HomeMy WebLinkAboutEnvironmental Sustainability Strategic Plan 2009BUILDING A
SUSTAINABLE
FUTURE
09
CODEGREEN
Environmental
Sustainability
Strategic Plan
As a tourism destination for outdoor activity, the
Town of Vail relies heavily on the environment
to provide natural beauty and recreational
opportunities. Therefore, the state of the
environment greatly affects the Town’s economy.
It is essential to maintain and improve the state
of our environment to ensure that our natural
resources are available to future generations.
Vail’s reputation as a resort industry leader
lends itself to setting exceptional standards for
environmental stewardship. While environmental
protection is essential to the Town’s vitality,
a strong environmental program balances
economic and social needs in order to achieve
sustainability.
In 1998, the Town of Vail held the Vail
Environmental Odyssey Search Conference,
which served as the basis for the 1998 Town
of Vail Environmental Strategic Plan. The Town
of Vail Department of Community Development
led the planning effort, Vail 20/20: Focus on
the Future, in 2006 and 2007. The resulting
document is the Vail 20/20 Strategic Action Plan,
which includes goals, strategies and actions for
eight topical areas, including the environment.
Both plans serve as the foundation for the Vail
Environmental Sustainability Strategic Plan.
The purpose of the Vail Environmental
Sustainability Strategic Plan is to define a
strategy that consists of measurable goals,
objectives, and actions that will help the Town
coordinate efforts to achieve the environmental
vision of the community. Additionally, it will
provide a framework for the municipality,
partners, businesses, full- and part-time
residents, and guests to take action to reduce
the Town of Vail’s impact on global climate
change and work toward a sustainable future.
The Town Environmental Team will manage the
environmental sustainability program outlined in
this plan with cooperation among stakeholders.
Executive Summary
Goals
Goal #1: Solid Waste Stream Reduction and Recycling:
Reduce the amount of Town of Vail landfill contributions by
10% within 5 years, and 25% within 10 years.
Goal #2: Energy Efficiency: Reduce the Town of Vail
municipal and community energy use by 20% below 2006
levels by 2020, in order to effectively reduce the Town’s
contribution to greenhouse gas emissions and impact on
global climate change.
Goal #3: Ecosystem Health: Ensure that the natural
environment, specifically air and water quality, water
quantity, land use and habitat are maintained to current or
improved levels of biological health.
Goal #4: Sustainable Economic and Social Development:
Lead programmatic efforts to promote sustainable and
profitable business practices within the Town of Vail and
the Vail community. Implement employee sustainability
programs to maintain high quality of life.
Goal #5: Public Education and Communication: Increase
public education and awareness, communication and
environmental stewardship in the Town of Vail.
Goal #6: Transportation: Reduce the environmental impact
of transportation by supporting efforts within the Eagle
Valley to decrease total Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) by
commuters and guests by 20% by 2020.
Environmental Environmental
Economic
Prot
Cost Savings
Economic Growth
Research &
Development
Natural Resource Use
Environmental Management
Pollution Prevention
Standard of Living
Education
Community
Equal Opportunity
Energy Eciency
Subsidies / Incentives for
use of Natural Resources
Social
Environmental
Environmental Justice
Natural Resources Stewardship
Locally & Globally
Economic Social
Business Ethics
Fair Trade
Worker’s Rights
Social Economic
Sustainability
The Three Spheres of Sustainability
Contributors
Vail Town Council
Richard D. Cleveland, Mayor
Andy Daly, Mayor Pro-tem
Kevin Foley
Mark Gordon
Farrow Hitt
Kim Newbury
Margaret Rogers
Planning and Environmental Commission
Rollie Kjesbo
Michael Kurz
Sarah Paladino
Bill Pierce
Scott Proper
Susie Tjossem
David Viele
Administration Department
Stan Zemler, Vail Town Manager
Pam Brandmeyer, Assistant Town Manager
Matt Mire, Town Attorney
Judy Camp, Director of Finance
Kelli McDonald, Economic Development Manager
Department of Community Development
George Ruther, Director
Bill Carlson, Environmental Health and Planning
Kristen Bertuglia, Environmental Sustainability
Coordinator
Warren Campbell, Chief of Planning
Nina Timm, Housing Coordinator
Sean Koenig, GIS Specialist
Bill Gibson, Town Planner
Nicole Peterson, Town Planner
Rachel Friede, Town Planner
Department of Public Works
Greg Hall, Director
Tom Kassmel, Town Engineer
Vail Environmental Sustainability Advisory
Committee
Caroline Byus, Water Quality and Regulations Division
Manager, Eagle River Water and Sanitation District
Luke Cartin, Environmental Manager, Vail Resorts
Anne Esson, Eagle River Watershed Council
Markian Feduschak, Executive Director, Gore Range
Natural Science School
Sarah Fleury, Water Conservation Officer, Eagle River,
Water and Sanitation District
Mark Gordon, Vail Town Council
Kevin Hochtl, Sporting
Jim Lamont, Director, Vail Homeowners Association
Rob LeVine, General Manager, Antlers Lodge
Chris Romer, Marketing Director, Vail Valley
Partnership
Matt Scherr, Executive Director, Eagle Valley Alliance
for Sustainability
Vail Employee Environmental Focus Group
Gregg Barrie
Kristen Bertuglia
Greta Blamire
Bill Carlson
John Gallegos
Jamie Gunion, Vail Recreation District
Greg Hall
Jim Hervert
Susie Hervert
Todd Scholl
Diane Stanek
Ryan Sutter
Melvin Valdez
Stan Zemler
Table of Contents
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. PURPOSE 3
III. GUIDING PRINCIPLES 4
IV. PLANNING BACKGROUND 5
A. EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING DOCUMENTS 6
B. TOWN OF VAIL VALUES 7
V. POLICY STATEMENT 8
VI. GOAL 1: SOLID WASTE STREAM DIVERSION AND RECYCLING 11
VII. GOAL 2: ENERGY EFFICIENCY 13
VIII. GOAL 3: ECOSYSTEM PROTECTION 15
IX. GOAL 4: ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 17
X. GOAL 5: PUBLIC EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION 19
XI. GOAL 6: TRANSPORTATION 20
XII. IMPLEMENTATION MATRIX 21
XIII. FUNDING 27
XIV. REPORTING 28
XV. ESSENTIAL NEXT STEPS 28
I. Introduction
Surrounded by the White River National Forest, the Town
of Vail totals 3,360 acres, and is 10 miles long and at most
1 mile wide. The Town itself is at 8,150 feet in elevation,
while the peak of Vail Mountain is 11,450 feet. Of the 3,360
acres of land, almost 500 acres are occupied by I-70 and
the Frontage Roads. Almost 1,000 acres are designated
open space, with the remaining approximately 1,860 acres
for residential and commercial uses. Gore Creek is the only
major water body within the Town boundary, and it runs
through the entire length of the Town and runs into the Eagle
River just west of Vail in Dowd Junction. There are 1,200
acres of vacant land within the Town, but about 1000 acres of
that vacant land is owned by the Town of Vail and has some
preservation zoning designation. There are approximately
6,412 dwelling units in the entire Town. Nine percent or 624
units are deed-restricted employee housing units. A total of
1,520 households in Vail are occupied with residents working
in Vail (Development Statistics, 2007).
Increasing population and the rapidly changing demographic
profile of residents within the Town of Vail and Eagle County
directly affects the amount of resources necessary to sustain
the Town’s needs. This trend was made clear in 2000 by
the U.S. Census results, and has accelerated since then.
Vail’s current year-round population is approximately 4,800
residents, with about 6,400 total housing units. The Town’s
permanent population occupies roughly 2,300 housing units
(37 percent of all units) with the remaining units vacant part
of the year (63 percent); these are typically occupied by part-
time (seasonal) residents. Vail is a town with relatively small
households (2.09 persons compared to the Eagle County
average of 2.73), which are unlikely to contain children. Only
13 percent of Vail households have one or more persons
under 18, compared to 35 percent for the County as a whole,
and 46 percent in Eagle. The data suggest that many of Vail’s
former resident families as well as large segments of the local
work force are now living west of Vail and commuting to work
in Vail. About 21 percent of Vail’s population was over the
age of 50 in 2000 compared to 15 percent for Eagle County.
Recent estimates of population growth provided by the State
of Colorado anticipate growth in Eagle County from about
50,000 residents in 2005 to almost 90,000 residents in 2030.
Growth in the three-county region that includes Eagle, Pitkin
and Garfield counties is projected to grow from 115,000 in
2005 to 246,000 in 2030. Vail’s residents are relatively well
educated (61 percent have Bachelor’s or higher degrees
compared to the County average of 43 percent). Vail has
lower median household incomes than the County average
($56,680 in 2000 compared to $62,682 for the County) (Vail
20/20, 2007).
The Town is nearing the end of unprecedented redevelopment
which began in 2004 and includes both public and private
projects throughout Vail Village and Lionshead. Land
use within the Town is largely guided by the Town of Vail
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Comprehensive Plan, which comprises a number of adopted
documents, some of which were adopted as long ago as
1979, and all of which designate legislated and preferred
land use within the Town. The Vail Land Use Plan, which
is part of the Comprehensive Plan, was adopted in 1986
and is intended to serve as a basis from which future land
use decisions may be made within the Town of Vail. Within
the plan, general types of land uses are defined which are
then used to develop the Vail Land Use Map. The Land Use
Plan was not intended to be regulatory in nature, but was
intended to provide a general framework to guide decision-
making. Land use is legally controlled by the Zoning
Regulations, or Title 12 of the Vail Town Code.
It is essential to connect land use decisions with carrying
capacity of utilities and municipal services. Carrying
capacity is the maximum number of people who can use
a site without an unacceptable alteration in the physical
environment, an unacceptable decline in the quality of
experience gained by visitors, and an adverse impact on
the society, economy, and culture of the tourism area
(Mathieson, Alister, and Geoffrey and Wall, 1982). In 1998,
the Town of Vail conducted a carrying capacity study that
identified ecological, physical, facility and social carrying
capacity. While the study may lend itself to addressing
current carrying capacity, the 10-year-old document needs
to be revisited to fully understand the current situation as
compared to the carrying capacity.
The changing demographics and increases in development
have also led to increased traffic in Vail. The current
level of service (LOS) that has been deemed acceptable
is a LOS “C”. LOS is a measure of effectiveness by which
traffic engineers determine the quality of service related to
transportation infrastructure with A considered the best, F,
the worst. A “C” rating has slightly more congestion than
an A or a B, yet most experienced drivers are comfortable,
roads remain safely below but efficiently close to capacity,
and posted speed is maintained. However, projections in
the Transportation Master Plan, most recently updated in
2009, shows that future development will trigger lower
levels of service. In order to meet service standards,
and control traffic issues within the Town, it is essential
to conduct road improvements while also providing
additional alternative transportation options. The Town
of Vail provides a free municipal bus system, an extensive
paved pathway system, and hiking and biking trails for
recreational movement. These alternatives, along with
paid parking in the winter season, are intended to curb
automobile usage and extend the ability of the current road
system to provide adequate service.
As the number of vehicles traveling along I-70 through
Vail increases, interstate noise pollution continues to
increase. To address the issue, the Town has built sand
storage berms in East Vail that act as noise barriers. The
Town continues to monitor noise levels and the Colorado
Department of Transportation resurfaced I-70 from East
Vail to West Vail with noise-reducing pavement in 2008.
According to the Eagle River Water and Sanitation
District, water rights can be of concern when it comes to
increasing density and population. However, the District
confirms it has enough water rights to carry the demand
of projected build-out scenarios. The primary source of
domestic water in Vail is municipal wells, supplemented by
surface water sources on Gore Creek and the Eagle River.
Water diversion infrastructure and treatment facilities
currently have excess capacity to serve demands in Vail.
Additional capacity to divert and treat water is planned
and will be implemented as demand for water increases.
Vail’s wastewater effluent is treated at the Vail and
Avon Wastewater Treatment Plants. Excess capacity for
treatment is currently available at both of these facilities.
Additional capacity is planned and will be implemented
as demand for treatment increases. Water and sewer
main capacity in Vail has been studied and is adequate for
current use and project build-out of existing zoning within
the Vail service area. A replacement and upgrade program
is in place to address capacity issues and improve system
efficiency. This program targets sources of groundwater
that limit existing sewer collection system capacity. Water
main replacement targets areas where inferior construction
inhibits the reliability of water delivery. Upgrades required
to meet increased demand from development is planned as
specific development projects are approved.
Like many resort mountain communities, the Town of Vail
faces several unique environmental challenges due to
the sensitivity and value of the natural environment, and
the strain that the excess energy, waste, and population
fluctuation that the area endures during peak ski season.
Key environmental challenges include:
• The implications of global climate change and Vail’s
contribution via snowmelt systems, excess heating
loads from lodges, required snow removal equipment
and excess fuel consumption.
• Construction and redevelopment impacts.
• I-70 Interstate road sanding pollution.
• Waste.
• Pine Beetle infestation and wildlife protection.
• Limited capacity and growing population.
• Limited affordable housing and excess vehicle miles
traveled.
• Perception that sustainable practices are expensive and
non-essential; economic instability and resistance to
change.
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II. Purpose of Plan
The purpose of this comprehensive environmental
sustainability strategic plan is to define goals,
objectives, and actions that will assist the Town in
coordinating efforts to achieve the environmental
vision of the community. It is essential to protect
the environment in Vail not only because of the
obligation to help mitigate climate change and
preserve our natural resources, but also because
of the role the environment plays in the economy,
serving as the source of recreation and tourism. As
a local government, the Town of Vail intends to serve
as a model community for environmental health
and sustainability by taking action to reduce carbon
emissions and improve the state of the greater
environment.
Vail and other resort communities are dependent
on a healthy environment for recreational amenities
that influence development, tourism, and economic
viability. The complexity of Vail’s ecosystem affects
the sustainability of the natural environment
and the community at large (Vail 20/20, 2007).
Sustainability is traditionally defined as the ability of
the present generation to meet its own needs without
compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their needs (World Commission, 1987).
However, given the anthropocentric viewpoint of this
definition, the Town recognizes the complexity of
sustainability as it relates to socio-economic as well as
environmental capital, therefore, sustainability might
be further defined as the amount of consumption
that can be continued indefinitely without degrading
natural capital stocks. To sustain different areas of
the world requires drastically different definitions and
actions, so the definition is better served by example
rather than words.
This plan defines the proposed path for environmental
sustainability in Vail for the next two to five years.
The plan is structured to present an overview of
1) background information/key issues related to
each environmental metric, 2) Town of Vail current
initiatives or projects to address each environmental
issue, 3) baseline data (presented where available),
4) environmental sustainability goal, 5) objectives
identified to fulfill each goal, 6) action items, 7)
environmental indicators/performance measures. The
Environmental Sustainability Strategic Plan Matrix
defines priority actions and an estimated timeframe
for implementation.
III. GUIDING PRINCIPLES
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8
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III. GUIDING PRINCIPLES
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3
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6
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Creating Partnerships and Fostering
Cooperation: Involving all stakeholders
will ensure coordination of program
actions and implementation.
Building Awareness and Encouraging
Community Participation: The community
is also an essential stakeholder and
community participation and sharing
information fosters support from the
public and a sense of place.
Planning Proactively: It is imperative to
look ahead and plan for the known and
the unknown factors in the future.
Achieving Balance: Finding a common
ground between economy, society and
the environment is critical to successful
planning and actions.
Promoting Openness and Accessibility:
Sharing information and providing access to
Town resources is fundamental to an open
society.
Behaving Responsibly and Accountability:
Being accountable for one’s actions and
taking responsibility will ensure that all
parties are acting in the best interest of the
environment.
Advocating Actions Beneficial to the
Environment: Encouraging and giving
stakeholders the tools to take action that
will benefit the environment and will allow
for successful implementation of the plan.
Thinking Globally, Acting Locally: We can
make an impact on global climate change by
doing our share in the local community.
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IV. Planning Background
The purpose of the 2006 Vail 20/20: Focus on
the Future process was to identify ways to build
upon Vail’s successes, keep the resort community
competitive and to seek opportunities to improve the
community. This process identified a need to integrate
a new environmental plan into Vail’s strategies for the
future, and one that transcends the administrations of
Town staff, Vail Town Council and appointed boards
and commissions (Memo to Vail Town Council, 2006).
The public input process for Vail 20/20 included two
public workshops, a meeting with Vail’s stakeholders,
a workshop with Vail Mountain School students,
and an open house to respond to a first draft of the
Strategic Action Plan. Environmental sustainability,
workforce housing, I-70 mitigation, wildfire
preparedness and management of growth and
redevelopment were identified during these meetings
as top priorities for the Town. More than 300 voices
were heard to assist in setting a direction for the
future. At the same time, the 2007 community
survey results were published, and both initiatives
showed tremendous support for environmental
initiatives.
Through the 20/20 process, the community identified
environmental issues as one of its top concerns
and expressed the need for a more sustainable
community. Participants commented that an ongoing
dialogue about the surrounding forest health between
the Forest Service and the Town is an environmental
strength. Participants expressed interest in
developing more recycling opportunities, reducing
the reliance on chemicals to handle maintenance
issues such as snowmelt, ongoing work to address
the mountain pine beetle outbreak and related
fire hazard, and protection of Gore Creek. Other
recommendations included adopting a green building
code (Vail 20/20, 2007).
In the 2007 community survey, environmental
resources were identified by eighty-two percent of
respondents as very important with only 6 percent
calling this issue unimportant. Respondents were
asked to evaluate a list of 10 topics important to
Vail’s future. In this case, “environmental protection”
received the highest score with a rating of 4.3 on a
5 scale (5 being “extremely important”), followed
by “addressing the pine beetle infestation” which
received a 4.1 score. Seventy-one percent of
respondents suggested the Town place a high priority
on “enforcement of requirements for private property
owners to remove dead beetle-infested trees.”
Satisfaction of environmental quality, which links both
the natural and built environment within the Town,
was ranked 3.8 of 5, which is just above average
satisfaction (Town of Vail Community Survey, 2007).
Therefore, the Town Council directed Staff to
promote a healthy environment in Vail and beyond
through the development of an environmental
sustainability strategic plan. The plan was created
under the direction of the community through the
20/20 process, the Town Environmental Department,
the Town Employee Environmental Focus Group,
The Vail Environmental Sustainability Advisory
Committee (formed in October, 2008 specifically
to drive the goals and objectives of this plan), and
the Town Council. Many of the environmental goals
and recommendations are directed to the Town
as a governing body because a broad range of
environmental actions can be best focused promoted
and coordinated within town operations, facilities,
waste management, and regulations. However,
the plan’s action items also include partnership
and community efforts that do not stop at Vail’s
geographical borders, in effort to work with valley
and regional stakeholders toward environmental
improvement through education, policies, and
programs.
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A. EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING DOCUMENTS
The following documents were created to guide
environmental policy and actions:
Comprehensive Open Lands Plan
Adopted in 1994, the Comprehensive Open Lands
Plan identifies and develops strategies for acquiring
or protecting remaining open lands in Vail that
would be valuable for recreation, protecting sensitive
environmental resources, extending or connecting
trails, providing adequate neighborhood open space
and creating a small amount of contingency land for
unseen needs. This plan expired in 2000.
Environmental Strategic Plan (1994)
Adopted in 1994, the Environmental Strategic Plan
established a long-term environmental protection
work plan. The plan expired in 1998.
Eagle River Water Quality
Management Plan
Adopted in 1996, this document is still relevant and
is used by stewards of the watershed to understand
the current situation, the initiatives taken and future
actions needed to protect the region’s aquatic health.
Community Wildfire Protection Plan
The purpose of the Community Wildfire Protection
Plan (CWPP) is to implement a seamless, coordinated
effort in determining an appropriate fire management
work plan within the Town, complementing local
agreements for wildfire protection. Adopted in 2007,
the CWPP is still being utilized to guide forest health
projects.
Vail Energy Audit/Action Plan
The Energy Audit identified the baseline energy
usage by the municipality, and categorized sources
of energy use. The audit made recommendations to
improve energy efficiency and conservation, many of
which are in this document.
Vail 20/20
Vail 20/20, Focus on the Future is designed to keep
the resort community competitive. It identifies
commonly shared values in the community, creates a
clear vision for Vail and coordinates Vail’s strategies
for the future.
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B. Town of Vail Values
The Town of Vail Values were adopted by the Vail
Town Council as part of the Vail 20/20 Strategic
Action Plan (2007) and represent what is important to
the community and our partners.
1. Premier Resort Community: Vail values its role
as a premier resort community, which recognizes
the interdependent relationship between the
resort, community and municipality. Vail’s success
as a resort depends largely on its success as a
community which fosters relationships between
locals and visitors. We make plans and take
actions that are investments in the experience
and lives of many different generations, today and
into the future. It takes work and reinvention to
stay No. 1, and Vail is committed to innovation
and creativity to achieve our goals.
2. Diversity: Vail values maintaining a diverse
population of residents, workers and visitors, with
a broad representation of age, family composition,
ethnic background and economic means.
3. Activities Benefit Individuals and the
Community: Vail values a vibrant community life
supportive of spiritual and physical well-being and
encouraging of intellectual and cultural growth.
This value includes providing a wide variety of
educational, recreational, entertainment, art
and cultural opportunities. These offerings
are accessible to all and appeal to residents
and guests of all ages, incomes and interests.
These activities promote the development of
relationships that strengthen the community.
4. Natural Environment: Vail values the
environment as a source of health, beauty,
recreation and economic strength that makes
Vail a special place to live, work and play. As
stewards of the environment, Vail is committed to
promoting sustainable environmental practices in
every aspect of the community.
5. Participation and Cooperation: Vail values
the participation of its citizens in community
life, decision making and planning for the
future. A sense of ownership and responsibility
is achieved through open communication and
cooperation between community members,
businesses, interest groups and local and
regional governments. Cooperation is essential
to addressing issues that extend beyond town
boundaries.
6. Leadership: Leadership: Vail values a
transparent, fiscally responsible and ethical
municipal government that engages community
members, private partnerships, municipalities
and other entities throughout the region to make
sound decisions that serve all interested parties
for the long term.
7. Healthy Economy: Vail values world-class
service and a vibrant, diverse, year-round
economy that caters to full and part-time
residents, visitors and business owners and
operators. A growing employment and revenue
base supports the economy, which thrives on
environmental sustainability, amenities and
events, transportation and other infrastructure.
8. Sense of Place and Character: Vail values
the strong history of the Town and its unique
character and legacy while acknowledging the
importance of reinvention. This is reflected in the
high quality of the built environment with design
and features that endure over time.
9. Safety and Health: Vail values a sense of
personal security for its citizens and their children,
as well as for property. Quality healthcare and
physical activities support the health of the
community.
10. Transportation and Transit Network: Vail
values a sustainable, multi-modal transportation
system that effectively provides ease of access
to residents, visitors and the workforce in an
environmentally and technologically forward
manner.
V. Policy Statement
“The Town of Vail shall serve as a nationally recognized
leader in sustainability through a commitment to
community partnerships and balanced stewardship of
human, nancial and environmental resources in policy
and daily operations.”
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V. Policy Statement
“The Town of Vail shall serve as a nationally recognized
leader in sustainability through a commitment to
community partnerships and balanced stewardship of
human, nancial and environmental resources in policy
and daily operations.”
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SOLID WASTE STREAM
DIVERSION & RECYCLING
Goal 1: Reduce the amount of Town of Vail
landll contributions by 10% within 5 years, and
25% within 10 years.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Goal 2: Reduce the Town of Vail municipal and
community energy use by 20% below 2006 levels
by 2020, in order to eectively reduce the Town’s
contribution to greenhouse gas emissions and
impact on global climate change.
ECOSYSTEM HEALTH
Goal 3: Ensure that the natural environment,
specically air and water quality, water
quantity, land use and habitat are maintained
to current or improved levels of biological
health.
SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC &
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Goal 4: Lead programmatic eorts to promote
sustainable and protable business practices
within the Town of Vail and the Vail community.
Implement employee sustainability programs to
maintain high quality of life.
PUBLIC EDUCATION &
COMMUNICATION
Goal 5: Increase public education and awareness,
communication and environmental stewardship
in the Town of Vail.
TRANSPORTATION
Goal 6: Reduce the environmental impact of
transportation by supporting eorts within the
Eagle Valley to decrease total Vehicle Miles
Traveled (VMT) by commuters and guests by 20%
by 2020.
GOALS 1 2
3 4
5 6
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SOLID WASTE STREAM
DIVERSION & RECYCLING
Goal 1: Reduce the amount of Town of Vail
landll contributions by 10% within 5 years, and
25% within 10 years.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Goal 2: Reduce the Town of Vail municipal and
community energy use by 20% below 2006 levels
by 2020, in order to eectively reduce the Town’s
contribution to greenhouse gas emissions and
impact on global climate change.
ECOSYSTEM HEALTH
Goal 3: Ensure that the natural environment,
specically air and water quality, water
quantity, land use and habitat are maintained
to current or improved levels of biological
health.
SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC &
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Goal 4: Lead programmatic eorts to promote
sustainable and protable business practices
within the Town of Vail and the Vail community.
Implement employee sustainability programs to
maintain high quality of life.
PUBLIC EDUCATION &
COMMUNICATION
Goal 5: Increase public education and awareness,
communication and environmental stewardship
in the Town of Vail.
TRANSPORTATION
Goal 6: Reduce the environmental impact of
transportation by supporting eorts within the
Eagle Valley to decrease total Vehicle Miles
Traveled (VMT) by commuters and guests by 20%
by 2020.
GOALS 1 2
3 4
5 6
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SOLID WASTE STREAM DIVERSION & RECYCLING
Goal 1:
Reduce the amount of Town of Vail landll
contributions by 10% within 5 years, and
25% within 10 years.
Background / Key Issues
Like many resort mountain communities, the Town of Vail
faces unique challenges related to waste diversion, and
recycling:
• Resort communities generate more trash per capita
than the state average. The 1998 (Eagle County)
waste composition study data showed that the Town
generated four times the amount of trash (6.8 tons of
solid waste per capita), compared to the state average
of 1.7 tons per capita in 2004, according to Colorado
Department of Health and Environment estimates.
Though Vail’s per capita generation does not include
seasonal employees and guests, the average annual
tonnage of waste generated is still estimated to be
significantly higher than the state average.
• Vail has a population of about 4,750 year-round
residents, which can soar to over 30,000 during peak
ski season. This strains existing waste and recycling
infrastructure.
• Private waste haulers, wildlife concerns, and no
existing mandatory curbside recycling program calls
for ordinance changes within the Town.
• Public resistance to adding additional containers in
small residential dwellings and possible increased
costs for trash disposal.
• Lack of data: cost-benefit analysis on curbside trash
and recycling versus drop off. For example, recycling
of some materials such as glass is heavy and possibly
not cost-effective.
• Multi-family residential units and lodges require
specific infrastructure and additional education for
a unique programs such as Pay as You Throw to be
effective.
• The Town encourages employees and guests to
use the free public bus system. While this reduces
the Town’s carbon footprint, it creates a barrier to
participation in public recycling drop off sites.
According to Eagle County (2008), the Eagle County
Landfill is a Colorado State-approved Subtitle D solid
waste disposal facility. Of the 61 acres approved for
development, 31 are in use. This site will reach capacity
in 14 to 17 years, depending on waste levels. However,
future expansion could increase the capacity of the
landfill. Recycling drop-off centers are managed by
the Town through a contract with a local trash hauler,
and curbside recycling is made available twice a month
by the two local waste haulers. The recycling service is
not a direct charge, other than the cost of the recycling
containers.
Current Initiatives
• The Town continues to manage the free recycling drop-
off program in Vail.
• A cardboard recycling system was installed and is
operational as of September 2008.
• The Town sponsored its first electronic recycling event
in 2007 collecting over 8,000 lbs of electronic waste.
Electronic recycling will continue in Vail until the Eagle
County MRF is able to accept electronic waste.
• The Town requires special events to incorporate
recycling in their event planning.
• The Town Environmental Department works with
Eagle County Landfill management in planning for the
2009 $6 million Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) at
the Wolcott landfill, which will increase the Valley’s
recycling capacity by 2-4 times, greatly improving the
economics of local recycling.
• Each quarter the Town offices, through the Information
Technology Department, recycle all outdated and
obsolete computers and electrical equipment with a
certified electronic equipment recycler.
• In 2007 the Town implemented an electronic document
and records management system designed to reduce
staff dependency on paper and encourage information
sharing internally and with the public. Since July of
2007, the Town has scanned and recycled over 225
boxes of paper and has 27,067 electronic records, or
582,473 images.
Baseline
According to Eagle County Landfill data, Eagle County
generated 115,489 tons of solid waste in 2007. Of this,
compacted waste (trash) accounted for 49,679 tons, and
construction and demolition waste accounted for 50,701
tons. The last data point for solid waste generation for the
Town of Vail was 1995, where it accounted for 31,025 tons
of trash, equating to 37% of Eagle County’s waste. Current
baseline data are needed to quantify the effectiveness of
waste diversion efforts. 11
SOLID WASTE STREAM DIVERSION & RECYCLING
Goal 1:
Reduce the amount of Town of Vail landll
contributions by 10% within 5 years, and
25% within 10 years.
Objectives
1. Create a culture of waste reduction by delivering a
clear and consistent message of resource efficiency
through Town actions, community messages and guest
experiences.
2. Develop education program(s) to increase waste
diversion, reuse, and recycling program participation
rates of Town employees and the Vail community.
3. Implement a “Pay as you Throw” (PAYT) curbside
waste pickup and recycling program in town.
4. Promote and eventually require recycling of
construction waste and building material.
5. Collaborate with Garfield, Pitkin and Eagle Counties
on the regional solid waste diversion program that
streamlines waste reduction and recycling.
12
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Goal 2:
Reduce the Town of Vail municipal and community energy
use by 20% below 2006 levels by 2020, in order to
eectively reduce the Town’s contribution to greenhouse
gas emissions and impact on global climate change.
Background/Key Issues
According to the Southern Rockies Ecosystem Project
(2007), the earth’s surface has undergone unprecedented
warming over the last century, particularly over the last two
decades. The future climate of the Rockies will likely be
dominated by human-induced warming under “business as
usual” carbon emissions, so accurately characterizing the
regional response is vital to the Rockies’ future sustainability.
According to Vail Resorts (2007), the snow season on Vail
Mountain is approximately 15 days shorter than what it was
25 years ago. In 2008, the Town completed a streetscape
project that includes heated pavers in Vail Village and
Lionshead in the pedestrian core areas. These pavers make
it safer for pedestrians to walk in the winter and remove the
need for snow removal trucks and plows in the village cores.
However, according to the Streetscape Master Plan (2005),
an additional 1,357 tons of greenhouse gases are emitted
into the atmosphere each winter season from melting snow.
To offset this energy use, the Town has purchased wind
energy credits equal to 100% of its electricity consumption.
Also, funds from the Town’s Real Estate Transfer Tax (RETT)
have been designated for use on renewable energy projects.
The 2007 Town of Vail Energy Action Plan provides general
recommendations to reduce municipal energy use over the
next few years. However, opportunity exists to coordinate
energy conservation programs among residents and
businesses.
Current Initiatives
• In 2007, the Town installed 4.53 kw photovoltaic grid-
tied solar panels on the Vail Village Information Center
as a pilot project for solar on municipal buildings,
which produces the equivalent of 30% of the buildings’
electricity.
• In 2007, the Town purchased wind power credits for 100
percent of municipal power to offset carbon emissions
from electricity use. This contract is renewable in 2009.
• The 2007 Energy Action Plan established a baseline
of 2006 general energy use. The Plan is being used
to review recommendations for reducing energy
consumption, and track potential financial savings
through efficiencies.
• The Department of Community Development building
has been retrofitted with energy efficient lighting,
timers, and motion sensors.
Baseline
The 2007 Town of Vail Energy Action Plan includes a municipal
energy inventory use for 2006 which will serve as the baseline
against which the Town will measure the success of Goal 2, in
reducing the Town’s energy consumption and contribution to
global warming pollution. Several municipal buildings present
opportunities for inexpensive lighting, and heating and cooling
upgrades to achieve significant energy savings, notably the
Lionshead Parking Structure and Vail Transportation Center, as
well as the Municipal Building (Table 1).
Though the Town will focus efforts on reducing overall carbon
emissions, it is also helpful to evaluate energy and/or carbon
intensity so that incremental progress is easier to identify. It
is likely that as services increase and/or buildings are added
or expanded, so will energy use. In order to gauge energy
intensity, metrics, or useful comparisons must be identified.
The following may be useful to track carbon intensity
(Schmueser-Gordon-Meyer, 2007).
Total tons of CO2 can be compared to total Town operating expenditures*
11,863 tons of CO2 per $1,000 of expenditure = 0.27 tons in 2006. In
other words, for every $1,000 the Town spends, it emits 0.27 tons of CO2.
Another possible metric includes comparing dollars spent on energy to:
Total Town operating expenditures* on electricity, natural gas & water.
$1,442,610 per $1,000 of expenditure = $32.94 in 2006
In other words, for every $1,000 the Town spends, it spent $32.94 on
energy and water.
*(2006 total Town of Vail expenditures = $43,800,000)
Town of Vail 2006
Global Warming Pollution
by Sector
Buildings
8,431 tons of CO2
71%
Transportation
2,492 tons of CO2
21%
Miscellaneous939 tons of CO28%
Bus Dept.
59%Public
Works
20%
Police Dept.
8%
Facility Mtn
3.5%
Other
8%
Town of Vail
2006 Combined Gasoline & Diesel Use
by Department
Figure 2Figure 1
13
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Goal 2:
Reduce the Town of Vail municipal and community energy
use by 20% below 2006 levels by 2020, in order to
eectively reduce the Town’s contribution to greenhouse
gas emissions and impact on global climate change.
Plan Review Process Baseline
According to the Four Seasons project development team,
printing costs for current major development projects in
the Town of Vail are estimated at $14,000 per set of plans,
containing several thousand sheets of paper. Most large
scale projects print multiple sets, and can total over $90,000,
not including time and energy spent driving to and from the
Town of Vail Community Development Department offices,
and shipping costs. Converting to electronic plan review
would reduce waste, and greatly increase energy efficiency
and reduce carbon emissions by decreasing driving and
shipping of plans. Electronic plan review will also streamline
the plan review process, increasing customer satisfaction.
Fire and police operations will have instant access to building
plans for emergency incidences.
14
Objectives
1. Track and reduce the Town of Vail municipal and
community energy use and GHG emissions.
2. Implement a sustainable building code program that
requires new construction and major renovations to
achieve designated resource and energy efficiency
targets.
3. Implement energy efficiency and conservation
measures for municipal facilities.
4. Increase fuel efficiency, reduce fuel and oil
consumption and create a viable program for
alternative fuels within the Town fleet.
5. Implement community energy efficiency and renewable
energy program.
Table 1. 2006: Total Global Warming
Pollution and Cost of Energy
Electricity
(kWh)
Natural Gas
(CCF)
Water
(kgal)
Annual Energy
Expenditure
Annual tons of C02
emmissions
Buzzard Park Housing 73,440 11,500 -$15,175 118.53
Colorado West Mental Health --255 $599 0.04
Com Dev Building 85,560 6,552 66 $12,653 103.61
Creekside 120,181 --$11,233 99.15
Donavan Park Pavillion 50,600 16,449 2,515 $30,670 125.02
East Vail Fire Station (1)85,252 5,303 407 $11,486 97.12
EMD Boiler Room - Snowmelt -286,710 -$251,357 1,444.59
Ford Ampitheater 68,281 -3,489 $20,802 56.89
Library 388,000 20,260 399 $43,842 422.24
Lionshead Parking Structure 673,990 5,471 -$53,563 583.61
Municipal Building 782,040 16,270 271 $61,992 727.20
Public Works Administration 633,152 78,400 1,068 $106,968 2,390.16
Town Manager’s Residence 10,780 1,858 109 $2,056 9.38
Vail Fire Station (2)79,407 5,492 272 $12,098 93.23
Vail Transportation Center 2,596,800 -1,547 $157,530 2,142.61
Misc Housing 21,571 --$2,068 17.80
Total Buildings 5,669,054 454,265 10,398 $794,091 8,431.17
Miscellaneous 485,753 169 4,034 $56,121 401.66
Misc. - Irrigation 6,804 -150 $1,583 5.62
Misc. - Street Path / Lights 644,956 --$60,114 532.09
Total Public Works 1,137,513 169 4,184 $117,818 939.4
Sub-total 6,806,567 454,434 14,582 $911,909 10,309.9
Gasoline (gal)Diesel (gal)Air Travel
Transportation 51,272 177,848 -$530,701 2,492.3
Annual Totals $1,442,610 11,862.9
ECO-SYSTEM HEALTH
Goal 3:
Ensure that the natural environment, specically
air and water quality, water quantity, land use
and habitat are maintained to current or im-
proved levels of biological health.
Background/Key Issues
Drought, warmer temperatures and the infestation of the
mountain pine beetle have led to increased wildfire danger
in and surrounding Vail. According to the U.S. Forest
Service, as of 2007, the beetle has infested over 70% of
the trees from Lionshead to Dowd Junction and during the
next five years, the area surrounding Vail will lose hundreds
of thousands of pine trees from this infestation. The dying
and dead trees are more susceptible to catch fire and thus,
increase the danger of spreading wildfires. The Town will
spend over $1.5 million on addressing the beetle outbreak
and wildfire preparedness through 2010.
Gore Creek is the only major tributary that runs through the
Town, and supports both recreational and sanitation needs.
The extent of Gore Creek flowing through Vail has been
subjected to numerous disturbances over the past 30 years
including increased sediment from sanding of I-70 during
the winter. Monitoring the effects of sand sedimentation
and other pollutant sources on the Gore Creek is underway
and the Town works with the Eagle River Water and
Sanitation District on watershed management programs to
improve and protect the future stream health conditions of
Gore Creek, which is designated a Gold Medal Trout fishery.
The Gore Creek Macroinvertebrate and Stream Health
Monitoring Report: 2004-2006 Monitoring prepared for the
Eagle River Watershed Council, stated that when compared
to other healthy reference sites on Gore Creek and the
Eagle River, aquatic insect numbers in certain reaches of
Gore Creek flowing through Vail are in poor condition. Data
summarized from various reports (Eagle River Inventory
and Assessment 2005, Hydrosphere 2005, Wynn et al.
2001) indicate that in the past decade a downward trend
in stream health is occurring in Gore Creek, typical of
increasing urbanization.
Current Initiatives
• Since 2000, the Town has been an active member of
the Black Gore Creek Steering Committee and a project
funding partner for source control and monitoring.
• The Town supported the planning and construction of
63 sedimentation basins on I-70 Vail Pass over the past
five years.
• In 2007, the Town assisted in funding the Colorado
Department of Transportation’s Sedimentation Basin of
Last Resort project located at mile marker 183 on Vail
Pass.
• The Town supports Gore Creek water quality
monitoring efforts by the Forest Service.
• The Town supports, promotes, and adhere to the
guidelines put forth by the Eagle River Water and
Sanitation District Water Conservation Program.
• The Town supports the implementation of Black Gore
Creek Total Maximum Daily Loads (threshold for
pollution rates that still meet water quality standards)
to identify sediment load reduction projects and
implementation plans.
• The Town is partnering with U.S. and Colorado State
Forest Service and Eagle County on the Vail Valley
Forest Health Project, which seeks to reduce wildfire
hazard by creating a fire break around the Town by
removing beetle infested trees and working on re-
vegetation programs. In 2007, the Town hired a six
person wildfire mitigation crew for fire prevention
education and cutting/thinning projects on Town-land
adjacent to U.S. Forest Service lands.
• The Town finalized its Community Wildfire Protection
Plan in 2007, which outlines how Vail can protect itself
from the threat of wildfire.
• New regulations in 2007 require Class A roof
assemblies or roof covering materials on all new roofs
and re-roofs in Vail, and prohibit wood shake and wood
shingles for all structures.
Objectives
1. Maintain Gore Creek watershed as a Gold Medal
Fishery, while working to maintain tributaries; meet
and/or exceed aquatic life standards set by the
state of Colorado through the management of urban
stormwater.
2. Re-initiate Trees for Vail program as a forest restoration
and Town of Vail beautification project to improve the
community and the environment through tree planting.
3. Promote water conservation practices in businesses,
community and municipality.
4. Address tree disease in the Town of Vail through public
outreach and education.
15
ECO-SYSTEM HEALTH
Goal 3:
Ensure that the natural environment, specically
air and water quality, water quantity, land use
and habitat are maintained to current or im-
proved levels of biological health.
16
SUSTAINABLE ECONOMICand SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Goal 4:
Lead programmatic eorts to promote sustainable and
protable business practices within the Town of Vail and the
Vail community. Implement employee sustainability
programs to maintain high quality of life.
Background/Key Issues
Historically, environmental, social, and economic goals
have been pursued somewhat separately from one another
in the Town of Vail. The recently renewed environmental
movement in the United States has prompted businesses
and municipalities to begin to identify how environmentally
friendly business practices and green building design
can be profitable and sustainable, creating happier and
healthier employees.
The following vision statement describes how the
community envisions Vail’s perfect economy according to
the Vail Economic Development Strategic Plan:
Vail’s economy is supported through a year-round viable
business environment that meets the market demands of
both residents and visitors. The major redevelopment of much
of the Town has expanded and enhanced Vail’s pedestrian
and commercial areas, which provides a strengthened tax
base. A diversity of retail, lodging, dining, special events and
service businesses and both indoor and outdoor recreation
opportunities funds a growing employment and revenue
base. The Town’s strong infrastructure, environmental
stewardship and its cooperation with economic and
community partners benefits Vail’s economy. Through
prudent cost-management and balancing of diversified
revenue sources, the municipality has sustainable funding for
its capital and operational needs.
Recognizing that Vail’s economy, social health and
environment are not mutually exclusive, the Environmental
Team has begun work with the Economic Development
Team and the Economic Advisory Council to support
the Vail Economic Strategic plan goals, while ensuring
sustainable business practices.
Current Initiatives
• The Vail Economic Development Strategic Plan provides
a detailed outline of necessary steps and initiatives
launched under the recommendations of the Vail
Economic Advisory Council, Planning and Environmental
Commission and local businesses to improve economic
health in the Town of Vail. Several economic indicators
identified are also indicators of environmental health,
such as stream levels, air pollution, noise, and snow
pack, because they can impact the willingness of
guests to visit Vail. The Economic Development and
Environmental Departments work together to track and
share data and keep track of impacts and trends on the
economy and the environment.
• To improve social well-being and health, the Town
contributes to an employee wellness benefit, which
provides a subsidy for recreational passes and athletic
club memberships. The Town also provides free bus
passes and hold yearly employee recognition and
appreciation events.
Objectives
1. Promote sustainable business practices through
the Vail Valley Partnership (VVP) and Town of Vail
Destination Preservation sustainable business
program.
2. Promote overall employee wellness through strategic
partnerships.
3. Work with the Commission on Special Events (CSE)
to require all events to reduce waste, purchase
sustainable and biodegradable products, and
promote Colorado Carbon Fund offsets.
17
SUSTAINABLE ECONOMICand SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Goal 4:
Lead programmatic eorts to promote sustainable and
protable business practices within the Town of Vail and the
Vail community. Implement employee sustainability
programs to maintain high quality of life.
18
TRANSPORTATION
Goal 6:
Reduce the environmental impact of transportation
by supporting eorts within the Eagle Valley to
decrease total Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) by com-
muters and guests by 20% by 2020.
PUBLIC EDUCATION &COMMUNICATION
Goal 5:
Increase public education and awareness,
communication and environmental
stewardship in the Town of Vail.
Background/Key Issues
The Town of Vail currently hosts or participates in several
environmental stewardship events per year. Currently,
the events do not contain an educational element, nor are
there any formal Town of Vail environmental education
programs. Several issues related to public education
and communication exist: participation rates for Town
environmental events have been relatively low, lack
diversity of events; lack of educational element at events;
difficulty reaching second homeowners and tourists given
their limted time in Vail.
Current Initiatives
• Town of Vail Clean Up Day – The annual Clean Up Day
event has been occurring for over thirty-one years, to
clean the Town following the spring melt. For several
years, the Town has offered a $25 donation to local
charities in the name of each volunteer.
• River Clean Up Day – Sponsored by the Eagle River
Watershed Council (ERWC), Town Staff act as stream
team leaders, and take a section of Gore Creek and
lead clean up efforts.
• I-70 Highway Clean Up Day - Sponsored by Eagle River
Watershed Council, the I-70 Highway Clean Up is the
largest highway cleanup in the U.S. with approximately
1,200 volunteers each year, that clean up over 40
miles of highway each way. The Town Environmental
Team organizes clean up efforts on roughly 3 miles of
highway.
• Electronic Waste Recycling Event – “Get the Lead
Out” is an annual electronic waste collection event
sponsored in partnership with the Town, Eagle Valley
Alliance for Sustainability and Eagle County that allows
the community to recycle their electronics and divert
toxic chemicals and equipment from the landfill.
• Town of Vail website, public service announcements,
press releases, Plum TV, TV 8, radio and other
local media, are ongoing methods of effective
communication to the community.
Objectives
1. Direct the Town of Vail Employee Environmental Focus
Group in driving Town sustainability practices through
educational initiatives.
2. Develop Town of Vail environmental sustainability
public education campaign through collaborative
partnerships.
19
TRANSPORTATION
Goal 6:
Reduce the environmental impact of transportation
by supporting eorts within the Eagle Valley to
decrease total Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) by com-
muters and guests by 20% by 2020.
PUBLIC EDUCATION &COMMUNICATION
Goal 5:
Increase public education and awareness,
communication and environmental
stewardship in the Town of Vail.
Background/Key Issues
The Town of Vail operates the largest free mass transit
system in North America, yet over 2 million vehicles pass
through Town on I-70 each year. The highway running
through the center of Town presents challenges; highway
noise, stormwater runoff, and vehicle emissions.
Current Initiatives
• There are several informal active Town employee
carpools.
• The Town participates in the I-70 Coalition ongoing
dialogue on the highway transportation plan.
• The Town purchased seven hybrid buses in 2008, for a
total of eight in the fleet, costing over $3.5 million.
• The Town has abundant bicycle routes running from
East to Intermountain and throughout Vail Village and
Lionshead.
Objectives
1. Increase employee and guest van and carpool use.
2. Establish collaborative partnerships for improved use of
mass transit.
3. Increase bicycle use and alternative low impact modes
of transportation.
20
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3.
5
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3.
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s
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m
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3.
7
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q
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3.
8
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3.
9
P
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s
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a
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4.
1
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#
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24
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25
XIII. Funding
In order to launch major sustainability initiatives
in the Town of Vail including energy upgrades
and renewable energy projects, educational
initiatives, waste reduction and other programs,
capital investment and initial resources will be
required, though in many cases long term return
on investment is the goal. The Town of Vail Envi-
ronmental Team will continue to identify partner-
ship opportunities to offset the capital investment
required from the Town budget to drive priority
projects. Collaborative efforts will facilitate suc-
cessful programs, community involvement, and
environmental stewardship.
The Town will collaborate through partnerships,
grant funding, volunteerism or information-
sharing with local, state, and federal organiza-
tions including but not limited to the following:
The Town of Vail and Valley businesses, Eagle
County, Eagle River Water and Sanitation District,
Holy Cross Energy, Xcel Energy, Valley non-profit
organizations; education community, State of
Colorado (e.g. Governor’s Energy Office, Colorado
Department of Health and Environment, U.S.
Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture),
Governmental organizations (e.g. Northwest
Colorado Council of Governments).
27
XIV. Reporting
The Town of Vail Environmental Team will create an annual Environmental Sustainability Report, as
part of the Town Annual Report, which will use the environmental indicators identified in this plan to
provide information on Town energy use, GHG emissions, waste diversion calculations and program
progress.
XV. Essential Next Steps
• Continue to meet with the Environmental Sustainability Advisory Committee made up of key
community members and stakeholders, to seek feedback on planned action items.
• Continue to present environmental programs to the Planning and Environmental Commis-
sion to incorporate environmental goals within the planning and approval process of Town
projects.
• Develop a communications plan.
• Work with the Vail Valley Partnership to roll out the Destination Preservation Program.
• Identify partnerships and funding mechanisms to leverage Town funds for sustainability
initiatives (e.g. renewable energy, performance contracting and building upgrades, PAYT
program)
28
References
Carlson, Bill. (2006) Memo to Vail Town Council dated 01/17/06. Town of Vail.
Colorado Department of Transportation . (2008) www.cotrip.org Information on I-70 Resurfacing
Projects. Accessed 4/3/08
Eagle County. (2006) Eagle County Landfill Fact Sheet
Eagle River Water and Sanitation District. (2006) Memo to Town of Vail, dated 11/1/2006.
Eagle River Watershed Council. (2007) The Gore Creek Macroinvertebrate and Stream
Health Monitoring Report: 2004-2006.
Felsburg Holt and Ulevig. (2007) Town of Vail Transportation Master Plan. Town of Vail.
Gore Creek Watershed Management Plan (2006)
Mathieson, Alister, and Geoffrey and Wall. (1982) Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts,
New York: Longman. p. 21
RRC Associates. (2007) Town of Vail Community Survey Results.
Schmueser, Gordon and Meyer (2007). Town of Vail Energy Action Plan. Town of Vail.
Southern Rockies Ecosystem Project. (2007) State of the Southern Rockies Ecoregion.
http://www.restoretherockies.org/report.html Accessed 4/5/08
State of Vail Report. (2007). Town of Vail.
Town of Vail Department of Community Development. (2007) Development Statistics 2007.
Town of Vail Public Works Department (2005). Streetscape Master Plan Background Information.
Town of Vail.
United Nations. (1987) "Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development."
General Assembly Resolution 42/187. Accessed 4/01/08.
Vail 20/20: Focus on the Future: Strategic Action Plan (2007). Town of Vail.
29
www.vailgov.com