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Home My WebLink AboutB11-0496 Life Safety Report approved B��ER . . �� Life Safetv Report Strata Residences at Vail Vail, Colorado 81657 Client: JEFF MAPP,SeniorAssociate OZ ARCHITECTURE 3003 Larimer Street Denver, Colorado 80205 Phone: 303.861.5704 Fax: 303.861.9230 Email: jmapp@ozarch.com Fire Protection and Life Safety Consultant: BCER Engineering, Inc. Arvada Office: 5420 Ward Road Arvada, Colorado 80002-1838 Office: 303.422.7400 Fax: 303.422.7900 BCER Project#21111028.00 December 20, 2013 ARVADA OFFICE �r��P COLORADO SPRINGS OFFICE 5420 WARD ROAD,SUITE 20� ~� p/�k'2d�urpd�il�'ijlflP.�i 10807 NEW ALLEGIANCE DRIVE,SUITE 4d0 ARVADA,COLORADO 80002 COLORADO SPRINGS,COLORA60 80921 303.422.74D0 719.533.1112 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................3 Descriptionof Project .......................................................................................................................3 Project Codes and Standards............................................................................................................4 ReportObjectives..............................................................................................................................4 FIRE PROTECTION AND LIFE-SAFETY REQUIREMENTS..........................................................................5 Site Plan and Fire Service Features...................................................................................................5 Fire Department Access................................................................................................................5 Fire Flow, Fire Hydrants and Firefighting Service Connections.....................................................6 Building Fire Protection and Life Safety Features.............................................................................8 Occupancy Classification and Separation .....................................................................................8 Building Heights, Areas and Construction Type..........................................................................11 Fire Resistive Construction..........................................................................................................13 InteriorFinish..............................................................................................................................46 Meansof Egress..........................................................................................................................48 Accessible Means of Egress.........................................................................................................82 Fire Classification of Roof Assemblies.........................................................................................82 Elevator and Conveying Systems ................................................................................................83 Special Detailed Requirements Based Upon Use and Occupancy..................................................84 Motor Vehicle Related—Parking Garage Requirements............................................................88 FIRE PROTECTION/ LIFE-SAFETY SYSTEMS.........................................................................................89 Fire Suppression Systems................................................................................................................89 Automatic Fire Sprinkler, Standpipe and Fire Pump Systems.....................................................89 Alternative Automatic Fire Extinguishing Systems .....................................................................92 Portable Fire Extinguishers .............................................................................................................94 Fire Detection,Alarm and Communication Systems ......................................................................95 FireAlarm System .......................................................................................................................95 Emergency Communication Systems........................................................................................100 SmokeControl Systems.................................................................................................................102 General Smoke Control Criteria ................................................................................................102 FIRE SAFETY DURING CONSTRUCTION..............................................................................................104 Accessfor Fire Fighting .............................................................................................................104 Meansof Egress........................................................................................................................104 Water Supply for Fire Fighting..................................................................................................104 Standpipes.................................................................................................................................104 Portable Fire Extinguishers .......................................................................................................105 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................................105 Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 2 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Life Safety Report Strata Residences at Vail INTRODUCTION Description of Project The purpose of this report is to provide members of the design team a design review of applicable code requirements for fire and life safety features of the building. This Report will assist members of the design team in coordinating required design features between the design disciplines. An outline and explanation of the required design features will be provided. The picture below is a rendering/model of the building to help illustrate the scale and features of the project. I � .��. ��y r.� , ,< �>:��f� � ;. � `�, �-� �` '�_ . � I: 1 ( ,�, ' �# �" �,° ` `�.�.�.._�'`� I � xj � � � � } , � S�� S��li ��f��'� I�� -��1 ��(�� i ,: �.,S - ] � '�I ' t�i� . ��Y'�3��'.._ � �y� }.I 11 ` r��t�l �..� f ' ��'i�l��'� � ! �� C p j• � _ � _ ��&! 4I{�� 41 _ �.,� `yr ;:,h [7P t _�� t r-��P � j,, � �E r �-�m ? K � • � .� ��': � . � �^{ � � ' � .d'�ir ��, �j , � . � ," � ,,R .� � f a_..�.i �iF�y� ��k ��11 � .� �',' {�� r t L � 6i �'' � � _, `• ��I` �,� ,� -: 1 a,i �:�,Jp •''�1 , cr �' �; � �pr � ,� �F� i, �. �- . �� ; �s u� .� � a' F �� s��',e R h' . r."}�7�+�.. ,� _��', � 4 I� �":- �;'� a. �.� '' i ,"4 �� '��,.:i' �" �,y,�' A y', . ad- . r �., f N. I . .. � . - , "qL� �. ��e �� .,( r•aq7 .�... *+ � ? .. � ' '_ _' � �K. f {�`_� -� r ''�' �'.N-&�ry : � a, ,y-:..— � -. _ �' .. 7�.•i � ., "� 5"� 'i . �a . .. � �'�� ..a9 � -'"yys � - q.•,,. �` 7 � - � r �'�`�'� �' � an f�� p: � i��4 �'. � � .� � `r^�'B �F��r%• .1` .-� -�F�1;` �� _ ��. 7 .�.r� � � �fY� ,__ . . � � 1 �`�` .,M1 ��' iliM '�i4�:.�T�ri=+°.. __- ry�'.�ai�'.�'+�`�� a'�;� � _ '`fi�F'�1i ?°.� t'v `' , � Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 3 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Project Codes and Standards The outline and review of the applicable building codes and standards included in this report are: • 2013 -Town of Vail,Town Code Ordinance 2 • International Building Code (IBC)—2012 Edition • International Fire Code (IFC)—2012 Edition • International Mechanical Code (IMC)—2012 Edition • International Plumbing Code (IPC)—2012 Edition • International Energy Conservation Code (IECC)—2012 Edition • National Electric Code (NEC)—2011 Edition • ICC/ANSI A117.1 Handicapped Accessibility Standards—2003 • ASME A17.1—Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators—2007 Edition • National Fire Protection Association Standards o NFPA 10: Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers—2010 Edition o NFPA 13: Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems—2010 Edition o NFPA 14: Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems—2010 Edition o NFPA 24: Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances—2010 Edition o NFPA 25: Standard for the Inspection,Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems—2011 Edition o NFPA 72: National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code—2010 Edition Although many codes are outlined above,this report is primarily an architectural review of the building and fire code impacts on the project. Mechanical, plumbing and electrical code issues are best addressed with consultants who are experts in those disciplines. This report cannot cover all the detail with the provisions in the code and standard references. The design team should refer to source references for complete details on design issues. The key features of these references are outlined in this report. Detailed compliance with these references will need to be contained in the construction documents and followed by the contractors. Report Objectives This report provides a review of code and standard references as adopted by the Town of Vail and the Vail Fire Department. Normal Text in this report addresses the requirements of the references listed above. Bold Text(when used for entire paragraph) will generally correspond to 2013 Town of Vail Amendments to the 2012 IBC or IFC. Underlined entries�enerally identify prolect specific requirements. Italics typically identify defined or special terms in the codes and standards or code references. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 4 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx FIRE PROTECTION AND LIFE-SAFETY REQUIREMENTS Site Plan and Fire Service Features Fire Department Access Access Roads IFCSection 503 contains the requirements for fire apparatus access roads. Access roads are required for every building and must extend within 150-feet of every portion of the exterior wall of the first-story of the building. The access is measured by a route approved by the fire department around the exterior of the building. The Fire Code Official is authorized to require additional access roads based upon the potential for impairment of a single road by vehicle congestion, terrain, climatic conditions or other factors that could limit access. Building/Roof Access IFCSection 504 contains requirements for access to building openings and roofs. Buildings four or more stories in height, except those with a roof slope greater than 4:12, shall be provided with a stairway to the roof in accordance with IBCSection 1009.16.1 Where a stairway is provided to a roof, access to the roof shall be provided through a penthouse. Where an access hatch is to be provided,the Town of Vail Fire Department (TOVFD) has adopted the followin�requirements for the Ships Ladder to be used in the hatch: 1. Run�s shall be not less than 3/4 inch round. 2. Run�s shall be spaced uniformly 12 - 14 inches between run�s. 3. Beams shall be not less than 2 inch wide. 4. Ladder shall not encroach more than 12 inches into the openin�. 5. Capacity shall be not less than 600 Ibs. 6. Roof hatch shall be not less than 48 inches minimum dimension. 7. Roof hatch shall be self-openin�. Address Identification Approved building numbers, letters or approved building identification must be accompanied by a building address. These numbers and letters shall contrast with their background. Address numbers shall be Arabic numbers or alphabetical letters. Numbers shall be a minimum of 6-inches high with a minimum stroke width of 0.75- inches. Address identification will be coordinated with the Town of Vail. Key Boxes Key boxes, also referred to by the product name "Knox Box°," are required for the building. Locations shall be coordinated with the fire department. At least one of the key boxes shall be in the immediate vicinity of the entrance to the Fire Command Room. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 5 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Key boxes will be installed at both the southeast entrance and the north access point to the Fire Command Room. Fire Service Elevator Keys Access to standardized fire service elevator keys shall be restricted to the following: • Elevator owners or their authorized agents • Elevator contractors • Elevator Inspectors of the jurisdiction • Fire Code Officials of the jurisdiction. • The fire department and other emergency response agencies designated by the Fire Code Official Fire Flow, Fire Hydrants and Firefighting Service Connections Fire Flow Appendix e of the 20121FC contains the hydrant flow requirements for buildings. These tables are based on the type of construction and area of the building. Type I-B constructed buildings utilize a fire flow calculation area that is based on the area of the three largest successive floor levels. The three largest floors for this building would be Parking Levels P1— P3. Town of Vail(TOV)amendments allow the Fire Code Official to reduce the fire flow required by Table 8105.1 by up to 50%when the building is protected by an NFPA 13 compliant fire sprinkler system. The fire flow calculation area for the Building is as follows: Level P1 41,508 SF Level P2 41,481 SF Level P3 41,481 SF Total 124,468 SF Based upon a construction type of I-B,the tabular fire flow is 3,750 GPM. Using the allowable 50% reduction,the required fire flow is 1,875 GPM for a duration of 2 hours. Total water supply required is 225,000�allons. The municipal water supply is adequate to provide the required fire flow. Fire Hydrants IFCAppendix C contains the requirements for fire hydrant locations and distributions. Fire hydrants are required to have a 20 psi residual pressure at their required fire flow and have a 5-foot clear circumference area around the fire hydrant. For a required fire flow of 1,875 GPM,Table C105.1 indicates a minimum of one fire hvdrant is required for this buildin�. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 6 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx The prolect site has two existin� hydrants which will be sufficient for the required fire hydrant distribution (the north hydrant will be relocated to better serve the north fire department sta�in� area . Fire Protection Water Supply The fire protection system will connect to the public main at I-70 Fronta�e Road. A sin�le 8-inch fire protection service main will be provided and will be equipped with a reduced pressure backflow preventer followin� Ea�le River Water District requirements. Fire Sprinkler and Standpipe Fire Department Connections Fire department connections (FDC) are required to supplement building fire sprinkler and standpipe systems. The location of fire department connections must be field approved by the Fire Code Official prior to installation. The locations must be fully visible and recognizable from the street and also located such that fire apparatus and hose connected to the system will not obstruct access to the buildings for other fire apparatus. Immediate access to the connections must be provided and kept without obstruction by fences, bushes,trees, walls or any other fixed or movable object. A working space of not less than 36-inches shall be provided around the fire department connections. The fire department will use a FDC to connect the hoses from the fire engine to pressurize water and pump it into the fire sprinkler system. The FDC is generally mounted on the exterior of the building at an approved location by the fire department. Locating FDC's in loading dock or trash dumpster locations is not a good location for the fire department. An electronic horn/strobe device is mounted on the wall directly above the FDC to provide a clearly visible signal to the approaching fire engine and an audible signal. A fire hydrant must be located within 100 feet to the FDC location. Coordination of the FDC location will probably also involve the fire department's choice on where the fire alarm control panel (FACP) and Knox Box(locked, secured key box for building access keys)will be located. If the FDC is located in area subject to access by the general public, TOVFD will require the FDC hose outlets be provided with lockable FDC caps available from the Knox Box Company. TOVFD requires the FDC to be the flush or parallel type when a dual (multi- outlet) FDC is required. An outside horn/strobe device will need to be located above the FDC location so it is visible from the street by the approaching fire apparatus. These devices operate only on activation of a fire sprinkler system flow switch. TOVFD requires outside horn/strobe devices for all residential occupancies. A minimum of a 2-way FDC with 2-1/2 inch inlets should be provided with a minimum of 4-inch piping to the point of connection to system piping when the system has no fire pump. Section 905 has the requirements for standpipe systems. Section 905.3.1 requires Class III standpipe systems when • The highest or lowest occupied level is greater than 30 feet above or below of fire department vehicles access Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 7 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Class I standpipe systems are allowed as a substitution for Class III system according to the following exceptions: 1. Class I standpipe systems, in buildings with NFPA 13 or 13R fire sprinkler systems. 2. Manual (wet) Class I standpipe systems, in open parking garages with the highest level not more than 150 feet above the lowest level of fire department access. 3. Manual/Dry Class I standpipe systems, in open parking garages with hose connections located so all portions of the garage are within 30 feet of a nozzle attached to 100 feet of hose. 4. Class I standpipe systems, in basements with a fire sprinkler system. Section 5.4.1.1 of the 2010 NFPA 14 allows Class I standpipes to be "manual"for buildings that are not a high-rise. This provision is not reflected in the 2012 IBC and may or may not be acceptable to the fire department. The Design Team has requested the use of a manual standpipe for the building. Manual standpipe systems are allowed to rely on the fire department to provide the pressurization of water and often allows for the omission of a fire pump. Most fire departments prefer standpipe hose outlets without hose for building occupant. Hose outlets generally should be 2-1/2 inches in size with 1-1/2 reducers. The minimum pipe size for a hydraulically calculated standpipe system is 4 inches. The water supply piping to multiple standpipe risers should be 6 inches. The standpipe system is generally calculated to provide 100 psi at the top-most hose outlet. Standpipe risers need to be located in stair enclosures or protected in shafts to the same level as the stair shafts (generally 2 hours). The Town of Vail requires separate fire sprinkler and standpipe systems. The water supply piping for these two systems has to be separate. All Class I standpipes are required to be inter-connected at the bottom of each standpipe supplied from a common source. Standpipe hose outlets need to be located at the following locations: • Each stairway at each floor level, at the intermediate landing between floors. • At horizontal exits on each side of the horizontal exit wall. • The entrance from exit passageways to other areas of the building. • Roofs pitched less than 4:12 need a hose outlet on the roof or at the highest stairway landing with access to the roof. Building Fire Protection and Life Safety Features Occupancy Classification and Separation Occupancy Classification The IBC indicates the following occupancy classifications for areas in the building: Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 8 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx USE OF THE SPACE/AREA OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION Residential Living Units R-2 Offices B Dining/Bar/Kitchen A-2 Enclosed Parking Garage S-2 Storage S-2 Storage Areas S-2 Mechanical/ Electrical Equipment Rooms Incidental Use Areas, See Table 509 Small Storage Rooms/Closets Incidental Use Areas,See Table 509 Occupancy Separations This building is designed according to the non-separated-use provisions. The building does not need to comply with occupancy separations in IBCTable 508.4, but will comply with IBCSection 508.3. 508.3 Non-separated occupancies. Buildings or portions of buildings that comply with the provisions of this Section shall be considered as non-separated occupancies. 508.3.1 Occupancy Classification. Non-separated occupancies shall be individually classified in accordance with Section 302.1. The requirements of this code shall apply to each portion of the building based on the occupancy classification of that space except that the most restrictive applicable provisions of Section 403 and Chapter 9 shall apply to the building or portion thereof in which the non-separated occupancies are located. 508.3.2 Allowable building area and height. The allowable building area and height of the building or portion thereof shall be based upon the most restrictive allowances for the occupancy groups under consideration for the type of construction of the building in accordance with Section 503.1. 508.3.3 Separation. No separation is required between non-separated occupancies. The primary occupancy type of R-2 is unlimited in area for Type I-B construction and limited to 11 stories in hei�ht,therefore the entire buildin�is permitted to utilize non-separated use provisions. R-2 occupancy requirements are typically the most restrictive requirements of these occupancies, therefore the fire protection requirements will be based on this occupancy throu�hout the buildin�. Incidental Use Areas: Areas that are incidental to the main area shall be classified according to the main occupancy. Separation of these incidental areas shall be by means of a fire(ratedJ barrier according to IBC Table 509. Other special separation requirements exist in other code Sections, such as for fire command centers and generator rooms. Where IBC Table 509 permits protection by an automatic sprinkler system without fire barriers,the walls enclosing the incidental use area must simply resist Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 9 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx the passage of smoke (i.e., a non-rated, smoke partition). Many of the separation requirements of IBC Table 509 are as follows: ROOM OR AREA SEPARATION Furnace room where any piece of 1-hour fire barrier or provide automatic equipment is over 400,000 Btu per hour sprinkler system input Rooms with boilers where the largest piece 1-hour fire barrier or provide automatic of equipment is over 15 psi and 10 sprinkler system horsepower Refrigerant machinery rooms 1-hour fire barrier or provide automatic sprinkler system Waste and linen collection rooms over 100 1-hour fire barrier or provide automatic square feet sprinkler system Laundry rooms over 100 square feet 1-hour fire barrier or provide automatic sprinkler system Parking Garage (according to Section 2-hour fire barrier, or 1-hour fire barrier 406.4.6) and provide fire-extinguishing system Since the building will have a fire sprinkler system,the IBC would require the following fire resistive separation for the following incidental use areas/rooms in this project: • Smoke partitions for furnace rooms • Smoke partitions for chiller rooms • One-hour fire barriers for parking garages • Smoke partitions for laundry and storage room There are other fire-resistive separations required, based upon special uses, rooms or hazards. Such areas that will exist in this building are as follows: • Per IBCSection 911.1.2 and IFC Section 508.1.2, one-hour fire barriers& horizontal assemblies are required for the fire command renter. • Per IBC403.4.8,two-hour fire barriers& horizontal assemblies are required for the generator room. • Vertical exit enclosures and elevator hoist-ways require a two-hour fire-resistance rated fire barrier for buildings with four or more stories in accordance with IBCSection 713.4. The elevator equipment room must also be separated from adjacent spaces with two-hour barriers (it must match the shaft rating). Special Occupancies IBC Chapter 4 provides special detailed requirements for certain occupancies or conditions. Special topics specific to this building include: • Motor-vehicle-related(Group S-2)occupancies Detailed requirements for these special occupancies are included later in this report. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 10 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Building Heights,Areas and Construction Type Building Height and Area The IBC provides requirements for building heights and allowable areas in Chapter 5. These requirements are based on the occupancy classification and construction type. The Strata Residences at Vail building is a mixed-use occupancy that is primarily a Group R-2 (residences on a permanent basis, not rentals). Important considerations for designating the building height also have to take into account the IBC Table 503 designates the building height and allowable area per floor based on the occupancy type present and the required type of construction. IBC Table 503 allows buildings of Type 1-B construction to have unlimited area and a maximum of 11-stories for the occupancy groups in this building. Type 1 construction described as a type of construction in which the building elements listed in IBC Table 601 are of noncombustible materials, except as permitted in IBCSection 603 and elsewhere in this code. Based upon usin� Type 1-B construction,the hei�ht and areas limits are�reater than the desi�n of this buildin�. Height and area increases are not needed for this project and have not been calculated. Construction Type and Fire Resistance Requirements IBC Table 601 provides the required fire resistance ratings for the structure. The following table summarizes the requirements for this building. BUILDING ELEMENT RATING Primary structural frame Columns supporting floors 2-hours All other 2-hours Bearing walls Exterior 2-hours I nterior 2-hours Nonbearing walls and partitions 0-hour** Floor construction and secondary members 2-hours Roof construction and secondary members 1-hour* *- Note: Fire protection of structural members, framing and decking for the roof hall shall not be required where the roof construction is 20-feet or more above any floor immediately below. ** -See Table 604 depending on interior or exterior construction. Use of Combustible Material in Type I&II Construction Type 1-e construction was established as the type of construction for this building. It is important to note that Type 1-8 construction is non-combustible construction. IBCSection 603 gives the Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 11 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx locations where limited amounts of combustible materials are permitted in Type I and II construction: • Fire-retardant-treated wood shall be permitted in: o Nonbearing partitions where the required fire resistance rating is 2-hours or less. o Nonbearing exterior walls where no fire rating is required. o Roof construction, including girders,trusses,framing and decking. ■ Exception: In buildings of Type IA construction exceeding two stories above grade plan,fire-retardant-treated wood is not permitted in roof construction when the vertical distance from the upper floor to the roof is less than 20-feet. • Thermal and acoustical insulation, other than foam plastics, having a flame spread index of not more than 25. Exceptions: o Insulation placed between two layers of noncombustible materials without an intervening airspace shall be allowed to have a flame spread index of not more than 100. o Insulation installed between a finished floor and solid decking without intervening airspace shall be allowed to have a flame spread index of not more than 200. • Foam plastics in accordance with IBCChapter26. • Roof coverings that have an A, B or C classification. • Interior floor finish and floor covering materials installed in accordance with IBC Section 804. • Millwork such as doors, door frames, window sashes and frames. • Interior wall and ceiling finishes installed in accordance with IBC Sections 801 and 803. • Trim installed in accordance with IBC Section 806. • Where not installed over 15 feet (4572 mm) above grade, show windows, nailing or furring strips and wooden bulkheads below show windows, including their frames, aprons and show cases. • Finish flooring installed in accordance with IBC Section 805. • Partitions dividing portions of stores, offices or similar places occupied by one tenant only and that do not establish a corridor serving an occupant load of 30 or more shall be permitted to be constructed of fire-retardant-treated wood, 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction or of wood panels or similar light construction up to 6 feet(1829 mm) in height. • Stages and platforms constructed in accordance with IBC Sections 410.3 and 410.4, respectively. • Combustible exterior wall coverings, balconies and similar projections and bay or oriel windows in accordance with IBC Chapter 14. • Blocking such as for handrails, millwork, cabinets and window and door frames. • Light-transmitting plastics as permitted by IBC Chapter 26. • Mastics and caulking materials applied to provide flexible seals between components of exterior wall construction. • Exterior plastic veneer installed in accordance with IBC Section 2605.2. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 12 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx • Nailing or furring strips as permitted by IBC Section 803.4. • Heavy timber as permitted by Note c to IBC Table 601 and Sections 602.4.7 and 1406.3. • Aggregates, component materials and admixtures as permitted by IBC Section 703.2.2. • Sprayed fire-resistant materials and intumescent and mastic fire-resistant coatings, determined on the basis of fire-resistance tests in accordance with IBC Section 703.2 and installed in accordance with Sections 1704.12 and 1704.13, respectively. • Materials used to protect penetrations in fire-resistance- rated assemblies in accordance with IBC Section 713. • Materials used to protect joints in fire-resistance-rated assemblies in accordance with IBC Section 714. • Materials permitted in the concealed spaces of buildings of Types I & II construction in accordance with IBC Section 717.5. • Materials exposed within plenums complying with Section 602 of the International Mechanical Code. • Also, non-metallic ducts (according to the IMC), combustible piping (according to the IPC), and wiring methods using combustible wiring, raceways, etc. (according to the NEC) are permitted. Fire Resistive Construction General Fire Resistive Construction Chapter 7 of the IBC has the requirements for fire resistive construction and different types of fire- rated walls and assemblies including: • Exterior Walls • Fire walls • Fire barriers • Shaft Enclosures • Fire partitions • Smoke earriers • Smoke Partitions • Horizontal(floor, ceiling and roof)assemblies • Penetrations of fire-resistive-rated(FRR) assemblies • Joints between FRR assemblies • FRR requirements of structural members • Opening protection • Duct and air transfer openings • Concealed spaces Fire Resistance for Structural Members The fire-resistance-rating (FRR) of structural members is based on two things; the type of construction requirements (IBC Table 601) and the FRR of the assemblies supported. The FRR shall not be less than the ratings required for the FRR assemblies supported by the structural members except for fire barriers,fire partitions,smoke barriers and horizontal assemblies that follow IBC Sections 707.5, 709.4, 710.4, and 711.4 respectively. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 13 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx IBCSection 704.2 states that,where columns are required to be fire-resistance rated,they shall be individually encased with protection on all sides, including connections to other structural members. Columns require a FRR along the entire column length including its connections to beams and girders. This protection needs to be continuous from the top of the floor through the ceiling space to the top of the column. Figure from the IBC Commentary: �.-� A I raar�r�oaR—r.�r,r�..!l.n. , .� oeerc l 7 UNPR4ITEGTE� �NNN�I 9EAM . rS I' LUMNTO I 1 9EAMC0!dNECTIdN I y� PROTECTEO IJA � I CEILING . . --; ��LUMN �WNN� _ ' PRCTrECT16N CO W MN PROTECTI9N W LIJMN3 VEH Ef RAT IM:. CEILIM;MUST 9E F'ROiECTE❑ ; +�i T�FOOFORFLOOR�ECK iM19O4E. VR9TELTEOT 1 �+� C�NNECTk]W Figure 704.2—COLUMN PROTECTION IBCSection 704.3 requires individual encasement, and not membrane protection when a primary structural frame member(other than columns) required having a FRR supports: • More than two floors; • One floor and a roof; • A load-bearing wall; or • A non-load bearing wall more than two stories high. IBCSection 704.4 pertains to secondarystructural members. These shall be protected by individual encasement protection, by the FRR horizontal membrane, or a combination of both. Figures from the IBC Commentary: S1E�L FLi3(]R� UELK i L:vNLH�It�.� j � S1t�Ll3EAM r fo1ETAL LATH —�+EINFC]I�CE�C{7NCI�ETE � i fP i I�, ' r _ • " . f'Tf � �,�,k . , ; ,P i �STEEL JDISTS r 4 �`�. �. `—STEELBEAM s ° GYPSlJf1�NALLBCaAft� • FIJI�RE�CHANNELS C�4'F*9Uhd 41'ALLI3�`}.4FiU IBC Commentary Figures 704.3 and 704.4 Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 14 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx The required thickness and construction of FRR assemblies enclosing trusses shall be based on tests or approved calculations showing the assembly has the required FFR. The edges of lugs, brackets, rivets and bolt heads attached to structural members are permitted to extend within 1 inch of the surface of the fire protection. Pipes, wires, conduits, ducts, or other service facilities shall not be embedded in the required fire protective covering of a structural member that is required to be individually encased. Where the fire protective covering of a structural member is subject to impact damage (vehicle, moving merchandise, etc.),the protective covering needs to be protected by a corner guard or a substantial jacket of inetal or other non-combustible material to a minimum of 5 feet above the finished floor(IBCSection 704.9). Load-bearing structural elements located within the exterior wall or outside a building or structure need to be have the highest FRR according to: • Table 601 for the type of building element based on the type of construction; • Table 601 for exterior bearing walls based on the type of construction; or • Table 602 for exterior walls based on the fire separation distance. Where sprayed fire resistant materials (SFRMJ are used to meet fire resistance rating requirements, they shall be installed in accordance with IBCSection 704.13 and in strict conformance with the manufacturer's installation instructions. Fire Resistive Components Exterior Walls—Fire Resistance Ratin� Section 705 of the IBC has the requirements for exterior walls. The location of exterior walls in relationship to site property lines and other buildings on the site determine the fire resistive rating requirements for exterior walls. The IBC(Section 702 refers to IBCSection 202 for the definition) defines fire separation distance(FSD) as the distance measured from the building face to one of the following: • Closest interior lot line • Centerline of a street, alley or public way • Imaginary line between two buildings on the property. The exception to Section 704.3 allows buildings on the same lot to be considered one building(and omit exterior wall ratings) if the aggregate area of the buildings is within the limits of Table/Chapter 5 requirements. Where buildings contain separate occupancies or different types of construction,the area will be based on the most restrictive occupancy or type of construction. The FSD is measured at right angles from the face of the exterior wall. The following diagrams show examples of the three types of fire separation distances from the IBC Commentary: Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 15 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Figure from the IBC Commentary: /—i N-rerxioR�ar ur�e �------- ----------�-. / FIfiE � '_�_"F8� _'_-_ . SEPAHATIOM1 F�O� �ISTAM1GE� �� IFSOI I � �I F50 i BL3ILOIkG 5Th°EET� Figure 202.6(3J—FIRE SEPARATION D/STANCE MEASURED TO AN INTERIOR LOT LINE Figure from the IBC Commentary: �- - - r ' caTUwe �" ---------------f I f I f I � I � j BLIILDING f I � I f I f I � i r I � i X � ❑ f I I � STREEf ------�-- --------- ------- -- --4 FIRE SEPARATION OISTANCE (F5�1 Figure 202.6(4J—FIRE SEPARAT/ON DISTANCE MEASURED TO AN INTERIOR LOT LINE Figure from the IBC Commentary: LOT LINE,� ♦ i i i � i i I I I I I I I I (IMFl,GI IJARY LINEJ i i I � i I j I i � � i � BUIL�INGFt , ,�„; BUILOMG B � i � FSD'FOF2 Bl11LC11NG A�� FSD FOR E3111LDING B � i STREET 'FSD:FIRE SEPARATION QISTI�,NCE Figure 202.6(SJ—FIRE SEPARATION DISTANCE MEASURED TO AN IMAGINARY LINE BETWEEN TWO BUILDINGS ON THE SAME LOT Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 16 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx IBC Table 602 provides the requirements for exterior wall fire-resistive ratings based on the FSD of the exterior wall. Based on the Type I-B construction and Groups A, B, R and S-2 occupancies of this building,the exterior wall ratings based on the fire separation distances will be as follows: • FSD< 5 feet: 1-hour fire-resistive rated • 5 feet<_ FSD< 10 feet: 1-hour fire-resistive rated • 10 feet<_ FSD<30 feet: 1-hour fire-resistive rated • FSD>_ 30 feet: Non-rated Note: Load-bearing exterior walls must be rated based on the maximum rating of IBC Table 601 and 602. Since this project is constructed as a single building on the lot, the exterior walls of the building facing each other may be non-rated. Exterior walls facing the streets or lot lines must comply with this Section. Cornices, eave overhangs, exterior balconies and similar cantilevered or wall hung projections extending beyond the floor area shall conform to the requirements of Section 1406. Exterior egress balconies and exterior exit stairways shall also comply with Sections 1019 and 1026, respectively. The distance from exterior edges of projections to the closest interior lot line or to an imaginary line between two buildings on the property shall not be less than four feet. Proiections from walls of Tvpe I or II construction shall be of noncombustible materials or combustible materials as allowed bv Sections 1406.3 and 1406.4. IBCSection 1406.3 lists the requirements for balconies and other similar projections of combustible construction. Other than fire-retardant-treated wood, combustible construction needs to afford the same FRR required by Table 601 for floor construction or comply with Type IV construction in accordance with Section 602.4. The aggregate length of the projections/balconies cannot exceed 50% of the building perimeter on each floor. The exceptions to these requirements are: 1. Fire-retardant-treated wood is permitted for balconies, porches, decks and exterior stairways that are not used as required exits for Type I and II construction that are 3 stories or less in height. 2. Un-treated wood is permitted for pickets and rails, or similar guardrail devices that are limited to 42 inches in height. 3. Where sprinkler protection is extended to the balcony areas,the aggregate length of the balcony on each floor shall not be limited. IBCSection 705.8 and the corresponding table give the maximum area of unprotected (non-rated) and protected (rated) exterior wall openings in exterior walls that may or may not be required to be fire-resistive rated based on the FSD. Equation 7-2 gives the total area of openings where both unprotected and protected openings are present: IBCSection 705.8.1 allows (other than Group H-1/H-2/H-3) buildings equipped throughout with a NFPA 13 fire sprinkler system to have unprotected (non-rated) openings based on the percentage listed in IBC Table 704.8 for the greater percentage of protected (rated) openings. IBC Section 705.8.1 allows (other than Group H) buildings to have unlimited, unprotected openings of the 15t story of exterior walls facing a street having a FSD > 15 feet, or facing an unoccupied space (on the Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 17 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx same lot or dedicated for public use) not less than 30 feet in width and accessed from a street by a posted fire lane. The FSD for this buildin� is�reater than 30-feet,therefore openin� protection is not required and unprotected openin�s are not limited. IBCSection 705.8.5 does not require vertical separation of openings if one of the following is true: • Buildings that are 3 stories or less in height. • Buildings equipped with a NFPA 13 fire sprinkler system. • Open parking garages. Since this buildin�will have a NFPA 13 fire sprinkler system,vertical separation of openin�s is not required. Section 705.8.6 requires vertical exposure protection for buildings on the same lot, for every opening that is less than 15 feet vertically above the roof of an adjoining building or adjacent structure that is within a horizontal FSD of 15 feet of the wall in which the opening is located. This lot will contain oniv a sin�le buildin�; therefore these provisions do not apply. IBCSection 705.11 gives the parapet requirements for exterior walls. Parapets are rarely required. There are 6 exceptions to allow the omission of parapets: 1. Exterior walls not required to be fire-resistive rated (FRR) according to Table 602 because of fire separation distances (i.e., non-rated exterior walls). This exception will apply to the exterior walls of the buildin�. 2. The building has an area of not more than 1,000 square feet on any floor. 3. Walls that terminate at roofs of not less than 2-hour fire-resistance-rated construction or where the roof, including the deck and supporting construction, is constructed entirely of non-combustible materials. This would apply to this Type I-B buildin�. 4. One-hour FRR exterior walls that terminate at the underside of roof sheathing, deck or slab (there are four conditions listed in the IBC). 5. Group R-2 and R-3 occupancies with a Class C roof covering (there are two conditions listed in the 2006 IBC). 6. Where the wall is permitted to have at least 25%of the exterior wall areas containing unprotected openings based on FSD in Section 704.8 (FSD > 15 feet for a non-sprinklered building and FSD >5 feet for a sprinklered building, Section 704.8.1). Section 1406 of the IBC lists the requirements for the use of limited amounts of combustible materials on the exterior sides of exterior walls. Based on the FSD of the wall to the property line: • FSD 5 5 feet: Combustible exterior wall coverings cannot exhibit "sustained flaming" according to NFPA 268. • FSD>5 feet: Table 1406.2.1.1.2 lists the tolerable level of incident radiant heat flux that a wall covering may be exposed to without any sustained flaming according to NFPA 268. Architectural trim that uses combustible materials is limited by IBCSection 1406.2.1 to buildings with Type I, II, III and IV construction up to 3 stories or 40 feet in height above the grade plane. Fire-retardant-treated wood shall not exceed 10%of an exterior wall surface where the FSD is less Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 18 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx than S feet or less. Architectural trim that exceeds 40 feet above grade plane needs to be non- combustible and secured by non-combustible means. Fire walls IBCSection 706 pertains to fire walls. Fire walls serve to divide a building into two separate "fire areas", or two separate buildings from an IBC perspective. Even though the building functionally remains a single building,the IBC allows the building to be considered two separate and distinct buildings for IBC fire protection and rating requirements. IBCSection 706.2 requires fire walls to have structural stability during fire conditions to allow for collapse of construction on either side without collapse of the wall for the duration of the time indicated by the required fire resistance rating(FRR). This can be achieved by building two separate fire walls side-by-side or by building a single fire wall supported on both sides by structure with a rating equal to the rating of the FRR of the fire wall. IBC Table 706.4 gives the fire wall FRR based on the occupancies on either side of the wall: GROUP FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING(Hours) A, B, E, H-4, I, R-1, R-2 and U 3a F-1, H-3b, H-5, M and S-1 3 H-1 and H-2 4 F-2,5-2, R-3 and R-4 2 Footnotes: (a) In Tvpe II or V construction,walls shall be permitted to have a 2-hour fire-resistance rating. (b) For Group H-1,H-2 and H-3 buildings see Sections 415.6 and 415.7. If different occupancies are being separated, the most restrictive fire wall rating applies. Fire walls generally must extend from exterior wall to exterior wall, and project 18-inches outside of the wall. They must also extend from the building foundation up to 30-inches above the roof. There are several exceptions contained in IBC 706 for the construction and extent of these walls. There are currently no fire walls in the desi�n for this buildin�. It is constructed as a sin�le, non- separated use buildin�. Fire barriers Fire barriers are used for the following separations (horizontal &vertical): • Shafts, mechanical and egress (Section 713.4) • Interior exit stairways and ramps (Section 1022.1) • Exit passageways(Section 1023.3) • Horizontal exits(Section 1025.1) • Atriums (Section 404.6) • Incidental use areas (Table 509) • Occupancy separations (Table 508.4) • Separation of different, single-use fire areas (according to Table 707.3.10) Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 19 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx It is important to recognize that when an area requires fire barrier separation,that the separation occurs around the vertical (floor/ceilin�) and horizontal (wall) assemblies separating the area from other uses. IBCSection 707.5 pertaining to continuity of fire barriers requires fire barrier walls to extend from the top of the floor/ceiling assembly below to the underside of the floor of roof slab/deck above and be securely attached. Fire barriers must be continuous through concealed spaces (e.g., spaces above suspended ceilings). Horizontal fire barriers (floors, ceilings and roofs) need to comply with IBCSection 711. These will be described further later in the horizontal assembly Section. Figure from the IBC Commentary: r FL�C712�]fi RDC�F 13tCK , , � �NOMFIRE-F�ESIS1,4hJC.E- FIFiE-FtESISTdtNLE-kA1EL? —�� R.A1EQ FLO�OFtlZEILING FIR�-FEE51Sl:AMi:�-kAIE[J FLDC�Ft�[�EILIh1GASSEME3LY J15SEMI�LY FLC?OFia��ILING.4SSL-h�1L3LY �QFd F3Lr�I-rL�ILING.R�SL-�w113L1` �F'IFiE-FtESIS1ltNLt-W41�LJ s FIRE-kESIS`IAN�E-F2.AlEL7 � FFLODFSiC�ILING.+4SS��v1l3Li' '� FLi?C'+R�L:EILIN[;ASSEMI3LY i � i � i i ,,' ; � '`:. Figure 707.5—CONTINU/TY OF FIRE BARRIERS Supporting construction (e.g.,structural frame,etc.)for fire barrier walls shall be protected to afford the same protection as the FRR of the fire barrier supported. Hollow vertical spaces within fire barriers need to be fire-stopped at every floor level. IBCSection 707.6 does not allow the maximum aggregate width of openings at any floor level to exceed 25%of the length of the wall, or exceed 156 square feet maximum area of a single opening in a fire barrier. Openings in fire barriers need to comply with IBCSection 716 and openings into Interior exit stairways and ramps need to comply with IBC Section 1022.5 and 1023.5 as well as IBC Section 716. The five exceptions are: 1. When the building or adjoining fire areas are equipped throughout with NFPA 13 fire sprinkler systems, openings are not limited to 156 square feet. 2. The opening is not limited to 156 square feet or 25%aggregate width when the opening protection is a fire door serving enclosures for exit access stairways, exit access ramps, interior exit stairways and interior exit ramps. 3. Openings are not limited to 156 square feet or an aggregate width of 25%of the length of the wall,where the opening protective assembly has been tested with ASTM E 119 or UL 263 and has a minimum FRR not less than the fire barrier wall. 4. Fire windows permitted in atrium separation walls shall not be limited to a maximum aggregate width of 25%of the length of the wall. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 20 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx S. Openings are not limited to 156 square feet or 25% aggregate width when the opening protective is a fire door assembly separating an enclosure for exit access stairways, exit access ramps, interior exit stairways and interior exit ramps from an exit passageway. Penetrations into exit enclosures or exit passageways are allowed only when permitted by/BC Section 1022.4 or 1023.6 respectively, and only those required for exit doors, equipment& ductwork necessary for independent pressurization, sprinkler&standpipe piping and electrical raceways for fire department communication and electrical raceway serving the exit passageway and terminating at a steel box (maximum 16 square inches). Duct penetrations must be properly protected as required by IBC 716. Shaft Enclosures IBC Section 713 applies to shaft enclosures. Shaft enclosures are constructed with fire barriers as described above. IBCSection 713.4 requires shaft enclosures to have a FRR of at least: • 2-hours where connecting 4 or more stories • 1-hour where connecting 3 or less stories Figure from the IBC Commentary: f�R:7�3F 1 l 1-tl4ll R ' `v F4L FT '-1-HrJIJ R. .M1�aGiE�`f 2-noua sH,�F-r �`i-n�uR A�C�QLY i-Pk3l1R � �Q�iEL`f 3-Hf3l1R FL4�R� h-'�:�Q-,i�Y �>.\i,\��\i:�;\.;� Figure 713.4—VERTICAL SHAFTS-FIRE-RESISTANCE RAT/NG The number of stories connected by the shaft shall include basements, but not mezzanines. Shaft enclosures need to be constructed as fire barriers. Shaft enclosures need to have a FRR of not less than the FRR floor/ceiling assembly they penetrate, but not more than 2-hours. IBCSection 403.2.1.2, however, allows shafts other than exit and hoist-way enclosures to be reduced to 1-hour where sprinklers are installed in the shaft at the top and at intermediate levels. Due to sprinkler access and freeze protection concerns,we recommend rating the shafts at 2-hours rather than using the sprinklers to reduce the ratings. For this building the floor construction of the Tvpe I-B buildin� has a FRR of 2-hours. Therefore, any shaft, re�ardless of how many stories is serves, must have a FRR of 2-hours. There are 16 exceptions to the requirements for shaft enclosures. The common exceptions that may apply to this project are: Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 21 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx 1. A shaft enclosure is not required in a building equipped throughout with an automatic sprinklersystem in accordance with IFCSection 903.3.1.1 for an escalator opening or stairway that is not a portion of the means of egress protected according to Item 1.1 or 1.2. 1.1.Where the area of the floor opening between stories does not exceed twice the horizontal projected area of the escalator or stairway and the opening is protected by a draft curtain and closely spaced sprinklers in accordance with NFPA 13. In other than Groups B and M,this application is limited to openings that do not connect more than four stories. 1.2.Where the opening is protected by approved power-operated automatic shutters at every penetrated floor.The shutters shall be of noncombustible construction and have a fire-resistance rating of not less than 1.5 hours.The shutter shall be so constructed as to close immediately upon the actuation of a smoke detector installed in accordance with IFCSection 907.3 and shall completely shut off the well opening. Escalators shall cease operation when the shutter begins to close.The shutter shall operate at a speed of not more than 30 feet per minute (152.4 mm/s) and shall be equipped with a sensitive leading edge to arrest its progress where in contact with any obstacle, and to continue its progress on release there from. 2. Ashaftenclosure is not required for penetrations by pipe,tube, conduit,wire, cable and vents protected in accordance with IBCSection 713.8. 3. A shaft enclosure is not required for penetrations by ducts protected in accordance with IBC Section 717.6. Grease ducts shall be protected in accordance with the International Mechanical Code. 4. In other than Group H occupancies, a shaft enclosure is not required for floor openings complying with the provisions for atriums in IBCSection 404. 5. In other than Groups I-2 and I-3, a shaft enclosure is not required for a floor opening or an air transfer opening that complies with the following: 5.1.Does not connect more than two stories. 5.2.Is not part of the required means of egress system. 5.3.Is not concealed within the construction of a wall or a floor/ceiling assembly. 5.4.Is not open to a corridor in Group I and R occupancies. 5.5.Is not open to a corridor on non-sprinklered floors in any occupancy. 5.6.Is separated from floor openings and air transfer openings serving other floors by construction conforming to required shaft enclosures. 5.7.Is limited to the same smoke compartment. 6. A shaft enclosure shall not be required for floor openings created by unenclosed stairs or ramps in accordance with Section 1009. IBCSection 713.5 pertaining to continuity of shaft enclosures, requires shaft enclosure to be constructed as fire barriers according to IBC Section 707 or horizontal assemblies constructed according to Section 711 or both and shall have continuity according to Section 707.5 for fire barriers or Section 711.4 for horizontal assemblies as applicable. IBCSection 713.6 for exterior walls serving as a part o a required shaft enclosure, such walls shall comply with the requirements of Section 705 for exterior walls and the FRR enclosure requirements Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 22 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx shall not apply. An important exception to this allowance would be for exterior ramps and stairways in IBCSection 1026.6. Openings into the shaft shall be protected according to IBCSection 716(outlined below in the opening protection Section) and shall be self-closing or automatic-closing by smoke detection. Shafts that do not extend to the bottom of the building need to comply with IBCSection 713.11. Shafts that do not extend to the underside of the roof need to be enclosed at the top with construction with the same FRR as the top-most floor, but not less than the FRR required for the shaft enclosure. Please see IBCSection 713.12. Figures from the IBC Commentary: irO_:7 i�r,&- ��,'P11��3 �. RvuF � .4 1-H�ll R 3HAFT---_ �ra{-�7..F FEy7.7F E.i�l' r1�ti�uR Fz�R � ..y 1-H4LI k.'�kALL------+, �sa,�7+A.'3i-A� � �Y"�7p� hiECF4�NY.:+SL RC�li1i Fti�]:e i-F{LF1'3Y}�3-�7�81.PP7fl� B}'h4LE33��,hAi$�]_n ..��S >\. i�� 'k- i,°..3BA�Y�:�+..-�7h Y;=I FIG.713.11(1)—VERTICAL SHAFTS—607TOM ENCLOSURES FIG.713.11(2J BOTTOM ENCLOSURE ROOM METHOD 1 METHOD 2 ROOF AOOF 1 p 2 HqUR 9HAF7 f w 2 HOUR SHAFT [NO PENETRA71ON51 (NO PENETRI4TI�N57 EXHAUSTHOO�D � (�rr(( ORAFT57QP APPUANCE pUC7 SRRINKl+�F25 MONRRTEU ENCLOSJRE wae�s FIG.713.11(3)VERTICAL SHAFTS—BOTTOM ENCLOSURE FIG. 713.11(4)VERTICAL SHAFTS—BOTTOM WITH DRAFT-STOPPING ENCLOSURE WITH SPRINKLERS Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 23 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx SKYLIGNT /� t or 2 HOtI R SHAF'T (NO PENETRATff>NS OR COMBUSTIBLES IN SHAFi') LIGHT WELL SHAFT— - Figure 713.11(5J VERTICAL SHAFTS—BOTTOM ENCLOSURE �,-r��ur F�:xr� ,�ssE r,i�� 1-F�s]UR 5t{AF'f TC1F' �";3-. - . �r' , 1� � �` 2—Ht1Uk �S—L4F"i 1Va�.�,�L.� Figure 713.12—VERTICAL SHAFTS-TOP ENCLOSURE AT FLOOR Elevator and dumbwaiter shafts shall comply with IBCSection 713.14 and Chapter30. Elevator lobbies have special requirements since this is a high-rise building. These requirements are described in the high-rise requirement Section of this report. Fire partitions Fire partitions are regulated by IBCSection 708. Fire partitions are used for the following separations (horizontal &vertical) applicable to this building. • Walls separating dwelling units in the same building as required by IBC Section 420.2 • %2 hour fire resistive rated corridors as required by IBCSection 1018.1. • Elevator lobby separation as required by IBCSection 713.14.1. It is important to realize that when an area requires fire partition separation,that the separation occurs around the vertical (floor/ceilin�) and horizontal (wall) assemblies separating the area from other uses. IBCSection 708.4, pertaining to continuity of fire partitions, requires fire partition walls Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 24 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx to extend from the top of the floor/ceiling assembly below to the underside of the floor of roof slab/deck above or the FRR floor/ceiling or roof/ceiling assembly above and be securely attached. If the fire partitions are not continuous to the deck, and where constructed with combustible construction,the space between the ceiling and the deck above shall be fire-blocked or draft- stopped according to IBCSections 718.2 and 718.3. The supporting construction must also be protected to afford the required fire-resistance rating of the wall supported. Figure from the IBC Commentary: . � '�NONFIF�E-RE51 STfiNGE- FIRE-f�E515T�11VCE-F�FlTEC}-�' F�ltTE�FL�R FLOC�RA�SEh,"6LY l�SSE�vFBLY FIF�E-f�ESI�T�NCE-�TEd-' FLCIOR�SSEhfBLY •,l Figure 708.4(1J—CONTINU/TY OF FIRE PART/TIONS There are 6 exceptions to the fire partition continuity requirements,which can be found in IBC Section 708.4: IBCSection 713.14.1, Exception 4 tells us that enclosed elevator lobbies are not required where the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with NFPA 13 and the building is not a high-rise. This buildin�does require% hour FRR corridors per IBCSection 1018. Smoke Barriers Section 709.3 of the IBC requires smoke barriers to have a FRR of 1-hour. They form an effective membrane continuous from outside-wall-to-outside-wall and from floor-slab-to-floor-slab/roof- deck above, including any continuity through concealed spaces (e.g., suspended ceilings, interstitial structural and mechanical spaces, etc.). Supporting structure for smoke barriers shall be protected to the same level as the smoke barrier FRR(1-hour). Exceptions: • Type II-B, III-B and V-B construction. • Ceiling spaces creating interstitial spaces,where the ceiling is protected to the same level as a 1-hour FRR smoke barrier. Openings, penetrations and ducts must be protected in accordance with IBCSections 716, 714 and 717 respectively. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 25 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx This buildin�currentiv does not require nor contain smoke barriers. Smoke Partitions IBCSection 710 pertains to smoke partitions. These walls are utilized at the following locations: • Incidental use separation where IBC509.4 permits automatic fire sprinklers in lieu of fire resistive separation. IBCSection 710.3 states smoke partitions are not required to have a FRR unless required to somewhere else in the IBC. IBCSection 710.4 requires continuity of smoke partitions to form an effective membrane, continuous from floor-to-underside-of-floor/roof-deck above or to the underside-of-the- ceiling above (where the ceiling membrane is constructed to limit the transfer of smoke). IBCSection 710.5 requires window openings to be sealed to resist the free passage of smoke or be automatic-closing upon detection of smoke. Door openings in smoke partitions must comply with the following: • Louvers are not allowed in smoke partition doors. • Where required elsewhere in the IBC,smoke partition doors shall be tested according to UL 1784 with an artificial bottom seal installed across the full width of the bottom of the door assembly. The air leakage rate shall not exceed 3.0 cfm per square foot of door opening at 0.10 inches of water column for the ambient air test. • Where required elsewhere in the IBC,smoke partition doors shall be self-closing or automatic-closing according to IBCSection 716.5.9.3 Penetrations and joints in smoke partitions need to resist the free passage of smoke. Air transfer openings in smoke partitions need to have a smoke damper according to IBCSection 717.3.2 (except where an alteration is needed for an approved smoke control system). This building will have smoke partitions in the following locations: • Mechanical and electrical equipment rooms, • Trash or recvclin� rooms for incidental use separation. Horizontal (floor,ceiling and roof� assemblies Horizontal assemblies (floor/ceiling or roof/ceiling) are regulated by IBCSection 711. They must have a FRR as required for one of the following: • The type of construction of the building; • Occupancy separation requirements; or • Fire area separations (fire barriers). The type-of-construction for the buildin�will require 2-hour horizontal assemblies in this buildin�. This meets or exceeds the occupancy or fire area separations required as well. The exception is the roof, which requires a 1-hour fire resistance ratin�. Other requirements for horizontal assemblies are: Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 26 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx • Where the weight of lay-in ceiling panels (used as part of a FRR floor/ceiling or roof/ceiling assembly) is not adequate to resist an upward force of 1 Ib/ftZ, wire or other approved devices shall be installed above the panels to prevent vertical displacement under a 1 Ib/ftZ upward force. Figure from the IBC Commentary: - - - - � - - A- - -�. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----- - ---- :�;-_-�-_-_-_-. _-_-_-_-_-_-_- -_-_-_-=,6_-. �,-_-_--__-_- -_- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - � / '` \ {` � � � �, � � '�� GRId� � � MULCfC�C]L°Jhl�LIP� CEILI�IG MEhABRRf'�€ LAY-IfV PANELS NC�T�: F1�3LQ-[7�}'Jt+fV CLIPS URIJVIRES`F�Et1UIREQ IF P,SNELS'a1JEl�h1 LESS TF1AN 1 P�UNQISC?.FT. Fflr SI: T paund per�quare foot-4.862 kqJrs�z. Figure 711.3.1—CEILING PANELS USED IN FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED ASSEMBLIES • Access doors are permitted in ceilings of a FRR floor/ceiling or roof/ceiling assembly provided the access doors are tested according to ASTM E 119 as horizontal assemblies and labeled by an approved agency for such use. Horizontal assemblies must be continuous without openings, penetrations or joints except as permitted by IBCSections 712.1, 714.4, 715, 1009.3 and 1022.1. Skylights and other penetrations through a fire-resistance-rated roof deck are permitted to be unprotected, provided that the structural integrity of the roof assembly is maintained. Figure from the IBC Commentary: h�NC{]hE6LLSTIBLE / Cflf.rt6�5?IBLE FLA.SHING PIPE / PIPE Ra0 F� ___—FLA Sh Pv G a. "'�FIREBLOGKED I�FIREBLOCKED �RA7EDASSEI.+�:BLY [SEG-14k7172.5j �� [SEG-141i 7172.5] i '—h4EA46RANE PR�O-ECTIr7N [EQL'14pLEIr--O CEILIHG A4Eh9BRANEj Figure 711.4(2J—PIPE PENETRATION OF FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED FLOOR/CEILING ASSEMBLY Supporting construction (e.g., structural frame, etc.) of FRR horizontal assemblies need to be protected according to the FRR requirements of the horizontal assemblies being supported. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 27 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Penetrations in smoke barriers need to comply with /BCSection 714. Joints need to comply with IBCSection 715. Voids created by the intersection of the floor/ceiling assembly and an exterior curtain wall assembly need to be protected according to IBCSection 715.4. Duct and air transfer openings need to comply with /BCSection 717. Openings and Penetrations of Fire-Resistance-Rated(FRR)Assemblies Penetrations IBCSection 714 of the IBC applies to through-penetrations and membrane-penetrations. Penetrations into or through fire resistance rated assemblies must comply with this Section. Where sleeves are used to protect penetrations,they shall be securely fastened and protected according to IBC Section 714.2. Penetrations into or throu�h fire walls, fire barriers,smoke barriers and fire partitions shall comply with one of the followin�: • The penetrations are installed as tested in an approved FRR assembly. • Through-penetrations are protected by an approved penetration fire-stop system, installed as tested according to ASTM E 814 or UL 1479,with a minimum positive pressure differential of 0.01 inch of water column and an F-rating of not less than the FRR required for the wall penetrated. Exceptions to these two through-penetration requirements are for steel,ferrous or copper pipes of steel conduits,with the annular space between the penetrating item and the FRR wall protected by one of the two following methods: • In concrete or masonry walls where the penetrating items are a maximum 6-inch nominal diameter and the opening is a maximum 144 square inches, concrete, grout or mortar is permitted where installed the full thickness of the wall or a thickness required to maintain a FRR; or • The material used to fill the annular space needs to prevent the passage of flame and hot gases sufficient to ignite cotton waste where subject to ASTM E 119 fire conditions under a minimum positive pressure differential of 0.01 inch of water column pressure at the location of the penetration for the FRR rating time period of the construction being penetrated. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 28 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Figure from the IBC Commentary: CC}IV1�lJSTIBLE PIPE� ; 1 THRdIJGH-PENEfRATIdN �`` 1-HdUR FIRESTC}P 5Y5TEh�1,A5TI41 �'�.,� .��H�� E 81R,UL 1479 OR p,5Th�1 E 119�� '.5 \� `� ''t'V .i\�i\�,r4.,�..r\�i`,"=.�\� Figure 714.3.1(1J—VERTICAL SHAFTS—COMBUSTIBLE PENETRATIONS Figures from the IBC Commentary: �FIRE•RESISTMlGE-HJLTEm'('fALL 1 ` . �J A � � ' ` THROLIGH PENETFiATION �{ PROTECTION SYSTEM ! i +� � COh9Bl15TIBLE PIPE Figure 714.3.1(2J—COMBUST/BLE P/PE PENETRAT/ONS OF FFR WALL Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 29 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx M1IO�NCQMBUSrIBCE a6VETSdpTING f7EM NQ+�ICOAeBUSiiBLE SLEE`+E / r '° �. �, � � 9 V f I RE--RESi 3TA1dCE-RRTm �Q4CR�TE OR M�!"ANRk YWLL RSSEM&Y MlN�AAfi�AGE Ai20TECTIENi �CWUCAErE.GRQVf OR MOR7AR� AN1.'�UUk Yq['.E PqpT[�TIpN 1TE.M 1 •$EG3�pN.71!31 N�HCpMBUSTIBLE �v�rr�nnNC irErn r.�or�cwuaiasn� 51EEL'E MpTERIlt CAPABLE FlRE-RESYSTANCE-W47ED OF RE�STI"+C RSSSAGE 4MACLASSEMB�Y OF FLM9E�OETRiMIhE� BYXSTM E stgj ANFiI�AR�FCE PF2�EC718N 17E>h? •SFCTICM 7v431 Figure 7143.1(3J—EXAMPLES OF ANNULAR SPACE PROTECTION Membrane-penetrations need to also comply with the requirements for through-penetration requirements listed above. Where walls and partitions are required to have a minimum of 1-hour FRR construction, recessed fixtures need to be installed is a manner that does not reduce the required FRR. Figure from the IBC Commentary: !�FL a�fi rr:{.:: : -.-_�,wrr: � �—�eiur��,�er,a��.a,nsE PkOTE�TI�Iti�1 �LIGF3T FIXTURE I LEILIh�G LIAh+IPER Ilv C1l�GT—` h��TE:1{7d S+�IfiRFxE IItii.H�ES OF OPEI�Ih�G PEHA+IITTE6 IF� ER:CH 7570.°AL�?J�E FEET�OF CEILIf�G AREA For 51: 1 square inch- fx15 r*�rn2. 1 square foat- 0.L192J ri2. Figure 714.4.1.2(1)—PROTECTION OF PENETRATIONS THROUGH CEILING MEMBRANE OF F/RE-RESISTANCE-RATED ASSEMBLY The exceptions to membrane-penetration requirements are: Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 30 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx 1. Membrane penetrations of 2-hour maximum fire-resistance-rated walls and partitions by steel electrical boxes that do not exceed 16 square inches in area provided the aggregate area of the openings through the membrane does not exceed 100 square inches in any 100 square feet (9.29m2) of wall area.The annu/arspace between the wall membrane and the box shall not exceed 1/8 inch (3.1 mm). Such boxes on opposite sides of the wall or partition shall be separated by one of the following: a. By a horizontal distance of not less than 24 inches where the wall or partition is constructed with individual non-communicating stud cavities; b. By a horizontal distance of not less than the depth of the wall cavity where the wall cavity is filled with cellulose loose-fill, rockwool or slag mineral wool insulation; c. By solid fire blocking in accordance with Section 717.2.1; d. By protecting both outlet boxes with listed putty pads; or e. By other listed materials and methods. Figure from the IBC Commentary: � � SHAFf � EM�L4SURE � "Sh',�LL �, I I s 1uStJ Ih! � �q�� `� ,� 4�� :� A��FtE�TEA�.REA{}F t�UTLE7 9GSxESk�UST NQT F�[�EED ir,jC,�;;:,�IN PER iC�C;?.SC:FT t5F'c�ALL rS,F�F�s.�Sf��'HAF7 ENCL�lSURE t�ALL AREA. For SI: � inch -�5.4 rmm, 1 s�quare inch - 64�a mm�. Figure 714.3.2(1)—OUTLET BOXES IN RATED ASSEMBLIES 2. Membrane penetrations by listed electrical boxes of any material provided such boxes have been tested for use in fire-resistance-rated assemblies and are installed in accordance with the instructions included in the listing.The annularspace between the wall membrane and the box shall not exceed 1/8 inch (3.1 mm) unless listed otherwise. a. Such boxes on opposite sides of the wall or partition shall be separated by one of the following: b. By the horizontal distance specified in the listing of the electrical boxes; c. By solid fire blocking in accordance with Section 718.2.1; d. By protecting both boxes with listed putty pads; or e. By other listed materials and methods. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 31 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx 3. Membrane penetrations by electrical boxes of any size or type,which have been listed as part of a wall opening protective material system for use in fire-resistance-rated assemblies and are installed in accordance with the instructions included in the listing. 4. Membrane penetrations by boxes other than electrical boxes, provided such penetrating items and the annularspace between the wall membrane and the box, are protected by an approved membrane penetration fire-stop system installed as tested in accordance with ASTM E 814 or UL 1479, with a minimum positive pressure differential of 0.01 inch (2.49 Pa) of water, and shall have an F and T rating of not less than the required fire-resistance rating of the wall penetrated and be installed in accordance with their listing. 5. The annularspace created by the penetration of an automatic sprinkler, provided it is covered by a metal escutcheon plate. Figure from the IBC Commentary: :,�_ __ °leh.l�l{.�I-'Fl:L Illi I ?21°aUi�EL�ro e�€ ��r:��rFCrcC��J�HE�E ��f'RIMHI.FR I$��'JFfif6 FY �4"fAI F$C4;T..':HFi:]M PIATF ';,i.l hf:h7Lr:91EhtIL � . � .. . ,1 I 'S\ _:;i.0 I�a•IL?�N 4'L^.I L Y� C�_R�;lFN7'.�'>YEIM4{�CR �5 {' I � . �+�� Fig4ire 77�,3,2�2p E}C�EPTI�}N T�1}�NNULAR SPAGE PROhTE�TION Figure 714.3.2(2J—EXCEPTION TO ANNULAR SPACE PROTECT/ON Duct and air transfer openings without fire dampers need to comply with the requirements above. Non-combustible penetrating items cannot be connected to combustible items beyond the point of fire-stopping, unless it can be demonstrated the FRR integrity of the wall will be maintained. Penetrations of a floor,floor/ceiling assembly, or the ceiling membrane of a roof/ceiling assembly need to comply with one of the following: • The penetrations are installed as tested in an approved FRR horizontal assembly. • Through-penetrations are protected by an approved penetration fire-stop system installed as tested according to ASTM E 814 or UL 1479,with a minimum positive pressure differential of 0.01 inch of water column and an F-rating and T-rating of not less than 1- Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 32 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx hour, but not less than the FRR required for the floor penetrated. (Exception: Floor penetrations contained and located within the cavity of a wall do not require a T-rating.) Exceptions to these two through-penetration requirements are for the FRR horizontal assembly to be protected by one of the three following methods: • Penetrations by steel,ferrous or copper conduits, pipes,tubes,vents, or concrete or masonry items through a sin�le FRR floor assembly where the annular space is protected with materials that prevent the passage of flame and hot gases sufficient to ignite cotton waste where subject to ASTM E 119 or UL 263 fire conditions under a minimum positive pressure differential of 0.01 inch of water column pressure at the location of the penetration for the FRR rating time period of the construction being penetrated. Penetrating items with a maximum 6-inch nominal diameter are not limited to the penetration of a single FRR floor assembly if the area of the penetration does not exceed 144 square inches in any 100 square feet of floor area. • Penetrations in a single concrete floor by steel, ferrous or copper conduits, pipes,tubes and vents with a maximum 6-inch nominal diameter provided concrete, grout or mortar is installed the full thickness of the floor or the thickness required to maintain the FRR. The penetrating item with a maximum 6-inch nominal diameter shall not be limited to the penetration of a single concrete floor provided that the area of the penetration does not exceed 144 square inches. • Electrical outlet boxes of any material are allowed provided they are tested for use in FRR assemblies and installed according with the tested assembly. Figure from the IBC Commentary: PR4TECTION PER SECTI4IV 714.4.1.1 (EXCEP7IC?N 1 C3F22y NONCOMBUSTIBLE � VENT,PlPE QR TU8E FLOQR , , . . _._... _,.. . .�. . _ -_ _ _ �_ - I �: �-- ... �.; ��- - � �� . . . . � - � . _. - _ � - _ ;�, , .. .. � , �.. RRTED FIREBLOCKING - ASS�hABLY (SECTION 718.2,'5} � Figure 714.4.1(1 J—NONCOMBUSTIBLE PENETRATION OF A FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED FLOOR/CEILING ASSEMBLV Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 33 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Figure from the IBC Commentary: rvaYCCM�USTI&E PENETRMTINGITEM MaFEN1Rt CAPh@LE pF Rf5�3TING RA550.GE OF FL4heE(QEItRM1NEC� 9Y a5?M F 1+A'y NCMiCOMBUSTi&Lf SLFEVI F I RE-RE 31STAhiCE-0.AiE D FLOOR/.:EtLIMG ASSEMBLY c�`iA4pLE ANNULAR SPACE PRD"EGTI�Ol1 +71i.�1 EKCEPT�P�7 Nol1('ANauSrItlLE AEN�TR4TING�ITEM 0.NNW,AR SFRGE RROiEGTlOM (C04VCNEfiE.MONTPN OR CaqOUT} %i0'/(w7MBUSPIOLE SIEEYE � J � \ � t p V V � FIRE-RESISfpNGE�RATEp GLYNCPET�F160q AS5EM&�Y f �iw.rnrer- ANN�LpP$�?AG�,PROTEGTION •SELTIpN T�4 4 I t FJICEC'74bN 2 Figure 714.4.1(2J—EXAMPLES OF ANNULAR SPACE PROTECT/ON WITH SLEEVES Penetrations of a membrane,that are part of a horizontal assembly, need to also comply with the requirements for through-penetration requirements listed above. Where floor/ceilin�assemblies are required to have FRR construction, recessed fixtures shall be installed in a manner that does not reduce the required FRR. The five exceptions to membrane penetration requirements are: 1. Membrane penetrations by steel,ferrous or copper conduits, pipes,tubes or vents, or concrete or masonry items where the annular space is protected either in accordance with Section 714.4.1.1 or to prevent the free passage of flame and the products of combustion. The aggregate area of the openings through the membrane shall not exceed 100 square inches in any 100 square feet (9.3 mz) of ceiling area in assemblies tested without penetrations. 2. Ceiling membrane penetrations of maximum 2-hour horizontal assemblies by steel electrical boxes that do not exceed 16 square inches in area, provided the aggregate area of such penetrations does not exceed 100 square inches in any 100 square feet(9.29 mz) of ceiling area, and the annular space between the ceiling membrane and the box does not exceed �/8inch (3.2 mm). 3. Membrane penetrations by electrical boxes of any size or type,which have been listed as part of an opening protective material system for use in horizontal assemblies and are installed in accordance with the instructions included in the listing. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 34 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx 4. Membrane penetrations by listed electrical boxes of any material provided such boxes have been tested for use in fire-resistance-rated assemblies and are installed in accordance with the instructions included in the listing.The annularspace between the ceiling membrane and the box shall not exceed 1/8-inch (3.2 mm) unless listed otherwise. 5. The annular space created by the penetration of a fire sprinkler, provided it is covered by a metal escutcheon plate. 6. Noncombustible items that are cast into concrete building elements and that do not penetrate both top and bottom surfaces of the element. 7. The ceiling membrane of 1-and 2 hour FRR horizontal assemblies is permitted to be interrupted with the double wood top plate of a FRR wall assembly, provided that all penetrating items through the double top plates are protected in accordance with Section 714.4.1.1.1 or 714.4.1.1.2. The FRR of the wall shall not be less than the rating of the horizontal assembly. Figures from the IBC Commentary: ��FLaOR ::`_. . _- _ _ _ �—GEILIh�eG fAE�ABRAM1EE I PRO7ECTION'�1 t �LIGk7 FIXTLF2E eEILIf�3G 6AhdPEk Ilti��CT— f�OT E:100 SG1l:RR E I h°C FzE S O F O P EW If�G P E kM RTE a IN E.RCI?-1W:�]LGJ:E FEET OF CEILIhG Af:EA Far SI:1 square inch-G45 r�r�2.1 syuare fac�[-O.U929 r�2. Figure 714.4.1.2(1)—PROTECTION OF PENETRATIONS THROUGH CEILING MEMBRANE OF FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED ASSEMBLY FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED ASSEMB�.Y� REGEPTACLE, FIXTURE APPROVED TYPE NdNCDfu18UST18LE FIf2EBL04KING NONCOMBUSTIBLE (SECTfON 71$.2.5) CflNDUIT OR PIPE Figure 714.4.1.2(2J—NONCOMBUSTIBLE PENETRATIONS OF CEIL/NG MEMBRANE OFA FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED FLOOR/CEILINGASSEMBLY Non-fire-resistance-rated horizontal assemblies require penetrations to be rated as follows: Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 35 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx • Non-combustible penetrating items that connect not more than 3 stories are permitted provided the annular space is filled with an approved non-combustible material to resist the free passage of flame and the products of combustion. Figure from the 2012 IBC Commentary: NONCOMBl1�5TIBLE WENT ATTIC —CEILING NONCOMBUSTi84E F�REBIOCKING Sth STpRV CEILIddG NONG6MQUS�TI&LE FIftE6L0�NINC'i ��_ 2ntl NONGUMBU51161E STORY FIRE9LOCKINB GEILINI� NONCDMBU5TI9LE—� FIREBLOCKING tst STORY CRAWLSPACE " fURNACE PJOTE NONC�MBU&TIBLE VENTS,CHIMNEY5,CON6UIT5,PIPES AN6 TU8E5 CAN CONNECT UP TO FIVE STORIES INHEN ANNULAR SAACE I$FILI.ED WITH ANAPPROVEO NO?JCOMBVSTIBLE MAY�RIAL Figure 714.4.2.1—NONCOMBUSTIBLE P/PE PENETRATIONS OF NON-FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED ASSEMBLIES • Penetrating items that connect not more than 2 stories are permitted provided the annular space is filled with an approved non-combustible material to resist the free passage of flame and the products of combustion. • Penetrations of horizontal assemblies by ducts and air transfer openings that are not required to have dampers shall comply with Section 711. Duct and air transfer openings that are protected with dampers shall comply with Section 717. • Non-combustible penetrating items cannot be connected to combustible items beyond the point of fire-stopping, unless it can be demonstrated the FRR integrity of the horizontal assembly will be maintained. • Floor fire doors used to protect openings in FRR floors shall be tested in the horizontal position according to ASTM E 119 and be rated not less than the assembly being penetrated and labeled by an approved agency. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 36 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Ioints between FRR Assemblies Joints installed between fire-resistive rated (FRR)walls,floor or floor/ceiling assemblies, and roofs or roof/ceiling assemblies shall be protected by an approved fire-resistant joint system designed to resist the passage of fire for the time period not less than the required FRR of the wall,floor or roof. Figure from the IBC Commentary: - - ExPnrisior�oR "- ' WIN�JOINT k� --,..:_...� �-� JOINT AT Jl1NCTURE—i—`� flF FLOC�R AFI��h7hLL i .- �-.� N —,--'�'�_.F ' I � I --� I � I � I �/ � �s' ' �'�t,_ � -"'JOIh1T&T � ,—FIRE-RESIST,MICE- - � TDPOFS°JALL 5� SEIShiICGR '`- ' Ra,TE6'�'iALL � E}(PVJd:IGNJ41hIT,.�' p;,�Efa1BLY FIRE-RESI•SiPNGE- � � RATEC�'4`iALL �� AS5E�o1BLY +. .�'- - `- r`- � �- ��;� ,� � � ,`• FI RE-RESI�TAMC E- �� 1- RATEG FLOOR � A�SEMBLY �� Figure 715.1—EXAMPLES OF JOINT LOCATIONS Fire-resistant joint systems are not required for the joints at the following locations applicable to this project: • Floors where the joint is protected by a shaft enclosure (IBCSection 713). • Floors within atriums where the space adjacent to the atrium is included in the volume of the atrium for smoke control purposes. • Walls that are permitted to have unprotected openings. • Roofs where openings are permitted. • Control joints not exceeding a maximum width of 0.625 (5/8) inch and tested according to ASTM E 119. Fire-resistant joint systems shall be tested according to ASTM E 1966 or UL 2079 with additional requirements for non-symmetrical walls in IBCSection 715.3. Exterior curtain wall/floor interSections are covered in IBCSection 715.4. Where FRR floor/ceiling assemblies are required, voids at the interSection with exterior curtain walls need to be sealed to prevent interior fire spread. The joint material/system needs to prevent the passage of flames and hot gasses sufficient to ignite cotton waste when subject to ASTM E 119 conditions with a minimum positive pressure differential of 0.01 inch of water column for the FRR time period of the floor assembly. Height and FRR requirements of curtain wall spandrels need to comply with IBCSection 705.8.5. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 37 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Onening Protection IBCSection 716 has the requirements for opening protectives. General requirements for fire doors & shutters are given in IBC Table 716.5 based on the type of FRR assembly as follows: MINIMUM FIRE REQUIRED DOOR OR SHUTTER ASSEMBLY RATING ASSEMBLY RATING TYPE OF ASSEMBLY (Hours) (Hours) 4 3 Fire walls&fire barriers having a required fire-resistance rating 3 3a greater than 1-hour Z 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 Fire barriers having a required fire-resistance rating of 1-hour for Shaft Exit enclosures and Exit Passageway Walls 1 1 Other fire barriers 1 3/4 Fire partitions Corridor Walls 1 1/3 0.5 1/3 Other Fire partitions 1 3/4 0.5 1/3 3 1-1/2 Exterior Walls 2 1-1/2 1 3/4 Smoke Barriers 1 1/3 (a) Two doors,each with a fire protection rating of 1%:hours,installed on opposite sides of the same opening in a fire wall,shall be deemed equivalent in fire protection rating to one 3-hour fire door. IBCSection 716.5 has testing and other requirements for doors. Fire doors and shutters shall also comply with NFPA 80. IBCSection 716.5.9.3 has the requirements for smoke-activated doors. Automatic-closing fire doors installed in the following locations shall be automatically-closing by the actuation of smoke detectors installed according to IFCSection 907.3 or by loss of power to the smoke detector or the door hold-open device. The door must start closing within 10 seconds of smoke detector activation. These doors include: • Doors installed across a corridor. • Doors that protect openings in exits or corridors required to be of fire-resistance-rated construction. • Doors that protect openings in walls that are capable of resisting the passage of smoke in accordance with IBCSection 509.4. • Doors installed in smoke barriers in accordance with IBCSection 709.5. • �oors installed in fire partitions in accordance with IBC Section 708.6. • Doors installed in a fire wall in accordance with IBCSection 706.8. • Doors installed in shaft enclosures in accordance with IBCSection 713.7. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 38 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx • Doors installed in smoke partitions in accordance with IBCSection 710.5.2.3. IBCSection 716.6 gives the requirements for fire windows and fire protection rated glazing, including specifications and testing requirements. Fire rated�lazin� must also comply with NFPA 80. IBC Table 716.6 gives the fire-resistance-rating based on the type of FRR assembly as follows: REQUIRED MINIMUM FIRE ASSEMBLY WINDOW RATING ASSEMBLY TYPE OF ASSEMBLY (Hours) RATING(Hours) Fire walls All Not permitteda > 1 Not permitteda Fire barriers 1 Not permitteda Interior Walls 1 3/4 Fire partitions 1/2 1/3 Smoke Barriers 1 3/4 > 1 1-1/2 Exterior Walls 1 3/4 Party Wall All Not permitted (a) Not Permitted,except as permitted in Section 716.2. Non-rated exterior walls can have non-rated openings. Where exterior walls are rated,the exception to IBCSection 705.8.2 for the protected (rated) openings allows for unprotected (non- rated) openings when the opening assembly is protected by an approved water curtain using approved sprinklers and the building has a fire sprinkler system throughout according to NFPA 13. Duct and Air Transfer Openin�s IBCSection 717 has the requirements for duct and air transfer openings. Fire and/or smoke dampers are required in different locations by the IBC. Fire dampers need to comply with UL 555 requirements. Smoke dampers need to comply with UL 5555 requirements. Combination fire/smoke dampers need to comply with UL 555 and UL 555S requirements. Ceiling radiation dampers need to comply with UL 555C. Fire dampers need to have the following FRR according to IBC Table 717.3.2.1 for fire damper ratings: TYPE OF PENETRATION MINIMUM DAMPER RATING (Hours) Less than 3-hour fire-resistance rated assemblies 1-1/2 3-hour or greater fire-resistance 3 rated assemblies IBCSection 717.3.3.1 gives the fire damper actuation temperatures: Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 39 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx • 50°F above the normal operating temperature in the duct system but not less than 160°F, • Not more than 350°F in smoke control systems. Where combination fire/smoke dampers are used,the damper shall have the minimum fire protection rating specified by IBC Table 717.3.2.1 for the type of penetration plus a minimum Class II leakage rating and minimum elevated temperature rating of 250°F. The following table provides a basic summary of the areas where fire dampers, smoke dampers, and combination fire/smoke dampers are required. Fire Smoke Combination Location Damper Damper Fire/Smoke Notes Exterior Walls X Fire walls X Horizontal exits X Fire barriers X Exceptions 717.5.2 Shaft Enclosures X Exceptions 717.5.3 Fire partitions X Exceptions 717.5.4 FRR Corridors X Exceptions 717.5.4.1 Smoke Barriers X Exceptions 717.5.5 Smoke Partitions X Exceptions 717.5.7 Horizontal Assemblies X Exceptions 717.6 Figure from the IBC Commentary: r'.:.`C��AMu='t "=01lCaCTr��'i6J�S_A8 �)L^fyT �� IJO R+�i�.t,�^,aF:�.;iGE'�" R�:]UIitEB�.'09E MU(EC�OGCUPahCY 5EPARATION�YALL ��R�G'S"4�'iCFRAiE7 !4C`!pJtiy3qq'� F L WR 5LFB pCf.i;PA��CYA OCC:IFA��rp �7CLUPafIGVB Figure 717.5—F/RE DAMPERS IN RATED WALL Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 40 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Figure from the IBC Commentary: � ; � i �i 3 � � � �,r �: Ez�uuse�c uu[ wsW e a+�art�.�.r�rc iITtESTMPpMf: 4Nt!RAYFfi NEa;�k.?�?`+-'3 * 1 \ � 1 Y / / ! 1 FOf S�: �II1Cf1=ncrJ.4 f}lYll. Figure 717.5.3.1(1J—FIRE DAMPERS-EXCEPTION 1 Figures from the IBC Commentary: f?ECK NO FkRE�AMPER oucT SPRINNLER P�OTEGTaGN pF.R sE�T�CN7ia,t t REOUIRE�RATEO W6.LL - DECK Figure 717.5.4(1J—Fire Dampers-Exception 1 Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 41 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx STEEL 6UCT NO F1RE�AMPERS GR�LL£ NOOPENINGS GRILLE (SHAf3EDAREa1 RATEO CORR�04R WALI�S ROC�M Cl�RRIDOR R��M NOTE�S7EELQUCTS ONLv Figure 717.5.4(2)—Fire Dampers-Exception 2 IBC Section 717.3.3.2 gives the required smoke damper actuation methods. • Where a smoke damper is installed within a duct, a smoke detector shall be installed in the duct within 5 feet of the damper with no air outlets or inlets between the detector and the damper.The detector shall be listed for the air velocity,temperature and humidity anticipated at the point where it is installed. Other than in mechanical smoke control systems, dampers shall be closed upon fan shutdown where local smoke detectors require a minimum velocity to operate. • Where a smoke damper is installed above smoke barrier doors in a smoke barrier, a spot- type detector listed for releasing service shall be installed on either side of the smoke barrier door opening. • Where a smoke damper is installed within an air transfer opening in a wall, a spot-type detector listed for releasing service shall be installed within 5 feet horizontally of the damper. • Where a smoke damper is installed in a corridor wall or ceiling, the damper shall be permitted to be controlled by a smoke detection system installed in the corridor. • Where a total-coverage smoke detector system is provided within areas served by a heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system,smoke dampers shall be permitted to be controlled by the smoke detection system. IBCSection 717.4 requires fire and smoke dampers to have a means of access large enough to permit inspection and maintenance. These access points must be permanently labeled with at least %-inch letters reading "SMOKE DAMPER", "FIRE/SMOKE DAMPER" or"FIRE DAMPER" as appropriate. IBCSection 717.6 requires penetrations by ducts and air transfer openings of horizontal assemblies to be protected as shaft openings according to/BCSection 713 or by methods in IBCSection 717.6.1 through 171.6.3. Throu�h penetrations of Horizontal Assemblies: For occupancies (other than Groups I-2 and I-3), Section 717.6.1 allows a duct and air transfer opening system constructed according to the IMC and Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 42 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx penetrating a FRR floor/ceiling assembly that connects not more than 2 stories,to be constructed without shaft enclosure protection provided a fire damper is installed at the floor line. There is an exception to this Section that allows a duct to penetrate 3 floors (or less) without a fire damper at each floor if five conditions are met(26-gauge, open into only one dwelling unit & continuous from the unit to the exterior of the building, use of a ceiling radiant damper, etc.). Figures from the IBC Commentary: FVREBLOCKING(S�CTION 7182 5) FLOOR FIRE[?AMPER (FLOQR LIME} � �UCT CEILING DAMPER (GO{JNECTING TWO (SECTIC}N 717.6.2} STORSES ONLY) FIR�-RESISTANCE-RATECYASS�MBLY FIREBLOCKING(SECTidN 7'Y$.2.5) (EXCEPT GRUEJP51•2ANd I-3� Figure 717.6.1(1J—Air Duct Penetration of A FRR Floor/Ceiling Assembly FIREBLOCKING(SECTION 718.2.5j ROOF � DUCT CEILING[3AMPER (CQNNECTING TWd (SECTION 717.6,2� STQRIES ONLYJ FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATEQASSEMBLY FiREBLOCKING(SECTI�N 7182.5J Figure 717.6.1(2J—Air Duct Penetration of A FRR Roof Assembly Membrane penetrations of Horizontal Assemblies: Ceiling radiation dampers are allowed to be installed at the ceiling line when a duct or transfer grill penetrates the ceiling of a floor/ceiling or roof/ceiling assembly. Ceiling radiation dampers need to be listed according to UL 555C. There is an exception at the end of IBCSection 717.6.2 for exhaust ducts complying with IBCSection 714.4.1.2. Non-fire-resistance rated assemblies: IBCSection 717.6.3 allows a duct system constructed according to the IMC, penetrating a non-fire-resistance-rated assembly and connecting not more than 2 stories, to be constructed without shaft enclosure protection provided the annular space Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 43 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx between the assembly and the penetrating duct is filled with an approved non-combustible material to resist free passage of flame and smoke. A duct system constructed according to the IMC, penetrating a non-fire-resistance-rated assemblies and connecting not more than 3 stories, can be constructed without shaft enclosure protection provided the annular space between the assembly and the penetrating duct is filled with an approved non-combustible material to resist free passage of flame and smoke, and a fire damper is installed at each floor level. Figures from the IBC Commentary: aoaF FIREBLOCKlNG f�EC710N T78.2.5) �UCT(CpWNECTINGTN�STORIE5{ � FIREB'IQCKING [SECTIL�fF 71825p FLOOR FIA EBL(7CKINt'a (SECTIC3N 716.25) FURNAGE FLODfC � � Figure 717.6.3(1)—DUCT PENETRATIONS OF NON-FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED ASSEMBLI ES Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 44 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx I.S+Efl-MTEO FlRE AeFRER FlREBLOCK "EA SECispH nns= oucr FdiE WMPEfl� FURw�LE NOtE�UCTAEOUiNEDNGTNIkASWOLE ow��rra uNR Figure 717.6.3(2)—FIRE DAMPERS PENETRATING NON-FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED ASSEMBLIES Flexible ducts and air connectors are not allowed to pass through any FRR assemblies (horizontal floor/ceiling or walls). Concealed Spaces IBCSection 718 pertains to concealed spaces. Most of the requirements discuss combustible concealed spaces.This buildin� is of Type I-B construction;therefore combustible concealed spaces are not permitted. IBCSection 718.5 applies to combustible material in concealed spaces in Type I or II (non- combustible) construction. Generally, combustible material is not permitted in concealed spaces of Type I or II constructed buildings, with the following exceptions: 1. Combustible materials in accordance with IBCSection 603 (allowable combustible materials in Type 1 & 2 construction). 2. Combustible materials exposed within plenums complying with Section 602 of the International Mechanical Code. 3. Class A interior finish materials classified in accordance with Section 803. 4. Combustible piping within partitions or shaft enclosures installed in accordance with the provisions of this code. 5. Combustible piping within concealed ceiling spaces installed in accordance with the Internationa/Mechanical Code and the Internationa/Plumbing Code. 6. Combustible insulation and covering on pipe and tubing, installed in concealed spaces other than plenums, complying with Section 720.7. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 45 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Interior Finish Interior finishes need to comply with Chapter 8 of the IBC. IBC Table 803.9 gives interior wall and ceiling flame spread finish requirements by occupancy type for the room or area. As a general rule, the installation of a fire sprinkler system usually allows for a one "class" reduction for the IBC Table 803.9 requirements. Interior finishes are classified according to the ASTM E 84 standard according to three classes for ASTM E 84 flame spread and smoke developed indices: • Class A: flame spread 0-25, smoke developed 0-450. • Class B: flame spread 26-75, smoke developed 0-450. • Class C: flame spread 76-200, smoke developed 0-450. IBCSection 803.1.2 allows for materials (other than textiles)to be tested according NFPA 286 as an alternate to the ASTM E 84 listed criteria. Materials having a thickness less than 0.036-inch applied directly to the surface of walls or ceilings do not have to be tested. IBCSection 803.10 requires interior finish material to be securely fastened so the material will not become detached when subject to room temperatures of 200°F (93°C)for 30 minutes or less. Section 803.11 requires interior finish materials applied to fire-resistive rated (FRR) assemblies (walls/ceilings)or non-combustible construction to be directly attached to such construction or with furring strips not exceeding 1.75-inches applied directly against such surfaces. The intervening spaces between the furring strips shall be filled with inorganic or non-combustible materials; filled with Class-A materials, or be fire blocked at not more than 8-foot intervals in both directions Figure from the IBC Commentary: :—�� —FIREB��CKINGnT r',��"��I{�I � BIMER:n�S / '/l- �� f J`' g� .f —INiERI�JR FINISH APPLIE�UVER " Fl1RRIrvGSiRIPS / y Figure 803.11.2-SET-OUT CONSTRUCTION If walls are set-out or ceilings are dropped more than the 1.75-inches listed above, IBCSection 803.4.2 requires the use of Class A finish materials or other alternatives. An interior wall or ceiling finish material that is not more than%-inch thick is required to be applied directly against non- combustible backing, except for Class A materials or material subjected to qualifying tests. Thin Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 46 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx (less than %-inch) interior finish material can delaminate from its backing material and develop a much faster flame spread speed than indicated by a flame spread rating for a thicker sample. All Smoke Developed Index ratings must be between 0 and 450 according to ASTM E 84. The determination of Flame Spread Index ratings from Table 803.5 depends on: • Group/Occupancy classification of the area from Chapter 3. • Whether or not the area is protected by a NFPA 13 or 13R fire sprinkler system. • What the area is used for: 1. Vertical exits&exit passageways (most restrictive). 2. Exit access corridors&other exit ways. 3. Rooms& enclosed spaces An excerpt from IBC Table 803.9 showing the applicable criteria for this project is shown below: Sprinklered �� Exit enclosures and Rooms and enclosed GROUP exit passageways�a� Corridors spaces�`� A-2 B B C R-2 C C C B B C C S C C C Notes:(a) Class C interior finish materials shall be permitted for wainscoting or paneling of not more than 1,000 SF of applied surface area in the grade lobby where applied directly to a noncombustible base or over furring strips applied to a noncombustible base and fire blocked as required by Section 803.11.1. (�) Requirements for rooms and enclosed spaces shall be based upon spaces enclosed by partitions. Where a fire-resistance rating is required for structural elements, the enclosing partitions shall extend from the floor to the ceiling. Partitions that do not comply with this shall be considered enclosing spaces and the rooms or spaces on both sides shall be considered one. In determining the applicable requirement for rooms and enclosed spaces,the specific occupancy thereof shall be the governing factor regardless of the group classification of the building. (I) Applies when spaces are protection by an automatic fire sprinkler system installed in accordance with NFPA 13. IBCSection 803.6 has requirements for textiles including materials having woven or non-woven, napped,tufted, looped or similar surfaces. Textiles (including carpeting) on walls or ceilings need to have a Class a flame spread rating and be protected by a NFPA 13 or 13R fire sprinkler system. Expanded vinyl wall covering shall also comply with this Section. Thermal and acoustical insulation needs to comply with Section 720. Exposed insulation materials are required to have a Class-A flame spread index rating (0-25) and a smoke developed index rating of 0-450. Acoustical ceilin�systems need to comply with IBCSection SOS and comply with the manufacturer's installation requirements and ASTM C 635 or ASTM C 636. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 47 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx IBCSection 804 has the requirements for interior floor finishes. Interior floor finishes are classified as Class 1 or Class 11 according to NFPA 253 test criteria. Class 1 materials are tested with a higher heat exposure than Class 11 materials. Class 11 floor finish materials may be used in exit enclosures, exit passaqeways and corridors for Group A, B, and S occupancies. Since the building is sprinklered, these areas could also utilize other, non-classified materials that comply with the DOC FF-1 "pill test° (CPSC 16 CFR, Part 1630). Use of combustible materials on, or imbedded in floors, is limited in Type I-B buildings. • Floor sleepers, bucks and nailing blocks shall not be constructed of combustible materials, unless the space between the fire-resistance-rated floor assembly and the flooring is either solidly filled with noncombustible materials or fire blocked in accordance with IBCSection 717, and provided that such open spaces shall not extend under or through permanent partitions or walls. • Wood finish flooring is permitted to be attached directly to the embedded or fire blocked wood sleepers and shall be permitted where cemented directly to the top surface of fire- resistance-rated floor assemblies or directly to a wood subfloor attached to sleepers as provided for in Section 805.1.1. • Combustible insulating boards not more than %z inch (12.7 mm)thick and covered with finish flooring are permitted where attached directly to a noncombustible floor assembly or to wood subflooring attached to sleepers as provided for in Section 805.1.1. Decorative materials (IBCSection 806)such as curtains, draperies, hangings and other decorative materials suspended from walls or ceilings need to be non-combustible or flame resistant according to IBCSection 806.1 or NFPA 701, with the limitations: • Non-combustible decorative material is not limited. • Flame-resistant decorative material cannot exceed 10%of the aggregate area of walls or ceilings (except, 50%for Group A auditoriums with an entire building NFPA 13 fire sprinkler system). Foam plastics used as interior trim need to comply with IBCSection 2604.2. Pyroxlin plastics are prohibited in Group A occupancies. Section 806.5 requires interior trim material to have a Class C flame spread index rating and not exceed 10%of the aggregate wall or ceiling area where it is located. Means of Egress General Means of Egress Requirements There are some general egress concepts to keep in mind that apply to most buildings and there are some specific egress requirements that apply to this project: A means of egress system is comprised of three basic components. • Exit access: Exit access is the portion of the egress system that leads from any occupied op rtion of a building to an exit. This includes all the unprotected spaces of the building where an occupant would be exposed to fire or smoke in the event of a fire. The concept Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 48 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx of"travel distance" only applies to travel through the unprotected exit access area before the occupant reaches a protected exit enclosure. Figure from the IBC Commentary: r ) l I � XJ� _ I. X w ... . ..... ,��, i� La.l I , —ExrT Acc�ss Figure 202.5(2)—EX/T ACCESS • Exit: The portion of the means of egress which is separated from other interior spaces (exit access) of the building by fire-resistance rated (FRR) construction and opening protection, or by an exterior wall (exterior exit)to provide a protected (from smoke/fire) path of egress travel between the exit access and the exit discharge. Figure from the IBC Commentary: �xrEaioa oflo� (EXIT FROM GRA�E FLQOR) : 14VT'�RIOR EXIT— STAIRWAY(FROM SEGOND ST�RY) —�XTERIOR EXIT STAIRWAY � -—��— EXI'f�ISCNARGE Figure 202.5(1J-EXIT • Exit discharge: The portion of the means of egress which is between the termination of the (protected) exit and the public way(outside area, street). Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 49 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Figure from the IBC Commentary: � H j Q . -€JCITS � � �i�' � �3 U N I m . _�•'i , �� m I I � Ia a I � i I _ � II�I �. ...._-.�IT DISGHARCiE � Figure 202.5(3J—EXIT DISCHARGE The means of egress system for the building needs to be evaluated for all three components. Means of egress systems must be continuous(uninterrupted) to the public way and the required width of a means of egress system cannot be diminished along the path of egress travel. Changes in elevation of less than 12-inches generally require the use of sloped surfaces. Where the slope is greater than 1:20(5%), a ramp complying with IBCSection 1010 is required. Where the elevation difference is 6-inches or less, the ramp can have either handrails or floor finish materials that contrast with adjacent floor finish materials. Walking surfaces of the means of egress must have a slip resistant surface and be securely attached. Occupant Loads IBC Table 1004.1.2 gives the maximum floor area per occupant,which can also be referred to as the occupant load factor(OLF). The square footage of a room or area is divided by the OLF to determine the calculated occupant load(OL) of the area. The table lists OLF's in terms of"gross" or"net" Floor Area. These terms are defined as: • FloorArea, Gross:The floor area within the inside perimeter of the exterior walls. This area excludes vents shafts (with no openings) and (interior) courts. This area includes corridors,stairways, closets or any other interior feature. Buildings without exterior walls have a gross floor area equal to the area under horizontal projections of the roof or floor above. Gross area calculations typically apply to Business and Stora�e use areas. • FloorArea, Net:The actual occupied area of the building excluding unoccupied accessory spaces (corridors,stairways,toilet rooms, mechanical rooms and closets). Net floor area calculations generally apply to spaces with Assembly use areas. The OLF applied to an area relies on the actual use of the area and not on the occupancy group classification (IBCChapter3) of the overall area or building. The followin�occupant load factors are utilized in this buildin�. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 50 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx FUNCTION OF SPACE FLOOR AREA(SF) PER OCCUPANT Assembly with fixed seats Use actual seat count or 18" of seating length per person for benches without dividing arms. Assembly—Concentrated (chairs only, not fixed) 7 net Assembly—Un-concentrated (tables and chairs) 15 net Assembly—Standing Space 5 net Business Areas 100 gross Courtrooms, other than fixed seating 40 net Exercise Rooms/ Locker rooms 50 gross Kitchen, commercial 200 gross Library Stack areas 100 gross Reading rooms 50 net Parking Garage 200 gross Accessory storage, mechanical and electrical 300 gross The assemblv areas of this proiect are desi�ned with the circulation areas, restrooms and shafts not included in the area for occupant loadin�as appropriate for a "net"OLF. The reason for this is that occupants in circulation areas are accounted for in other occupied areas. The concept is commonly referred to as "non-simultaneous use", which means that occupants will either be in the occupied space, or the circulation space, but not both at the same time. Every room or space used, as an assembly space over 49 occupants, needs to have an occupancy load sign posted in a conspicuous location near the main exit or exit access doorways. Where exits (stairs, exterior exit discharge doors, etc.)serve more than one floor level, only the occupant load of the floor with the greatest population needs to be considered to establish the required exit capacity/width. Egress convergence (adding the populations from different floors) generally must only be considered for the basement and second floor levels when sizing exterior exit discharge doors from stairways. The condition in Fipure 1005.6(1)occurs in this buildin�. The capacitv of the first floor dischar�e for stairways for this buildin� must consider the conver�ence of occupants from the basement and second floor. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 51 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Figures from the IBC Commentary: 2nd STORY EXIT DOOR GRADE 1 st STORY �\,�```.�\,�\ POINT OFCONVERGENCE BASEMEIVT Figure 1005.6(1)—EGRESS CONVERGENCE AT FIRST STORY r 1st STORY EXIT i , DODR ^� i GRA�E \ j I , i / � t ;'� r- `. , � � �Pt7iNT i OF CONVE�2GENCE BASEMENT � Figure 1005.6(2J—EGRESS CONVERGENCE AT INTERMEDIATE LEVEL Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 52 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx i 2nd STORY _. . . . .-- --��.�� , .,. --1 � �� \�_ � � EXIT DOdR t 'ist STORY � � �_� '�, _ � GRAdE r �I � f1, Figure 1005.6(3)—NO EGRESS CONVERGENCE The occupant load of a room or area with fixed seating is based on one of the following: • The actual number of fixed seats with dividing arms. • 18 inches of bench width (no dividing arms). • 24 inches of booth seating width measured at the backrest of the booth seating. Outdoor areas (yards, patios, courts, etc.) accessible to building occupants require means of egress. If the outdoor area can be used by other people in addition to the occupants of the building, then the means of egress components for the building must be sized to accommodate both occupant loads. Occupant loads are detailed on the code plans in the construction document set. Egress Width and Other Dimensions The width (capacity) of egress components is based on the occupant load of the area calculated and width factors given in IBCSection 1005. When more than one exit is required,the sizing of each exit available is based on the requirement that the loss of a single exit will not reduce the available capacity to less than 50% of the required capacity. The minimum width is determined usin�the followin�factors. • Stairways: 0.3 inches per occupant multiplied by the total number of occupants served. • Other Components: 0.2 inches per occupant multiplied by the total number of occupants served. The capacity required from any story of a building shall be maintained to the termination of the means of egress. Generally,the means of eqress must have a minimum ceilin� hei�ht of 7 feet 6 inches. Protruding objects are permitted to extend below the minimum ceiling height to a minimum clearance of 80- Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 53 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx inches or 6-feet, 8-inches. Door closures and stops need to have a minimum headroom clearance of 78-inches or 6-feet, 6-inches. Horizontal projections into the egress way are generally limited to a maximum of 4-inches when they are between the heights of 27 and 80-inches. However, handrails serving stairs may project up to 4.5 inches. The minimum clear widths for accessible routes required in IBCSection 1104 may not be reduced by projections. Doors opening into the path of egress travel cannot reduce the required width to less than one-half (1/2)the required width during the course of the swing. When fully opened,the door cannot project more than 7-inches into the required width. Figure from the IBC Commentary: �F4ft HARDUUA�RE PRq7RU51pN i SEE SECTV01+1 1005 7.1 DOOR SWlNG(90`y �� '/,REQ'D VUIDTH� t'� II�FULLY 6PEN POSIT�QN DUE TO �, MIN4MUM 1 ',ALCO+JE RESTRICTING SWINGOF DOOR CORRIDOR� ,� � 180"OOOR SWING CORRIDOR � �� IN FULiYOPEN POSITIC7IV � � i � � � � � � � � - M��INIMUM WIDTH 13 � � I� � � f � EQUALTOThIE ? 1 wQ _------w 4 I+ �� REQIfIRED WIDTH �� g �-, � � � � MINUS 7"AND Y, f � DOOR� � l �� - REQU6RED WIDTH � 7„� � ` f I r; � �� W.•. � �. , a �,� ,' 1 � � For SI; 1 inch=25.4 mm,1 degree=0.{i1745 rad. Figure 1005.7.1—TYPICAL DOOR RESTRICTIONS INTO PASSAGEWAY, AISLE AND CORRIDOR W/DTH Occupant loadin�and required e�ress width will be detailed on the Code Plans in the Construction Document set. Means of egress Illumination The means of egress (including the exit discharge) needs to be illuminated at all times. The illumination level needs to be at least 1 foot-candle (11 lux) at the floor level. Means of egress illumination needs to be supplied by the building's electrical supply. In the event of a power failure, an emergency power system shall automatically illuminate the following areas for at least 90-minutes: 1. Aisles and unenclosed egress stairways in rooms and spaces that require two or more means of egress. 2. Corridors, exit enclosures and exit passageways in buildings required to have two or more exits. 3. Exterior egress components at other than their levels of exit discharge until exit discharge is accomplished for buildings required to have two or more exits. 4. Interior exit discharge elements, as permitted in IBCSection 1027.1, in buildings required to have two or more exits. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 54 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx S. Exterior landings as required by IBCSection 1008.1.6 for exit discharge doorways in buildings required to have two or more exits. Emergency lighting systems need to provide an avera�e of 1 foot-candle and a minimum of 0.1 foot-candle along the path of egress travel along the floor. Lighting levels are permitted to decline to an average of 0.6 foot-candle (6 lux) and a minimum of 0.06 foot-candle (0.6 lux) at the end of the 90-minute time duration). A maximum to minimum illumination uniformity ratio of 40 to 1 shall not be exceeded. Exit Signs Exit sign requirements are in IBCSection 1011. Exit and exit access doors need to be marked by an approved exit sign readily visible from any direction of travel. The path of egress travel to exits and within exits shall be marked by readily visible exit signs to clearly indicate the direction of egress travel in cases where the path of travel is not immediately visible to the occupants. Intervening means of egress doors within exits shall also be marked with exit signs. The maximum distance between exit si�ns cannot exceed 100 feet (or the listed visibility distance for the sign if less than 100 feet). Exit si�ns are not required in the followin� locations applicable to this proiect: • Rooms or areas that require only one exit. • Main exterior exit doors that are obviously and clearly identifiable as exits (where approved by the building official). Illuminated exit signs must be illuminated at all times and provided with an emergency power source with a duration of at least 90 minutes from storage batteries or a generator. ICCA117.1 tactile signs (both raised lettering and Braille, but not illuminated) stating EXIT are required adjacent to each door to an: • Egress stairway • Exit passageway • Exit discharge doors • Area of refuge Egress System Components Doors.Gates and Turnstiles Means of egress doors shall meet the requirements of IBCSection 1008. Means of egress doors shall be readily distinguishable from the adjacent construction and finishes such that the doors are easily recognizable as doors. Doors cannot be concealed by curtains, drapes, decorations, mirrors of other similar materials. Some door size requirements (with exceptions in IBCSection 1008.1.1) are: • Clear openings of doorways are measured between the face of the door and the stop with the door opened at 90 degrees. The minimum clear openin�door width is 32 inches (including a door opening with two door leafs, with no mullion). • The maximum width of swing door leaf is 48-inches. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 55 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx • The minimum height of doors is 80-inches (6-feet, 8-inches). Projections are not allowed into the clear opening width for a door lower than 34 inches above the floor. Proiections between 34-inches and 80-inches above the floor cannot exceed 4-inches into the clear door opening width. This provision allows for the door hardware to be in the clear opening width. Figures from the IBC Commentary: 5C�4��E4W�, �LJtR L�'I:JT'•I �4 Q?S^li4G �h4'eY t7l'�I � 'si SEl'.1'�E�:V�.[n[ :rK.4 A4 u 7�.�li ST•v� . •��I�II � 32-g��T�h,ecy chrcpc � '� Jc]Gu,A�CJ 1•E�TQ? � � :&if•It�•I; � rjn�4�kAUE - 'A'aYi � I Y4�� _CUR�RALIE aLK'�i '�4 5 � —J..70�R l + I �A4rG�LNi�hA'�h4E `i,. I � 3 � -'— d'A9AXIS9J 11�9a1��TIQ+! &Tl�:�IEI'.'r�IT L!F&ET�i"CrW �s-n�u ar ne�+r�1:iF=�� :s�eT��i iatw.i i.i� Far SI: 1 inclr=25.4 mm. Far fll: 1 mch-25:G iTiin. Figure 1Ua8,7,1(7J Fig�ire 7008.1,7(2J TYPICAL dCl�}R 6PENING�LEfrFtAN�E TYP1�,4L�(�dR(SPENING CLEAR,4NCE Doors generally have to be side-hin�ed swin�in�. There are exceptions to this requirement, but none of them apply to this project. Doors must swin�in the direction of e�ress travel where servin�an occupant load of 50 or more persons. Door openin�force requirements (applied to the latch side) are: • The opening force for the interior-side of swing doors without closures cannot exceed 5 pounds. • For other side-swinging, sliding and folding door, the door latch must release when subject to a 15-pound force. • The door shall be set in motion when subject to a 30-pound force. • The door shall swing to a full-open position when subject to a 15-pound force. IBCSection 1008.1.4 has requirements for special doors including: • Revolving doors (IBCSection 1008.1.4.1), limited to a maximum 50-person capacity. • Power-operated doors (IBCSection 1008.1.4.2). • Horizontal sliding doors (IBCSection 1008.1.4.3). A floor or landin�shall be provided on each side of a door at equal elevations (maximum variation of%-inch due to differences in finish materials). Interior landings need to be level and exterior landings can have up to a 2%slope. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 56 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Landin�s at doors have the following requirements: • Must have a width not less than the stairway or door(whichever is greater)they serve. • Doors in the fully opened position cannot reduce the landing width by more than 7 inches. • When a landing serves an occupant load of 50 or more, doors in any position cannot reduce the landing to less than one-half(%z) its required width. • Landing length is measured in the direction of travel and cannot be less than 44 inches. Section 1008.1.7 requires door thresholds to: • Not exceed 0.75-inch in height for swinging egress doors • Be beveled for raised thresholds and floor level changes greater than 0.25-inch at doorways, with a maximum 50%slope (1 unit rise to 2 unit run). Spacing between two doors in series (as is commonly found in entry vestibules) must be 48-inches plus the width of the door swinging into the space. For a common 36-inch door,this would require 84-inches or 7-feet between the doorways. Since the main e�ress doors for this project will serve more than 50-occupants, both sets of doors shall swin�outward in the direction of e�ress travel. Doors must be readilv openable from the e�ress side without the use of a kev or special knowled�e or effort. Accessible door hardware (handles, pulls, latches, locks, other operating devices) if required in Chapter 11, cannot require ti�ht�raspin�/pinchin�or twistin�of the wrist to operate. Door hardware mounting heights (handles, pulls, latches, locks, other operating devices) shall be between 34 inches and 48 inches above the finished floor. Locks used for only security purposes (and not normal operation) are permitted at any height. The unlatching of any door shall not required more than one operation. Panic and fire exit hardware is required (when a latch or locking device is provided) for each door in a means of egress from a �roup A occupancy having an occupant load of 50 or more. Panic hardware is also required in electrical rooms with equipment rated 1,200 amperes or more and over 6-feet wide that contains overcurrent devices, switching devices or control devices. These doors shall swing in the direction of egress travel. The panic/fire hardware requirements are: • The actuating portion of the releasing device needs to extend at least one-half(%z) of the door leaf width. • The maximum unlatching force allowed is 15 pounds. • Panic hardware shall be listed in accordance with UL 305. • Fire exit hardware (required on fire-rated egress doors) shall also be listed in accordance with UL 10C. Gates serving as a means of egress must comply with Section 1008.2. Stairwavs IBCSection 1009 has the requirements of stairways. The width of stairways relies on the occupant load calculated from IBC Table 1004.1.2, but there is a minimum width of 44-inches. Stairways serving an occupant load of 50 or less can have a minimum 36-inch width. Other exceptions apply Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 57 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx to spiral stairs (Section 1009.12), and aisle stairs (Section 1023). It is important to remember, enclosed stairways that are considered as accessible means of eqress (IBC Section 1007.3) must have a minimum of 48-inches between handrails. Stairway headroom clearance must be a minimum of 80-inches (6-feet, 8-inches) measured vertically at the edge of the stair nosing(continuous above the stairway to the point where the line intersects the landing below, one tread depth beyond the bottom riser),for the full width of the stairway and landing. Spiral stairs (IBC Section 1009.12) are permitted to have a 78-inch headroom clearance. Figure from the IBC Commentary: H � CEILING 7'-6" B-8" � �.�. I I o I i V i��s s-a° PUNE OF TREA�N051NG--� I D w For SI: 1 inch-25.A nnm,1 foot=304-B mm. Figure 1009.5(1)—STAIRWAY HEADROOM REQUIREMENTS Stair treads and risers have dimension requirements of: • Risers: 4 inches minimum and 7 inches maximum (riser height measured vertically between the leading edges of adjacent treads), with a 0.375-inch (3/8-inch) maximum variation between the tallest and shortest riser heights. • Tread depths: 11 inches minimum (tread depth measured horizontally between the vertical planes of the foremost projection of adjacent treads &at right angles to the treads leading edge), with a 0.375-inch (3/8-inch) maximum variation between the longest and shortest tread depths. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 58 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Figure from the IBC Commentary: TRCA�UCRTII iLCAUIMG CUGC TU LCAGIhJG CGGC1 11'ti11 N. L'f?FiR CCT 1.1 CT I1�[]6F h1E.AS�L1R I N G il�i C I�i EI GHi OF RISCRSAN��EPTHS O�TRCA�S I� 11'a11N. + J STAIF{aVAYWITHOIJTNL751NG�+ �—r'I.iAX.1.4"1.11N.) .� RI�CRI-ICIGI�T i5�1 LN�F"ING Sl1RFACE 1�L� 5�1LF'I'1NG Sl1RFACLI STAIR'WHY WITH NQSING fu�r Sd. 1 ineh-2�.<ntni. Figure 1009.7.2—TREAD/RISER D/MENS/ONS IBCSection 1009.7.4 has further detailed requirements on the dimensional uniformity of stairs. The profile of stairs must be as follows: • The radius of curvature at the leading edge of the tread cannot be greater than 9/16-inch. • Beveling of nosings cannot exceed 9/16-inch. • Risers must be solid and vertical or sloped from the underside of the leading edge of the tread above at an angle not exceeding 30 degrees from vertical. o Exception -Stairways that are not required to be accessible (IBCSection 1007.3) may have open risers that do not permit the passage of a 4-inch diameter sphere. • The leading edge (nosings) of treads cannot project more than 1-1/4-inches beyond the tread below and all projections of the leading edges must be a uniform size, including the leading edge of the floor at the top of a flight of stairs. Figures from the IBC Commentary: /''''/"BEVEL / MAX. yy� �� SOLID RiSER %"RADIUS MAX.. 30° MAX. 1'/."MAX. ('f."MIN.FOR R'�SI�ENTIAL) 30" NIAX. SEE EXCEP710N 5 TO SECTION 9t10�.7.2 I �'� 1'/,"MAX. For SI: 1 inch=25A mm,1 ciegree=O Oi 745 rad. Figure 1009.7.5.1—TREAD/RISER PROFILE(SOLID RISERJ Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 59 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx There must be a floor or a stairway landing at the top and bottom of each stairway. The width of landings must be at least the width of the stairwav. The landing length (measured in the direction of travel) must equal the width of the stair, but does not have to exceed 48 inches for straight-run stairways. (Exception: aisle stairs complying with Section 1028) Figure from the IBC Commentary: 4�" MIN. � � �!w � � � ��W Kt� ` � HANC3RAIL �4$" f+�liV. r,:�si. i��.�u-n::,,,�». Figure 1009.8(2)—TYP/CAL LANDING DIMENSIONS STRA/GHT-RUN STAIR A landing may be any other shape (not square/rectangular), as long as the radial arc of the landing is as wide as the stairway(i.e., a 70-inch wide stairway could have a round landing with a radius of 70 inches). The maximum distance between floors without the use of an intermediate landing is 12-feet. A flight of stairs cannot have a vertical run of stairs�reater than 12-feet without reaching a landing at a floor level or having intermediate landings. Doors opening into a landing cannot reduce the landing to less than one-half(%z)the required width of the stairs. When fully open, the door cannot project more than 7-inches into the landing. Where wheelchair spaces are required on the stairway landing in accordance with IBC 1007.6.1,the wheelchair space shall not be located in the required width of the landing and doors cannot swing into the wheelchair space. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 60 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Figure from the IBC Commentary: -1."1 S�E�'!=�'.VJ f•I C�F i�I:RYT�:i TMW(. a 4;� � Fcr SI�. 1 nich-25::nim. Figure 1009.8(4)-DOOR CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS IN STA/RWAY Stairway construction must comply with the type of construction for the building (Type I buildings must have non-combustible stairways), except wood handrails are permitted for all types of construction. The walking surface of treads and landings shall not slope greater than 1:48 (2%) in any direction and they shall have a solid, securely attached surface. There are other sloping and conditions for outdoor stairs in IBCSection 1009.9.2. The walls and soffits within enclosed useable spaces under enclosed and unenclosed stairways shall be protected by 1-hour fire resistance rated construction, or the rating of the stairway enclosure, whichever is greater. Access to the enclosed shall not be directly from within the stair enclosure. Handrails are generally required on both sides of a stairway. It is important to remember the definition of a "stair" is one or more risers. A"stairway" is one or more flights of stairs with landings. Handrails can be required for single-riser stairs and for ramps according to IBCSection 1010.8. Handrail requirements are discussed further in a later Section in this report. A stairway to the roof is required for buildin�s four or more stories in hei�ht above�rade. One stairway must extend to the roof surface unless the roof has a slope steeper than 33% (4 units vertical for 12 units horizontal, 4:12 pitch). Unoccupied roofs are permitted to be accessed by alternating tread devices. Stairway roof access needs to be provided through a penthouse according to IBCSection 1509.2. The following points summarize the required stairway access to the roof. • Access to a "habitable" roof on a 4-story or more building (for roof�ardens, observation decks, sportin�facilities includin� io��in�/walkin�tracks and tennis courts) must be provided by a conventional stairway(and penthouse to protect the stairway). • Access to a "non-habitable" roof on a 4-story or more building (for equipment repair or fire department access) must still be provided, but can be provided by an alternating tread device (without a penthouse). The exception to Section 1009.16.1 states, access to unoccupied roofs are permitted to be through a roof hatch or trap door not less than 16 square feet and having a minimum dimension of 2 feet. Roofs with a slope greater than a 4:12 pitch are not required to have roof access due to the steepness of construction and inherent danger. • While it is not specifically required that roof access shall be through an exit stairway enclosure, it is advisable to provide the access this way(since part of the intent is for fire Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 61 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx department access to the roof). Section 1020.1.6 requires signage at the level of discharge indicating the stairway has roof access. • Roofs and penthouses containing elevator equipment that must be accessed for maintenance are required to be accessed by a stairway. Both stairwells,A-South and B-North, provide roof access throu�h hatches at the top of the stairwells. Ramns IBCSection 1010 has the requirements for ramps. A summary of the requirements for ramps is: • Slope of ramps used as a means of egress cannot be greater than a 1:12 pitch (8%). Slope of ramps not used as a means of egress cannot be greater than a 1:8 pitch (12.5%). • Cross-slope (measured perpendicular to the direction of travel) cannot be steeper than a 1:48 pitch (2%). • The maximum rise for any ramp run (between landings) cannot exceed 30-inches. • The minimum width of a means of egress ramp generally cannot be less than 44-inches (specific requirements are in IBC Section 1016.2 for corridors). The minimum clear width or the ramp and distance between handrails must be at least 36 inches. • The minimum headroom clearance of a means of egress ramp is 80-inches (6-feet, 8- inches). • Projections into the required ramp and landing width are prohibited. Door openings onto a ramp landing cannot reduce the clear width to less than 42-inches. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 62 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Figure from the IBC Commentary: GUNR�S AND HAN�RAILS EGRESS DOOR 36"MPJC.RISE BETV4+EEN LA,NDINGS � MAX. - . . - - 12 � MAX. �MN(. 48 12 MiNIMUM CLEAR WIDTH BE TWEEN HANBRAILS=36",BUT NOT LESS THA�!REqUIR�D FOR CORRIQORS(SECTI�N 1410,5.1) 4�m �� EO"MIN. 6d"MIN. 3'-6"E�AIN.CLEAR VYADTH For SI: 1 inch=25.4 mm,1 toof=3�4.8 mm. Figure 10103—TYP/CAL MEANS OF EGRE55 RAMP • Ramps need to have landings at the bottom and top of each ramp, points of turning, entrances and exits and at doors. • Landing slopes cannot be steeper than a 1:48 pitch (2%). • Landing widths must be as wide as the widest ramp. Landing lengths must be at least 60- inches. • Where changes in direction of travel occur at landings between ramp runs,the landing needs to be a minimum of 60" x 60". • Where doorways are located adjacent to a ramp landing, maneuvering clearances required by ICCA117.1 are permitted to overlap the required landing area. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 63 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Figure from the IBC Commentary: al��A-0IN.PtN SEC:TION 1il1�7.ti.4 4Y��MIN. Q6fJH SIG6 f Z SLLIPE � � l �n a - ` � O � --- ❑ Z T fj : � d / _""" :_"""""""_""""""""""""_ 2 ! � MANELNEFtING SPACE 'L I INACtiL7NUAN(;E n1 W I iH ICC A�17.� �38��MIN. * Figure 1010.6.3—DOORWAY OPEN/NG ONTO LANDING • Ramp construction needs to comply with the type of construction of the building (non- combustible for Type I and II construction), although wood handrails are permitted for all types of construction. The surface of ramps must be slip-resistant. Outdoor ramps must not allow water to accumulate on walking surfaces. • Handrails are required on ramps with a rise�reater than 6 inches on both sides. Figure from the IBC Commentary: HANORAIL 12"MIN_ m 12'MIN. M v w � � � FINISHED FLOOR �R GROUlV� Fo�r SI� t ineh=25.4 mm. Figure 1010.9(1)—RAMP WITH HANDRA/L AT WALL • Ed�e protection must be provided for ramps. This is accomplished either by a barrier (curb, rail, or wall) or extended floor surface. o Curbs must be a minimum of 4-inches in height. o Barriers must be constructed to prevent the passage of a 4-inch diameter sphere, for any portion of the ramp within 4 inches of the floor or ground surface. o Extended floor surfaces shall extend 12-inches minimum beyond the inside face of a handrail. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 64 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Figure from the IBC Commentary: �r rai�v. rr n�iN. � ' � 4"MA}(. 4'MIN 4� ��_ [a�E�Ren�fed 5uriace �b�Barrier (c)Curh Fpr SI' 1 inch=25.4 mm. Fiqure 1010.10.1—EDGE PROTECT/ON • Guards are required where required by IBCSection 1013 (generally when the ramp/landing surface is greater than 30-inches above the floor or grade surface. Handrails Handrails are regulated by IBCSection 1012. Handrails are required for stairways and ramps. Handrail heights (measured above stair tread nosings, or finish surface of the ramp slope) must be a minimum of 34-inches and a maximum of 38-inches. Handrail extensions must return to a wall, guard or walking surface, or be continuous to the handrail of an adjacent stair flight. Handrails that are not continuous between flights shall extend at least 12-inches beyond the top riser and continue to slope for the depth of one tread beyond the bottom riser. Figure from the IBC Commentary: ONE TREAD MIN_ 12"MIN. 4 . . _ . . . , . . ,.. _ _ " __ _ . _I _ ..._ ___ �i. = I 4�. � � MAX. � I � 0 d I � � 4Y"MAX. �. _— .�.J �. . � '. �.-- i� i� : - I I .e REO'D.STAIR ��-DUTSIDE FACE OF S7RI�IGER I W16TH - -�—�—— � MIN_CLEARkNCE :'"��..-�._�.�... I . _'� �e_�' i r° � i I I � ��Z , i � NANDRAIL � . I I � � � � � I �_—_ _ _, �� ( i � — 7"MAX F,,.Gi i�„�n=�5 n:,,m Figure 1012.8(1)–TYPICAL HANDRA/L ARRANGEMENT Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 65 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Figure from the IBC Commentary: 1'f � ii' ,inaaun� � � � � 4hk1? t: � 11'�� 7E?T•I � � �I.+1V7RlsL � �S-f AI�f.4',hi` �Cf��I: 1 rtiG'17—25.i iT1i77. Figure 1012.2—HANDRAIL REQUIREMENTS Handrails have requirements for graspability • Type 1 handrails require an outside diameter circular cross-Section between 1-1/4 to 2 inches, or a non-circular perimeter dimension between 4 to 6-1/4 inches. The maximum cross-Sectional dimension of 2-1/4 inches. Edges must have at least a minimum 0.01-inch radius. • Type 11 handrails with a perimeter greater than 6-1/4-inches must have a graspable finger recess area on both sides of the profile. Details for such handrails and the finger recess are contained in IBC Section 1012.3.2. Handrail-gripping surfaces must be continuous without interruption by newel posts or other obstructions. Handrails cannot rotate within their fittings. Handrail clearances from the wall (or outer surface,free from any sharp or abrasive elements) must at least 1-1/2 inches. Handrail projections into the stairway cannot exceed 4-1/2 inches. Per IBCSection 1012.9, intermediate handrails are required for wide stairways. Intermediate handrails shall be located in such a manner that all portions of the stairway width required for egress capacity are within 30-inches of a handrail. On monumental stairs, handrails shall be located along the most direct path of egress travel. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 66 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Guards IBCSection 1013 has the requirements for guards. Guards are required along open-sided walking surfaces that are located more than 30-inches above the floor or grade below, at any point within 36-inches horizontally to the edge of the open side. Such surfaces include: • Mezzanines • Equipment platforms • Stairs • Ramps • Landings • Glazed sides (not complying with IBCSection 1607.8) of stairways/ramps/landings. Guards are not required at the loading dock. There are other exceptions listed in the code, but they are not applicable to this project. Guard heights need to be at least 42-inches, measured vertically above the leading edge of the tread, adjacent walking surface or adjacent seat board. This means stairways must have a separate handrail at a 34-38 inch hei�ht that proiects from a 42-inch hi�h �uard along the open-side of the stairway. Figure from the IBC Commentary: _��,F� . ,._. _.-.*_ _.fIANFHiAII.SPF.N - � $[.(`fIpN51Ri9i5 ��-- AAII)i]S2 � s S�XtiF4iF- vimi�.r�nr ..._,.._,.._. , ��. inss �,. i �inrtr _ rr�nn�:+r For Sf: 1 irach -25.4 mm. Fiqure 1013.2(1J—OPEN-S/DED WALKING AREA Opening limitations for guards require balusters or ornamental patterns to be provided to prevent the passage of a 4-inch sphere between any openings in the guard to the required guard height. There are exceptions to this rule as follows: • From a height of 36-inches in the guard, openings are limited to prevent the passage of a 4- 3/8-inch sphere. • The triangular openings at the open side of a stair,formed by the riser,tread and bottom rail, shall not allow passage of a 6-inch sphere. • For elevated walkways for access to electrical, mechanical and plumbin�equipment, alternating tread devices and Group S areas not open to the public; guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a 21-inch sphere. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 67 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Per IBC 1013.6, guards shall be provided where appliances, equipment,fans, roof hatch openings or other components that require service are located within 10-feet of a roof edge or open side of a walking surface located more than 30-inches above the floor, roof or grade below. The guard shall be constructed to prevent the passage of a 21-inch sphere and shall extend not less than 30-inches beyond each end of such equipment. Exit Access General ExitAccess The requirements for exit access are in IBCSection 1014. The first part of a means of egress system is the exit access portion. Exit access is the portion of the egress system that leads from a�m occupied portion of a building to an exit. This includes all the unprotected spaces of the building where an occupant would be exposed to fire or smoke in the event of a fire. The concept of"travel distance" only applies to travel through the unprotected exit access area before the occupant reaches a protected (rated) exit enclosure. The IBC allows egress through intervening spaces (or rooms)that are "accessory"to the area served. The IBC does not define that term "accessory", but the adjoining rooms should serve a use that is similar or supportive of the space that is exiting through it. For example, an exhibit space (assembly) in a museum can exit through an adjoining exhibit space or spaces (assuming the egress path is clearly marked with exit signage). There is no limit to the number of accessory spaces an occupant may egress through (other than limitations of maximum travel distance or common path of travel). Spaces that cannot serve as accessorv or intervenin�spaces in an egress path include: • Kitchen • Storage rooms • Closets • Toilet Rooms • A room that can be locked to prevent egress (i.e., accessory spaces must remain unlocked at all times) • For multiple tenants: Other adjacent tenant spaces. Common path of travel is the distance that must be traveled before two separate and distinct paths of travel to two exits are available. Common path of travel is included within the permitted travel distance. Although travel distances are much greater than the common path of travel,you must have the choice between two separate exit paths within the common path of travel limitation. The maximum common paths of travel are: • 75 feet,for most occupancies (other than Group H-1/H-2/H-3). This will apply to the assembly portions of the buildin�. • 100 feet for Group B, F and S occupancies in buildings with NFPA 13 fire sprinkler systems. This will apply to B, S-2 and incidental occupancy areas of the buildin�. • 125 feet for Group R-2 occupancies in buildings with NFPA 13 fire sprinkler systems. This will apply to R-2 occupancy areas of the buildin�. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 68 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx K'POEN7AT WFiICH A GHOICE OF 2 ExITS BEC6MES AVAILABLE ; COMNtON PATH DF 7RAUEL � (�EFkNE6 IN 5FCTI6N 70Q2} A � � � � � � � , ^ o�ao Er+o �� SEC716N 1:018.4 * � _ � _ _ * � � B � � '� I � DEAd£N�� I � _ �� SECTIONip18.4 { EXIT , EXIT � ^.OMMON PA7H OF 7RAVEL Figure 1014.3—COMMON PATH OF EGRE55 TRAVEL Details about the exit access for the prolect and compliance with the code requirements are identified on the code plans in the construction document set. Exit and ExitAccess Doorwavs IBCSection 1015 has the requirements for exit and exit access doorways. Generally, two or more exits are required from any space when�of the following conditions exist: • The occupant load of the space exceeds the values in IBC Table 1015.1. SPACES WITH ONE MEANS OF EGRESS OCCUPANCY MAXIMUM OCCUPANT LOAD A, B, E, F, MandU 49 H-1, H-2 and H-3 3 H-4, H-5, I-1, I-3, I-4 and R 10 S 29 • The common path of egress travel exceeds a general length of 75 or 100-feet, as applicable to the occupancy group of the space. • Where required for mechanical spaces in IBCSections 1015.3, 1015.4 and 1015.5 as detailed in this Section of the report. When two exits are required from a space, they must be located "remotely" from each other based on the len�th of the maximum overall dia�onal dimension of the building or area served. The remote distance between the exit doors or exit access doorways is measured in a straight line between the centers of the doorway openings (on the centerline across the opening doorway). Limits are as follows: • General areas: 1/2 the maximum overall diagonal dimension of building or area served. • Where the building is provided with an automatic sprinkler system: 1/3 the maximum overall diagonal dimension of the building or area served. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 69 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Figure from the IBC Commentary: ;' �;� �� 'r�� :��,_�;��:�s � - �'P`'" �r �� I ,F� � v � � �_ [xVi_SL V_r� �r,�y r., I �GG, �t � ''a ,�'� I G�:VIE4SL1.J�ti{}��Ix.?t S Figure 1015.2.1(1J—EXAMPLES OF REMOTENESS BETWEEN EXITS OR EXIT ACCESS DOORS FROM A ROOM OR BUILDING It is important to remember to properly assess the remoteness of exits appropriately when using exiting through an adjoining (intervening) space as shown below. Figure from the IBC Commentary: dOESNOT COb4PLY! CQUFEREW:.ER47b1� �I 4�.L`JA�=�i0 � �' 4{ � � � r � ti RECEP'fIQ�!J � e.�tEr, �l � 1 qP � � � '�r ' c�RSiooR { ��=-07iY' ALTHOUi�,H c�Ef]L1kL9 ti2 6x tlq=21'-0" THEOVER�b.LL�ESIGNFORTHESPACE 6T=a8"-0" ISN,7T�ACCEPTnBLE&EuiUSEcTlS tl7 =T-0" LESSTHAN 1,26T. ��r SI: 1�nt�h=25.4�rim,1 ferat=39a.8m�n. Figure 1015.2.1(4)—REMOTE LOCATION OF EXIT ACCESS DOORS (ADJOIN/NG ROOMSJ Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 70 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx When three or more exits/exit-access-doorways are required from a space, at least two exit (access) doors must be located "remotely" from each other as described above. Additional exits or exit access doorways shall be arranged a "reasonable distance" (not defined) apart so that if one becomes blocked, the other will be available. The special requirements for mechanical spaces in IBCSections 1015.3, 1015.4 and 1015.5 are as follows: • Two exit access doorways are required in boiler, incinerator and furnace rooms where the area is over 500 square feet and any fuel-fired equipment exceeds 400,000 Btu input capacity. Where two exit access doorways are required, one doorway is permitted to be a fixed ladder or an alternating tread device(see IBCSection 1009.13). Exit access doorways shall be separated (remoteness) by a horizontal distance equal to at least one-half(%z)the maximum horizontal distance of the room. • Two exit access doorways are required in refrigeration machinery rooms where the area is over 1,000 square feet. Where two exit access doorways are required, one doorway is permitted to be a fixed ladder or an alternating tread device (ATD, see Section 1009.13). Exit access doorways shall be separated (remoteness) by a horizontal distance equal to at least one-half(%)the maximum horizontal distance of the room. All portions of the refrigeration machinery rooms shall be within 150 feet of an exit or exit access door. This may be increased according to IBC Table 1016.2 (e.g., 250 feet for Group F-1 occupancy with a fire sprinkler system). Doors shall swin�in the direction of e�ress travel, regardless of the occupant load served. Doors shall be tight fitting and self-closing. • Other requirements exist for refrigerated spaces and stages, but these areas are not applicable to this project. ExitAccess Travel Distance IBCSection 1016 has the requirements for exit access travel distance. The concept of travel distance only applies to travel through the unprotected exit access area before the occupant reaches a protected (rated) exit enclosure. Where the path of exit access includes unenclosed stairways or ramps (as permitted by Section 1022),the distance of travel down the stairs (or ramps) needs to be included in the travel distance measurement (measured on a plane and tangent to the stair tread nosings in the center of the stairway). Travel distances must be measured along the path of e�ress natural, unobstructed travel. Normal travel distances cannot be measured along the shorter diagonal path across a room (a.k.a. "as the crow flies") since this path is usually obstructed by furniture, walls and other obstructions. Pathway measurements typically utilize a rectilinear approach. IBC Table 1016.2 gives the travel distances for buildings based on the occupancy group: Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 71 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx EXIT ACCESS TRAVEL DISTANCE a OCCUPANCY WITHOUT SPRINKLER SYSTEM WITH SPRINKLER SYSTEM (Feet) (Feet) A 200 250 B 200 3006 R-2 200 250 S-2 300 400 Footnotes: a. See the following Sections for modifications to exit access travel distance requirements: • Section 404:For the distance limitation through an atrium space. • Section 1019.2:For buildings with one exit. b. Buildings with NFPA 13 fire sprinkler systems. Travel distances are detailed in the Code Plans in the Construction Document Set. Corridors IBCSection 1018 has the requirements for corridors. Table 1018.1 has the requirements for the fire-resistance-rating(FRR)of corridors. The corridor walls constructed as fire partitions in accordance with IBC Section 708 if a rating is required. According to Table 1018.1, since the buildin� is equipped throu�hout with an NFPA 13 fire sprinkler svstem, corridors would require a %z- hour fire ratin�for the main occupancv�roup in the buildin�. The minimum corridor width is generally 44-inches or a greater width based on the occupancy load calculations of IBCSection 1005.1. This width required width cannot be obstructed. The exceptions to these widths are: • 24-inches: For access to and utilization of electrical, mechanical or plumbing systems and equipment. • 36-inches: For occupant loads less than 50. Where more than one exit or exit access doorway is required,the exit access shall be arranged so no dead ends in corridors more than 20-feet are created. This 20-foot dead end requirement will apply to the assembly areas of the buildin�. The exceptions to this requirement are: • Dead end corridors shall not exceed 50-feet for Group B, R-2 and S-2 occupancies equipped with a NFPA 13 fire sprinkler system. This 50-foot limit will apply to the R-2 and S occupancy areas of the buildin�. • Dead end corridor lengths shall not be limited so long as the length of the dead end is less than 2.5 times the width of the dead end. Since exit access corridors are critical means of egress components,the potential for the spread of smoke and fire (air movement) in corridors must be minimized. Therefore, exit access corridors �enerally cannot serve as supply, return, exhaust, relief or ventilation air ducts or plenums. The exceptions to this requirement are: • Use of a corridor as a source of makeup air for exhaust systems in rooms that open directly onto the corridor(e.g., toilet rooms, bathrooms, dressing rooms, smoking lounges and janitor closets), shall be permitted provided that each corridor is directly supplied with outdoor air at a rate greater than the rate of makeup air taken from the corridor. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 72 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx • Within tenant spaces of 1,000 square feet or less, utilization of corridors for conveying return air is permitted. Use of the space between the corridor ceiling and the floor/roof structure above as a return air plenum is permitted for one or more of the following conditions: • The corridor is not required to be FRR. • The corridor is separated from the plenum by FRR construction. • The air-handling system serving the corridor is shut down upon activation of air-handling unit smoke detectors required by the IMC. • The air-handling system serving the corridor is shut down upon detection of sprinkler waterflow when the building has a fire sprinkler system. • The space between the corridor ceiling and the floor/roof structure above the corridor is used a component of an approved smoke control system. Corridors must be continuous from the point of entry to an exit, and not interrupted by intervening rooms. Foyers, lobbies or reception rooms constructed as required for corridors (1-hour FRR fire partitions with 20-minute doors) are not construed as intervening rooms. Exits General Exit Requirements The exit is the portion of the means of egress which is separated from other interior spaces (exit access) of the building by FRR construction and opening protection, or by an exterior wall (exterior exit)to provide a protected (from smoke/fire) path of egress travel between the exit access and the exit discharge. Key concepts of exits, IBCSection 1020, are: • An exit cannot be used for any purpose that interferes with its function as a means of egress. • Once a given level of exit protection is achieved (i.e., once you enter a protected,fire- resistance-rated exit enclosure), such level of protection shall not be reduced until arrival at the exit discharge(i.e., the exit may not dischar�e back into an unprotected, inside area of the buildin�). • All buildings must have at least one exterior exit door leading directly to an exit discharge or the public way. Number of Exits&Continuitv IBCSection 1021 has the requirements for the number of exits and exit continuity.Section 1021.2.1 Mixed Occupancies provides applicable requirements per Table 1021.2(1J or Table 1021.2(2J. The required number of exits from any story must be maintained until arrival at grade or the public way. IBCSection 1021.2 also gives cases where a story may have a single exit. A summary of requirements from the table that are applicable to this project is below: Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 73 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx TABLE 1U21.2(1] STC?RIES 1NITH flNE EXIT C7R ACCESS T4(lNE EXIT Ft7R R-2 i]CCUPANCIES STORY OCCl1PANCY �1�XIMUI41 NUIhABER�F�WELLING RIIAHtlMl1M ExIT ACCESS TRAVEL 11NIT5 DISTAIVCE Basement,first,secand or third story R-2"'' 4 d��ellit7�units 125 feet Fourth story and aba�e NP NA NA 1'or SI: 1 foo1=3fl9.F mm. �P-Not Prmiitted I�A-Vat Appltca6le a. I3utldings classi€led as Group R-2 equtpped throughoui wllh an autonratic sprinkler systsm�n accordance wi[h Sectfon 9Q3.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 and p�ovlded �vith snxergenri�esrape arld rFSrue operilri�s tn accordance��lth Sectlon]029. 6,Thfs IabEe ts used For R-2 occupancles consisting oF d�aelilri�u�ilu.For R-2 occupandes consisUng of s1eFping unks.use Table 1021,2(2}, TA�LE 1Q21.2(2} STflRIES Ui11TH ONE EXIT OR ACCESS TO flNE EXIT FOR�?THER{JCCUPANCIE5 ST6RY 4CCUPA�ICY MAXINdUM�C�UPANTS PER STORY MAHIMIUM EX9T ACCESS 7RAVEL �ISTA�JCE A,B°,E,F`',1�4,U,5`' �9 accupants 75 feet H-Z,H-3 3 occupanis 25 feet First stof� ar basement H-4,H-5,I,R-1„ R 2°`.R�1 10 occupants 75 feek S 29 oecupants 100 feet Secotid stca� B,F,h'I,5 29 occu�ants 7:i feet Third stor�y�and abo�e iVF NA NA Far s�I: 1 Foot=344.&mi3i. �P-Not Pernitlted Ii�.-Val Appltc�jl�le a. Fiuildings claastfled as Gsaup R-2 eqWpped thcoughoul��ith an automatfe sprlrikler s�ster��in accardance�viih Section 9a3.3.1.1 or 9d3.3.1.2 and proG ided ��ith en�ergener�escapF ar�d r�sr.ue openings ln aceordance w[ih Section 1429. 6.GrQUp B, F and 5 ocrupancles iEi 6ulldings equl�ped diraug}�oul 441�h an autoniatic spr7�ikler s��stei7x ln accordance�,�Ith Sectlon 903.3.1.1 shall E�ave a maxfmu�i travel dtsiance of 100 feet. c. Tlils ta61e is used for E2-?accupancies conslsling af sleeping units.Par R-2 occupanctes cansisiing of dcvelllrzg uiilts.use Table 1421.2(1}, Exits must be continuous from the point of entrv into the exit to the exit discharqe. This would include, but not be limited to,the fire-resistance rating of the exit enclosure walls and opening protection rating of the doors. The code provides no exceptions for this requirement. Interior Exit Stairwavs&Ramps IBCSection 1022 has the requirements for interior exit stairways and ramps. Such exit enclosures shall be enclosed with fire barriers. Interior exit stairways and ramps may not be used for any other purposes other than means of egress. The FRR of the exit enclosure is dependent upon the number of stories connected; however the rating shall not be less than the FRR of the floor assembly penetrated, up to a maximum of 2-hour fire resistance. The FRR of the exit enclosures needs to be: • 2-hours: For exit enclosures 4 or more stories, or for exit enclosures that penetrate 2-hour FRR floor assemblies (Section 706.4). • 1-hour: For exit enclosures 3 stories or less. • The number of stories penetrated includes basement levels, but does not include mezzanine levels. The interior exit stairways and ramps in this buildin�typically penetrate more than four floors, and penetrate a 2-hour FRR floor assembly,therefore the enclosures shall be 2-hour FRR. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 74 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Interior exit stairways and ramps must terminate at an exit discharge, exit passageway or a public way. Where an exit passageway is used to extend the exit enclosure,the enclosure shall be separated from the passageway by a fire barrier or horizontal assembly with a FRR equal to that required for the exit enclosure. A fire door assembly shall be installed in the fire barrier to provide a means of egress from the exit enclosure to the exit passageway. The "Exit Discharge" Section of this report provides more detail about exit enclosure termination. Openings into an interior exit stairway or ramp, other than unprotected exterior openings, shall be limited to those necessary for exit access to the enclosure from normally occupied spaces and for egress from the enclosure. This means that areas such as stora�e rooms, equipment rooms, restrooms and other similar spaces cannot open directly into the interior exit stairway or ramp. Permitted openings must be properly protected with opening protectives in accordance with IBC Section 716. Since the interior exit stairways and ramps in the buildin� require a 2-hour FRR,the openin�s shall have 1-1/2-hour(90-minute) fire- rated door assemblies. Per IBC Section 1022.5, penetrations into and openings through an interior exit stairway or ramp are prohibited except for the following materials/items protected in accordance with IBCSection 714: • Required exit doors; • Equipment and ductwork necessary for independent ventilation or pressurization; • Fire sprinkler piping; • Standpipes; • Electrical raceway for fire department communication systems and electrical raceway serving the exit enclosure and terminating at a steel box not exceeding 16-square inches. There shall be no penetrations or communication openings, whether protected or not, between adjacent interior exit stairways and ramps. Per IBC Section 1022.6, equipment and ductwork for interior exit stairway and ramp ventilation, as permitted by IBCSection 1022.5, shall comply with one of the following arrangements: • Equipment and ductwork shall be on the exterior of the building and be directly connected to the exit enclosure by ductwork enclosed in construction as required for shafts. • When equipment is located within the enclosure,the intake and exhaust air shall be taken directly from the outdoors or the air shall be conveyed through ducts enclosed in construction as required for shafts. • Where located within the building,the equipment and ductwork shall be separated from the remainder of the building, including other mechanical equipment,with construction as required for shafts. In each case, openings into the FRR construction shall be limited to those needed for maintained and operation and shall be properly protected by opening protectives for shaft enclosures. Stairway enclosures greater than three stories must have approved floor identification signs. A sign shall be provided at each floor landing designating the floor level,the terminus of the top and bottom of the stairway and the identification of the stair or ramp.The signage shall also state the Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 75 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx story of, and the direction to, the exit discharge and the availability of roof access from the enclosure for the fire department. The sign shall be located 5-feet (1524 mm) above the floor landing in a position that is readily visible when the doors are in the open and closed positions. Floor level identification signs in tactile characters complying with ICCA117.1 shall be located at each floor level landing adjacent to the door leading from the enclosure into the corridor to identify the floor level. Stairway identification signs shall comply with all of the following requirements: • The signs shall be a minimum size of 18-inches by 12-inches. • The letters designating the identification of the stair enclosure shall be a minimum of 1-1/2- inches in height. • The number designating the floor level shall be a minimum of 5-inches in height and located in the center of the sign. • All other lettering and numbers shall be a minimum of 1-inch in height. • Characters and their background shall have a non-glare finish. Characters shall contrast with their background, with either light characters on a dark background or dark characters on a light background. • When signs are installed in interior exit enclosures of buildings subject to luminous egress path marking, the signs shall be made of the same luminous materials required by IBC 1024.4. If an enclosed stairway continues down below the level of exit discharge, a barrier must be provided at the level of discharge to prevent people from unknowingly continuin�travel below the level of exit discharpe. The level of exit discharge in this building is Level 01; therefore all stairwavs that serve the basement shall have a barrier across the stairwav to the basement. The barrier must allow for free egress from the basement and swing in the direction of travel. A smoke-proof enclosure or pressurized stairway is required to terminate at an exit discharge or a public way.The smoke-proof enc/osure or pressurized stairway shall be permitted to be extended by an exit passageway in accordance with IBCSection 1022.3.The exit passageway shall be without openings other than the fire door assembly required by IBCSection 1022.3 and those necessary for egress from the exit passageway.The exit passaqeway shall be separated from the remainder of the buildin� by 2-hour fire barriers constructed in accordance with IBCSection 707 or horizontal assemblies constructed in accordance with Section 711, or both.The following exceptions apply to the enclosure termination: • Openings in the exit passageway serving a smoke-proof enclosure are permitted where the exit passageway is protected and pressurized in the same manner as the smoke-proof enclosure, and openings are protected as required for access from other floors. • Openings in the exit passageway serving a pressurized stairway are permitted where the exit passageway is protected and pressurized in the same manner as the pressurized stairway. • The fire barrier separating the smoke-proof enclosure or pressurized stairway from the exit passageway is not required, provided the exit passageway is protected and pressurized in the same manner as the smoke-proof enclosure or pressurized stairway. • A smoke-proof enclosure or pressurized stairway shall be permitted to egress through areas on the level of discharge or vestibules as permitted by Section 1027. Two stairwav enclosures in the buildin�will be provided with stairway pressurization as detailed in the Memorandum of Understandin�. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 76 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Stairway pressurization systems are described in detail in the "Smoke Control" Section of this report. Exit passagewavs IBCSection 1023 has the requirements for exit passageways. An exit passageway is an "exit" component that is separated from the rest of the building by FRR construction. It is the horizontal equivalent of a FRR vertical stairway enclosure. Exit passageways are useful for providing a FRR enclosure for FRR stair enclosures that terminate in the middle of a building. Since the IBC does not allow egress from the terminus of a FRR stair enclosure to pass through a non-rated portion of the building, an exit passageway can be designed to provide a protected path to an exit discharge. Exit passageways may also be used for very large floor areas where travel distance limitations cannot be met. Other options for handling the terminus of a stair enclosure using a lobby can be found in IBCSection 1025 through IBCSection 1027("Exit Discharge"). The width of an exit passageway must comply with widths calculated by IBC Table 1005.1 that are based on the occupant load served. The minimum width allowed is generally 44 inches, but may be as low as 36 inches if the occupant load served is less than 50. The required width must be unobstructed, but the obstructions allowed for doors and handrails are: • Doors when fully opened and handrails cannot project more than 7 inches. • Door swings may not reduce the width by more than one-half the required width. • Non-structural projections(trim, decorative material, etc.) are permitted but cannot project 1-1/2 inches. Exit passageways must be constructed with FRR fire barriers(Section 707,for walis, floors, ceilings) that are at least 1-hour fire rated or not less than the connecting exit enclosure(usually a stair enclosure), whichever is greater. For example, if the connecting stair enclosure is 2-hour FRR, the exit passageway must be 2-hour FRR. Exit passageway opening protectives (e.g., doors) must be according to Section 716: • 1-hour rated doors,for 1-hour FRR exit passageways. • 1-1/2 hour rated doors,for 2-hour FRR exit passageways. Exit passageways may not open into un-occupied spaces (janitor closets, mechanical rooms, electrical or telecom rooms, storage areas, etc As with vertical exit enclosures, penetrations into and openings through an exit passageway are prohibited except for the following materials/items protected in accordance with IBC Section 714: • Required exit doors; • Equipment and ductwork necessary for independent ventilation or pressurization; • Fire sprinkler piping; • Standpipes; • Electrical raceway for fire department communication systems and electrical raceway serving the exit enclosure and terminating at a steel box not exceeding 16-square inches. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 77 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx There shall be no penetrations or communication openings, whether protected or not, between adjacent exit enclosures. Horizontal exits IBCSection 1025 has the requirements for horizontal exits. Horizontal exits are used to provide an exit from one area of the building to another area without the use of exit enclosures (typically a stair). A horizontal exit cannot serve as the only exit from a portion of the building (i.e., another exit must be available) and cannot provide more than one-half of the total number of exits or exit width. The buildin�desi�n currently does not utilize horizontal exits. Exit Discharge IBCSection 1027 has the requirements for exit discharge egress elements. FRR exit enclosures are generally required to lead to "exit discharge" doors opening to the exterior at grade or provide direct access to grade. The exit discharge cannot re-enter the building. The three exceptions to this requirement are: • A maximum of 50%(number&capacity) of the exit enclosures are permitted to egress through areas on the level of discharge provided all the following apply. o Egress from the exit enclosure(s)through the level of discharge to the exterior of the building is readily visible and identifiable from the terminus of the exit enclosure. o The entire area of the level of discharge is separated from areas below bv the same FRR as the exit enclosure. o The egress path from the exit enclosure on the level of discharge is protected by a fire sprinkler system. All portions of the level of discharge with access to the egress path need to be protected by a NFPA 13 or 13R fire sprinkler system or separated from the egress path according to the FRR of the exit enclosure. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 78 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Figure from the IBC Commentary: �xir sr,ai�w�av LEADS TO PROTECTED LOBBY 2HR. LOBBY :J�' : :: :' ', ' 2 HR. 1H� � ; : 2 HR 2 Hh. SUPPRESSIQN SYSTEM RE(�UIRED IN SHADED AREAS—SEE LOBBY SEPARATION REQUIREMENTS Figure 1027.1(1)-PROTECT/ON OF LOBBV W/TH AN EXIT DISCHARGE • A maximum of 50%(number&capacity) of the exit enclosures are permitted to egress through a vestibule provided all the following apply: o The entire area of the vestibule is separated from areas below by the same FRR as the exit enclosure. o The vestibule depth from the exterior of the building is not greater than 10 feet and the vestibule length is not greater than 30 feet. o The area is separated from the remainder of the level of exit discharge by construction providin� protection at least equivalent of approved wired �lass in steel frames. o The vestibule area is used onlv for means of eqress and exits directly to the outside. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 79 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Figures from the IBC Commentary: �XIT STAIR LEADS Tf7 A VESTIBULE ¢ � 0 m 10'MAX. � VES7IBULE ElVCLOSURE [S�E FIGURE 1Q27."C(3y] Fdr SI: 1 faQt=30a.8 mm. Figure 1027.1(2)—VESTIBULE WITH EXIT DISCHARGE �}(7EF210R WALL EXIT STAIR : ENCLQSURE E7CiT OPENING • PROTECT4VE 1 SELF-CLOSING D�ORS 1 ENC��SURE E�Ql1NALEN�TQ • '/.�W6RED GLAS3IN STEELFRAM�S For SI: 1 inch=25.4 mm. Figure 1027.1(3)—SEPARATION DETAILS FOR VEST/BULES W/TH EX/T DISCHARGE Other requirements for exit discharge components are: • The capacity of the exit discharge needs to be not less than the required dischar�e capacity of the exits bein�served. • Exterior balconies/stairways/ramps need to be located at least 10 feet from adiacent lot lines &other buildings on the same lot(unless the exterior walls are FRR and protected according to Section 705 based on fire separation distance). Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 80 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx • Exit discharge components must be sufficiently open to the exterior to minimize the accumulation of smoke. • The exit discharge needs to provide a direct and unobstructed access to a public way. A safe dispersal area (SDA) may be provided in lieu of this requirement where all the following apply: o The SDA is sized to provide at least 5 square feet for each person served. o The SDA is located on the same property and at least 50 feet away from the building served. o The SDA needs to be permanently maintained and identified as a SDA. o The SDA is provided a safe and unobstructed path of travel from the building. Assemblv Egress Requirements IBCSection 1028 contains requirements for exit access in Group A occupancies that contain seats and tables. More specifically, this Section describes when aisles serve as a portion of the exit access in the means of egress system. IBCSection 1017 also contains specific requirements for aisles. Every occupied portion of a Group A occupancy that contains seats and tables shall have aisles leading to exits or exit access doors. The following summarizes the assembly egress requirements. • Aisles are the main circulation routes through the seating area. • Aisle Access refers to the space between the tables and chairs within the seating area. • The minimum clear aisle width is 36-inches or the width calculated from IBC Table 1005.1 for the seating area served by the aisle. • The minimum clear aisle access width is 12-inches, plus 1/2-inch for each additional foot of aisle access length (or portion of) beyond 12-feet. There is no minimum width for aisle access lengths of 6-feet or less that serve four or less people. • The actual seating space occupied by a person at a table is 19-inches. When spacing tables in a seating area,this space must be taken into account. For example, if an aisle accessway serves two tables with seating along the table edges on both sides of the aisle accessway, then the distance between the two table edges would need to be at least 50-inches (19" + 12" (min for aisle accessway) + 19") for an aisle Accessway up to 12-feet long. If there was only seating on one side of the aisle accessway,then this number would be 19-inches less. This number would be 1/2-inch more for each foot (or portion of) beyond a 12-foot aisle access distance. Another example, if two tables were put beside each other and there were only two seats along the table edges on both sides of the (short-less than 6 feet) aisle accessway, then space between the tables would only need to be 38-inches. Also, if any seatin�were provided alon�a main aisle,then the aisle would have to be 19-inches bigger than the minimum (36" or 28"for less than 50 people) allowed or the width calculated by IBC Table 1005.1. • The Aisle Access Travel Distance cannot exceed 30 feet, before a person has a choice of 2 or more paths of travel to separate exits. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 81 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Accessible Means of Egress Accessible spaces need to be provided with at least one accessible means of egress. Where more than one means of egress is required by/BCSection 1015.1 or 1019.1, not less than two accessible means of egress need to be provided. Each required accessible means of egress must be continuous to the public way. The path shall consist of the following components: • Accessible routes complying with IBCSection 1104. • Interior exit stairways and ramps complying with IBCSections 1007.3 and 1022. • Exterior exit stairways and ramps complying with IBCSections 1007.3 and 1026. • Elevators complying with IBC Section 1007.4. • Platform lifts complying with IBCSection 1007.5. • Horizontal exits complying with IBCSection 1025. • Ramps complying with IBCSection 1010. • Areas of refuge complying with /BCSection 1007.6. In buildings four or more stories high, at least one required accessible means of eqress shall be an elevator complvin�with IBC 1007.4. To be considered, the elevator must meet the emergency operation and signaling device requirements ofASMEA17.1, Section 2.z7, and have emergency power. The elevator shall be accessed by an area of refuge or a horizontal exit. Si�na�e shall be installed at each door providin�access to an area of refuge from the adiacent floor area. The sign shall indicate "AREA OF REFUGE" and comply with /CC/ANSI A117.1 requirements for visual characters and include the international symbol of accessibility. Where exit sign illumination is required,the area of refuge signage shall also be illuminated. Tactile signage complying with ICC/ANSI A117.1 shall also be located at each door to an area of refuge. Accessibility Requirements Chapter 11 in the IBC contains the accessibility requirements. Chapter 11 requirements and the requirements in the ICC/AN51117.1 companion document provide a code or design basis for building compliance with ADA and FHA accessibility requirements. Appendix E in the IBC has non- building related accessibility requirements that relate to miscellaneous items provided with the building design. It is not the intent of this report to provide a review of accessibility requirements, which must be verified under a separate review. Fire Classification of Roof Assemblies Section 1505 of the IBC has the requirements for roof covering classifications. IBC Table 1505.1 gives the minimum roof covering classifications based on the construction type. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 82 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx TABLE 1505.1a'b MINIMUM ROOF COVERING CLASSIFICATION FOR TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION I-A I-B II-A II-B III-A III-B IV V-A V-B B B B C` B C` B B C` (Please see the listed table for the specifics of the Footnotes) The building requires Type 1-B construction,therefore the roof coverin�must meet Class B roof assembly requirements. According to IBCSection 1505.3, Class e roof assemblies are those that are effective against moderate fire-test exposure. The assembly must be listed and identified as a Class B system by an approved testing agency. Elevator and Conveying Systems IBC Chapter 30 has the requirements for elevators and other conveying systems in buildings. The elevator hoistways must be constructed as shaft enclosures in accordance with IBCSection 713. Where four or more elevator cars serve the same portion of a building, the elevators shall be located in at least two separate hoistways. Not more than four elevator cars shall be located in any single hoistway enclosure. Elevators shall not be in a common shaft with a stairway. In buildings four or more stories above grade at least one elevator shall be provided for fire department emer�encv access to all floor. The elevator car shall be sized to accommodate ambulance stretcher 24-inches by 84 inches, with not less than 5-inch radius corners. The elevator shall be identified by the international symbol for emergency medical services, also known as the "star of life." The symbol shall be at least 3-inches high and shall be placed on both sides of the hoistway door frame. Due to the floor plan, elevators in both portions of the buildin�shall be sized to accommodate an ambulance stretcher. IBCSection 3003 pertains to emergency operations for elevators. Additional emergency power shall be provided for the elevator car that has been designated to accommodate an ambulance stretcher as described in Section 3002.4 if this car is not included in one of the groups above. IBCSection 3006.4 requires elevator machine rooms to have the same fire-resistance rating (FRR) as the elevator shaft they serve. All hoistwavs in this buildin�will be 2-hour FRR,therefore the machine rooms shall be separated by 2-hour FRR construction. In accordance with the Memorandum of Understandin�, both banks of elevators shall be pressurized followin� IFC requirements. SMOKE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM The building has a designated stair enclosures and elevator hoist-ways that are provided with a smoke management system.These vertical shafts are located near the fire command room and the locations have been approved the TOVFD. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 83 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Special Detailed Requirements Based Upon Use and Occupancy The building is nearly at high-rise height, however it was agreed to not classify the building as a high-rise by Memorandum of Understanding. Although it is not a high-rise, many features of the building are designed similarly to a high-rise as follows. Automatic Fire Sprinklers All buildings in Vail, CO shall be equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with NFPA 13. The sprinkler svstem riser must be equipped with supervisory valve tamper switches and water- flow alarm devices on each floor. These devices will be located on the sprinkler system riser(s), which will be installed in the exit stairway enclosures. Automatic Smoke Detection Smoke detection is required the building according to TOVFD requirements. The smoke detection and alarm system shall be designed and installed in accordance with NFPA 72—National Fire Alarm Code. Emergency Voice/Alarm Communication System An emergency voice/alarm communication system according to IFCSection 907.2.13 and Section 907.5.2.2 is required. The operation of any automatic fire detector, sprinkler water-flow or manual pull station shall automatically sound an alert tone followed by voice instructions giving approved information and directions of a general basis to the entire building. Details on the Emer�ency Voice/Alarm Communication System are located in the Fire Detection and Alarm Section of this report Fire Department Communication and Emergency Responder Radio Communication Enhancement Systems An emergency responder radio communications enhancement system is required per TOVFD. The communication system shall consist of radio communications using the emergency responder radio communications enhancement system (RES), designed and installed for full coverage. Details for the communication and radio enhancement svstems are include in the Fire Protection and Life- Safetv Systems Section of this report. Fire Command Room In accordance with the Memorandum of Understanding, a fire command room(FCR)complying with most provisions of IBCSection 911 and/or IFCSection 508 is required for this building. As indicated in the construction documents,the Desi�n Team requests that the FCR be reduced in size. The location of the FCR is to be approved by TOVFD. The FCR shall not be used for any other purpose unless approved by the Fire Code Official. The design of the FCC shall meet the following criteria. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 84 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx 1. It shall be located on the ground floor and shall have a secured entrance directly accessible to and in immediate proximity of the main building entrance unless otherwise approved. 2. It must be separated from the remainder of the building by not less than 1-hour FRR fire barrier and horizontal assemblies. 3. Scale drawings of the FCC, showing the location of all equipment and features, in plan and elevation views, shall be submitted for approval prior to installation. The FCC shall contain the following: 1. Emergency voice/alarm communication system unit in accordance with IFCSection 907.5.2.2 2. Fire detection and alarm control unit and annunciator in accordance with IFCSections 907.1.2. and 907.6.3.1 3. Elevator status/control panel 4. Firefighter's smoke control panel 5. Emergency generator panel 6. Telephone with controlled access to a public telephone network. 7. Building as-built construction plans indicating typical floor and roof plans, detailing the building core, means of egress,fire protection system drawings, firefighting equipment,fire department access, interior generator and utility shut-off locations.These drawings shall be protected from damage and immediately accessible to the fire department, and a storage rack to support these drawing shall be provided. 8. Building site plan with; "North"orientation, local street intersection,fire hydrants,fire department connections, building entries, exterior generator and fuel locations and exterior utility shut-off locations. 9. Work table 3'x 5' and chair. 10. A key vault approved by the fire department to house keys to access mechanical and electrical equipment. Standby and Emergency Power Systems Standby and emergency power systems shall be provided in accordance with IBC Chapter 27. The standby system is a generator set inside the building, the svstem �enerator shall be located in a separate room protected by a 2-hour FRR fire barrier. System supervision with manual start and transfer features shall be provided at the FCC. On-site fuel storage shall meet the applicable Sections of IFC Chapters 27, Chapter 34 and NFPA 30. The following are classified as standby power loads: • Power and lighting for the FCR. • Elevators used in accordance with IBC 1007.4 (accessible means of egress). The following are classified as emergency power loads: • Exit signs and means of egress illumination required by IBC Chapter 10. • Elevator car lighting. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 85 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx • Ventilation fans and automatic fire detection equipment for smoke control systems, including stairway pressurization systems and hoist-way pressurization. • Emergency voice/alarm communication systems. • Automatic fire alarm detection systems. • Fire alarm systems. • Elevators used in accordance with 3003(Emergency Operations). Smoke Control Systems Stairwav Pressurization S, sy tems Per the Memorandum of Understanding dated November 15, 2011, stairway pressurization systems are required for the building. Construction documents for smoke management system shall define the systems and as required by TOVFD. As agreed to,the stairwells will be maintained in a positive pressure in comparison to the surrounding areas but a specific minimum differential pressure is not required. The system has been modeled to demonstrate that it will work with two doors open, one at the level of exit discharge and the other at the top of the stair shaft as well as with all doors closed. This is to simulate occupants entering and exiting the stairwell with a pressure differential being maintained The pressurized exit stairway enclosures must exit into a public way, an exit passageway, or into a yard or open space having direct access to a public way. These exit enclosures may not exit into lobbies or unprotected areas of the buildin�, unless they comply with IBCSections 1022.10.1/Exception 4 and Section 1027. A maximum of 50%of the number and capacity of exit enclosures may discharge through the areas on the level of exit discharge provided all of the following are met: • Such exit enclosures egress to a free and unobstructed path of travel to an exterior exit door and such exit is readily visible and identifiable from the point of termination of the exit enclosure. • The entire area of the level of exit discharge is separated from areas below by construction conforming to the fire-resistance rating for the exit enclosure. • The egress path from the exit enclosure on the level of exit discharge is protected throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler system. The design for this building utilizes two pressurized stairway that discharge directly to the exterior. The exit passageways cannot have openin�s other than fire door assembly required at the base of the stair(IBC 1022.3) and those necessary for e�ress from the passa�eway, unless they comply with Sections 1022.10.1, Exceptions 1 or 2, and consist of 2-hour FRR construction. Elevator Hoistwa�/Elevator Lobbv Pressurization Systems Per the Memorandum of Understanding dated November 15, 2011, hoist-way pressurization systems are required for the building. Construction documents for smoke management system shall define the systems and as required by TOVFD. As agreed to,the hoist-ways will be maintained in a positive pressure in comparison to the surrounding areas but a specific minimum differential pressure is not required. A maximum pressure differential shall maintained to ensure the elevator doors open and close without malfunctioning. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 86 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Elevator Recall and Shutdown Per the TOVFD, new and existing elevators shall comply with the elevator regulations as adopted by the state of Colorado. Ski Shop Requirements The TOVFD had adopted this Section is hereby added to this code as follows: This Section shall apply to all commercial operations involving the processing, manufacturing, repair,waxing, preparation and associated functions with respect to snow skis, snow boards, snow boots, water skis, skate boards and other equipment with similar features. Equipment: All equipment used in the above operations shall be listed by an approved agency when the equipment uses heat,flame or power operations. Said equipment shall be maintained in good condition and used according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Usa�e: Heat and flame producing devices shall be used only by qualified personnel and shall be equipped with a suitable base or holder. Said equipment shall not be used on work tables with combustible surfaces. Electrical: All electrical appliances,fixtures and equipment shall be listed by an approved agency and shall be maintained in a safe and operable manner. Non-grounded extension cords and multi- plug receptacles are strictly prohibited. Flammable And Combustible Liquids: No more than one U.S. gallon (3.78 I) of flammable or combustible liquid shall be permitted on the premises at any time. All flammable liquids stored on the premises shall be stored in an approved container in a safe area. No flammable or combustible liquids shall be stored within 25 feet of any open flame or heat producing device capable of ignition. Open Flame: No open flame or heat producing device shall be left unattended while in operation. All such devices shall be turned off, disconnected or extinguished if not in immediate use. Ventilation:All shops in which toxic, flammable or poisonous gases or other vapors which are potential hazards shall be equipped with proper ventilation. Said ventilation systems shall be designed to have the capacity of providing 1.5 cfm/ftZ per square foot of floor area. This mechanical system shall be provided by a method of supply and exhaust air. The amount of supply air shall be approximately equal to the amount of exhaust air. Said system shall be designed and installed in accordance to the international mechanical code. Location of fans, hoods and ducts shall meet the approval of the Vail fire department. Interior Finish:All ski shops shall have no less than one hour fire resistive assemblies for walls, ceilings and floors. Interior finish of the room shall be class A, as tested in accordance to ASTM E 84. All work tables where the use of open flame or heat producing devices is permitted, shall be of non- combustible construction on the surface and all exposed surfaces adjacent to such production processes. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 87 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Motor Vehicle Related- Parking Garage Requirements IBCSection 406 applies to the Group S-2 enclosed parking garage portions of this building. Levels P1, P2 & P3 contain enclosed parkin��ara�e. Clear Height and Vehicle Guards The clear height of each floor level in vehicle and pedestrian traffic areas shall not be less than 7- feet. Vehicle and circulation areas accommodating van-accessible parking required by IBCSection 1106.5 shall comply with ICC/ANSI A117.1. Ventilation Mechanical ventilation shall be provided in enclosed parking garages according to the IMC. Section 404 of the 2012 IMC addresses enclosed parking garages. Mechanical ventilation systems for enclosed parking garages are not required to operate continuously where the system is arranged to operate automatically upon detection of a vehicle operation or the presence of occupants by approved automatic detection devices. Automatic operation of the system shall not reduce the ventilation rate below 0.05 cfm per square foot of floor area and the system shall be capable of producing a ventilation rate of 0.75 cfm per square foot of floor area. Connected offices, waiting rooms, lobbies and similar uses that are accessory to a public garage shall be maintained at a positive pressure and shall be provided with ventilation according to IMCSection 403.3. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 88 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx FIRE PROTECTION / LIFE-SAFETY SYSTEMS Fire Suppression Systems Automatic Fire Sprinkler, Standpipe and Fire Pump Systems Fire Sprinkler System IFCSection 903 contains the requirements for automatic fire sprinkler systems. An automatic fire sprinkler system will be required in this building according to: • IFCSection 903.2.1.3,Group A-3: An automatic sprinkler system is required for A-3 occupancies where the fire area exceeds 12,000-square feet or the fire area has an occupant load greater than 300 and where an A-3 occupancy is on a level other than the level of exit discharge. • IFCSection 903.2.8, Group R-2:An automatic sprinkler system is required throughout all buildings with a Group R fire area. • IFCSection 903.2.10, Group S-2: An automatic sprinkler system required throughout buildings classified as an enclosed parking garage where the fire area exceeds 12,000- square feet, or where it is located below other occupancy groups. • Section 903.2.11.3: A sprinkler system is required throughout buildings with a floor level having an occupant load of 30 or more that is located 55 feet or more above the lowest level of fire department access. The Strata Vail Proiect will have an automatic fire sprinkler svstem throu�hout. The system shall be designed and installed in accordance with NFPA 13—Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems. Design densities for the sprinkler system are based upon the relative fire hazard or fuel load. Hazard classifications are described in NFPA 13—Section 5.1. • Light hazard occupancies are defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the quantity and/or combustibility of contents is low and fires with relatively low rates of heat release are expected. • Ordinary hazard(Group 1J occupancies are defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies where combustibility is low, quantity of combustibles is moderate, stockpiles of combustibles do not exceed S ft (2.4 m), and fires with moderate rates of heat release are expected. • Ordinary hazard(Group 2J occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the quantity and combustibility of contents are moderate to high, where stockpiles of contents with moderate rates of heat release do not exceed 12 ft (3.66 m) and stockpiles of contents with high rates of heat release do not exceed 8 ft(2.4 m). The applicable sprinkler criteria for this buildin�are summarized in the followin�table. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 89 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Design Occupancy/Use Hazard Classification Density Area Enclosed Parking Garage (Dry Sprinkler System) Ordinary Hazard, Group 1 0.15 gpm/sf 1950 sf S-2 storage up to 8-foot storage height Ordinary Hazard, Group 1 0.15 gpm/sf 1500 sf S-2 storage up to 12-foot storage height* Ordinary Hazard, Group 2 0.20 gpm/sf 1500 sf Residential Light hazard 0.10 gpm/sf 1500 sf Business Use Light hazard 0.10 gpm/sf 1500 sf Assembly Use Light hazard 0.10 gpm/sf 1500 sf Library Ordinary, Group 2 0.20 gpm/sf 1500 sf Exercise Light hazard 0.10 gpm/sf 1500 sf Kitchen Ordinary, Group 1 0.15 gpm/sf 1500 sf Incidental Storage Ordinary, Group 1 0.15 gpm/sf 1500 sf Incidental Mech./Elec. Equipment Rooms Ordinary, Group 1 0.15 gpm/sf 1500 sf Note: *Storage greater than 12-feet is regulated as high-piled storage per IFC Chapter 23 This building is not anticipated to contain high hazard classifications or high-piled storage. Per TOVFD requirements, hydraulic calculations shall be based on water supply information minus a 10%deduction at minimum to a maximum of 10 psi from the static and residual pressure. Shop drawings shall indicate the actual flow and the reduced parameters as used in the hydraulic calculations. Water supply information used for hydraulic calculations shall be less than six months old. Quick-response (QR)fire sprinklers are required by IFCSection 903.3.2 for all light hazard areas. Section 11.2.3.2.3.1 of NFPA 13 also allows QR sprinkler use in ordinary hazard areas, with the appropriate design area reduction according to the ceiling height. With few exceptions, fire sprinklers will be required throughout the building. IFCSection 903.2 requires an approved automatic fire detection system in the room. Sprinklers cannot be omitted from any room merely because it is damp, of fire-resistance rated construction, or contains electrical equipment. The only areas in this buildin�that may have fire sprinklers omitted accordin�to the IFC and NFPA 13 are: 1. Certain concealed spaces (see NFPA 13—Section 8.15.1). 2. Certain exterior projections (See NFPA 13—Section 8.15.7). 3. Spaces or areas in telecommunication buildings used exclusively for telecommunications equipment. 4. Electrical power distribution equipment. 5. Batteries and standby engines. Above areas need to b equipped throughout with an automatic smoke detection system in accordance with IFCSection 907.2 and separated by not less than 1-hour fire barriers in accordance with IBCSection 707 or not less than 2-hour horizontal assemblies in accordance to Section 711. Wet-pipe sprinkler systems are generally required and provided in most area with a temperature above 40°F and not subject to freezing. Areas subject to freezing may be protected with a dry-pipe Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 90 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx sprinkler system. Pre-action sprinkler systems may be used in areas with high-value equipment, such as computer rooms. The parkin��ara�e will be provided with a dry-pipe sprinkler system as well as the Loadin� Dock. The remainder of the buildin�will contain wet-pipe sprinkler systems. Elevator shafts require fire sprinklers in different locations based on design features. A sidewall spray sprinkler will be required at the bottom of elevator shafts, located not more than 2 feet above the floor of the pit. If a sprinkler is located at the top of the elevator shaft, a heat detector is required to shunt-trip the power to the elevator before the sprinkler activates. Coverage shall be designed for ordinary hazard, Group 1. Sprinklers shall be supplied from a separate, independent branch line with a readily accessible indicating shut-off valve located outside the hoistway or room. Valves shall have identification signs. The area covered by a single sprinkler zone is generally 52,000-square feet(for a wet sprinkler system). Sprinkler systems also need to be zoned separately for each floor level. With no inter- connection, each sprinkler zone must be equipped with an electrically monitored control valve and water flow switch. The control valve will be monitored with a supervisory signal and the flow switch will be monitored with an alarm signal. These signals and devices need to be monitored by the fire alarm system. The floor plates for Levels 1—7 are essentially two separate areas without inter-connection and therefore two separate sprinkler zones will be required on each floor. Buildin�A and Buildin� B will be desi�nated as different zones. This will require two sprinkler system risers as well as two standpipe system risers, one each in both building. Riser piping and the required supervised control valve and waterflow alarm switch will be installed in a 2-hour fire resistance rated stairway enclosure. Fire sprinkler system design criteria will be provided in the permit documents. Complete fire sprinkler installation drawings and hydraulic calculations will be prepared by the fire sprinkler system contractor and will be submitted as a deferred submittal. Standpipe System IFCSection 905 gives the requirements for standpipe systems. Per IFCSection 905.3.1, Class 111 standpipe systems shall be installed throughout buildings where the floor level of the highest story is located more than 30 feet (9144 mm) above the lowest level of the fire department vehicle access. Fire Department Connection The fire department will use a fire department connection (FDC)to connect the hoses from the fire engines to pressurize water and pump it into the fire sprinkler and standpipe systems. As mentioned in the Site and Fire Service Features Section of this report,the Memorandum of Understanding dated November 15, 2011 requires two remote fire department connections, one at each fire department staging area. Fire department connections are proposed on the southeast and north sides of the buildin�. Both connections will be free-standin� post tvpe device in the landscapin�adiacent to the buildin�. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 91 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx The locations must be fully visible and recognizable from the street and also located such that fire apparatus and hose connected to the system will not obstruct access to the buildings for other fire apparatus. Immediate access to the connections must be provided and kept without obstruction by fences, bushes,trees,walls or any other fixed or movable object. A working space of not less than 36-inches shall be provided around the fire department connections. A fire hydrant must be located within 100 feet to the FDC location. An electronic horn/strobe device is mounted on the wall directly above the FDCto provide an audible and visible si�nal to the approachin�fire en�ine. The FDC shall be a minimum of one 2-1.2"x 2-1/2" x 4" Siamese as approved by the Fire Code Official. The number of 2.5-inch inlets provided shall not be less than one for each 250 gallons per minute of system demand or major fraction thereof,to a maximum of six 2.5-inch inlets. The standpipe system design flow is 1,000 gallons per minute;therefore four 2-1/2" connections will be required in each of the FDC locations. Each 2.5-inch inlet shall be equipped with a clapper valve to allow each hose to be connected and charged before the addition of more hoses. Signs shall be provided to identify the FDC. The signage shall be metal with raised letters at least 1- inch in size. The sign shall read "AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER AND STANDPIPE CONNECTION" or other similar message approved by the fire department. The Fire Code Official is authorized to require locking caps on fire department connections. Alternative Automatic Fire Extinguishing Systems Commercial Cooking Hood Suppression System The Strata Vail Project may contain restaurant with a commercial kitchen on Level 1. The commercial kitchen requires a Type I hood and duct system and an automatic extin�uishin�system. IMCSection 506 contains the requirements for commercial cooking operations including requirements for exhaust equipment and grease ducts. IMCSection 507.2 requires a Type I ventilating hood and duct system for commercial-type food and heat-processing equipment the produce grease vapors and smoke. Type I kitchen hoods are required to be installed at or above all commercial food heat-processing appliances that produce steam,fumes, odor or heat. Type I kitchen hoods need to be used over solid fuel cooking appliances that discharge to an independent exhaust duct system. Type 1 hoods must be equipped with listed grease filters. The inside lower edge of canopy-type commercial cooking hoods shall overhang or extend a horizontal distance of at least 6 inches beyond the edge of the cooking surface covered below, on all open sides of the cooking surface. The maximum vertical distance is 4 feet between the front lower lip of the hood and the cooking surface. IMCSection 507.13 lists the capacity of canopy-type cooking hoods. The exhaust outlets located within the hood can cover a maximum 12-foot Section of the hood and need to be located to maximize the capture of particulate matter from the cooking surface. IMCSection 508 contains the requirements for make-up air provided to kitchen exhaust systems. There is a maximum 10°F difference allowed between the make-up air and the air in the conditioned kitchen space. The make-up air provided should be approximately equal to the amount exhausted by the kitchen hood exhaust system. Make-up air can be provided by gravity Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 92 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx and/or mechanical means, but is usually provided solely by mechanical means. The make-up air and exhaust systems need to be interconnected electrically to require the make-up air system operation when the kitchen hood exhaust system is operating. Type 1 kitchen hood exhaust systems are required by IFCSection 609 and IMCSection 509 to be protected by an automatic fire extinguishing system according to IFCSection 904.11. The extinguishing systems are required to be automatically actuated (usually by fusible links attached to a tensioned cable above the cooking surface that melt and release in the event of a fire) and bv a manual means (usually a manual pull station near the cooking surface). The manual activation device is required to be near a means of egress and located at least 10-feet, but not more than 20- feet from the kitchen hood exhaust system. The manual pull station needs to be located on a wall between 42-inches to 48-inches above the floor level. Commercial cookin�suppression systems are typically a pre-en�ineered automatic dry(NFPA 17- Standard for Dry Chemical Extinquishinp Systems) or wet(NFPA 17A-Standard for Wet Chemical Extinquishinp Systems) chemical extin�uishin�system. Systems installed shall meet or exceed UL 300 requirements, and shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications and instructions.The automatic fire extinguishing system shall protect all cooking surfaces that may produce grease laden vapors, including deep fat fryers, griddles, upright broilers, char-broilers, range tops and grills. Protection shall also be provided for the enclosed plenum space within the hood above filters and exhaust ducts serving the hood. Automatic fire extin�uishin�systems shall be interconnected to the fuel or current supply for cookin�equipment. The interconnection shall be arranged to automatically shut off all cooking equipment and electric receptacles,which are located under the hood, when the system is actuated. The hood ventilation system shall remain operational upon activation of system unless authorized to perform otherwise by the Fire Code Official and the manufacturer. Activation of an automatic fire extin�uishin�svstem shall transmit an alarm to the buildin�fire alarm svstem. The extinguishing system needs to be interlocked with • Shut-off valves on the gas lines supplying the cooking equipment. • Shut-offs for electrical power sources. • Make-up air supply fans. • Other system equipment necessary to operate the fire extinguishing system, such as a connection to the fire alarm system to monitor the operation of the extinguishing system. Activation of the fire alarm system needs to activate notification devices and send an alarm signal to the monitoring company. After activation of the extin�uishin�system,the fuel and electrical power to the cookin�equipment is required to be manually reset. A "Class K"fire extin�uisher is required within 30 feet of commercial cookin�equipment utilizin� ve�etable or animal oils and fats, accordin�to IFCSection 904.11.5. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 93 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Portable Fire Extinguishers IFCSection 906 and NFPA 10—Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers give the requirements for portable fire extinguishers. Portable fire extinguishers are required in Group A, B, R, and S occupancies, among others. The fire extinguishers shall be spaced in accordance with NFPA 10. Fire extinguishers are required to be located in conspicuous locations and be readily accessible and immediately available for use. They cannot be obstructed from view. In areas where visual obstruction cannot be completely avoided, means shall be provided to indicate the locations of extinguishers. Install all publicly accessed fire extinguishers in lockable/break glass cabinets such that public access is controlled. Most areas in this building are considered "light (or low) hazard" areas. These areas include assembly, and business areas. Extinguishers are required to have a minimum "2A" rating with up to 3,000 square feet of building area being cover for"each A" (i.e., a 2A-rated extinguisher can cover up to a 6,000 square foot area). The maximum travel distance to an extinguisher is 75 feet. The maximum floor area protected by an extinguisher is 11,250 square feet. "Ordinary(or moderate) hazard" areas include mercantile shops, parking garages and dining areas, which need a "2A" extinguisher every 1,500 square feet and within 75 feet of travel. The maximum floor area protected by an extinguisher is 11,250 square feet. Portable extin�uishers are also required in the followin�special locations applicable to this proiect: • Within 30-feet of commercial cooking equipment (Type 'K' Extinguisher). • In areas where flammable or combustible liquids are stored, used, or dispensed. • On each floor of structures under construction. • Special-hazard areas, including but not limited to computer rooms,generator rooms, and where required by the Fire Code Official. Extinguishers must be mounted by a bracket or hangar(or placed in cabinets). The bottom of an extinguisher needs to be a minimum of 4 inches above the floor and the top must be a maximum of 5 feet above the floor. Portable fire extin�uishers will be provided throu�hout the Strata Vail facility as required. Locations will be detailed on the Code Plans in the Construction Document Set. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 94 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Fire Detection,Alarm and Communication Systems Fire Alarm System General Fire Alarm System Requirements The Town of Vail has the following fire alarm system requirements based on occupancy types: Every hotel, motel, apartment building,condominium building and commercial building with attached residential occupancies having 3 or more stories or with more than 11 units, classified by the 2012 IBC as Group A-1,A-2,A-3,A-4, B, R-1, R-2, R-3 and S-2 shall have a fire alarm system according to the 2012 IFC and 2010 NFPA 72. Basement occupancies classified as Group A-1,A-2,A-3,A-4, B, R-1 or R-2 under the 2012 IBC with an occupant load of 10 persons or more, shall have a fire alarm system according to the 2012 IFC and 2010 NFPA 72. Buildings classified as R-1 or buildings with residential occupancies in Group A-1,A-2,A-3,A-4 or B, 3 stories or more shall be equipped with a fire alarm system in accordance with 2010 NFPA 72, as amended. Occupancies with a combined occupant load of 500 or more people require an approved voice communication svstem to allow the fire department to automatically or manually give verbal instructions to occupants of the building by selected zones and by a general alert. IFCSection 907 contains the requirements for automatic fire detection and alarm systems. An automatic fire detection and alarm system will be required in this building according to: • IFCSection 907.2.1,Group A-3: A manual fire alarm system is required in Group A occupancies having and occupant load of 300 or more. o Activation of the fire alarm in Group A occupancies with an occupant load of 1,000 or more shall initiate a signal using an emer�ency voice/alarm communication s sv tem. o Manual fire alarm boxes are not required where the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with NFPA 13 and arranged such that the notification appliances will activate throughout the notification zones upon sprinkler waterflow. o Manual, Emergency Voice/Alarm Communication System (connected to emergency power)fire alarm systems, for Group A occupancies with an occupant load of 1,000 or more. (Except,where approved the pre-recorded announcement may be manually deactivated for up to 3 minutes.) The Town of Vail amendments to the 2012 IFC require an emergency voice/alarm communication system for occupant loads of 500 or more as determined by square footage. • IFCSection 907.2.2,Group 6: A manual fire alarm system shall be installed in Group B occupancies where the combined Group B occupant load on all floors is 500 or more; or where the Group B occupant load is more than 100 persons above or below the level of exit discharge. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 95 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx o Manual fire alarm boxes are not required where the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with NFPA 13 and arranged such that the notification appliances will activate throughout the notification zones upon sprinkler waterflow. • IFCSection 907.2.9, Group R-2: A manual fire alarm system that activates an occupant notification system is required in Group R-2 occupancies where there are more than 16 dwelling units. All systems and their components shall be listed and approved for the purpose for which they are installed.All fire alarm control units and annunciator panels shall be UL 864 listed or equivalent. Installation locations of all control panels and annunciators are subject to field approval by the fire department. Locations should be within 10-feet of the main building entrance, unless specifically approved for an alternate location, and are subject to field approval prior to installation. A fire alarm system shall not be used for any purpose other than fire warning or as specifically approved, e.g. pool alarm, elevator recall and shunt trip, emergency alarms per IFCSection 908, and mass notification systems as approved by the Fire Code Official. Access to the reset and silence operator interface shall be secured behind a locked door. Access keys to locked fire alarm equipment shall be maintained in an approved location. Fire alarm control units shall not be equipped with a key or special numeric code to access system reset and silence functions. The Town of Vail has the following electrical code requirements for the fire alarm system: The Town of Vail amendments to the 2011 NEC requires all electrical wiring in Groups A, B, E, F, H, I, M and 5 occupancies(2012 IBC)to be encased in conduits, racewavs or an approved armor. All wiring in Group R occupancies shall be encased in metal conduits, raceways or an approved metal armored cable to the circuit breaker box for each unit. No aluminum or copper clad aluminum wire smaller than size 8 is permitted. The electrical power disconnect means shall identified at the fire alarm control panel (FACP) identifying the location of the electrical breaker panel and corresponding(number) circuit breaker. This shall be indicated in a permanent marking on the inside of the FACP. The circuit breaker at the electrical breaker panel shall be indicated with a red markin�. Approved electrical back boxes are required for fire alarm: • Keypads • Detection devices • Manual pull stations • Other types of initiating,transmission or notification devices not listed • Exception: Back boxes are not required when using an R.F. plug in type horn. Manual pull station alarms need to comply with Section 907.4.2 as follows: • Located not more than 5 feet from the entrance to each exit(on each floor level) and be located so the nearest pull station is not more than a 200-foot travel distance (exception for Group E occupancies). Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 96 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx • 2012 NFPA 72 requires manual pull stations on each side of an opening with multi-leaf, grouped doors sets that are over 40 feet in width. • Mounted at a hei�ht between 42 to 48 inches vertically above the floor to activatin� lever/handle. • Red in color(The Town of Vail requires them to be of a contrastin�color to the background on which they are mounted). • Be provided with a protective cover if required by the building or fire departments. • Be provided with a sign according to Section 907.4.2.4 if the pull station does not activate an alarm that is monitored and transmitted to the fire department. • The Town of Vail requires manual pull stations to be double-action and to be located at each level of egress, behind the bar in drinking establishments,at the front desk of a hotel and at locations required by the Chief. • A manual pull station is required is the fire sprinkler system riser room. The fire alarm system shall send an alarm signal when activated by a: • Required automatic fire alarm initiating device (smoke or heat) • Sprinkler water flow device • Required manual pull stations • Monitored suppression systems (kitchen hood or clean agent systems). Fire alarm systems shall be zoned and coordinated with sprinkler and smoke control systems. The general zoning requirements is as follows: • Each floor level is zoned separately(or areas of floors if required by TOVFD) • Zones shall not exceed 22,500 square feet in area or 300 feet in length. The annunciation panel(s)for an alarm signal, needs to indicate the appropriate location and include a visual indication that can only be reset and not cancelled by an audible alarm-silencing action Multiple central alarm station connections from one building are not permitted. The fire detection and alarm system shall have an approved annunciator panel in the Fire Command Room. Annunciator panels shall be point-lit graphic or computer graphic or a directory LED point display type as approved by the Fire Code Official. Upon initiation of an alarm, supervisory or trouble condition the panel shall record the status.Alarms shall "lock-in" until the fire alarm system is reset with a dedicated reset switch located at the main fire alarm control panel. Annunciation lights shall be red for"Alarm" and yellow for"Trouble" and "Supervisory" signals. Each signal type shall be distinctly identified. A point-lit graphic annunciator is required for high-rise buildings and buildings with a smoke control system. The annunciator shall be located in the fire command room. Locations depicted on reviewed drawings are not permitted until field verification is secured.The annunciator must be either a LED type display, or a computer graphic console. Computer�raphic displays utilizin�a flat panel monitor are preferred for buildin�s of this size. The design shall be based upon a computer graphic display. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 97 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Audible and visible notification appliance circuits shall be designed and installed such that attack by fire within an evacuation zone shall not impair control and operation of the notification appliances outside the evacuation signaling zone. Notification appliance circuits shall not be run in stairwells, except for the specific devices located in the stair enclosure. Automatic Smoke Detection The smoke detection and alarm system shall be designed and installed in accordance with NFPA 72 —National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code. Smoke detectors shall be located as follows: The Town of Vail amendments to the 2012 IFC require the following locations for automatic (smoke or heat) detection devices: • Interior common corridors shall be equipped with system smoke detectors complying with UL 268, installed as per listed spacing requirements. • All common public areas shall be equipped with system smoke detectors complying with UL 268, installed as per listed spacing requirements,except areas not suitable for smoke detectors shall be protected by heat actuated or equivalent devices. • Every sleepin�room shall have a smoke detector complying with UL 268 that is centrally located. Smoke detectors shall be placed within 15-feet of all doors to sleeping rooms in R-2 occupancies. • For large areas protected by a dry fire sprinkler system (e.g., parkin��arage),addressable heat or smoke detectors need to be installed to provide a means for firefighters to identify the location of the fire event. Also,the installation of an automatic fire sprinkler system does not administer relief in terms of the requirement for the installation of heat detection in crawl spaces, mechanical spaces or other areas where smoke detection is not suitable. • In areas not suitable for a smoke detection a heat sensing device shall be installed. These areas including: (a) Garages (b) Boiler rooms (c) Mechanical rooms (d) Laundry rooms (e) Accessible storage areas (f) Kitchens (g) Public restrooms • Smoke and heat detection devices shall be placed such that the device is located near the center of the room or wall (as much as architectural features shall allow,these shall include fans and lighting). • Smoke detection devices shall not be installed closer than 6 linear feet to the opening of a kitchen or bathroom doorwav. • Smoke detection devices in elevator lobbies shall be placed in an offset orientation in relation to the elevator doors. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 98 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx The Town of Vail has required different smoke detection devices in individual dwellin�units of lar�e multi-family projects(Group R-1 and R-2). The non-bold text below describes the 2012 IFC/IBC requirements. The bold text describes the Town of Vail requirements for individual, multi-family dwelling units. Single-and multiple-station smoke detectors are required for Group R-2 occupancies in Section 907.2.9 of the 2012 IFC/IBC. These detectors only sound a local audible alarm heard in the individual dwelling unit and sleeping areas/rooms. However, if one smoke detector activates in the dwelling unit, all smoke detectors are interconnected to sound an audible alarm. They are not connected to the building fire alarm system. The power supply to these smoke detectors is from the primary building power(with only a panel breaker for over-current protection) and with a battery backup power supply. These smoke detectors need to emit a warning sound/signal when the battery power is low. They shall be installed in the following locations: • In each sleeping area or bedroom. • In the access hallway to each sleeping area. These smoke detectors should not be located near doorways to bathrooms or kitchen areas to avoid false activations. • On each story of a dwelling unit, including the basement. Split-level dwellings need smoke detectors located according to Section 907.2.9. The TOV does not allow non-monitored,single-and multiple-station smoke detectors that sound locally(only within the individual dwelling unit) as described above in the 2012 IFC/IBC. The TOV requires"system"smoke detectors connect to and monitored by the fire alarm control panel (FACP). These dwelling unit smoke detectors are required to sound locally(only within the individual dwelling unit)and to sound and transmit a supervisory alarm signal at a constantly attend location (e.g.,front desk) and to the monitoring agency. The monitoring agency should not notify the fire department for an emergency response based on this supervisory signal. Smoke detectors are also required in elevator machine rooms and elevator lobbies to initiate elevator recall. Smoke detectors for elevator recall are required within 21-feet of the centerline of each elevator door within the elevator bank under control of the detector according to NFPA 72 as shown in the diagram below: Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 99 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx --------_� EEev 1 �'i Efe�2 r, 21 ft[6,4 m) � t� ti4�I ;" t�i Efe�3 / _-- + __�- f+ � A single smoke detectar placed wi#?�in the intersecti�g area af the three semicircles will cover all three _ el�vators. � Section 21.3.5, Exhibit 21.2—The 21 ft(6.4 mJ Rule Emergency Communication Systems Emergency Voice/Alarm Communication System An emergency voice/alarm communication system according to IFCSection 907.5.2.2 is required. The operation of any automatic fire detector, sprinkler water-flow or manual pull station shall automatically sound an alert tone followed by voice instructions�ivin�approved information and directions of a �eneral or selective (floor/area) basis to the followin�terminal areas on a minimum of the alarmin�floor and the floor above and below accordin�to 404 of the IFC. Speakers need to be provided throughout the building in paging zones as follows: • Elevator groups. • Exit stairways. • Each floor. • Assembly areas • Rooms and tenant spaces exceeding 1,000 square feet in area. • Corridors • Dwelling or sleeping units in Group R-2 occupancies Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 100 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx A manual override for emergency voice communication shall be provided for all paging zones. The emergency voice/alarm communication system shall also have the capability to broadcast live voice messages through paging zones on a selective and all-call basis. The emergency voice/alarm communication system shall be designed and installed according to NFPA 72. The emergency voice/alarm communication system must be audible and intelli�ible throughout the building. The system shall also be provided with an approved emergency power source. Visible notification (strobes) is also required for the notification system. TOVFD amendments requires that visible notification shall be provided in toilet rooms accessible to the disabled, in corridors, public and common areas and in areas of assembly. Visible notification appliances shall not, however, be installed in stairwells. Fire Department Communication and Emergency Responder Radio Communication Enhancement Systems An emergency responder radio communications enhancement system is required per TOVFD amendments. The fire department communication system is often consolidated with the fire alarm system. The emergency responder radio communications enhancement system shall operate between the Fire Command Room (FCR) and the following areas: • Elevators and elevator lobbies • Emergency and standby power rooms • Building Engineer's office • Mechanical rooms • Elevator equipment rooms • Areas of refuge • Entries into required exit stairways(locate at the standpipe connections) • Rooms containing the primary means to disconnect electrical service. Areas that typically need to be evaluated for poor communications are below grade rooms, parking garages, elevators and areas surrounded by metal and/or concrete. The radio system shall effectively operate throughout the structure, including the parking garage and other below grade areas. Radio systems shall utilize bi-directional amplifiers with radiating ("leaky coax")cable, a discrete distributed antenna system or other approved equivalent technology. This system can also be used to increase the reliability of cell phone transmissions in the building. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 101 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Smoke Control Systems General Smoke Control Criteria Fan Equipment Equipment for pressurization systems shall be independent of other building ventilation systems and shall meet the design criteria of TOVFD. Smoke control systems shall be provided with primary and emergency power. The emer�ency power source and transfer switches shall be in a separate room from the normal power equipment. The room shall be enclosed in 1-hour FRR fire barriers and shall be ventilated directly to and from the buildin�exterior. The two power distribution sources shall be by independent routes. Transfer to full emergency power shall be automatic and shall occur within 10-seconds of failure of the primary power. Any equipment that relies on volatile memory shall be supplied with uninterruptible power supplies to span a 15-minute power interruption. Elements that are susceptible to power surges shall be suitably protected by conditioners, suppressors or other approved means. Components of exhaust fans shall be rated and certified by the manufacturer for an operating temperature rating of no less than 250°F. For systems where the probable temperature rise to which the components will be exposed may be higher than 250° F.,the temperature rise shall be computed. In addition to other requirements, belt-driven fans shall have 1.5 times the number of belts required for the design duty, with the minimum number of belts being two. Fans shall be selected for stable performance based on normal temperature and, where applicable, elevated temperature. Calculations and manufacturer's fan curves shall be part of the documentation procedures. Fans shall be supported and restrained by noncombustible devices in accordance with the structural design requirements of IBC Chapter 16. Motors driving fans shall not be operated beyond their nameplate horsepower(kilowatts), as determined from measurement of actual current draw, and shall have a minimum service factor of 1.15. Duct Equipment Duct materials and joints shall be capable of withstanding the probable temperatures and pressures to which they are exposed during smoke control operating conditions. Ducts shall be constructed and supported in accordance with the IMC. Ducts shall be leak tested to 1.5 times the maximum design pressure in accordance with nationally accepted practices. Measured leakage shall not exceed 5 percent of design flow. Results of such testing shall be a part of the documentation procedure. Ducts shall be supported directly from fire-resistance-rated structural elements of the building by substantial, noncombustible supports. Exception: Flexible connections (for the purpose of vibration isolation) complying with the IMC that are constructed of approved fire-resistance-rated materials. Locate outdoor air intakes for pressurization systems remote from points of discharge for smoke exhaust systems in order to minimum the positional for recirculation of smoke to the outdoor air intakes. The minimum separation shall be 10-feet in any direction. Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 102 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx The temperature rating for the fusible link in fire and combination fire/smoke dampers,where they applied in smoke exhaust systems, shall be no less than 250° F. For systems where the probable temperature rise to which the damper will be exposed may be higher than 250° F,the temperature shall be computed. Firefighters Smoke Control Panel A firefighter's smoke control panel(FSCP) is required. The panel shall meet the requirements of UL 864 and be listed for smoke control under UL product category guide designation UUKL. The panel shall include manual control or override of automatic control for mechanical smoke control systems. Upon an alarm,the fire alarm system shall take direct control of all smoke control system components such as fans, dampers, activation of dedicated pressure control systems and status indication. The fire alarm system shall provide a signal to any temperature control or building automation systems for HVAC system enable/disable control and status. Where HVAC systems are utilized for smoke control the fire alarm system shall take direct control of those HVAC system components utilized for smoke control. Hard-wired interlock is acceptable.The fire alarm system shall provide automatic and manual override control and status.Terminal air distribution units may remain under their own normal building automation control.The panel shall be located in a Fire Command Room. The firefighter's smoke control panel shall be provided for manual or override of automatic control of inechanical smoke control systems.This panel shall graphically depict the individual smoke control system fan and damper controls,their relative location within the building, stairwells, hoistways, building pressurization and exhaust airflow, refuge area pressurization and all other smoke control zones that apply. This panel shall clearly show the building arrangement and smoke control zones served by the systems.The graphic panel shall be oriented to the building and include a north reference compass point. A combination of vertical (Section) and/or horizontal (plan) graphic arrangement may be necessary.The operating control and status indicators on the FSCP shall have a maximum height from the floor of 6 feet, 6 inches and a minimum of 2 feet, 0 inches, and may require more than one Section to accommodate height limitations. Layout, labeling and location of the fire fighters control panel shall be reviewed and approved by the fire department prior to fabrication. Activation/Operation Smoke control system activation shall be initiated immediately after receipt of an appropriate automatic or manual activation command.Smoke control systems shall activate individual components (such as dampers and fans) in the sequence necessary to prevent physical damage to the fans, dampers, ducts and other equipment.The total response time for individual smoke control systems to achieve their desired operating mode shall not exceed the following time periods: • Fan operating at desired state—75 seconds • Damper position travel—60 seconds Building smoke control systems activation: Smoke control systems shall be automatically activated by alarm-initiating devices including return riser duct detectors, water flow switches, manual pull stations, special extinguishing systems activation and manual operation from the Fire Command Room (FCR). Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 103 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx Exception: Main sprinkler system water flow, heat or smoke detectors located in stair or hoistway enclosures and sprinkler system water flow in building service chutes. Where building shafts are protected with automatic sprinklers for reduction in shaft construction fire rating, a separate riser shall be provided. Testing Before the fire department accepts the smoke control systems and prior to initial occupancy,the smoke control systems shall be tested in accordance with IFCA Section 909.18 in their presence to confirm that the systems operate in compliance with IFCA Section 909. In addition, all smoke control systems shall be tested annually and shall be maintained to perform its intended purpose under the code version with which it was built. FIRE SAFETY DURING CONSTRUCTION IFC Chapter 14 contains requirements for fire safety during construction. The followin� requirements will apply to this proiect. Access for Fire Fighting Approved vehicle access for firefighting shall be provided to all construction or demolition sites. Vehicle access shall be provided to within 100 feet of temporary or permanent fire department connections. Vehicle access shall be provided by either temporary or permanent roads, capable of supporting vehicle loading under all weather conditions. Vehicle access shall be maintained until permanent fire apparatus access roads are available. Existin� roads are compliant for firefi�htin�access. Entry points shall be provided in temporary construction fencin�so that the fire department can access the site. Access shall also be provided for temporary fire department connections associated with the construction standpipe described below. Means of Egress Where a building has been constructed to a building height of 50-feet or four stories, at least one temporary li�hted stairway shall be provided unless one or more of the permanent stairways are erected as the construction pro�resses. Required means of egress shall be maintained during construction and demolition, remodeling or alterations and additions to any building. Water Supply for Fire Fighting An approved water supply for fire protection, either temporary or permanent, shall be made available as soon as combustible material arrives on the site. The existin�fire hydrants provide the required supply. The hydrants shall remain operational and accessible durin�construction. Standpipes A standpipe is required during construction. Not less than one standpipe shall be provided for use durin�construction. Such standpipes shall be installed when the progress of construction Is not more than 40-feet in height above the lowest level of fire department vehicle access. Such Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 104 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx standpipe shall be provided with fire department hose connections at accessible locations adjacent to usable stairs. Such standpipes shall be extended as construction progresses to within one floor of the highest point of construction having secured deck or flooring. Portable Fire Extinguishers Portable fire extinguishers are required during construction. Fire extinguishers need to be provided at the following locations: 1. Each stairway, on all floor levels where combustible materials accumulate. 2. Every storage and construction shed. 3. Where specific hazards exist (e.g., storage & use of flammable/combustible liquids). CONCLUSION This report briefly outlines the requirements of the 2012 IBC and IFC for fire protection and life safety systems with Town of Vail amendments. Further clarification can be provided if the cited code Section numbers are not enough for clarity. Please contact me at 303-422-7400, Ext. 201 should you have any questions regarding this report. BCER ENGINEERING, INC. Prepared by: . David J. Hill Fire Protection Consultant Reviewed by: m�• � �G�� c�� z-`�• �'O � �E 4�Ef`J 0� Steve Rondinelli, AIA Principle—Fire Protection and Life Safety � 2 ��7 �, t'i�, f� � �`�ED AR�� r��o� �� Ly1�v�� Strata Residences at Vail - Life Safety Report �O BCER Engineering, Inc. Page � 105 F:\21111028\Life Safety\Life Safety Report Update\NEW FILE\21111028-Vail Strata Life Safety Report.docx