOAF:D FT. G 55O ETIJ/FT g 1$f-I F" HBOI4 NUI"IBEFT ROOFI NAI'IE ' HEIGHT LENGTH WIDTH EXPOSED I^IALL LEN'3TH # I^IALLS WITH OPENINGS EXFOSED GLASS AF;EA TOTAL LBSS G lC)O DTD FASEBOAF:D FEET G 18O GAIN ? DININEEFI 1 6. OrJ 12. OC) 13. 5Cr 27.it(_t I 59.50 . {i1B 4666 . c-'3 4El6 4 BEDFJI'I1 o . ,JLr 16.OO 10. oo 25. OO 1 47.00 . cr{Z 169: {1. (r5 A:8 {J. 55 263? 5(:)'3: 3.3 3?64 L INFILTF:ATION ,. O18 4666 O IEILING . (]3 486 S FLBCF: SA FT S SLAE LINEAR FT E COLD F,ARTTTION s I^JALL 0. ()5 1A3BGLASS 0.56 361? I LIVINIIRM 16. CIC) 1?. OO 13. 5C) 27.r.]C, 7 64.50 l r-160 1 19.3 s 153 C). Lts 1863 r:r. 56 3331 ,f }i I TI::HEN 8,50 7. *Ct 8.00 6. OCr I tn qn .o1? 4tB o. 05 f-,. 56 1(:,346 18. I 4981 lCrg 5AA rL.L f I IdT ROOPI NUHEEF' I ROOf'l NAHE HE I GHT LENGTH I^JI DTH EXF'OSED WALL LENIJTH# I^JALLS WITH OFENINBS EXPOSED 6LASS AREA 5 BAl-H 1+?0 8.5(:) 5. 5C-t a. oo 6. CrO 1 6.00 6 BEDFII'1': 8.50-13- 5(J t af qrl '_J 7 l.r il 16. 5r:) , {)1? 1859 . 03 347 c), c)3 1(J65(J.56 ',l:4 7 FATH:+:O 8.50 9.5r1 B. C,C, ?Lt. OCt r294 3.4 o a q : L INFILTRATION O CE'LING 5 FI.T}DE SG FT S SLAE LINEAR FT E TC}LD PAFITITION S I^IALL nr.:'449 225 336 121? ?.? 97-J . Cl3 ??A O. (:r5 BEC)o. c)5GLASS 11.56 TOTAL LOSS E 1C)O DTD EASEBOARD FEET @ lBO GAIN II! I 4395 Cf, l.r r: -r* J t; \il"S