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DATE
READY FOR
LOCATION:
JOB NAME
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INSPECTION: MON
CALLER
TUES FRI AMi
BUILDING:
tr FOOTINGS / STEEL
PLUMBING:
tr FOUNDATION / STEEL
O UNDERGROUND
tr ROUGH / D.W.V.
tr ROUGH / WATER tr FRAMING
tr INSULATION tr GAS PIPING
tr SHEETROCK NAIL tr POOL / H. TUB
ELECTRICAL:
tr TEMP. POWER tr HEATING
O ROUGH tr EXHAUST HOODS
tr CONDUIT tr SUPPLY AIR
tr FINAL
O APPROVED
CORRECTIONS:
tr DISAPPROVED tr REINSPECTION REQUIRED
INSPECTOR
JOB NAME
INSPECTION:MON
"/ /)- 6
o*
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INsPfrTIoN REQUEsT
DATE
READY FOR
LOCATION:
'iu WED THUR FRI
BUILDING:
tr FOOTINGS / STEEL
PLUMBING:
tr UNDERGROUND
tr ROUGH / D.W.V.tr FOUNDATION / STEEL
tr ROUGH / WATER
tr INSULATION
tr SHEETROCK
tr GAS PIPING
tr POOL / H. TUB
adHenrrruc
tr EXHAUST HOODS
tr SUPPLY AIR
tr FINAL
ELECTRI
tr TEMP. POWER
tr ROUGH
tr CONDUIT
tr APPROVED tr DISAPPROVED tr REINSPECTION REQUIRED
CORRECTIONS:
i f4.-;
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WN OF VAIL
DATE
'../ 4/ (7-\:/Z ' rx lz) ' ,1\-z JOB NAME
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tr
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orsnppnov'Eo {REINSPECTION REOUIRED
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tr SHEETROCK NAIL tr POOL / H. TUB
tr FINAL tr FINAL
ELECTRICAL:
tr TEMP. POWER
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tr HEATING
tr ROUGH tr EXHAUST HOODS
tr CONDUIT tr SUPPLY AIR
tr
tr FINAL tr FINAL
tr APPROVED
CORRECTIONS:
tr DISAPPROVED tr REINSPECTION REQUIRED
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TOWN OF VAIL
DATE
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JOB NAME
MON
CALLER
TUES
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AM PM'l
LOCATION: -r. '. ..
BUILDING:
tr FOOTINGS / STEEL
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tr UNDERGROUND
tr ROUGH / D.W.V.
tr ROUGH / WATER tr FRAMING
tr INSULATION tr GAS PIPING
tr SHEETROCK NAIL tr POOL/ H. TUB
tr FINAL
ELECTRICAL:
tr TEMP. POWER
MECHANICAL:
tr HEATING
tr EXHAUST HOODS
tr CONDUIT tr SUPPLY AIR
tr FINAL
O REINSPECTION REQUIRED
DATE ,:INSPECTOR
rNsP?croN REeuEsr
N OF VAIL
DATE
READY FOR
LOCATION:
INSPECTION:
JOB NAME
MON
CALLER
TUES
PLUMBING:
tr FOUNDATION / STEEL
tr UNDERGROUND
tr ROUGH / D.W.V.
tr ROUGH / WATER tr FRAMING
tr INSULATION tr GAS PIPING
tr SHEETROCK NAIL tr POOL / H. TUB
tr FINAL tr FINAL
tr HEATING
tr ROUGH tr EXHAUST HOODS
tr CONDUIT tr SUPPLY AIR
tr FINAL
je'Gppnoveo
CORREGTIONS;' r
O REINSPECTION REQUIRED
DATE INSPECTOR
)- ''t/4 ;
oor= S JOB NAME
READY FOR
LOCATION:
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tr HEATING
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READY FOR INSPECTION: ( MON./ TUES WED THUR FRI nu J pv
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BUILDING:
tr FOOTINGS / STEEL
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tr ROUGH / WATER tr FRAMING
tr INSULATION tr GAS PIPING
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tr tr
tr FINAL tr FINAL
ELECTRICAL:
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tr CONDUIT tr SUPPLY AIR
tr
tr FINAL tr FINAL
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26 LprLL L979
Jeff Flagg
Assistant Building Inspector
Bullding Department
Town. of Vail, Colorado
RE: Wherry/Clauslng Ihrplex ZonLrrg Review
Jeff:
As per our phone conversatlon on Friday, April 2O, t979,
scale measurement of east slde setback shows dimenslon
of 13 t -6rt *.
Please note setback measurement show as 15t to be
correct and to govern in Lleu of actual scale measurement.
Duane Piper
Architect
DP: st
DATE {-s-{c JOB NAME
READY FOR
LOCATION:
.'.-.\
\
f NSPECTTON: //'MON)l_-:=/---
-4M
rnsilcnoi,nEeUESr r"
OF VAI
CALLEF . "
TUES WED THUR FRI
BUILDING:
tr FOOTINGS / STEEL
PLUMBING:
O FOUNDATION / STEEL
tr UNDERGROUND
tr ROUGH / D.W.V.
tr ROUGH /WATER tr FRAMING
tr INSULATION
tr SHEETROCK
tr GAS PIPING
NAIL tr POOL/ H. TUB
tr tr
RFINAL
I
{r,ro.
ELECTRICAL:
tr TEMP. POWER
MEGHANICAL:
tr HEATING
tr ROUGH tr EXHAUST HOODS
tr CONDUIT tr SUPPLY AIR
tr tr
tr FINAL Vptrunl
APPROVED
)RRECTIONS:
tr DISAPPROVE tr REINSPECTION REOUIRED
^ / /L^ll ,) x .lfi)DATE \ d-' t- lNsPEcroR
Proiect Name:
Proiect Description:
Owner Address and Phon€:
Architect Address and Phong:
.IT".",,*.'.i
Profect Appllcatlon
Legat Description, t-ot I t-, , s1o"1
Zoning Approved:
Deslgn Revlew Board
DISAPPROVAL
Summary:
Dat6:
Zoning Administrator Chief Buildlng Officiat
Date:
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A)Site Co,.'crage: Al l oled _ 4ib Proposed
,'Fl-
Lancf scaping: Requ'ired lO0Yo Proposcd
Parking:. 'Required 2f rt +
./ f_/Drive: Slope Per:miLtecl b"/c slope Actual
Sr:condar1, Al1or,red /,+ Secorrdary Proposecl
S'lope
Dis'fRrc.fs @tf :6at.63
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Lot Ar.ca 3lr?21 lteight Allor.recl 30' Proposed
Setbacks: FronL-Rcqriir-ea ZO;""Pr^c,1.losed 6z
Sides-Requircrj l5' Prriposed S-8 ;// -,. f
Rcar -Requircd l5' Pnrposed --.l,laterccurse-required 50 t
Proposed -- eK
GRFA:
GRFA:
Al I ot,red
P ri tnail'
t s-+tf Propos ed
Primrrl' Proposed _J4
Cornnents :
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LIST OII TIATIIIIIAI
o
e
NAtfli OI Ptlo.IliCT-tlherry/Clauslng Duplex
I.,I}CAL DNSCnIPTION L6
DD.SCNIP'l'ION OII PIIOJUCT Duplex
The f ol l.orvin g in f ormat ion to thc Dcsign Revierv Board
A. ) IIUILDING IvIATBRIALS:
Roof
Sid in g
Othcr' lfal1 lrlateriaf s
Fassia
Sof fi ts
lt in dorvs
lfindow Trim
Doors
Door Trim
Hand or Decl< Rails
FIues
Flashings
Ch inut eys
Trash linclosures
Greenhouses
Other
is requircd for submittal by the beforc a f iua.t approval can lte
Tyrre of Llaterial
Med. Cedar Shakes
AppIi cant givcn.
Natural
Color'
1 x 8 BeeEle-klll plne 917 Olympic
NaEural Moss Rock
Same as sidlng
Pella !,lood SC-L22 Caprinol
Pine Brlck Mold SC-122 Caprinol
Pine Brick Mold SC-722 Caprinol
Redwood 917 Olympic
Metal
MeEal
Moss Rock
treneerg@
Cerate DeeFe f.emec
D. ) PL\NT MATERIALS (vcgccarive,^Landscaping Maccriars incruding Trecs, srrrubs,and Ground Cover)
Botanical Narne Common Namc Size
Fpstuca Rubra ConrnuEate Fiescue
Quanti cv
(revegetaEion
pOl-onf J 1l a Potenti 11a 5 gal
J;rn i parorrs ehi ngnsi S
ttPf iEzerianarr PfiEzer Junlpfer 10 5 gal
-*grce-_
SC-I22 Caorinol
*€pulus Tremu] ni.le @
5 10'
l/
Pagc 2
Plant Materials Centl-nued
DoEanical Name Conunon Name Quantitv S ize
c.) ofltER LANDSCA?E FEATURES (ReEaining Wa11s, !-ences, Swinnning pools, eEc.)
(Please:S,Jr.eci fy)
rim of existi i: oainted
iage Qqor shall be replaced
Komac #M17-35.
o
I[EMORANDUM
TO:
FROM:
DATE:
BE:
Planning Commission
Department of Community Development
March 3, L977
Avalanche Report ' Lo-t -16 " liCftorn Subdivision
;;il-ii-;"d MargerY J' IIembY
An avaranche report for the subject 1ot prepared by. Art
Mears indicates that a portion of Lot 16 is free from avalanche
bazatd', but could be subiect to power blast' The report reconmends
structure placement on the north sid'e of the Lot at least 1O meters
fromtheboundaryoftherun-out.zo're.Thereportalso'recomnends
thatengineeringcriteriasimilartothatrequiredintheBoulder
area be used to prevent possible wj''nd damage which could result
fr.om the stagnation pressure created by the powder blast'
The report also recommends that protection be provided
for the exi-sting bouses located on lots 11 and 13 of the Bighorn
Subdivision' To quote the report "Assuming a useful economic life of
40yearsforthisbuildingandanavalancheprobabilityofSpercent
at its location, there is an 8? percent chance it will be reached
oncebyanavalanche.Ifitisoccupiedforloyearsbyoneowner'
there is a 40 percent chance it will be reached once during that ownership
Suchrisksareunacceptableanditisrecommendedthatanavalanche
defense system be designed land built to protect this building'"
ourstaffstronglyrecommendsthattheHemby'sbecontacted
to get their permlssion to send this protion of the report to the
property owners of Lots 11 and 13'
Basedon,,AvanalcheDynamicsoftheBighornPath''dated
i-,JanuaryLITT,theDepartmentofCornmunityDevelopmentrecommends
approvalofbuildingonLot16,BighornSubdivisionwithconstraints
as outlined in the rePort '
I
luwn
o
box 100
rail. colorado 81657
(303) 4765613
department of community dwelopment
24 July 1978
Steve llherry
1965 Stony Hill Road
Boulder, Colorado 80303
Dear Mr. Wherry:
Please be advised that I have reviewed the Avalanche
Dyntr^mics of the Bighorn Path, A Study to Determine the Avalanche
H;azatd to Lot 16 - Bighorn Subdivision as prepared for John R.
and Margery J. Hemy by Arthur I. Mears and find it to be
acceptable and the lot in question to be buildable in accordance
with the constraints within the report.
DST/gew
ana S. ToughTll
ning Administrator
o
box 100
vail, colorado 81657
(3031 476.5613
off ice of the town manager
March 16, 1977
On
of
an
Mr, John R. Hemby c/o General Electric Company P.O, Box 58408
Eouston, Texas 77058
Dear Mr. Eemby:
March 15, 1977 tbe Town Council for the Town Vail unanimously approved your submission of
Approval of any building on Lot 16 must meet the constraints outlined in the Avalanche Report prepared
by Arthur I. Mears, as well as conform to all Town of VaiI building regulations.
If you have any questj.ons, please feel free to contact me.
Sincerely,
DEPABTMENT OF
co\tuvN r Tv D Ev E LoPMENT
,;tf{K?#/r,//--
,,' Assigtant Zouing Administrator t'.J \/
cc: Ms. Linda Lovejoy
.- - :5!
Avalanche Report for Lot 16, Bighorn Subdivision.
o
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a
AVALANCHE DYNAMICS OF THE BI
VA I L, COLORA DO
GHORN PATH
A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE AVALANCHE HAZARD
TO
BIGHORN SUBDIVIS ION LoT 16 -
Prepared for
John R. & ft4argery J. Hemby
!By
Arthur l. Mears
Natural Hazards Consultant
Gunnison, Colorado
January 1977
AVAIANCHE DNIAMTCS OF
TT{E BIGHORN PATT{
YAIL, C0L0FAD0
January, I9?7
I. .SUM]'IARY AND LIMITATIOI{S
A mlxed d.ry-flowing and powcler avalanche reaches a portion of rot 16 in
Blghorn, vai1, colorado. The clesign flowing aval-anche wil-l reach to the
top of the adverse slope on the south portion of lot 15 (eieure 3).
B.-ui l$1ng wlthout special defense for d.ry-flowing avalanches is possible v0rrn
serl+'h of the inclicated runout zone.
Mod.erate powder avalanche stagaation prEssures of 0.ZLfnZ (40 psf) will
extend. for L0 neters (ll tt.) beyond. the flowing avalanche bound.ary. It
is practical to design buildings to withstand. forces assoclated with
powder-avalanchps within this band. tsu;ldin3 no#h oF tlte. Po.vdQr bltst
bqnd (FiSure 3) reruiyes n0 de-:r gtl Frr pautder avo l?trcla fdrc€s.
An existing building is located west of the southwest corrrer of lot 16 and.
1s end.a.ngered. by flowing and powder avalanches having annual probabllitles
of 2,5 to 10 percent. Ttrls building should be d.efended. agalnst avalanches.
Ihe avalanche dynamics derived. in this study are appllcable only to the
area describecl-. They cannot be used at other locations.
II. INTRODUCTIOI{ AND OBJECTIVES OF' SruDY
A prevlous stud"y by the Colora.d.o Geological Survey (tgZS) lnilicatecl that
snow avalanches rnay constltute a hazard to d.evelopnent in the general area
of lot 16, Blghorn Subcllvlslon, Vai1, Coloraclo. Ttris stucty was rnappecl at
a scale of 1:24,000 (1" = 2rOOOt) "trd was not sufflclently cletailecl to plan
bul1d.1ng Locatlons or to suggest specific avalanche d.efenses, lf necessary.
The avalanche path studlecl 1n thls report 1s locateil dlrectly west of
TABI,E OF CONTINTS
Page
I. SUIOIARY AND LII'[TATI0{S. . ... . . .. 1.
II. INTRODUCTICN AND OBJECTIVES OF SNJDY. 1
ilI. LOCATIOI AND DESCRIPTIO{ OF Tl{E DESIGN AVALANCHE. 3
Fornatlon of the deslgn avalanche. . . . . . i,'. 3
'Dynamics of the design avalanche. ..... 4
Deslgn avalanche frequency. 6
IV. GENERAL AECOI4ME}iDATIOI{S FOR IESIDENTIAL IAND USE IN AN
AVAIANCHE PAIII.. ....,... 8
V. SPECIFIC FECOI{Mn{IATIONS FOR I,AND USE IN TI{E BIGHOFT{
AVAI,ANCHE PA11{. . 9
VI. TECHNICALAPPIX'IDIX. ......11
VII. nEFERM{CES
ATTACHED DNAWINGS
Rlgure 1: AVALANCHE PATHS NEAR BIGHORN
Flgure 2r PATI{ PR0EIIE ItlnOUcH LOT 16
tr"igure J: AVALANCHE IUAP OF L,,OT 15
"path f" as identified ln the Colorado Geological Sunrey study and., because
lt reaches properly locatecL ln Bighorn Subdivision, the nane ,,Bighorn,, is
ad.opted. to refer to the avalanche path stuclled here.
In addltlon to the general study by the Colora.clo Geological Survey, a
d.etallecl stud.y of avalanche d.ynarnics and. defenses was conpleted. 1n January,
1976 for the properby locatetl west of here (Mears, A.I., ancl McDowel1-Snith
and Assoc. , 19?6). similarltles between avalanche terraj:r stuclled tn this
report wlth that of the present stud.y also suggests potential hazarnd. ln
the vlclnity of 1ot 16.
The objectlve of the present stucl.y is to derive the dynarnics of deslgn
avalanches 1n that porbion of the Bighorn path which may affect 1ot 15.
Thls ls acconpllshed through deterrninati-on of avalanche
t:,
1.
2.
a
4.
(
6.
types
Flequencies
VeLocltLes
Flow Depths
Runout d.lstances
analysis follows
ongoing research
recent Sriss, Austrian,
ln the Unlted States.
ri,
'.ii'
:.
-t
ln
as
StagnatS-on and,/ox thrust pressures.
Ttre ilesign avala^nche is definecL as being of a size whtch is expected to'
. lecur at an avera€e xeturn period. of 100 years or more; 1.e., having a^n
annual occurr€nce probablllty of 1 pexcent or 1ess. This ls a statenent
of probablllty a^nd d.oes not specify the timing of cl-eslgn avalanches.
Hence they rnay occur ln two or nore successive years without changlng the
probabillty ln succeedin6 years. Avalanches larger than the d.es5-grr case
can occur, but the probablllty of such large events ls srnal-l enough to be
dlsregarded 1n pJ.annlng.'
Ttre approach used.
research, as well
-2-
l.
fiT. TOCATIO{ AND DESCRIPTIOI{ OF Tl{E DESIGI.I AVAI,ANCHE
A. Fonnatlon of. the ileslgn avalanche
Avalenche paths above Sighorn are located as shown !_n Figure 1, an aj"r
photo ta.ken in September, 1974, Ihe scale of Flgure I varies frorn ridge
top to valley bottom and is about 116,000 (1" = 5oo') at the elevation of
Gore creek. lvlaxlnun vertical clrop within the Bighorn path 1s about 500
neters (z,ooo rt.).
The starting zone of the deslgn avalanche, or area ln which the unstable
snow brea.ks away anci accelerates, is orientated. towarci the northeast, and
accurnulates and. maintains a thick snowpack durlng rnost winters. Because
this area recelves little d.lrect sunlight during.nuch of the fa11 and
winter, snow surface tenperatures are generally cold-, a pronounced. temper-
ature grad-ient rnay exlst between the grounil and snow surfaces, and portions
of the snowpack n111 becorne weaftened through tenperature gradient netamor-
phlsm, (Perla and. Ivlartinelli, 19?6). Often d.uring stozms, a slab of new
snow w111 be tieposited. on top of this weakened layer. This slab will be
able to store a llmited anount of elastic strain energy and. w111 sonetimes
be able to transnit stresses over long d.istances across open slopes and.
even through the tlmber growing in the starting zone of the Bighorn ava-
lanche path. l{hen the resistllg forces at the basal surface and periphqry
of the slab are exceed.ed. by the downslope component of gravlty, brittte
frracture can occur and a wi"de slab can be detached. fron the stable porti"on
of the snorrpack. Ttre snowslab whlch woulii procluce the d.esign avalanche
wouLd be c.onposecl of soft, dry snow with a speclfic weight probably not
exceetling ZO)t<g/n3 lfz.a fu"/ft3;. Although rnany other sets of condltlons
will proil.uce avalanches in the Blghorn path, those described are probably
necessary to cause the tleslgn avalanche.
Ttre starbing zones outllned on Figure 1 encompass an area more than J00
meters (I,650 ft.) wlde. Although a slngle fracture nay extend. across
nost of thls area, lt 1s extrenely un1ikely, even duri-ng cleslgn avalanche
condltlons, that the entire area of the snowslab would be released. at
once. there w111 be nunerous smal'l areas where stable portlons of the
-3-
slab w111 renain anchored. to trees anct other surface lrregularlties after
the rest of the slab has slitl away. Thls avalanche "rel-ease efficiency"
is a funetion of the topography and vegetation of each path and is con-
siclereil in analysis.
rt 1s lrnporlant to note that only a portlon of the total snow released
tilI be conveyed. downslope towanl tot 16. rt is this portion which 1s con-
sidered ln iletall here. A longitudinar profile through this part of the
avalanche path 1s given in Figure 2. Other porllons of the released slab
will be conveyed. toward properLy to the west (the subject of the previously
conpleted detalled study) ancl to the east i:rto "path /" which has not yet
been studled. 1n detall
3. Dynanics of the design avalanche
After the d.ynanic friction forces at the sides and base of the detached-
srab are exceed.ed. by forces generated. by slab rnornenturn, the soft slab will
accelerate anil tlislntegrate lnto srna11 partlcles, developing lnto a dry-
flowing avalanche. The avalanche reaches terminal velocity in the avalanche
track which, in thi-s case, is crossed by several srna11 cliff band.s. Ttre
velocity attainecl will clepenct upon depth of flow, slope inclination, and
various dyr:anlc frictlon terns which in turn clepend upon snow type and
te:rain cover. The tlynanic characteristics of the tLesign avalanche are-
tabuLated. at several Locations ldentlfled on the path profile (figure 2)
and given in Table 1. As the avalanche falls over severaL smalr cliffs ln
the upper track lt wtIl dislodge and entrain loose snow on the steep slopes
a.ni[ grow in size. Thre flowing avalanche conponent noves close to the
grouncl ancl is nearly as clense as the undisturbed snowpack. However, as
velocity i.ncreases snall snow particles ni1l be suspenctecl we1l above
ground level by turbulence a.nd. the flowing avalanche will develop a powcler
avalanche conponent. rhe powd.er avalanche part noves at a hlgher veloclty
than the flowlng avalanche a.nd. ls also consltlerect 1n the analysls of hazard
to bulldlngs.
a banil of conifers about
w111 be recluced, part of
At polnt 1, Figure 2, Lhe avala^nche flows lnto
l-00 meters wld.e. Here avalanche flow velocLty
t.
,..1
the nass will be.ileposlted., and part will fall over the large lower cliffs
onto the steep slopes below. ltre d.eslgn avalanche was calculated. by assum-
ing that these trees do not represent an effective barrier and that all
of the flowlng snow falls onto the lower slopes because,the present strip
of tr€es d.oes not provid.e substantial or dependable protection and could
be d.estroyed by the lrnpact of a dense wet avalatiche or by forest flre.
During d.eslgn avalanche conilltlons it is 1ike1y that the steep slopes below
the lower cliff band. will also be covered by an unstable layer of snor.
These steep slopes are locatlons of smaller avalanches which can release
by themselves although they will be srnaller than the d,esigrr avalanche and.
will not cross Gore Creek. As the snow frorn above fa1ls over the cI1ff
lt will disloclge this unstable snow and. comblne with it fonning a larger
avalanche. l{axlrnun velocity of 20 rneters per second (4J rnptr) will be
reached. at point 2, Frgrce 2.
TABIA 1
SUJ{MARY OT' DESIGN AVAI,ANCHE DYNAIVIICS
Reference
Polnt
.l
Maxinrun Dtrgamic-
Thmst t/n*--psf
?.3 -- 465
8.t+ -- I,720
3.7 -- 750
L
2
12,9
20.3
l.3.4
1
?
i
I
I
i'
I
I
i
I
The.di-scharge,
"ln
cubic neters per seconcl, per neter of wld.th.
L mJ = 35.3 fL'.
ld.entlfled on Figure 2.
3e1ow polnt 2, Figure 2, tte track becomes less steep and. grades lnto the
nmout zone where avalanches decelerate and stop. i,lithin the nrnout zone
the klnetlc energy of flow J-s dissipated into turbulent and vlscous energy
cllsslpation and. other frictional losses and hlgh density snow ls deposited.
It ls wlthin the n:nout zone of ilesign avalanches f,hat d.evel-opnent ls
sonetlnes plannecl because the bazard 1s not obvious. Ihe snaller ancl nore
Velocity
Ln/s = 2,24 nph
,2 3 t t/n- = 205 psf
Reference points are
2RO
t+5,4
30.0
^ .^. ?5pec 111C
DischarEe
^)/r/^
-
t7.7
45.2
47.2
-5-
:i\
I .l
I l.
I
frequently observecl avalqrqhss usually stop before the clesign avalanche
r.unout zone ls reached.. At polnt J aval-anche velocity is reducecl to
about !y's (30 rnpfr) as 1t reaches the south sicle of Gore Creek.Here it
stops
Gore
encounters the ailverse slope of Gore Creek, clinbs to the top, ancl
(figure 3). Ttre portion of the runout zone fron the north sid.e of
Creek to the ind.icatetl nrnout limit ls cl-efined as belng in a zone of
noale].ate hazard (see Sectlon IV for zone cl.eflnltlons). The na:=owness of
thj.s zone is d.ue to rapid. decelelation as the avalanche encounters the
ad.verse slope. Land on ]ot 15 north of the runout lintt of the cl-esign
avalanche ca.n be consiclered. free of hazard from flowlng avalanches.
As mentloned earller, a powd.er avalanche component acconpanies the dry-
flowing a,valanche ln the upper path. However, nmch of its energy will be
clissipated. in trees in the lower tm,ck above poilt 2, Figure l. the
sna11 powder ayalanche coJnponent that renails w111 also cross Gore Creek
and. will ad.vance 10 to 20 neters farther lnto the nrnout zone than the
design flowing avalanche. However, because of its Iow d-ensity and nod.erate
velocity, stagnation pressures frorn powiler avalanches beyoncL the encl of
the flowtng avala.nche l-irnit should not exceecl 0.2 netric tons per square 't)
neter (t/n') or 40 pound.s per square foot (psf).
An add.itional point shoulcl be nentlonecl here although it does not directly
affect building on 1ot 16. An exlstlng bullding is locatecl about 200 feet
south of the southwest property corner of lot 15. At this location d.esign
avalanche velocity antl pressure will be consldle::ably greater than at 1ot
15 ancl avalanches w111 occur more often. tr\rrtherrnore, this building may
also be exposetl to slgnlficant powiler avalanche pressures. This ls
cllscussed. 1n the recomrnencLations sectlon.
.
C. Deslgn avalanche frequency
Frequency or annual occurrence probability ls an essentlal factor ln
cleslgn avalanche path deslgnation. In orier to ileterrnlne tfre slzes of
avala^nches wlth probabllltles of 1 percent or Less fron dlrect obsenratlons
lt ls necessary to have detalled records of nore than a century. Even In
-6^
..
:t o
the Swiss ancl Austrian Alps where sone records extend. back several cen-
turtes, there 1s. considdrable uncertalnty in specifying long return period.
avalanches. Such records are not avai labl-e in Vai1, which has a history
of only about lJ years. During that tine, clesign avalanches have not been
obse:nred. ltrere 1s a high probability that very large events would not
occur during a^ny parbicular lJ-year period.
A falrly reliable indirect method. of determining avalanche probabilities
1s through study of the d.lstribution, ages, and danage of trees grom in
avalanche paths. ltrls ls nore reliable than the short term, detailed.
record.s available irr Vail because it is conrnon for trees to have been
growing 5-ri and adjacent to avalalche paths for several d.ecades, and. in
some cases for more than a century.
A stud.y of tree sizes and tytrles, and an analysis of tree rings suggests
the following about avalanche frequency in the Sighorn avalanche path.
Avalanches reach the porLion of the avalanche path between points 2 and,3,
Figure 2, al,'average return period.s of 10 to 40 years. this cor:responds
to a^rurual probabilities of 2.J to 10 percent. In terrns of the zonlng
crtteria dlscussed in the following section, this area lies within a, zolLe
of unacceptably high rlsk 1n ter:ns of avalanche freguency ancl impact
pressuries.
TLre apparent avala.nche annual probability on 1ot 16 is nuch 1ess. Large,
nature trees which are up to p0 years ofd. show no avaLanche darnage to
tree trunks or limbs or through lnpact-induced growth stress on tree rlngs.
Tfrls suggests that avalanches forceful enough to damage trees have not
occurr€d cluring the last 90 years. Intuitlvely, it would appear that
avalanches wlth large annual probabilities (short return period.s) would be
un11ke1y 1n an area which has not been lmpacted in at least p0 years.
llhen a certaln area (such as lot 15) ls exposed for some tlrne period to
the threat of d.anage fron an lnfrequent avalanche of a given annual prob-
abiIlty, there ls a deflnlte encgunter probability that the avalanche will
damage the area once durlng thts tine period. (h0hapel1e, 1956), lhe
-(-
encounter probability, Por that an avalanche
lty, P, r will not occur ln a 90-year perlocl
values of P,.
TABIE 2r FOR 9O-YEAR
with a given annual Probabil-
is glven in Table 2 for various
!4 \7o )
J-
,
4
1
v.)
IERIOD O{
Po (%)
.008
40
gt
LOT 15
Thus the ctata of Table 2 suggest that 1ot 15 does not appear to be wlthin
rangeofavalancheswithannualprobabilitiesof2tol0percent.Itshould.
alsobenoteclt|ratthe90-yearperlodconslclered.isanlninunestinate
slnce the last naior avalarrche reacheil 1ot.15, therefore the encounter
probabilities of Table 2 are naxinun estinates'
Althoughltispossiblefordrysnowavalanchestoflowthroughtreeswith-
out producing nuch clanage, the results of Tab1e 2 axe In goocl general agree-
rnent with the
earlier. The
indepenilently derl-vecl results of
avalariche frequencY results are
the dYnanic analYsis Presented.
also in gootl agreernent with ,
avalanche frequencY. done for those of a more detallect and broacler stucly of
Va11 Assoc1at"s, (uSc, L9?4),
govetnnent
SuweY.
. -8-
Three zones are d.efined as
The powd er blast zone does not exist
are not always acconpanied. by powd.er
1. High Hazard (swiss red zone): Avalanche d.ynarnic pressures (trrrust
or stagnation pressur€s) exceed. 3.ot/# (615 psf) and./or annual
probabllities exceed. 4 percent. Residentiat construction is not
pernlttetl..
2. Mod erate Hazard. (Sr^iiss blue zone): Avalanche d.ynamic pressures
are less +nan ).Ot/# and annual probabilitles are 1 to b
percent. Resldential construction is perrnltted only if buildings
a.re protected. by specific avalanche defenses based. on a d etailed
dynanic analysis.
these definltions are less conse:rrative than those of the swj-ss who assign
an area to the blue zone even lf the avalanche has a return period of up
to J00 years (0,3/" annual probability). In the Uniteci States we do not
have a long record of avalanches and. because of this i.t is nore realistic
to use lh.e rft probabillty avalanche as a reference hazard" level. The 1
percent flgure is also sirnJ-lar to that used in flooil studies.
3, Powder Blast (Swiss yel1ow zone):
associated with powcler avalanches
Flowing avalanches may reach thls
lties of less than 1 Dercent.
Avalanche stagnatlon pressures
are l-ess than O.Jt/n' (60 psf).
zone but have annual probabil-
cases because deslgn avalanches
blast.
blast
reach 10
in all
or alr
V. SPECINTC RECO}IMEI{DATIO{S FOR I,AND USE IN 11{E BIGHONN AVALANCI{E PATT{
Most of 1ot 16 lles outsicLe the nod.erate hazard zone (Figure J).
lngs nay be placed outside of thls zone wlthout speclaL defense
cleslgn flowing avalanches. ttre alr blast antl 1ow denslty powder
fron the powd.er avalanche conponent of the design avalanche will
to'20 ineters(33 to 66 fi.);norUn of the flowing avatanche llnit.
-9-
(
Powd.er blast effects inay be lgnoreil unless build.ing is planned within 10
neters (ll t+,,) of the flowlng avalanche hazard boundary. However even
withi-n this zone the cl.esign stagnation pressure ls only O,Zl/nZ (f+O psf ) .
ltre dlrection of flow ls withln Jo of the general fal1 Llne to the south
of the property. the clesign forces on the build ing as a whole and upon
ind.ivl-d.ua1 elenent.s nust be cleternr-ineci by an aerod.ynamlc analysls of the
stnrcture. This analysis nust determine uplift forces on the roof as well
as d.rag and nornal pressures. In general the analysis wifl yield d.rag and
up11ft coefflclents which, when nultiplied with stagnation pressure a.nil
the area upon whlch the force acts, yield d.esign forces.
It should be noted that a deslgn stagnation pressure of O,Zt/nZ (40 psf)
ls not excessive. For exanple a winil veloclty of JJnfs (:-25 rnpfr) at sea
leveI will cause the sane pressure. The powder avala.nche pressulre
results frorn a velocity of 20nls (45 nrptr) ancl a specific welght of 10kg/mj
(,52 *s/t(). It is quite 1ikely that conventional desigrrs usecl for'
buildilgs in areas such as the eastern seaboard or the CoLor^ado Front
Rartge area near Bould.er ioown to be affected. by strong wincLs may also
prove adeguate for tlesign in sone powd-er avalanche zones. Tlne basic engi-
neering assunptions und.erlying such designs must be exanined, however,
before they are applied. to a powd.er avalanche area.
the exlsting build.ing on the south side of Gor€ Creek presents a nuch rnore
sertous problen. It ls exposecl to the high hazard zone of flowing avalanches
ancl to powcler avalanches. It nay also be exposed to avalanches of less
than clesigrr. size. Assuning a useful economic llfe of 40 years for this
bu1Idlng and. an avalalche probablllty of J percent at lts locat5.on, there
ls a.n 8f percent chance lt wltl be reachect once by an avalanche. If lt
1s occuplecl for 10 years by one owner, there is a 40 percent cha^nce tt wll-I
be reached. once durlng that ownershlp.
Such rlsks are unacceptable anil lt 1s recornmencled that an avalanche clefense
systen be desl6ned and bullt to protect this t ls recorunend.ed.
that d.eslgn shoultl be based on the avalanche clynanics derived ln this stucly.
It rnust be carefi.rlly conslclered. how any defense mlght alter the d.ynanrlcs
of the d.eslgn avalanche below the d.efense area.
-10-
o
A.Assumptions used ln calculations
Location
Startlng Zone
Sench above trees
Tlnber band.
Slope below cliff
Runout above creek
Runout past creek
t \'
;
500
300
400
600
300
.20
.20
,20
.20
f.F
release efflciency (dimensionless)
turbulent friction (^/ "2)
dynamlc friction (d.imensionless)
Because of rnod-erate avalanche velocity,
friction coefflclent was not used..
Vefocity, :rrnout dlstance, velocity and pressure d.ecay, ancl flow d.epth
adjustrnents were calculated using the methods of Sonmerhald er (wlth
1971 revisions by Saln), and Mears QgZe).
\i/ -
€=
$-
c.
a varlable, velocity depend.ent
W. TECHNICAL APPIITDIX
\11
,<
VII. NEFERN{CES
1. cle Que!3raln, yl., ]:9?5. Avalanche Formation, 1n Avala.nche protection
ln Swltzerl-and., USDA Forest Service, Gen. Tech. nepi Hrl-9, 158 pp.
2. Directlves Permlttlng the Estlmation of the Avalanche Hazard Durlng the Constructlon of Bulldings and the Plannlng of Transports and Habltatlons Qgza): u.s. Forest ser'ice Danrilation of s*i"s Fed.eraL Directlves by S. Zicus
3, r;achapell-e, 8.R., 1956. Ehcounter Probabllities for Aval-anche Damage,
UStrS Speclal Publlcatlon 10.
l+, llsc, 1974. Analysis of Avala^nche ancl
Property (Unpubllsheil Report, 5? p.).lfudflows on Vail Assoclates
5. Mears, A,.t., tg?5. Snow Avalanche Hazard
Eagle County, Colorado (Open Etle Rept. of
Sunrey), 12 pp.
6. llears, A.T., L9?6. Guid.ellne antl Ivlethods
Investlgatlons ln Color:ado, Colorado Geo1.
128 pp.
?, Mears, A.I., a^ncl McDowell-Srnith & Assoc ., i9?6, Avalanche Dynanlcs
and Defenses on the Shaplro Property, Vail, Cololaclo (Unpubllshed.
Reporb, 24 p,),
8. Schaerer, P., L975. tr?ictlon Coefftclents ancl Speed of Flowlng Ava-
lanches, Snow Mechanlcs Synposium, Grinilelwald, Swltzerland, Apr{-l 1-J,Ipl1, Proc. IAHS publ.
g. SorunelhaltLer,8., i-965, Avalanche Forces a^nd the Protectlon of 0b-jects, USDA Forest Service ltans. No. 5, 1ll pp.
10. Voe11ny, A,, l-g&+, On the Destnrctive Fo:rce of Avalanches, USDA
Forest Senrlce Tra^ns. No. 2, 5ll pp.
Zones of the ValI Area,
the Colo::ad.o Geological
for Detalled Snow Avalanche
Surv. Spec. Pub1. No. 8,
-t2-
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u )t A
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tJl G tu F ur rt
r ltl
2
F I o
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F 2 o !g
o 3t
27 ulo 0bJ
<o
a?<L o
lr,
G'z
r.,
7 c
ll'(o
z o
.c cv;o
IJJ i
r+>
-o JG ---L:,F .- tr,[l- J
TL o c o-
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c-
z
ltt
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hr q,
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uj ko GrJ
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o 0
r.l
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tl
sdSJ3 rrl 'NotJvASt!
1 .r 'rl:.j
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'irr,
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1 I
FIGURE 3
AVALANCHE MAP OF LOT 16
BIGHORN, VAIL
Topo by K. Ferrin, t966
N
o .4pft
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t
\,,$vr4-/.\ / "?
t -cir,Y
< :VL
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\ !.,\'r 21-Yi{,\ ir\ \N/uz \. \;t/r['Y,,',(-r,;::7 i Lz,)u' I
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,
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\Powdet f alast
I Box 276 Vail, Colorado 81657
Real Estate
303 / 476-1600
Condominium Rentals
n3 / 476-2446
November 18, L975
Ms. Diana S. Toughill
Zoning Administrator
Town of Vail
Box 1OO Vail, Colorado 81657
Dear Diana,
We request that you conduct an avalanche survey and make a determination if a soils report and a surveying report are required on 1ot 16, Bighorn Subdi-vison.
I will be happy to accompany you to this location at your earliest convenience.
Yours truly,
CANADA' S OF VAIL.,. LTD.t7 . '//I Jt . --r.r.\- . .- / /-a. -J. C. Potter
Sales Associate
JCP/td
. ^,)-rt- , aJ I L'4/z-442( //nr 2,1 /?7 >- A..€/ 4/.ceL.(
IFill I LI rJrKftl l r/rl | illlll,