HomeMy WebLinkAbout2022-04-11 PEC
TO: Planning and Environmental Commission
FROM: Community Development Department
DATE: April 11, 2022
SUBJECT: A request for review of Major Exterior Alteration, pursuant to Section 12-7H-7, Exterior
Alterations or Modifications, Vail Town Code, to allow for redevelopment of the
Evergreen Lodge, located 250 South Frontage Road West/Lot 2W, Block 1, Vail
Lionshead Filing 2, and Lot F-1, Vail Village Filing No. 2 and setting forth details in
regard thereto. (PEC22-0006)
and
A request for review of a Conditional Use Permit, pursuant to Section 12-7H-2 Permitted
and Conditional Uses; Basement or Garden Level, and Section 12-7H-3; Permitted and
Conditional Uses; First Floor or Street Level, Vail Town Code, in accordance with Title
12, Chapter 16, Conditional Use Permits, Vail Town Code, to allow for dwelling units and
attached accommodation units on the basement, garden level or first floor of the
redevelopment of the Evergreen Lodge, located 250 South Frontage Road West/Lot 2W,
Block 1, Vail Lionshead Filing 2, and Lot F-1, Vail Village Filing No. 2 and setting forth
details in regard thereto. (PEC22-0007)
and
A request for the review a variance from Section 12-7H-10, Setbacks and Section 12-
7H-14 Site Coverage, Vail Town Code, pursuant to Title 12 Chapter 17, Variances, Vail
Town Code, related to below grade improvements for the redevelopment of the
Evergreen Lodge, located 250 South Frontage Road West/Lot 2W, Block 1, Vail
Lionshead Filing 2, and Lot F-1, Vail Village Filing No. 2 and setting forth details in
regard thereto. (PEC22-0008)
Applicant: HCT Member, LLC represented by Mauriello Planning Group
Planner: Jonathan Spence
I. SUMMARY
The applicant, HCT Member, LLC represented by Mauriello Planning Group, requeststhe
review of a Major Exterior Alteration, pursuant to Section 12-7H-7, Exterior Alterations
or Modifications, Vail Town Code, to allow for the replacement of the existing Evergreen
Lodge with a new development, located at 250 South Frontage Road West.In addition,
the applicant also requests the review of:
AVariance from Section 12-7H-10, Setbacks,and Section 12-7H-14 Site
Coverage, Vail Town Code, related to below grade improvements.
A Conditional Use Permit pursuant to Section 12-7H-2 Permitted and
Conditional Uses; Basement or Garden Level, and Section 12-7H-3;
Permitted and Conditional Uses; First Floor or Street Level, Vail Town
Code, in accordance with Title 12, Chapter 16, Conditional Use Permits,
Vail Town Code, to allow for dwelling units and attached accommodation
units on the basement, garden level or first floor.
This meeting shall serve as an introduction to the project and its discreet components.
As such, staff has not prepared a full analysis of the project at this time but has
proposed a series of discussion items. A full staff analysis, with recommendations, will
be provided at a future meeting.
Staff has reviewed the submitted materials including the required Environmental Impact
Report, included as Attachment B. Preliminary comments have been returned to the
applicant. It is anticipated that the resubmittal will address these comments and any
items identified by the PEC.
Following the initial review of these applications, staff requests that these items be
continued to the May 9, 2022 meeting.
II. DESCRIPTION OF REQUEST
HCT Member, LLC is represented by Mauriello Planning Group is proposing a four to six-
story multi-family residential project consisting of the following components:
135 residential condominiums ranging in size from one (1) bedroom units
to two-level four (4) bedroom units
128 attached accommodation units
A flat roof with planted roofscapes, amenities and a 9,000 sq. ft. solar
array
An underground parking structure containing 203 spaces.
Project amenities include an approximately 9,000 sq. ft. lobby with front
desk and concierge, workout facilities and exterior pool, hot tubs and fire
pits.
Associated site improvements and landscaping.
Included with this memorandum are the Project Narrative (Attachment A),
Environmental Impact Report (Attachment B), Plan Set (Attachment C) and a link to the
electronic version of the Lionshead Redevelopment Master Plan (Attachment D).
III. BACKGROUND
The existing Evergreen Lodge was constructed in 1974. Prior to 2005, the Evergreen
Lodge was zoned Special Development District No. 14 with an underlying zoning of
High Density Multiple-Family. The Special Development District (SDD) was
established via Ordinance No. 5, Series of 1986. The SDD permitted 128
accommodation units, 19 dwelling units, a restaurant, lounge, spa, and meeting
room/conference facility space. Minor improvements to the Evergreen Lodge have
occurred over the years however the structure remains largely as originally
constructed.
On December 20, 2005, Resolution No. 23, Series of 2005, was approved by the Vail
Town Council amending the Lionshead Redevelopment Master Plan to include
detailed plan recommendations for the Evergreen Lodge site and amend the
boundaries of the Lionshead Study Area. Additionally, Ordinance No. 30, Series of
2005, was adopted establishing Lionshead Mixed Use 1 District zoning for the
Evergreen Lodge parcel.
On August 10, 2015, the Planning and Environmental Commission held a
worksession to begin a discussion regarding the proposed master plan amendment
application. As a result of the worksession and public comment, a number of
questions and issues were raised.
On September 14, 2015, the Planning and Environmental Commission held a
worksession to continue discussions regarding the proposed master plan
amendments. As an outcome of the worksession, the Commission voted unanimously
to continue the public hearing.
On September 28, 2015, the Planning and Environmental Commission held a
worksession to continue discussions regarding the proposed master plan
amendments. In sum, the Commission recommended severalchanges be made to the
amendments to provide less specificity concerning certain plan recommendations. The
Commission's preference was to have a document more general in nature while still
proposing possible or potential options and solutions.
On October 26, 2015, the Planning and Environmental Commission held a public
hearing on the request to amend the Lionshead Redevelopment Master Plan regarding
the future redevelopment of the Evergreen Lodge at Vail. Upon final review, the
Commission voted unanimously to forward a recommendation of approval of the
proposed amendment to the Vail Town Council. Via Resolution No. 38, Series of 2015,
the amendments to the detailed plan recommendation section for the Evergreen Lodge
were approved.
In2017,TheEvergreenandtheadjoiningpropertyowner,VailClinic,Inc., aColorado
nonprofit corporation (“Vail Health”), completed a land exchange whereby The
EvergreenconveyedtoVailHealthcertainpropertyontheSouthFrontageRoadknown
as Lot 2-W, and Vail Health conveyedto TheEvergreen certain propertynear West
Meadow Drive known as Lot F-1. In connection with theland exchange, the Evergreen
and Vail
Health entered into a series of easements and other agreements that enabled Vail
Health to construct itsrecently completed expansion.Please see additional information
concerning the interrelationship between Vail Health and Evergreen and the associated
agreements.
IV. DISCUSSION ITEMS
This meeting before the Planning and Environmental Commission shall serve as an
introduction to the project and its components. Staff offers the following discussion points
for this meeting:
Proposed Uses and Hot Bed Provisions
The application proposes 135 dwelling units with 128 attached accommodation
units within a voluntary short-term rental program. Please see Section 4.13 of the
LRMP for specific language concerning the Hot Bed criterion. Staff recognizes
that the overall intent of Section 4.13 is not dependent on a specific number or
type of product. As witnessed with the amendments to the Four Seasons and the
Lion developments in relation to unit mix, Vail owners, visitors and guests are
interested largely in residential units with kitchens as opposed to standard hotel
rooms. Does the PEC concur with the project’s direction in meeting the Hot Bed
requirement? If not, what revisions would be necessary to assist in meeting this
requirement? Would the inclusion of additional unit types assist?
Deviation to the Architectural Design Guidelines for New Development. (Flat
roofs)
The application has requested a deviation from the LRMP Design Guidelines for
the inclusion of flat roofs, contrary to the recommended roofing style. The
application asserts that the flat roofs are the basis needed to incorporate
sustainable practices and are appropriate considering the context. Please review
the deviation criteria language from the LRMP included in Section IX of this
memorandum. The uniform use of flat roofs (Section 8.4.2.7 of the LRMP) is a
significant departure from the spirit of the area’s mountain architecture as stated
in the Vision Statement (8.1)
The new image for Lionshead should move towards the future—using historical
alpine references and Vail Village as antecedents.
The LRMP states that primary roofs within Lionshead are to be predominantly
gables and hips, with sheds or flat roofs permitted at smaller, secondary roofs
and that the overall image for Lionshead takes its cue from the simple,
fragmented, gabled roof forms of European alpine villages, where views of the
roofscapes from the mountains are paramount. And that, the roofscape of
Lionshead is a criticalcomponent in “knitting” together the built environment and
providing visualcohesion to the urban fabric of Lionshead.
That being said, the location of the Evergreen outside of the generally recognized
limits of Lionshead does warrant additional consideration. Sandwiched between
Vail Health Campus and the Civic Area, the location of the redevelopment of the
Evergreen lends support to the applicant’s position. As a recognized transition
area, a departure from the design guidelines to facilitate the flat roofs may be
appropriate. Staff requests that the PEC provide direction on this fundamental
project component.
• General Architectural Approach
As a follow-up to the roof discussion, staff requests that the PEC review the
overall architectural approach as it relates to the LRMP design guidelines. While
the application states that the project will comply with all design guidelines with
the exception of the flat roofs, the presentation at this time is a more modern
interpretation than seen on previously approved projects located within
Lionshead Village. It is important to note that many of the design guidelines
require an analysis at a more granular level than found in the plans at this time. It
is under the purview of the PEC to review the proposed mass and scale of the
Evergreen Redevelopment in relation to the design standards.
Relationship with Middle Creek
Section 5.19.4 Impacts on Middle Creek Steam Tract is a subsection of the site
specific recommendations for the Evergreen redevelopment. As stated, it is
imperative that any future development on the Evergreen Lodge site does not
negatively impact or encroach upon the existing riparian corridor of Middle Creek.
Staff has identified possible concerns with the strict adherence to the 10’
minimum building setback and the resulting shading from a building placed in
such close proximity. Further analysis of this item is occurring in concert with the
Environmental and Public Works departments as a partnership between the
Town and the applicant may help establish the best actions in relation to Middle
Creek. Staff recommends that the PEC review the applicant’s narrative
concerning this item and offer feedback, as appropriate.
V. APPLICABLE PLANNING DOCUMENTS
Title 12, Zoning Regulations, Vail Town Code (in part)
ARTICLE H – Lionshead Mixed Use 1 (LMU-1) District
12-7H-1: PURPOSE:
The Lionshead mixed use 1 district is intended to provide sites for a mixture of multiple-
family dwellings, lodges, hotels, fractionalfee clubs, timeshares, lodge dwelling units,
restaurants, offices, skier services, and commercial establishments in a clustered,
unified development. Lionshead mixed use 1 district, in accordance with the Lionshead
redevelopment master plan, is intended to ensure adequate light, air, open space and
other amenities appropriate to the permitted types of buildings and uses and to maintain
the desirable qualities of the zone district by establishing appropriate site development
standards. This zone district is meant to encourage and provide incentives for
redevelopment in accordance with the Lionshead redevelopment master plan.
This zone district was specifically developed to provide incentives for properties to
redevelop. The ultimate goal of these incentives is to create an economically vibrant
lodging, housing, and commercial core area. The incentives in this zone district include
increases in allowable gross residential floor area, building height, and density over the
previously established zoning in the Lionshead redevelopment master plan study area.
The primary goal of the incentives is to create economic conditions favorable to
inducing private redevelopment consistent with the Lionshead redevelopment master
plan. Additionally, the incentives are created to help finance public off site
improvements adjacent to redevelopment projects. With any
development/redevelopment proposal taking advantage of the incentives created
herein, the following amenities will be evaluated: streetscape improvements,
pedestrian/bicycle access, public plaza redevelopment, public art, roadway
improvements, and similar improvements. (Ord. 29(2005) §24: Ord. 3(1999) § 1)
12-7H-7: EXTERIOR ALTERATIONS OR MODIFICATIONS:
A. Review Required: The construction of a new building or the alteration of an existing
building that is not a major exterior alteration as described in subsection B of this
section shall be reviewed by the design review board in accordance with chapter 11
of this title.
1. Submittal Items Required: The submittal items required for a project that is not a
major exterior alteration shall be provided in accordance with section 12-11-4 of
this title.
B. Major Exterior Alteration: The construction of a new building or the alteration of an
existing building which adds additional dwelling units, accommodation units,
fractional fee club units, timeshare units, any project which adds more than one
thousand (1,000) square feet of commercial floor area or common space, or any
project which has substantial off site impacts (as determined by theadministrator)
shall be reviewed by the planning and environmental commission as a major exterior
alteration in accordance with this chapter and section 12-3-6 of this title. Any project
which requires a conditional use permit shall also obtain approval of the planning
and environmental commission in accordance with chapter 16 of this title. Complete
applications for major exterior alterations shall be submitted in accordance with
administrative schedules developed by the department of community development
for planning and environmental commission and design review board review.
1.Submittal Items Required, Major Exterior Alteration: The following submittal
items are required:
a. Application: An application shall be made by the owner of the building
or the building owner's authorized agent or representative on a form
provided by the administrator. Any application for condominiumized
buildings shall be authorized by the condominium association in
conformity with all pertinent requirements of the condominium
association's declarations.
b. Application; Contents: The administrator shall establish the submittal
requirements for an exterior alteration or modification application. A
complete list of the submittal requirements shall be maintained by the
administrator and filed in the department of community development.
Certain submittal requirements may be waived and/or modified by the
administrator and/or the reviewing body if it is demonstrated by the
applicant that the information and materials required are not relevant to
the proposed development or applicable to the planning documents that
comprise the Vail comprehensive plan. The administrator and/or the
reviewing body may require the submission of additional plans,
drawings, specifications, samples and other materials if deemed
necessary to properly evaluate the proposal.
C. Work Sessions/Conceptual Review: If requested by either the applicant or the
administrator, submittals may proceed to a work session with the planning and
environmental commission, a conceptual review with the design review board, or a
work session with the town council.
D. Hearing: The public hearing before the planning and environmental commission shall
be held in accordance with section 12-3-6 of this title. The planning and
environmental commission may approve the application as submitted, approve the
application with conditions or modifications, or deny the application. The decision of
the planning and environmental commission may be appealed to the town council in
accordance with section 12-3-3 of this title.
E. Lapse Of Approval: Approval of an exterior alteration as prescribed by this article
shall lapse and become void two (2) yearsfollowing the date of approval by the
design review board unless, prior to the expiration, a building permit is issued and
construction is commenced and diligently pursued to completion. Administrative
extensions shall be allowed for reasonable and unexpected delays as long as code
provisions affecting the proposal have not changed. (Ord. 29(2005) §24: Ord.
5(2003) § 11: Ord. 8(2001) §2: Ord. 3(1999) § 1)
12-7H-8: COMPLIANCE BURDEN:
It shall be the burden of the applicant to prove by a preponderance of the evidence
before the planning and environmental commission and the design review board that
the proposed exterior alteration or new development is in compliance with the purposes
of the Lionshead mixed use 1 district, that the proposal is consistent with applicable
elements of the Lionshead redevelopment master plan and that the proposal does not
otherwise have a significant negative effect on the character of the neighborhood, and
that the proposal substantially complies with other applicable elements of the Vail
comprehensive plan. (Ord. 29(2005) § 24: Ord. 3(1999) § 1)
12-7H-18: MITIGATION OF DEVELOPMENT IMPACTS:
Property owners/developers shall also be responsible for mitigating direct impacts of
their development on public infrastructure and in all cases mitigation shall bear a
reasonable relation to the development impacts. Impacts may be determined based on
reports prepared by qualified consultants. The extent of mitigation and public amenity
improvements shall be balanced with the goals of redevelopment and will be
determined by the planning and environmental commission in review of development
projects and conditional use permits. Mitigation of impacts may include, but is not
limited to, the following: employee housing per the town's current employee housing
policy, roadway improvements, pedestrian walkway improvements, streetscape
improvements, stream tract/bank improvements, public art improvements, and similar
improvements. The intent of this section is to only require mitigation for large scale
redevelopment/development projects which produce substantial off site impacts. (Ord.
14(2006) § 3: Ord. 29(2005) § 24: Ord. 3(1999) § 1)
LIONSHEAD REDEVELOPMENT MASTER PLAN
The Lionshead Redevelopment Master Plan is theguiding document when it comes to
the analysis, review, and approval of projects within the Lionshead planning area. Staff
encourages the Commission to review the document,a link to which has been provided
as Attachment C. Special attention should be given to the following sections:
Chapter 2: Introduction including purpose, definition and policy objectives.
Chapter 4: Master Plan Recommendations-Overall Study Area,
Chapter 5: Detailed Plan Recommendations, specifically Section 5.19
Chapter 8: Architectural Design Guidelines, with special attention to 8.4.2,
VI.ZONING ANALYSIS
Address: 250 South Frontage Road West
Legal Description: Lot 2W, Block 1, Vail Lionshead Filing 2, and Lot F-1, Vail Village
Filing No. 2
Lot Size: 2.45 acres / 106,836 sq. ft.
Existing Zoning: Lionshead Mixed Use 1 (LMU-1)
Land Use Designation: Lionshead Redevelopment Master Plan
Mapped Geological Hazards: None
Development Required by Town ProposedComplies?
StandardCode
2.45acres /106,836 sq. ft
Min. 10,000 sq. ft.Complies
Lot Size
Front – 10’North: 30’ Variance to east
Minimum Setbacks
Side – 10’ South: 10’ setback requested,
Rear – 10’ East: 0’ per Section 12-7H-10:
West: 10’Setbacks
82.5 ft. max 81 ft. max Under Review
Maximum Height
71 ft. average 71 ft. average
233,884sq.ft.
GRFA Max. 250/100 Complies
Buildable Site Area or
267,909 sq. ft.
10% of project GRFA 13 onsite units Under Review
EHU Requirements
minus credit for
under Inclusionary
existing facilities
Zoning and
Commercial Linkage
Overall:85,706sq. ft.
Max. 70% of site area Variance requested,
Site coverage
(80.2%) Above Grade =
or 74,785 sq. ft. per Section 12-7H-14:
maximum
67,946 sq. ft. (63.5%)
Site Coverage
Softscape: 24,407 sq. ft.
Min. 20% of site area Under Review
Minimum
Hardscape: 13,151 sq. ft.
or 21,367 sq. ft.
Landscaping
Total: 37,558 sq. ft.
1.4 per unit or 207 203 spaces with mixed Under Review
Required Parking
spaces use credit
VII. SURROUNDING LAND USES AND ZONING
North: South Frontage Road West No Zoning
South: Residential Lionshead Mixed Use 1 (LMU-1)
East: Vail Health GeneralUse (GU)
West:StreamtractNatural Area Preservation(NAP)
VIII. REVIEW CRITERIA-MAJOR EXTERIOR ALTERATION
As this is awork session staff will not beaddressing the criteria at thistime. Staff will
addresseach criterion infull ata future meeting.
Major ExteriorAlteration
Section12-7H-8,ComplianceBurden,Vail Town Code, outlines the review criteria for
major exterior alteration applications proposed within the Lionshead Mixed Use 1 (LMU-
1) zone district. According to Section 12-7H-8, VailTown Code, a major exterior
alteration shall be reviewed for compliance with the following criteria:
1. That the proposed major exterior alteration is in compliance with the purposes of
the Lionshead Mixed Use 1 zone district;
2. That the proposal is consistent with applicable elements of the Lionshead
Redevelopment Master Plan;
3. That the proposal doesnot otherwise have a significant negativeeffect onthe
character of the neighborhood;and,
4. That the proposal substantially complies withother applicable elements of the Vail
Comprehensive Plan.
IX.REVIEW CRITERIA-DEVIATION TO THE ARCHITECTURAL GUIDELINES FOR
NEW DEVELOPMENT
The following criteria shall be used by the Town of Vail Planning & Environmental
Commission and Design Review Board to determine if deviations to the Guidelines
should be granted:
It shall be the burden of the applicant to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Town of
Vail Planning & Environmental Commission following a recommendation from the
Design Review Board that:
1. The request for design deviations are in compliance with the purposes of the
one district; and
2. The proposal which includes the design deviations is consistent with applicable
elements of the Lionshead Redevelopment Master Plan; and
3. The proposal which includes the design deviations does not have a significant
negative effect on the character of the neighborhood; and
4. The proposal substantially complies with other applicable elements of the Vail
comprehensive plan; and
5. The design deviation meets or exceeds the intent of the specific design
standardsas prescribed in Section 8.4; and,
6. A public benefit is achieved as a result of the design deviation; and,
7. The design deviation furthers the goals, objectives and purposes as stated in
Sections 2.3, 2.5 and 8.2 of the Lionshead Redevelopment Master Plan. (Res.
18, Series of 2004)
X. REVIEW CRITERIA–VARIANCES
The applicanthas requested a variance from the required ten-foot (10’) side(east)
setback in addition to a site coverage variance for below grade improvements. The
applicable criteria for the granting of such variances are as follows:
1. The relationship of the requested variance to other existing or potential uses and
structures in the vicinity.
2. The degree to which relief from the strict and literal interpretation and
enforcement of a specified regulation is necessary to achieve compatibility and
uniformity of treatment among sites in the vicinity or to attain the objectives of this
title without a grant of special privilege.
3. The effect of the requested variance on light and air, distribution of population,
transportation and traffic facilities, public facilities and utilities, and public safety.
4. Such other factors and criteria as the commission deems applicable to the
proposed variance.
XI. REVIEW CRITERIA – CONDITIONAL USE
The applicant has requested the review of a Conditional Use Permit to allow multifamily
residential dwelling units and attached accommodation units on the basement, garden
level or first floor. The applicable criteria for approving the proposed conditional uses is
as follows:
A. Factors Enumerated: Before acting on a conditional use permit application, the
planning and environmental commission shall consider the following factors with
respect to the proposed use:
1. Relationship and impact of the use on development objectives of the town.
2.Effect of the use on light and air, distribution of population, transportation
facilities, utilities, schools, parks and recreation facilities, and other public
facilities and public facility needs.
3. Effect upon traffic, with particular reference to congestion, automotive and
pedestrian safety and convenience, traffic flow and control, access,
maneuverability, and removal of snow from the streets and parking areas.
4. Effect upon the character of the area in which the proposed use is to be
located, including the scale and bulk of the proposed use in relation to
surrounding uses.
5. Such other factors and criteria as the commission deems applicable to the
proposed use.
6.The environmental impact report concerning the proposed use, if an
environmental impact report is required by chapter 12 of this title.
B.Necessary Findings: The planning and environmental commission shall make the
following findings before granting a conditional use permit:
1. That the proposed location of the use is in accordance with the purposes of
this title and the purposes of the zone district in which the site is located.
2. That the proposed location of the use and the conditions under which it would
be operated or maintained will not be detrimental to the public health, safety,
or welfare, or materially injurious to properties or improvements in the vicinity.
3.That the proposed use will comply with each of the applicable provisions of
this title.
XII.STAFF RECOMMENDATIONS
TheCommunityDevelopment Department recommends continuing PEC22-0006,
0007 and 0008 to the May 9, 2022 PEC meeting.
XIII. ATTACHMENTS
A. Project Narrative, February 21, 2022
B. Environmental Impact Report, February 2022
C. Project Plan Set, February 11, 2022
D. Link to Lionshead Redevelopment Master Plan
https://www.vailgov.com/home/showpublisheddocument/1796/63745870922943000
0
E. Correspondence from Vail International, April 4, 2022
UIF!
FWFSHSFFO
Nbkps!Fyufsjps!Bmufsbujpo-!Dpoejujpobm!Vtf!
Qfsnju-!Wbsjbodft-!boe!Eftjho!Hvjefmjof!
Efwjbujpo
Mpdbujpo;361!T/!Gspoubhf!Spbe!Xftu!
Mpu!3X-!Cmpdl!2-!Wbjm!Mjpotifbe!Gjmjoh!3!
boe!Mpu!G.2-!B!Sftvcejwjtjpo!pg!Mpu!G-!Wbjm!
Wjmmbhf!Tfdpoe!Gjmjoh
Tvcnjuufe;!!Gfcsvbsz!32-!3133
UBCMF!PG!DPOUFOUT!
J/UFBN!EJSFDUPSZ4!
JJ/JOUSPEVDUJPO!BOE!CBDLHSPVOE5!
JJJ/TVTUBJOBCMF!EFTJHO22!
JW/FYJTUJOH!'!QSPQPTFE!EFWFMPQNFOU26!
W/\[POJOH!'!QBSLJOH!BOBMZTJT27!
WJ/FNQMPZFF!IPVTJOH!QMBO29!
JY/DSJUFSJB!GPS!SFWJFX;!NBKPS!FYUFSJPS!BMUFSBUJPO33!
WJ/DSJUFSJB!GPS!SFWJFX;!EFTJHO!EFWJBUJPO58!
WJJJ/DSJUFSJB!GPS!SFWJFX;!DPOEJUJPOBM!VTF!QFSNJU)T*74!
WJJ/DSJUFSJB!GPS!SFWJFX;!WBSJBODFT78
Qbhf!3!pg!84
J/UFBN!EJSFDUPSZ!
Pxofstijq!Djwjm!Fohjoffsjoh!
IDU!Nfncfs!MMD!Bmqjof!Fohjoffsjoh!
Tpmbsjt!Hspvq!Nbuu!Xbefz!
Tibspo!Dpio!:81.:37.4484!
414.661.5662!xbefzAbmqjofdjwjm/dpn!
tibspoAtpmbsjtwbjm/dpn!
Fowjsponfoubm!!
Foujumfnfout!Cjsdi!Fdpmphz!
Nbvsjfmmp!Qmboojoh!Hspvq!Ifbuifs!Ipvtupo!
Epnjojd!Nbvsjfmmp!831.461.3641!
:81.487.4429!ifbuifsACjsdifdpmphz/dpn!
epnjojdAnqhwbjm/dpn!
Gjsf!Qspufdujpo!boe!Mjgf!Tbgfuz!
Bsdijufduvsf!Tufwf!Spejofmmj!Mjgf!Tbgfuz!
Topx!Lsfjmjdi!414.918.4432!
Nbuu!Lsfjmjdi!tufwfASpoejofmmjmjgftbgfuz/dpn!
723.863.1376!
Dpotusvdujpo!!
nbuuAtopxlsfjmjdi/dpn!
CH!Cvjmejohxpslt-!Jod/!
Mboetdbqf!Bsdijufduvsf!Fsjd!Svcpuupn!
UFOyUFO!:81.332.67:2!y3336!
Sptt!Bmuifjnfs!!
Tusvduvsbm!Fohjoffsjoh
723.551.947:!
LM'B!Fohjoffst!boe!Cvjmefst!
spttAufoyufotuvejp/dpn!
Disjt!Lfoebmm!
!
:81.887.5931!
Usbd!Fohjoffs!
NdEpxfmm!Fohjoffsjoh!
Lbsj!Tdispfefs!
:81.734.1899!
lbsjAndepxfmmfoh/dpn!
Qbhf!4!pg!84
JJ/JOUSPEVDUJPO!BOE!CBDLHSPVOE
IDU!Nfncfs!MMD!)ifsfbgufs!Æ Uif!Fwfshsffo Ç*!pxot!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf-!mpdbufe!bu!361!T/!
Gspoubhf!Spbe!Xftu!0!Mpu!3X-!Cmpdl!2-!Wbjm!Mjpotifbe!Gjmjoh!3!boe!Mpu!G.2-!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!Tfdpoe!
Gjmjoh/!!Uif!Tpmbsjt!Hspvq-!xijdi!jodmveft!IDU!Nfncfs!MMD-!jt!tvcnjuujoh!uijt!bqqmjdbujpo!up!
uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!up!bmmpx!gps!b!Nbkps!Fyufsjps!Bmufsbujpo-!Dpoejujpobm!Vtf!Qfsnju-!boe!Wbsjbodft!
voefs!uif!Mjpotifbe!Njyfe!Vtf.2!{pof!ejtusjdu!bmpoh!xjui!b!Eftjho!Hvjefmjof!Efwjbujpo!gspn!
uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo/!!Uif!Tpmbsjt!Hspvq!jt!sf.csboejoh!uif!Fwfshsffo!
Mpehf!up!Æ Uif!Fwfshsffo Ç-!ijhimjhiujoh!cpui!uif!ijtupsjdbm!obnf!pg!uif!qspqfsuz!boe!uif!pwfs.
sfbdijoh!hpbm!up!cf!bo!fybnqmf!pg!tvtubjobcmf!cvjmejoh!qsbdujdft!jo!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm/!
Tvckfdu!Qspqfsuz
Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!xbt!psjhjobmmz!dpotusvdufe!jo!2:85/!!Uifsf!ibwf!cffo!wbsjpvt!
efwfmpqnfou!qmbot!gps!uif!qspqfsuz!ibwf!cffo!dpotjefsfe!pwfs!uif!zfbst-!jodmvejoh!b!Tqfdjbm!
Qbhf!5!pg!84
Efwfmpqnfou!Ejtusjdu!jo!uif!2::1t!uibu!xbt!ofwfs!dpotusvdufe/!!Cfzpoe!bo!beejujpo!jo!uif!
2:91t!uibu!beefe!uif!mpccz!bsfb!boe!dpnnfsdjbm!vtft-!hfofsbmmz!uif!ipufm!ibt!opu!dibohfe!
nvdi!tjodf!jut!psjhjobm!dpotusvdujpo/!
Bsdijwfe!qmbot!gspn!uif!2:96!beejujpo!up!uif!
Fwfshsffo!Mpehf-!uifo!b!Epvcmfusff!Ipufm/!!
Uif!tjuf!xbt!jodpsqpsbufe!joup!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!boe!{pofe!
Mjpotifbe!Njyfe!Vtf.2!jo!3116/!Tfdujpo!6/2:!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!
beesfttjoh!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!xbt!uifo!bnfoefe!jo!3126/!!!
Uif!sfefwfmpqnfou!qspqptbm!jt!up!efnpmjti!uif!fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!boe!dpotusvdu!Uif!
Fwfshsffo/!!Xjui!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!qspwjejoh!uif!hvjejoh!qsjodjqmft-!
Uif!Fwfshsffo!Eftjho!Ufbn!ibt!eftjhofe!b!qspkfdu!uibu!sfÒfdut!uif!hpbmt!boe!pckfdujwft!pg!
uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm/!!Xjui!b!gpdvt!po!sfÒfdujoh!uif!obuvsbm!hsbef!dibohf!pg!uif!tjuf-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!
tufqt!epxo!gspn!uif!wfijdvmbs!fousbodf!pgg!uif!ofx!Gspoubhf!Spbe!spvoe.bcpvu-!epxo!up!uif!
npsf!qfeftusjbo!tdbmf!pg!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf/!!Ubljoh!dvft!gspn!uif!sfdfoumz!dpnqmfufe!Wbjm!
Qbhf!6!pg!84
Ifbmui-!boe!uif!ijtupsjdbm!qsfdfefout!pg!Epctpo!Jdf!Bsfob!boe!uif!Wbjm!Mjcsbsz-!uif!bsdijufduvsf!
sfÒfdut!b!cmfoe!pg!uif!npvoubjo!npefso!bftuifujd!pg!uiftf!tvsspvoejoh!vtft-!xijmf!
jodpsqpsbujoh!uif!usbejujpobm!gpsnt!pg!Fvspqfbo!eftjho/!!Nfshjoh!uif!obuvsbm!mboetdbqf!xjui!uif!
cvjmejoh!gpsn-!uif!nbkpsjuz!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jodpsqpsbuft!hsffo!sppgt!xijdi-!jo!beejujpo!up!uif
tvtubjobcmf!cfofÑut-!bmmpx!gps!pvuepps!bnfojujft!boe!bdujwjujft!bddfttjcmf!up!hvftut/!!
Njeemf!Dsffl!jt!bekbdfou!up!Uif!Fwfshsffo/!!Uif!eftjho!gpdvtft!
po!uif!qsftfswbujpo!pg!uif!sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps/
Pof!pg!uif!lfz!btqfdut!pg!uif!qmbo!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!up!qsftfswf!boe!sftupsf!uif!Njeemf!
Dsffl!Tusfbn!sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps/!!Uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!jefoujÑft!uijt!bt!b!
qsjnbsz!hpbm-!tubujoh;!
Bo!pqqpsuvojuz!fyjtut!up!dsfbuf!b!tjhojÑdbou!dpoofdujpo!cfuxffo!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!
boe!Njeemf!Dsffl/!Boz!vtf!pg!Njeemf!Dsffl!gps!bftuifujd!ps!sfdsfbujpobm!qvsqptft-!
ipxfwfs-!tipvme!cf!tvcpsejobuf!up!uif!qsftfswbujpo!pg!uif!obuvsbm!sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps!boe!
jut!joifsfou!obuvsbm!dibsbdufs/Ç!)Tfdujpo!6/25/:*
Qbhf!7!pg!84
Xjui!uif!hpbm!pg!qsftfswjoh!boe!jodsfbtjoh!mjwf!cfet!jo!Mjpotifbe-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!dpotjtut!pg!
246!exfmmjoh!vojut!xjuijo!b!wpmvoubsz!tipsu.ufsn!sfoubm!qsphsbn-!xjui!239!buubdife!
bddpnnpebujpo!vojut/!!Uijt!jt!b!tjhojÑdbou!jodsfbtf!pg!uif!dvssfou!239!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!
boe!2:!exfmmjoh!vojut!xjuijo!uif!dvssfou!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf/!!Uif!qspqfsuz!hpft!gspn!258!lfzt!up!
374!lfzt-!b!28:&!jodsfbtf/!!
Uif!Fwfshsffo!jodmveft!24!po.tjuf!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!vojut!frvbujoh!up!27-891!tr/!gu/-!
fydffejoh!uif!ipvtjoh!sfrvjsfnfou!pg!25-558!tr/!gu//!!Uiftf!po.tjuf!FIVt!jodmvef!b!njy!pg!2.-!
3.-!4.-!boe!5.cfesppn!vojut-!xjui!b!upubm!pg!39!cfesppnt!po.tjuf/!!Uiftf!po.tjuf!vojut!bsf!jo!uif!
ifbsu!pg!Wbjm-!xjui!bddftt!up!bmm!pg!uif!cfofÑut!pg!mjwjoh!xjuijo!uif!dpsf!pg!Wbjm/!!Bt!qspqptfe-!Uif!
Fwfshsffo!jt!qspwjejoh!24!vojut!pg!mpdbmt!ipvtjoh!xjui!b!upubm!pg!39!cfesppnt-!xjui!3-444!tr/!gu/!
qspwjefe!cfzpoe!uif!sfrvjsfnfout/
Uif!qmboojoh!boe!eftjho!
Wbjm!Ifbmui!jt!bekbdfou!up!uif!tjuf!boe!
qspdftt!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo
qspwjeft!bsdijufduvsbm!dpoufyu
tubsufe!ofbsmz!b!efdbef!bhp-!
bt!b!uisff.xbz!qbsuofstijq!
cfuxffo!Wbjm!Ifbmui-!uif!Upxo!
pg!Wbjm-!boe!uif!Tpmbsjt!Hspvq/!!
Uif!dppqfsbujpo!pg!fbdi!qbsuz!
dvmnjobufe!jo!wbsjpvt!
bhsffnfout-!fbtfnfout-!mboe!
fydibohf-!fud/!!Podf!Wbjm!
IfbmuiÉt!jnqspwfnfout!xfsf!
dpnqmfufe-!boe!uif!UpxoÉt!
spvoebcpvu!xbt!dpnqmfufe-!
uif!Tpmbsjt!Hspvq!xbt!bcmf!up!
dpoufnqmbuf!b!sfefwfmpqnfou!qspkfdu/!!Uipvhi!wbtumz!npsf!dpnqmjdbufe!uibo!eftdsjcfe!cfmpx-!
uif!gpmmpxjoh!qspwjeft!b!csjfg!pwfswjfx!pg!tpnf!pg!uiftf!jufnt!uibu!xfsf!joufhsbm!up!uijt!qspdftt;
Mboe!Fydibohf/!Jo!3128-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!boe!uif!bekpjojoh!qspqfsuz!pxofs-!Wbjm!Dmjojd-!Jod/-!
b!Dpmpsbep!opoqspÑu!dpsqpsbujpo!)ÆWbjm!IfbmuiÇ*-!dpnqmfufe!b!mboe!fydibohf!xifsfcz!Uif!
Fwfshsffo!dpowfzfe!up!Wbjm!Ifbmui!dfsubjo!qspqfsuz!po!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!lopxo!bt!
Mpu!3.X-!boe!Wbjm!Ifbmui!dpowfzfe!up!Uif!Fwfshsffo!dfsubjo!qspqfsuz!ofbs!Xftu!Nfbepx!
Esjwf!lopxo!bt!Mpu!G.2/!Jo!dpoofdujpo!xjui!uif!mboe!fydibohf-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!boe!Wbjm!
Qbhf!8!pg!84
Ifbmui!foufsfe!joup!b!tfsjft!pg!fbtfnfout!boe!puifs!bhsffnfout!uibu!fobcmfe!Wbjm!Ifbmui!up!
dpotusvdu!jt!sfdfoumz!dpnqmfufe!fyqbotjpo-!boe-!jo!uvso-!xjmm!bmmpx!Uif!Fwfshsffo!up!
dpnqmfuf!jut!sfefwfmpqnfou!bt!dpoufnqmbufe!jo!uijt!bqqmjdbujpo/!
Mboetdbqf!Mje!Fbtfnfou!Bhsffnfou/!!Qvstvbou!up!uibu!dfsubjo!Mboetdbqf!Mje!
Fbtfnfou!Bhsffnfou!ebufe!Efdfncfs!38-!3128-!cz!boe!cfuxffo!Uif!Fwfshsffo!boe!Wbjm!
Ifbmui-!sfdpsefe!po!Efdfncfs!3:-!3128!bu!Sfdfqujpo!Op/!3128356:9!)uif!ÆMje!
FbtfnfouÇ*-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!ibt!uif!sjhiu!up!dpotusvdu!bo!fmfwbufe!pvuepps!mboetdbqfe!boe!
ibsetdbqfe!qfeftusjbo!xbmlxbz!boe!ufssbdf!po!uif!xftufsonptu!56!gu/!pg!Wbjm!IfbmuiÉt!
fyjtujoh!qspqfsuz/!Bmtp!qvstvbou!up!uif!Mje!Fbtfnfou-!Wbjm!Ifbmui!bhsffe!up!opu!pqqptf!Uif!
FwfshsffoÉt!sfrvftu!gps!b!{fsp!tfucbdl!mjof!bmpoh!uif!fbtufsonptu!fehf!pg!Uif!FwfshsffoÉt!
qspqfsuz!boe!up!qfsnju!uif!fodspbdinfou!joup!Wbjm!IfbmuiÉt!21!gu/!tfucbdl!bsfb!po!uif!
xftufso!fehf!pg!jut!qspqfsuz!pg!boz!boe!bmm!jnqspwfnfout!uibu!bsf!qfsnjuufe!cz!uif!Upxo!up!
cf!dpotusvdufe!jo!uif!tfucbdl!bsfb/!Bt!bo!bmufsobujwf!up!uif!{fsp!tfucbdl!mjof-!Wbjm!Ifbmui-!
qvstvbou!up!b!tfqbsbuf!bhsffnfou!xjui!Uif!Fwfshsffo-!bhsffe!up-!bu!Uif!FwfshsffoÉt!
pqujpo-!dpowfz!uif!xftufsonptu!21!gu/!pg!uif!mboetdbqf!mje!tvsgbdf!pg!Wbjm!IfbmuiÉt!qspqfsuz!
)dpnqsjtjoh!b!qpsujpo!pg!uif!bgpsftbje!56!gu/!fbtfnfou!bsfb*!up!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jo!uif!gpsn!pg!
b!uisff.ejnfotjpobm!Æftubuf!bcpwf!tvsgbdfÇ/!
Voefshspvoe!Qbsljoh!Gbdjmjuz!Fbtfnfou!Bhsffnfou/!Qvstvbou!up!uibu!dfsubjo!
Voefshspvoe!Qbsljoh!Gbdjmjuz!Fbtfnfou!Bhsffnfou!ebufe!Efdfncfs!38-!3128-!cz!boe!
cfuxffo!Uif!Fwfshsffo!boe!Wbjm!Ifbmui-!sfdpsefe!po!Efdfncfs!3:-!3128!bu!Sfdfqujpo!Op/!
3128356:8-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!ibt!uif!sjhiu!up!dpotusvdu!dfsubjo!qbsljoh!gbdjmjuz!boe!puifs!
jnqspwfnfout!po!bo!fbtfnfou!bsfb!fyufoejoh!37gu/!joup!Wbjm!IfbmuiÉt!qspqfsuz/!!
Tipsjoh!Fbtfnfou!boe!Dpotusvdujpo!Dppqfsbujpo!Bhsffnfou/!Qvstvbou!up!uibu!
dfsubjo!Tipsjoh!Fbtfnfou!boe!Dpotusvdujpo!Dppqfsbujpo!Bhsffnfou!ebufe!Efdfncfs!38-!
3128-!cz!boe!cfuxffo!Uif!Fwfshsffo!boe!Wbjm!Ifbmui-!sfdpsefe!po!Efdfncfs!3:-!3128!bu!
Sfdfqujpo!Op/!3128356:-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!boe!Wbjm!Ifbmui!hsboufe!up!fbdi!puifs!nvuvbm!
tipsjoh!boe!dsbof!fbtfnfout!up!qfsnju!uifjs!sftqfdujwf!efwfmpqnfout/!
Qfeftusjbo!Bddftt!Fbtfnfou!Bhsffnfou/!Qvstvbou!up!uibu!dfsubjo!Qfeftusjbo!Bddftt!
Fbtfnfou!Bhsffnfou!ebufe!Bqsjm!8-!3132-!cz!boe!cfuxffo!uif!Upxo!boe!Uif!Fwfshsffo-!
uif!Upxo!hsboufe!bo!fbtfnfou!up!Uif!Fwfshsffo!bdsptt!b!qpsujpo!pg!uif!Upxo.pxofe!Mpu!
21!gps!uif!dpotusvdujpo!boe!pqfsbujpo!pg!bo!pvuepps!ibsetdbqfe!boe!mboetdbqfe!qfeftusjbo!
xbmlxbz!dpoofdujoh!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!up!Uif!FwfshsffoÉt!qspqfsuz!
Qbhf!9!pg!84
Wjfx!gspn!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo!)qspqptfe*
Wbjm!Ifbmui
Uif!Eftjho!Ufbn!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo!ibt!sfmjfe!po!uijt!dppqfsbujwf!qsjps!qmboojoh!xpsl!boe
bhsffnfout-!boe!bmm!qmbot!sfÒfdu!uif!tujqvmbujpot!boe!sfrvjsfnfout/!!Bt!b!sftvmu!pg!uijt!xpsl-!uif!
gpmmpxjoh!bqqmjdbujpot!bsf!jodmvefe!xjui!uijt!tvcnjuubm!gps!uif!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo;
Nbkps!Fyufsjps!Bmufsbujpo;!!Uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!b!ofx!cvjmejoh!jt!dpotjefsfe!b!Nbkps!Fyufsjps!
Bmufsbujpo!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Njyfe.Vtf!2!{pof!ejtusjdu/!!
Dpoejujpobm!Vtf!Qfsnju;!!Nvmujqmf.gbnjmz!sftjefoujbm!exfmmjoh!vojut!boe!buubdife!
bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!bsf!dpoejujpobm!vtft!bu!cbtfnfou!ps!hbsefo!mfwfm-!boe!Ñstu!Òpps!ps!
tusffu!mfwfm!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Njyfe.Vtf!2!{pof!ejtusjdu/!!
Wbsjbodft;!!Evf!up!cfmpx.hsbef!qbsljoh!jnqspwfnfout-!b!wbsjbodf!jt!sfrvjsfe!gps!tjuf!
dpwfsbhf/!!Beejujpobmmz-!b!wbsjbodf!jt!sfrvjsfe!gps!tfucbdlt!bmpoh!uif!tibsfe!qspqfsuz!mjof!
xjui!Wbjm!Ifbmui/!!Uijt!xbt!beesfttfe!bt!qbsu!pg!uif!mboe!fydibohf!boe!jt!pvumjofe!jo!
bhsffnfout!qspwjefe!xjui!uijt!tvcnjuubm/!!Cpui!pg!uiftf!wbsjbodft!xfsf!dpoufnqmbufe!cz!
uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo/
Eftjho!Hvjefmjof!Efwjbujpo;!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!eftjhofe!xjui!hsffo!Òbu!sppgt!bt!bo!
jnqpsubou!btqfdu!pg!uif!tvtubjobcjmjuz!hpbmt!pg!uif!qspkfdu-!boe!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!dibsbdufs!
pg!uif!ofjhicpsippe!boe!sfmbujoh!up!uif!sppg!gpsnt!pg!Wbjm!Ifbmui/!!B!efwjbujpo!gspn!uif!
Qbhf!:!pg!84
Mjpotifbe!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft!up!qspwjef!gps!tpnf!Òfyjcjmjuz!jo!uif!sppg!eftjho!jt!sfrvftufe!
xjui!uijt!tvcnjuubm/!!Uijt!qspdftt!jt!eftdsjcfe!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!
jo!Tfdujpo!9/4/4/B/!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!dpnqmjft!xjui!bmm!puifs!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft!pg!uif!
Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo/!
!!!!
Qbhf!21!pg!84
JJJ/TVTUBJOBCMF!EFTJHO
Xjui!b!hpbm!pg!dsfbujoh!b!qspkfdu!uibu!dbo!cf!bo!fybnqmf!pg!tvtubjobcmf!dpotusvdujpo!jo!uif!
Upxo!pg!Wbjm-!uif!Tpmbsjt!Hspvq!jt!bdujwfmz!qvstvjoh!pqqpsuvojujft!gps!tvtubjobcmf!hsffo!cvjmejoh!
dfsujÑdbujpot!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo-!tvdi!bt!MFFE!dfsujÑdbujpo/!!Up!uibu!foe-!uif!Eftjho!Ufbn!xbt!
ubtlfe!xjui!b!tjnqmf!wjtjpo;
Up!eftjho!bo!fdpmphjdbmmz!tfotjujwf!fyqfsjfodf!dsfbufe!gps!uiptf!xip!fncsbdf!uif!
pvueppst!boe!eftjhofe!up!jnnfstf!uif!hvftut!jo!uif!obuvsbm!cfbvuz!pg!uif!wbmmfz!boe!
uif!nbkftujd!npvoubjot!pg!Wbjm/
Uif!Fwfshsffo!xjmm!sftqpoe!up!jut!tvsspvoejoh!dpoufyu!jo!jut!tdbmf!boe!nbttjoh-!uispvhi!
uipvhiugvm!dpotjefsbujpo!pg!uif!nbufsjbmt!boe!dpmps!qbmfuuf-!boe!cz!sftqpoejoh!up!uif!
bsdijufduvsbm!tuzmft!bt!pvumjofe!cz!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!boe!uif!dibsbdufs
Qbhf!22!pg!84
dsfbufe!cz!uif!tvsspvoejoh!vtft!pg!uif!Djwjd!Dfoufs-!jodmvejoh!Wbjm!Ifbmui-!Epctpo!Jdf!Bsfob-!
boe!uif!Wbjm!Qvcmjd!Mjcsbsz/!
Uif!Fwfshsffo!tusjwft!up!cf!b!hppe!tufxbse!gps!uif!dpnnvojuz/!Tfswjoh!bt!b!hbufxbz!cfuxffo!
Mjpotifbe!boe!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm-!uif!qspkfdu!bjnt!up!nbyjnj{f!pqfo!tqbdf!boe!gbdjmjubuf!qvcmjd!
dpoofdujpo!cfuxffo!obuvsf!boe!uif!cvjmu!fowjsponfou/
Uif!cvjmejoh!jutfmg!ejsfdumz!sftqpoet!up!uif!ofjhicpsjoh!qspqfsujft!cz!nbjoubjojoh!jut!hsfbuftu!
ifjhiu!boe!nbttjoh!xifo!bekbdfou!up!boe!jo!qspqpsujpo!xjui!Wbjm!Ifbmui/!Uif!cvjmejoh!uifo!
tufqt!epxo!jo!nbttjoh!bt!uif!tjuf!espqt!jo!upqphsbqiz!boe!bt!uif!cvjmejoh!bqqspbdift!Njeemf!
Dsffl!boe!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf/!!Uifsf!bsf!tjy!tupsjft!fyqsfttfe!po!uif!opsuifso!gbbef!xijdi!
bggspout!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!boe!J.81-!xijmf!pomz!gpvs!tupsjft!fyqsfttfe!po!uif!tpvui!gbbef!
bmpoh!Nfbepx!Esjwf/!Bt!b!sftvmu-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!bqqspqsjbufmz!tdbmfe!gps!uif!qfeftusjbo-!
fnqibtj{joh!xbmlbcmf!boe!ivnbo.tdbmfe!fyqfsjfodft!boe!qspnpujoh!uif!dpoofdujpo!cfuxffo
Wbjm!boe!Mjpotifbe!Wjmmbhft/
Mboetdbqf!dpodfqu!jnbhft-!sfÒfdujoh!uif!eftjho!hpbmt!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo
Up!qspufdu!jut!obuvsbm!tvsspvoejoht-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!qsjpsjuj{ft!uif!ifbmui!pg!Hpsf!Dsffl!boe!
Njeemf!Dsffl/!Jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!Hpsf!Dsffl!Tusbufhjd!Bdujpo!Qmbo-!uif!qspkfdu!bjnt!up!
ubshfu!uif!uisff!lopxo!dbvtft!pg!xbufs!rvbmjuz!efhsbebujpo;!
qpmmvubout!gspn!mboe!vtf!bdujwjujft
esbjobhf!gspn!jnqfswjpvt!tvsgbdft
mptt!pg!sjqbsjbo!boe!tusfbntjef!wfhfubujpo/!
Cz!sfevdjoh!fyjtujoh!ibsetdbqf!boe!nbyjnj{joh!pqfo!mboetdbqfe!bsfbt!boe!hsffo!sppgt-!uif!
tjuf!jnqspwfnfout!bttpdjbufe!xjui!Uif!Fwfshsffo!xpsl!up!obuvsbmmz!Ñmufs!boe!tmpx!uif!Òpx!pg!
Qbhf!23!pg!84
tupsnxbufs!gspn!uif!tjuf/!!Uif!sftupsbujpo!pg!uif!obujwf!wfhfubujpo!bmpoh!Njeemf!Dsffl!bmtp!
tvqqpsut!uif!ifbmui!pg!uif!sjqbsjbo!{pof!bekbdfou!up!uif!tjuf/!
Uif!tjufxpsl!dibsbdufs!boe!gvodujpo!esbxt!jotqjsbujpo!gspn!uif!ofbscz!Hpsf!Dsffl!boe!gspn!
uif!mboetdbqf!uzqft!xjuijo!uif!wbmmfz/!Uif!tjuf!xjmm!cf!qmboufe!xjui!b!ejwfstf!sbohf!pg!obujwf!boe!
dmjnbuf!bebqufe!usfft-!tisvct!boe!qfsfoojbmt!jo!bnfoefe!tpjmt!uibu!xjmm!ftubcmjti!effq!sppu!
tztufnt!fodpvsbhjoh!xbufs!joÑmusbujpo/!Uijt!tusbufhz!bmtp!qspwjeft!bo!fyqboefe!ibcjubu!gps
cjset!boe!qpmmjobupst/
Cjpdmjnbujd!bsdijufduvsf!jt!b!nfuipe!pg!eftjhojoh!cvjmejoht!cbtfe!po!uif!mpdbm!dmjnbuf-!xjui!uif!
bjn!pg!fotvsjoh!uifsnbm!dpngpsu!vtjoh!fowjsponfoubm!sftpvsdft/!Uifz!nvtu!bmtp!cmfoe!joup!uifjs!
obuvsbm!tvsspvoejoht/!Bt!b!mpdbm!qsfdfefou-!xifo!uif!Wbjm!Qvcmjd!Mjcsbsz!xbt!cvjmu!jo!2:94-!ju!ibe!
uif!mbshftu!hsffo!sppg!xftu!pg!uif!Njttjttjqqj!Sjwfs!boe!fnqmpzfe!nboz!pg!uif!cftu.qsbdujdf!
hsffo!eftjho!qsjodjqmft!pg!uif!ujnf-!tvdi!bt!ebzmjhiujoh-!bo!fbsui.tifmufsfe!sppg!xjui!b!uifsnbmmz!
fgÑdjfou!tusvduvsf-!boe!gboubtujd!joufhsbujpo!xjui!boe!wjtvbm!dpoofdujpo!up!uif!tvsspvoejoh!tjuf/
Qbhf!24!pg!84
Tjnjmbsmz!uif!qspqptfe!cvjmejoh!eftjho!fnqmpzt!uijt!Æfdpmphjdbm!dbnpvÒbhf/Ç!Uif!qmboufe!sppg!
tdbqf!sfevdft!tpmbs!hbjo!xijmf!bmtp!bmmpxjoh!uif!cvjmejoh!up!cmfoe!npsf!tfbnmfttmz!xjui!jut!
obuvsbm!tvsspvoejoht/!Uiftf!sppgtdbqft!bsf!bmtp!pddvqjbcmf!cz!cpui!hvftut!boe!mpdbm!Òpsb!boe!
gbvob/!
Qbttjwf!eftjho!gfbuvsft!jodmvef!vujmj{bujpo!pg!qmboufe!sppgtdbqft!up!sfevdf!pwfsbmm!ifbu!hbjo/!Bt!
b!qbsu!pg!uif!gbbef!eftjho-!b!tfsjft!pg!ipsj{poubm!boe!wfsujdbm!bsdijufduvsbm!qspkfdujpot!nbz!cf!
uvofe!bdsptt!fbdi!fmfwbujpo!up!qspwjef!tpmbs!tibejoh!xifsf!bqqspqsjbuf/!
Uif!qspkfdu!qmbot!up!nbyjnj{f!b!qipupwpmubjd!bssbz!po!uif!vqqfs!nptu!sppg!up!qspwjef!
sfofxbcmf!fofshz!po!tjuf/!Uif!bsfb!bwbjmbcmf!gps!uijt!tpmbs!bssbz!jt!bqqspyjnbufmz!:-111!tr/!gu/!
boe!ibt!fydfmmfou!fyqptvsf/!!Xijmf!b!dfsujÑdbujpo!cfodinbsl!ibt!opu!zfu!cffo!jefoujÑfe-!bmm!uif!
qspqptfe!nfdibojdbm!tztufnt!dvssfoumz!voefs!fwbmvbujpo!xjmm!tvqqpsu!MFFE!hpbmt/!!
Uif!eftjho!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo!joufsjpst!qsjpsjuj{ft!ifbmuiz!mjwjoh/!B!qbmfuuf!pg!obuvsbm!boe!
tvtubjobcmf!nbufsjbmt!xjmm!efÑof!uif!joufsjps!tqbdft!hvjejoh!uif!cjpqijmjd!bftuifujd-!xjui!uif!hpbm!
pg!dpoofdujoh!hvftut!up!obuvsf!xjuijo!uif!cvjmu!fowjsponfou/!Bnfojuz!tqbdft!jodmvef!b!sppgupq!
qppm!boe!mpvohf-!boe!b!qmfuipsb!pg!pvuepps!hbuifsjoh!bsfbt!up!qspnpuf!rvbmjuz!pg!mjgf!boe!
dpoofdujpo!up!uif!tvsspvoejoh!mboetdbqf/!
Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!bmtp!eftjhofe!xjui!fdpmphjdbmmz!dpotdjpvt!dpotusvdujpo!jo!njoe/!Uif!hfofsbm!
dpousbdups!xjmm!dpotjefs!efnpmjujpo!boe!dpotusvdujpo!xbtuf!nbobhfnfou!cz!sfevdjoh!uif!pwfsbmm!
bnpvou!pg!xbtuf!nbufsjbm!po!tjuf-!gpdvtjoh!po!sf.vtf-!boe!xpsljoh!up!ejwfsu!nbufsjbm!tusfbnt!up!
sfdzdmjoh!gbdjmjujft!xifsf!qpttjcmf/!!
Qbhf!25!pg!84
JW/!FYJTUJOH!'!QSPQPTFE!EFWFMPQNFOU
VtfFyjtujohQspqptfe
Bddpnnpebujpo!Vojut 239!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut239!buubdife!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!
jo!tipsu!ufsn!sfoubm!qsphsbn
Exfmmjoh!Vojut
2:!exfmmjoh!vojut!jo!tipsu!ufsn!sfoubm!246!exfmmjoh!vojut!jo!tipsu!ufsn!
qsphsbnsfoubm!qsphsbn
Fbujoh!boe!Esjoljoh!
2-923!tr/!gu/!,!4-354!tr/!gu/Opof!qspqptfe
Ftubcmjtinfout
Dpogfsfodf!Tqbdf!)voefs!
4-711!tr/!gu/Opof!qspqptfe
vujmj{fe*
Ipufm!Sfubjm!jo!Mpccz
836!tr/!gu/Opof!qspqptfe
Qbsljoh!Tqbdft
248!tqbdft!)fodmptfe!boe!tvsgbdf*314!)fodmptfe*
Fnqmpzff!Ipvtjoh!Vojut
1!FIV24!po.tjuf!FIVt!)27-891!tr/!gu/*
Fyjtujoh!efwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf
Qbhf!26!pg!84
W/!\[POJOH!'!QBSLJOH!BOBMZTJT!
Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!{pofe!Mjpotifbe!Njyfe!Vtf.2!)MNV.2*/!!Sfdphoj{joh!uif!dibmmfohft!jo!
Mjpotifbe-!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!dsfbufe!uif!MNV.2!ejtusjdu!jo!2:::!tqfdjÑdbmmz!up!fodpvsbhf!
qspqfsujft!xjuijo!Mjpotifbe!up!sfefwfmpq/!!Uif!gpmmpxjoh!ubcmf!qspwjeft!b!{pojoh!bobmztjt!pg!uif!
qspqptfe!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf/!!Bt!joejdbufe!cz!uif!ubcmf!jo!sfe-!wbsjbodft!bsf!
ofdfttbsz!gps!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!boe!tfucbdlt!gps!jnqspwfnfout!xjui!uif!qspqptfe!qspkfdu-!tjnjmbs!
up!sfdfou!wbsjbodft!hsboufe!gps!puifs!qspkfdut!xjuijo!Mjpotifbe/!!!
\[POJOH!BOBMZTJT
MNV.2!TuboebseBmmpxfeQspqptfe
Mpu!Bsfb!boe!Tjuf!Ejnfotjpo 21-111!tr/!gu/!pg!cvjmebcmf!bsfb3/56!bdsft!0!217-947!tr/!gu/
Tfucbdlt
21!gu/!vomftt!puifsxjtf!opufe!jo!MSNQ41!gu/!bmpoh!Gspoubhf!Se/!
21!gu/!bcpwf!hsbef!!
1!gu/!bekbdfou!up!Wbjm!Ifbmui
Tusfbn!Tfucbdl
41!gu/!gspn!dfoufsmjof?41!gu/!gspn!dfoufsmjof
Ifjhiu
82!gu/!bwfsbhf-!93/6!gu/!nbyjnvn!93/6!gu/!nbyjnvn!
)beejujpobm!ifjhiu!mjnjut!evf!up!ifmjqbe*78/9!gu/!bwfsbhf
Efotjuz
Op!mjnju246!EV!xjui!239!BBV!
24!FIVt!)5!pggtjuf!FIVt*
HSGB
361!tr/!gu/!qfs!211!tr/!gu/!pg!cvjmebcmf!344-995!tr/!gu/
tjuf!bsfb!>!378-:1:!tr/!gu/
Tjuf!Dpwfsbhf
81&!pg!upubm!tjuf!bsfb!vomftt!puifsxjtf!Pwfsbmm;!!96-817!tr/!gu/!)91/3&*!
opufe!jo!MSNQ!>!85-896/3!tr/!gu/Bcpwf!Hsbef!>!78-:57!tr/!gu/!
)74/6&*
Mboetdbqjoh!boe!Tjuf!
31&!pg!upubm!tjuf!bsfb!vomftt!puifsxjtf!Tpgutdbqf;!!35-518!tr/!gu/!
Efwfmpqnfou
opufe!jo!MSNQ!>!32-478/3!tr/!gu/Ibsetdbqf;!!24-262!tr/!gu/!
Upubm;!!48-669!tr/!gu/
Cbtfe!po!Dibqufs!23.21;!Pgg.Tusffu!Qbsljoh!boe!Mpbejoh-!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qspqfsuz!jt!
xjuijo!uif!Dpnnfsdjbm!Dpsf!Bsfb!gps!qbsljoh!sfrvjsfnfout/!
QBSLJOH!BOBMZTJT
VtfVtfQbsljoh!SfrvjsfnfouOvncfs!pg!VojutTqbdft!Sfrvjsfe
Exfmmjoh!Voju 2/5!tqbdft!qfs!voju24629:
Fnqmpzff!Ipvtjoh!Voju
2/5!tqbdft!qfs!voju2429/3
Qbhf!27!pg!84
VtfQbsljoh!SfrvjsfnfouOvncfs!pg!VojutTqbdft!Sfrvjsfe
Upubm!Sfrvjsfe;
318/3
Njyfe!Vtf!Sfevdujpo!pg!6&
2:7/9
Upubm!Qspwjefe
314
Up!nbyjnj{f!uif!qbsljoh-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!xjmm!cf!vujmj{joh!b!wbmfu!qbsljoh!qsphsbn-!xjui!91!wbmfu!
qbsljoh!tqbdft/!!Uiftf!bsf!dpnnpo!xjuijo!mpehf!qspqfsujft!uispvhipvu!Wbjm!boe!Mjpotifbe/!!
Uifz!bsf!qfsnjuufe!cz!Tfdujpo!25.6.3;!PUIFS!SFRVJSFNFOUT-!xijdi!tubuft;
L/Wbmfu!Qbsljoh;!Wbmfu!qbsljoh!tibmm!cf!bmmpxfe-!cvu!tibmm!opu!fydffe!Ñguz!qfsdfou!
)61&*!pg!uif!sfrvjsfe!qbsljoh!po!tjuf/!Wbmfu!qbsljoh!tibmm!cf!dbmdvmbufe!vujmj{joh!bo!fjhiu!
gppu!cz!fjhiuffo!gppu!)9(!y!29(*!qbsljoh!tqbdf!gps!fbdi!dbs!)qbsbmmfm!tqbdft!nvtu!cf!:!
gffu!y!31!gffu*/!Dbst!nbz!cf!qbslfe!vq!up!gpvs!)5*!dbst!effq!jo!b!wbmfu!mpu!tubdlfe!jo!b!
nboofs!jo!xijdi!boz!wfijdmft!uibu!nbz!ibwf!up!cf!ufnqpsbsjmz!npwfe!cz!b!wbmfu!up!hbjo!
bddftt!up!bopuifs!wfijdmf!dbo!cf!ufnqpsbsjmz!qbslfe!jo!b!mpdbujpo!uibu!epft!opu!cmpdl!
qvcmjd!esjwf0qfeftusjbo!bjtmft!ps!b!eftjhobufe!qbsljoh!tqbdf/
Uif!qbsljoh!mbzpvu!jt!qspwjefe!cfmpx!xjui!ÆWÇ!joejdbujoh!uif!wbmfu!tqbdft/!!Bt!tipxo!po!uif!
qmbo-!uif!mbzpvu!dpnqmjft!xjui!uif!sfrvjsfnfout!pvumjofe!jo!uif!tfdujpo!bcpwf/!!
Qbsljoh!Upubmt!Mfwfmt!
C3,C2
Sfhvmbs;!!58,!48!>!95
Dpnqbdu;!!38,!6!>!43
Wbmfu;!!91
BEB;!6!,!3>!8
UPUBM;!314!tqbdft
Wbmfu!Qbsljoh!po!C3!
Qbhf!28!pg!84
WJ/FNQMPZFF!IPVTJOH!QMBO
Tfdujpo!23.34.9;!Benjojtusbujpo-!pg!uif!Wbjm!Upxo!Dpef!sfrvjsft!uif!tvcnjuubm!pg!bo!Fnqmpzff!
Ipvtjoh!Qmbo!gps!bmm!qspkfdut!tvckfdu!up!efwfmpqnfou!sfwjfx-!xijdi!jt!qspwjefe!cfmpx;
B/Dbmdvmbujpo!Nfuipe;!Uif!dbmdvmbujpo!pg!fnqmpzff!hfofsbujpo-!jodmvejoh!dsfejut!jg!
bqqmjdbcmf-!boe!uif!njujhbujpo!nfuipe!cz!xijdi!uif!bqqmjdbou!qspqptft!up!nffu!uif!
sfrvjsfnfout!pg!uijt!dibqufs<!
Bqqmjdbou!Bobmztjt;!!Uifsf!bsf!uxp!dbmdvmbujpo!nfuipet!up!hfofsbuf!uif!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!
sfrvjsfnfout/!!Uif!Ñstu-!Dpnnfsdjbm!Mjolbhf-!jt!cbtfe!po!uif!dpnnfsdjbm!vtft!qspqptfe!gps!
uif!qspqfsuz/!!Uif!Wbjm!Upxo!Dpef!sfrvjsft!njujhbujpo!gps!uif!ofu!jodsfbtf!jo!fnqmpzff!
hfofsbujpo/!!Uif!qsfwjpvt!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!dpotjtufe!pg!239!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut-!uxp!fbujoh!
boe!esjoljoh!ftubcmjtinfout-!b!tnbmm!sfubjm!tqbdf-!boe!b!4-711!tr/!gu/!dpogfsfodf!vtf/!!Uif!
gpmmpxjoh!ubcmf!dbmdvmbuft!uif!Dpnnfsdjbm!Mjolbhf!sfrvjsfnfout!pg!uif!psjhjobm!Fwfshsffo!
Mpehf;
DPNNFSDJBM!MJOLBHF!DBMDVMBUJPO;!!FYJTUJOH!FWFSHSFFO!MPEHF
VtfDbmdvmbujpoOvncfs!ps!Upubm!Fnqmpzfft!
Tr/!GuHfofsbufe
1/7!fnqmpzfft!qfs!ofx!voju
Bddpnnpebujpo!23987/9
vojut
1/9!fnqmpzfft!qfs!2-111!tr/!gu/!ofu!Òpps!bsfb
Dpogfsfodf4-7113/99
21/3!fnqmpzfft!qfs!2-111!tr!gu/!ofu!Òpps!bsfb
Fbujoh!boe!Esjoljoh!6-17162/723
Ftubcmjtinfou
3/5!fnqmpzfft!qfs!2-111!tr/!gu/!ofu!Òpps!bsfb
Sfubjm8362/85
Fnqmpzfft!Hfofsbufe244/143
Njujhbujpo!Sbuf31&
Upubm!Dpnnfsdjbm!Mjolbhf!Sfrvjsfnfou37/7
Uif!tfdpoe!nfuipe!up!dbmdvmbuf!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!sfrvjsfnfout!jt!Jodmvtjpobsz!\[pojoh-!xijdi!
jt!cbtfe!po!HSGB/!!Uif!Wbjm!Upxo!Dpef!sfrvjsft!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!jo!uif!bnpvou!pg!21&!pg!
uif!ofu!jodsfbtf!jo!HSGB/!!Uif!fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!jodmveft!2:!exfmmjoh!vojut/!!Uiftf!
Qbhf!29!pg!84
vojut!sbohf!jo!tj{f!gspn!881!tr/!gu/!up!2-551!tr/!gu/-!upubmjoh!33-:22!tr/!gu/!!Uif!gpmmpxjoh!ubcmf!
dbmdvmbuft!uif!Jodmvtjpobsz!\[pojoh!sfrvjsfnfout!pg!uif!psjhjobm!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf;
JODMVTJPOBSZ!\[POJOH!DBMDVMBUJPO;!!FYJTUJOH!FWFSHSFFO!MPEHF
VtfHSGBDbmdvmbujpoJodmvtjpobsz
Exfmmjoh!Vojut!)2:*33-:2221&!pg!HSGB3-3:2/2
Bt!joejdbufe!jo!uif!bcpwf!ubcmft!gps!uif!fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf-!uif!qspkfdu!dbssjft!bo!fyjtujoh!
dsfeju!pg!37/7!vojut!gspn!uif!Dpnnfsdjbm!Mjolbhf!dbmdvmbujpo-!boe!pg!3-3:2/2!tr/!gu/!gspn!uif!
Jodmvtjpobsz!\[pojoh!dbmdvmbujpo/!Uif!gpmmpxjoh!jt!uif!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!sfrvjsfnfou!gps!Uif!
Fwfshsffo;
JODMVTJPOBSZ!\[POJOH!DBMDVMBUJPO;!!QSPQPTFE!FWFSHSFFO!MPEHF
VtfHSGBDbmdvmbujpoJodmvtjpobsz
EV!boe!BBV344-99521&!pg!HSGB34-499/5
J\[!dsfeju!gspn!Fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo.3-3:2/2
DM!dsfeju!gspn!Fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!)37/7+361*.7-761
Upubm!Sfrvjsfnfou25-558/4
FNQMPZFF!IPVTJOH!NFUIPE!PG!NJUJHBUJPO
FIV!QSPWJTJPOUPUBM!TR/!GU/!
UPUBM!SFRVJSFNFOU 25-558/4
UPUBM!QSPWJEFE
27-891
FYDFTT!PG!SFRVJSFNFOU
3-443/8
Bt!joejdbufe!jo!uif!dbmdvmbujpo-!uifsf!jt!b!dsfeju!pg!9-:52!tr/!gu/!mfbwjoh!b!sfrvjsfnfou!pg!25-558!
tr/!gu/!!Bt!qspqptfe-!uif!eftjho!pg!uif!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!vojut!upubm!24!vojut!xjui!b!upubm!pg!
27-891!tr/!gu/!pg!HSGB/!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!qspwjeft!bo!fydftt!pg!3-443/8!tr/!gu/!pg!fnqmpzff!
ipvtjoh!xijdi!nbz!cf!jodmvefe!jo!bo!Fnqmpzff!Ipvtjoh!Njujhbujpo!Cbol/!
C/Qmbot;!B!ejnfotjpofe!tjuf!qmbo!boe!bsdijufduvsbm!Òpps!qmbo!uibu!efnpotusbuft!
dpnqmjbodf!xjui!tfdujpo!23.34.4-!#Tj{f!Boe!Cvjmejoh!Sfrvjsfnfout#-!pg!uijt!
dibqufs<!
Qbhf!2:!pg!84
Bqqmjdbou!Bobmztjt;!!B!ejnfotjpofe!tjuf!qmbo!boe!bsdijufduvsbm!Òpps!qmbo!ibt!cffo!qspwjefe!xjui!
uijt!tvcnjuubm/!!Uif!FIVt!bsf!po!mfwfmt!C2-!2-!3-!4-!boe!5-!boe!bsf!b!njy!pg!tj{ft!boe!voju!uzqft/!!!
D/Mpu!Tj{f;!Uif!bwfsbhf!mpu!tj{f!pg!uif!qspqptfe!FIVt!boe!uif!bwfsbhf!mpu!tj{f!pg!
puifs!exfmmjoh!vojut!jo!uif!dpnnfsdjbm!efwfmpqnfou!ps!sfefwfmpqnfou-!jg!boz<!
Bqqmjdbou!Bobmztjt;!!!Uijt!jt!opu!bqqmjdbcmf!up!uijt!bqqmjdbujpo/!!!
E/Tdifevmft;!!B!ujnf!mjof!gps!uif!qspwjtjpo!pg!boz!p!tjuf!FIVt<!
Bqqmjdbou!Bobmztjt;!!!Uijt!jt!opu!bqqmjdbcmf!up!uijt!bqqmjdbujpo/!
F/P!Tjuf!Vojut;!B!qspqptbm!gps!uif!qspwjtjpo!pg!boz!p!tjuf!FIVt!tibmm!jodmvef!b!csjfg!
tubufnfou!fyqmbjojoh!uif!cbtjt!pg!uif!qspqptbm<!
Bqqmjdbou!Bobmztjt;!!!Uijt!jt!opu!bqqmjdbcmf!up!uijt!bqqmjdbujpo/!!!!
G/P!Tjuf!Dpowfzbodf!Sfrvftu;!B!sfrvftu!gps!bo!p!tjuf!dpowfzbodf!tibmm!jodmvef!b!
csjfg!tubufnfou!fyqmbjojoh!uif!cbtjt!gps!uif!sfrvftu<!
Bqqmjdbou!Bobmztjt;!!Uijt!jt!opu!bqqmjdbcmf!up!uijt!bqqmjdbujpo/!
H/Gfft!Jo!Mjfv;!B!qspqptbm!up!qbz!gfft!jo!mjfv!tibmm!jodmvef!b!csjfg!tubufnfou!
fyqmbjojoh!uif!cbtjt!pg!uif!qspqptbm<!boe!
Bqqmjdbou!Bobmztjt;!!Uijt!jt!opu!bqqmjdbcmf!up!uijt!bqqmjdbujpo/!
I/Xsjuufo!Obssbujwf;!B!xsjuufo!obssbujwf!fyqmbjojoh!ipx!uif!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!qmbo!
nffut!uif!qvsqptft!pg!uijt!dibqufs!boe!dpnqmjft!xjui!uif!upxo(t!dpnqsfifotjwf!
qmbo/!
Bqqmjdbou!Bobmztjt;!!Tfdujpo!23.34.2;!Qvsqptf!boe!Bqqmjdbcjmjuz-!pg!uif!Wbjm!Upxo!Dpef!qspwjeft!
uif!qvsqptf!pg!uif!Dpnnfsdjbm!Mjolbhf!Sfrvjsfnfout;!
Uif!qvsqptf!pg!uijt!dibqufs!jt!up!fotvsf!uibu!ofx!dpnnfsdjbm!efwfmpqnfou!boe!
sfefwfmpqnfou!jo!uif!upxo!qspwjef!gps!b!sfbtpobcmf!bnpvou!pg!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!up!
njujhbuf!uif!jnqbdu!po!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!dbvtfe!cz!tvdi!dpnnfsdjbm!efwfmpqnfou!boe!
sfefwfmpqnfou/!
Uif!njujhbujpo!sbuft!xfsf!ftubcmjtife!cz!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!Fnqmpzff!Ipvtjoh!Ofyvt!tuvez/!!
Uiftf!sbuft!bsf!cbtfe!po!b!tvswfz!pg!wbsjpvt!qspqfsujft!jo!npvoubjo!dpnnvojujft/!!
Uif!Upxo!Wbjm!Mboe!Vtf!Qmbo!pggfst!uif!gpmmpxjoh!hpbmt!xjui!sfhbse!up!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh;!
Qbhf!31!pg!84
6/4Bggpsebcmf!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!tipvme!cf!nbef!bwbjmbcmf!uispvhi!qsjwbuf!fggpsut-!
bttjtufe!cz!mjnjufe!jodfoujwft-!qspwjefe!cz!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm-!xjui!bqqspqsjbuf!sftusjdujpot/!
6/6!Uif!fyjtujoh!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!cbtf!tipvme!cf!qsftfswfe!boe!vqhsbefe/!Beejujpobm!
fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!offet!tipvme!cf!bddpnnpebufe!bu!wbsjfe!tjuft!uispvhipvu!uif!
dpnnvojuz/!!
Jo!3119-!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!ftubcmjtife!uif!Fnqmpzff!Ipvtjoh!Tusbufhjd!Qmbo-!xijdi!cspvhiu!
uphfuifs!bmm!pg!uif!UpxoÉt!hpbmt!po!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!joup!b!tjohmf!qmbo/!!Ju!qspwjeft!uif!
gpmmpxjoh;!
Jo!3117-!uispvhi!uif!Wbjm!31031!Gpdvt!po!uif!Gvuvsf!qspdftt!uif!dpnnvojuz!ftubcmjtife!b!
ipvtjoh!hpbm/!!Ju!jt!bt!gpmmpxt;!
ÆUif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!sfdphoj{ft!uif!offe!gps!ipvtjoh!bt!jogsbtusvduvsf!uibu!qspnpuft!
dpnnvojuz-!sfevdft!usbotju!offet!boe!lffqt!npsf!fnqmpzfft!mjwjoh!jo!uif!upxo-!boe!xjmm!
qspwjef!fopvhi!effe.sftusjdufe!ipvtjoh!gps!bu!mfbtu!41!qfsdfou!pg!uif!xpslgpsdf!uispvhi!
qpmjdjft-!sfhvmbujpot!boe!qvcmjdmz!jojujbufe!efwfmpqnfou/Ç!
Cbtfe!vqpo!uif!dpnnvojuzÉt!xpsl-!uif!Wbjm!Upxo!Dpvodjm!ibt!dpoÑsnfe!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!
sfdphoj{ft!effe!sftusjdufe!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!bt!cbtjd!jogsbtusvduvsf/!Uijt!uzqf!pg!ipvtjoh!
bmmpxt!fnqmpzfft!up!mjwf!xjuijo!uif!upxo-!qspnpujoh!dpnnvojuz-!boe!jnqspwjoh!uif!rvbmjuz!pg!
pvs!mpdbm!xpslgpsdf-!uifsfcz!tvqqpsujoh!uif!mpdbm!fdpopnz-!boe!sfevdjoh!sfhjpobm!usbotju!offet/!!
Uif!Fnqmpzff!Ipvtjoh!Tusbufhjd!Qmbo!)FITQ*!tfflt!up!nffu!uif!fyqfdubujpot!ftubcmjtife!cz!
uif!dpnnvojuz!boe!dpoÑsnfe!cz!uif!Upxo!Dpvodjm!boe!qspwjef!fopvhi!effe.sftusjdufe!
ipvtjoh!gps!bu!mfbtu!41!qfsdfou!pg!uif!dpnnvojuzÉt!xpslgpsdf!up!mjwf!jo!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!uispvhi!
b!wbsjfuz!pg!qpmjdjft-!sfhvmbujpot!boe!qvcmjdmz!jojujbufe!efwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut/!!Bt!joejdbufe!jo!uijt!
tvcnjuubm-!uif!qspqptbm!dpnqmjft!xjui!boe!gvsuifst!uif!qvsqptft!boe!hpbmt!pg!uif!UpxoÉt!
fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!sfrvjsfnfout!boe!nbtufs!qmbot/!
Qbhf!32!pg!84
JY/DSJUFSJB!GPS!SFWJFX;!NBKPS!FYUFSJPS!
BMUFSBUJPO!
Tfdujpo!23.8I.9;!DPNQMJBODF!CVSEFO-!qspwjeft!uif!dsjufsjb!gps!sfwjfx!gps!b!nbkps!fyufsjps!
bmufsbujpo/!!Ju!tubuft;!
Ju!tibmm!cf!uif!cvsefo!pg!uif!bqqmjdbou!up!qspwf!cz!b!qsfqpoefsbodf!pg!uif!fwjefodf!
cfgpsf!uif!qmboojoh!boe!fowjsponfoubm!dpnnjttjpo!boe!uif!eftjho!sfwjfx!cpbse!uibu!
uif!qspqptfe!fyufsjps!bmufsbujpo!ps!ofx!efwfmpqnfou!jt!jo!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif!
qvsqptft!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!njyfe!vtf!2!ejtusjdu-!uibu!uif!qspqptbm!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui!
bqqmjdbcmf!fmfnfout!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!sfefwfmpqnfou!nbtufs!qmbo!boe!uibu!uif!
qspqptbm!epft!opu!puifsxjtf!ibwf!b!tjhojÑdbou!ofhbujwf!fggfdu!po!uif!dibsbdufs!pg!uif!
ofjhicpsippe-!boe!uibu!uif!qspqptbm!tvctuboujbmmz!dpnqmjft!xjui!puifs!bqqmjdbcmf!
fmfnfout!pg!uif!Wbjm!dpnqsfifotjwf!qmbo/!
Beejujpobmmz-!Tfdujpo!23.8I.29;!NJUJHBUJPO!PG!EFWFMPQNFOU!JNQBDUT!eftdsjcft!uif!
sfrvjsfnfou!uibu!qspkfdut!xjuijo!Mjpotifbe!njujhbuf!uif!ejsfdu!jnqbdut!pg!efwfmpqnfou-!tubujoh;!
Qspqfsuz!pxofst0efwfmpqfst!tibmm!bmtp!cf!sftqpotjcmf!gps!njujhbujoh!ejsfdu!jnqbdut!pg!
uifjs!efwfmpqnfou!po!qvcmjd!jogsbtusvduvsf!boe!jo!bmm!dbtft!njujhbujpo!tibmm!cfbs!b!
sfbtpobcmf!sfmbujpo!up!uif!efwfmpqnfou!jnqbdut/!Jnqbdut!nbz!cf!efufsnjofe!cbtfe!po!
sfqpsut!qsfqbsfe!cz!rvbmjÑfe!dpotvmubout/!Uif!fyufou!pg!njujhbujpo!boe!qvcmjd!bnfojuz!
jnqspwfnfout!tibmm!cf!cbmbodfe!xjui!uif!hpbmt!pg!sfefwfmpqnfou!boe!xjmm!cf!
efufsnjofe!cz!uif!qmboojoh!boe!fowjsponfoubm!dpnnjttjpo!jo!sfwjfx!pg!efwfmpqnfou!
qspkfdut!boe!dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnjut/!Njujhbujpo!pg!jnqbdut!nbz!jodmvef-!cvu!jt!opu!
mjnjufe!up-!uif!gpmmpxjoh;!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!qfs!uif!upxo(t!dvssfou!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!
qpmjdz-!spbexbz!jnqspwfnfout-!qfeftusjbo!xbmlxbz!jnqspwfnfout-!tusffutdbqf!
jnqspwfnfout-!tusfbn!usbdu0cbol!jnqspwfnfout-!qvcmjd!bsu!jnqspwfnfout-!boe!tjnjmbs!
jnqspwfnfout/!Uif!joufou!pg!uijt!tfdujpo!jt!up!pomz!sfrvjsf!njujhbujpo!gps!mbshf!tdbmf!
sfefwfmpqnfou0efwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut!xijdi!qspevdf!tvctuboujbm!pgg!tjuf!jnqbdut/!
Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qspwjeft!uif!bqqmjdbouÉt!bobmztjt!up!uif!bcpwf!dsjufsjb;!
2/Uif!qspqptfe!fyufsjps!bmufsbujpo!ps!ofx!efwfmpqnfou!jt!jo!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif!
qvsqptft!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!njyfe!vtf!2!ejtusjdu/!
Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!Uif!qvsqptft!pg!uif!MNV.2!{pof!ejtusjdu!bsf!qspwjefe!jo!Tfdujpo!23.8I.2!
pg!uif!Wbjm!Upxo!Dpef-!xijdi!tubuft;!
Qbhf!33!pg!84
Uif!Mjpotifbe!njyfe!vtf!2!ejtusjdu!jt!joufoefe!up!qspwjef!tjuft!gps!b!njyuvsf!pg!
nvmujqmf.gbnjmz!exfmmjoht-!mpehft-!ipufmt-!gsbdujpobm!gff!dmvct-!ujnftibsft-!mpehf!
exfmmjoh!vojut-!sftubvsbout-!pgÑdft-!tljfs!tfswjdft-!boe!dpnnfsdjbm!ftubcmjtinfout!jo!b!
dmvtufsfe-!vojÑfe!efwfmpqnfou/!Mjpotifbe!njyfe!vtf!2!ejtusjdu-!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!
Mjpotifbe!sfefwfmpqnfou!nbtufs!qmbo-!jt!joufoefe!up!fotvsf!befrvbuf!mjhiu-!bjs-!pqfo!
tqbdf!boe!puifs!bnfojujft!bqqspqsjbuf!up!uif!qfsnjuufe!uzqft!pg!cvjmejoht!boe!vtft!
boe!up!nbjoubjo!uif!eftjsbcmf!rvbmjujft!pg!uif!{pof!ejtusjdu!cz!ftubcmjtijoh!bqqspqsjbuf!
tjuf!efwfmpqnfou!tuboebset/!Uijt!{pof!ejtusjdu!jt!nfbou!up!fodpvsbhf!boe!qspwjef!
jodfoujwft!gps!sfefwfmpqnfou!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!Mjpotifbe!sfefwfmpqnfou!nbtufs!
qmbo/!
Uijt!{pof!ejtusjdu!xbt!tqfdjÑdbmmz!efwfmpqfe!up!qspwjef!jodfoujwft!gps!qspqfsujft!up!
sfefwfmpq/!Uif!vmujnbuf!hpbm!pg!uiftf!jodfoujwft!jt!up!dsfbuf!bo!fdpopnjdbmmz!wjcsbou!
mpehjoh-!ipvtjoh-!boe!dpnnfsdjbm!dpsf!bsfb/!Uif!jodfoujwft!jo!uijt!{pof!ejtusjdu!jodmvef!
jodsfbtft!jo!bmmpxbcmf!hsptt!sftjefoujbm!Òpps!bsfb-!cvjmejoh!ifjhiu-!boe!efotjuz!pwfs!uif!
qsfwjpvtmz!ftubcmjtife!{pojoh!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!sfefwfmpqnfou!nbtufs!qmbo!tuvez!bsfb/!
Uif!qsjnbsz!hpbm!pg!uif!jodfoujwft!jt!up!dsfbuf!fdpopnjd!dpoejujpot!gbwpsbcmf!up!
joevdjoh!qsjwbuf!sfefwfmpqnfou!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!Mjpotifbe!sfefwfmpqnfou!nbtufs!
qmbo/!Beejujpobmmz-!uif!jodfoujwft!bsf!dsfbufe!up!ifmq!Ñobodf!qvcmjd!pgg!tjuf!
jnqspwfnfout!bekbdfou!up!sfefwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut/!Xjui!boz!efwfmpqnfou0
sfefwfmpqnfou!qspqptbm!ubljoh!bewboubhf!pg!uif!jodfoujwft!dsfbufe!ifsfjo-!uif!
gpmmpxjoh!bnfojujft!xjmm!cf!fwbmvbufe;!tusffutdbqf!jnqspwfnfout-!qfeftusjbo0cjdzdmf!
bddftt-!qvcmjd!qmb{b!sfefwfmpqnfou-!qvcmjd!bsu-!spbexbz!jnqspwfnfout-!boe!tjnjmbs!
jnqspwfnfout/!!
Bt!tubufe!bcpwf-!uif!MNV.2!{pof!ejtusjdu!jt!joufoefe!up!qspwjef!jodfoujwft!gps!qspqfsujft!up!
sfefwfmpq-!sfdphoj{joh!uif!offe!up!dsfbuf!fdpopnjd!dpoejujpot!up!fodpvsbhf!qsjwbuf!qspqfsujft!
up!sfefwfmpq/!!Uif!MNV.2!{pof!ejtusjdu!bmmpxt!gps!b!wbsjfuz!pg!vtft!up!gvsuifs!uijt!qvsqptf-!
jodmvejoh!nvmujqmf.gbnjmz!exfmmjoht-!mpehft-!ipufmt-!gsbdujpobm!gff!dmvct-!ujnftibsft-!mpehf!
exfmmjoh!vojut-!sftubvsbout-!pgÑdft-!tljfs!tfswjdft-!boe!dpnnfsdjbm!ftubcmjtinfout/!!Uif!
Fwfshsffo!dpnqmjft!xjui!uif!qvsqptft!pg!uif!MNV.2!{pof!ejtusjdu/!!Cvjmu!jo!uif!2:81t!boe!xjui!
votjhiumz!boe!qpmmvubou.dbsszjoh!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh-!gbjmjoh!nfdibojdbm!tztufnt-!pvuebufe!
Qbhf!34!pg!84
Pvuebufe!mpccz!bsfb!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf
bsdijufduvsf-!boe!pme.gbtijpofe!joufsjpst-!uif!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!qspqfsuz!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui!
uif!qvsqptf!pg!MNV.2!up!fodpvsbhf!sfefwfmpqnfou/!!
3/Uif!qspqptbm!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui!bqqmjdbcmf!fmfnfout!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!
sfefwfmpqnfou!nbtufs!qmbo/!
Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;Uif!MSNQ!qspwjeft!cpui!hfofsbm!boe!tqfdjÑd!hpbmt!boe!
sfdpnnfoebujpot!uibu!bsf!bqqmjdbcmf!up!uif!sfwjfx!pg!uif!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo
qspqfsuz/!!
Uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!bepqufe!wbsjpvt!qpmjdz!pckfdujwft!up!qspwjef!uif!gsbnfxpsl!gps!uif!Mjpotifbe!
nbtufs!qmboojoh!qspdftt/!!Uiftf!jodmvefe!)qh/!3.3!up!3.4*;
3/4/2!Sfofxbm!boe!Sfefwfmpqnfou
Mjpotifbe!dbo!boe!tipvme!cf!sfofxfe!boe!sfefwfmpqfe!up!cfdpnf!b!xbsnfs-!npsf!
wjcsbou!fowjsponfou!gps!hvftut!boe!sftjefout/!!Mjpotifbe!offet!bo!bqqfbmjoh!boe!
dpifsfou!jefoujuz-!b!tfotf!pg!qmbdf-!b!qfstpobmjuz-!b!qvsqptf-!boe!bo!jnqspwfe!bftuifujd!
dibsbdufs/!
Sfdphoj{joh!uibu!Mjpotifbe!xbt!jo!offe!pg!sfefwfmpqnfou-!uif!Upxo!bepqufe!uif!Mjpotifbe!
Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!up!fodpvsbhf!qsjwbuf!qspqfsuz!pxofst!up!dsfbuf!b!ofx!Mjpotifbe/!!
Uif!Fwfshsffo!jnqmfnfout!uijt!pckfdujwf!xjui!bo!jnqspwfe!bsdijufduvsbm!dibsbdufs!sfÒfdujoh!uijt!
jefbm/!!
3/4/4!Tuspohfs!Fdpopnjd!Cbtf!Uispvhi!Jodsfbtfe!Mjwf!Cfet
Jo!psefs!up!foibodf!uif!wjubmjuz!boe!wjbcjmjuz!pg!Wbjm-!sfofxbm!boe!sfefwfmpqnfou!jo!
Mjpotifbe!nvtu!qspnpuf!jnqspwfe!pddvqbodz!sbuft!boe!uif!dsfbujpo!pg!beejujpobm!cfe!
Qbhf!35!pg!84
cbtf!)Æmjwf!cfetÇ!ps!Æxbsn!cfetÇ*!uispvhi!ofx!mpehjoh!qspevdut/!!Mjwf!cfet!boe!xbsn!
cfet!bsf!cftu!eftdsjcfe!bt!sftjefoujbm!ps!mpehjoh!sppnt!ps!vojut!uibu!bsf!eftjhofe!gps!
pddvqbodz!cz!wjtjupst-!hvftut-!joejwjevbmt-!ps!gbnjmjft!po!b!tipsu!ufsn!sfoubm!cbtjt/!!Jo!
psefs!up!jnqspwf!pddvqbodz!sbuft!boe!dsfbuf!beejujpobm!cfe!cbtf!jo!Mjpotifbe-!
bqqmjdbujpot!gps!ofx!efwfmpqnfou!boe!sfefwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut!xijdi!jodmvef!b!
sftjefoujbm!dpnqpofou!tibmm!qspwjef!mjwf!cfet!jo!uif!gpsn!pg!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut-!
gsbdujpobm!gff!dmvc!vojut-!mpehf!exfmmjoh!vojut-!ujnftibsf!vojut-!buubdife!
bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!)j/f-!mpdl.pgg!vojut*-!ps!exfmmjoh!vojut!xijdi!bsf!jodmvefe!jo!b!
wpmvoubsz!sfoubm!nbobhfnfou!qsphsbn!boe!bwbjmbcmf!gps!tipsu!ufsn!sfoubm/!!Gvsuifs-!ju!jt!
uif!fyqsfttfe!hpbm!pg!uijt!Qmbo!uibu!jo!beejujpo!up!dsfbujoh!beejujpobm!cfe!cbtf!uispvhi!
ofx!mpehjoh!qspevdut-!uifsf!tibmm!cf!op!ofu!mptt!pg!fyjtujoh!mjwf!cfet!xjuijo!uif!
Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!tuvez!bsfb/!!
Beejujpobmmz-!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!qspwjeft!beejujpobm!dmbsjÑdbujpo!pg!uif!
ÆMjwf!CfeÇ!qpmjdz!jo!Tfdujpo!5/24-!xijdi!tubuft!uif!gpmmpxjoh;!
5/24!Mjwf!Cfet!
Uif!nbjoufobodf-!qsftfswbujpo-!boe!foibodfnfou!pg!uif!mjwf!cfe!cbtf!bsf!dsjujdbm!up!
uif!gvuvsf!tvddftt!pg!Mjpotifbe!boe!bt!tvdi-!tqfdjbm!fnqibtjt!tipvme!cf!qmbdfe!po!
jodsfbtjoh!uif!ovncfs!pg!mjwf!cfet!jo!Mjpotifbe!bt!uif!bsfb!voefshpft!sfefwfmpqnfou/!
Uif!Mjpotifbe!bsfb!dvssfoumz!dpoubjot!b!mbshf!qfsdfoubhf!pg!uif!UpxoÉt!pwfsbmm!mpehjoh!
cfe!cbtf/!Uif!cfe!cbtf!jo!MjpotifbeÉt!dpotjtut!pg!b!wbsjfuz!pg!sftjefoujbm!boe!mpehjoh!
qspevdut!jodmvejoh!ipufmt-!dpoepnjojvnt-!ujnftibsft!boe!izcsjet!pg!bmm!uisff/!Uif!wbtu!
nbkpsjuz!pg!mjwf!cfet!jo!Mjpotifbe!bsf!opu!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!jo!ipufmt-!cvu!jotufbe-!
jo!exfmmjoh!vojut!jo!sftjefoujbm!dpoepnjojvnt!tvdi!bt!uif!Wbjm!32-!Usffupqt-!Boumfst!
Mpehf-!Mjpo!Trvbsf!Mpehf-!Mjguipvtf!Mpehf-!Mboenbsl!Upxfs!boe!Upxoipnft-!
Mjpotifbe!Bsdbef-!boe!Npoubofspt-!bmm!pg!xijdi!ibwf!tpnf!gpsn!pg!sfoubm0qspqfsuz!
nbobhfnfou!qsphsbn!uibu!fodpvsbhft!tipsu!ufsn!sfoubm!pg!exfmmjoh!vojut!xifo!uif!
pxofst!bsf!opu!jo!sftjefodf/!Ju!ibt!cffo!uif!fyqfsjfodf!jo!Mjpotifbe!uibu!
dpoepnjojvn!qspkfdut!xijdi!jodmvef!b!wpmvoubsz!sfoubm!nbobhfnfou!qsphsbn!ibwf!
pddvqbodz!sbuft!xijdi!fydffe!uif!pddvqbodz!sbuf!pg!ipufm!qspevdut-!boe!uifsfgpsf!
ufoe!up!qspwjef!npsf!mjwf!cfet!boe!qspevdf!npsf!mpehjoh!uby!sfwfovft!up!uif!Upxo/!
Bqqmjdbujpot!gps!ofx!efwfmpqnfou!ps!sfefwfmpqnfou!xijdi!nbjoubjo-!qsftfswf-!boe!
foibodf!uif!mjwf!cfe!cbtf!jo!Mjpotifbe!ibwf!b!tjhojÑdboumz!hsfbufs!dibodf!pg!bqqspwbm!
jo!uif!efwfmpqnfou!sfwjfx!qspdftt!uibo!uiptf!xijdi!ep!opu/!
5/24/2!Mjwf!Cfe!EfÑojujpo!
Qbhf!36!pg!84
Qvstvbou!up!Qpmjdz!Pckfdujwf!3/4/4-!mjwf!cfet!)boe!xbsn!cfet*!bsf!efÑofe!bt!sftjefoujbm!
ps!mpehjoh!sppnt!ps!vojut!uibu!bsf!eftjhofe!gps!pddvqbodz!cz!wjtjupst-!hvftut-!
joejwjevbmt-!ps!gbnjmjft-!po!b!tipsu!ufsn!sfoubm!cbtjt/!B!mjwf!cfe!nbz!jodmvef!uif!
gpmmpxjoh!sftjefoujbm!qspevdut;!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut-!gsbdujpobm!gff!dmvc!vojut-!mpehf!
exfmmjoh!vojut-!ujnftibsf!vojut-!buubdife!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!)j/f/-!mpdl.pgg!vojut*-!boe!
exfmmjoh!vojut!xijdi!bsf!jodmvefe!jo!b!wpmvoubsz!sfoubm!nbobhfnfou!qsphsbn!boe!
bwbjmbcmf!gps!tipsu!ufsn!sfoubm/!
5/24/3!Mpdbujpo!pg!Mjwf!Cfet!
Mjwf!cfet!tipvme!cf!mpdbufe!jo!Mjpotifbe!qvstvbou!up!uif!Mjpotifbe!Njyfe!Vtf!2!boe!
3!{pof!ejtusjdut/!Bmm!qspqfsujft!xjuijo!Mjpotifbe-!xifo!efwfmpqjoh!ps!sfefwfmpqjoh!boe!
qspwjejoh!ofx!sftjefoujbm!ps!mpehjoh!qspevdut-!tipvme!qspwjef!mjwf!cfet!bt!efÑofe!
ifsfjo/!
5/24/4!Ipufm.uzqft!pg!Tfswjdft!boe!Bnfojujft!
Up!bje!jo!uif!gvsuifsbodf!pg!Qpmjdz!Pckfdujwf!3/4/4!pg!uif!Qmbo-!uif!dsfbujpo!pg!beejujpobm!
mjwf!cfet!tipvme!jodmvef!ipufm.uzqft!pg!tfswjdft!boe!bnfojujft/!Tvdi!tfswjdft!boe!
bnfojujft!nbz!jodmvef-!cvu!opu!cf!mjnjufe!up-!uif!pqfsbujpo!pg!b!gspou!eftl-!sfhjtusbujpo0
sftfswbujpo!dbqbcjmjujft-!sfdsfbujpobm!bnfojujft-!hvftu!espq.pgg-!po.tjuf!nbobhfnfou-!
fud/!Uiftf!uzqft!pg!tfswjdft!boe!bnfojujft!jo!nvmujqmf!gbnjmz!sftjefoujbm!exfmmjoht!xjmm!
jodsfbtf!uif!mjlfmjippe!uibu!uif!exfmmjoh!vojut!xjmm!cf!nbef!bwbjmbcmf!gps!tipsu!ufsn!
pddvqbodz!boe!ifmq!up!qspnpuf!jnqspwfe!pddvqbodz!sbuft/!
5/24/5!Sfwjfx!pg!Ofx!Efwfmpqnfou!boe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Qspkfdut!
Uif!Qmboojoh!boe!Fowjsponfoubm!Dpnnjttjpo!tibmm!dpotjefs!uif!qpmjdjft!boe!ejsfdujpo!
hjwfo!cz!uijt!Qmbo!xjui!sftqfdu!up!mjwf!cfet!xifo!sfwjfxjoh!ofx!efwfmpqnfou!boe!
sfefwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut!jo!Mjpotifbe/!Bqqmjdbujpot!gps!ofx!efwfmpqnfou!ps!
sfefwfmpqnfou!tibmm!nbjoubjo!uif!mjwf!cfe!cbtf!jo!Mjpotifbe/!Bqqmjdbujpot!gps!ofx!
efwfmpqnfou!boe!sfefwfmpqnfou!xijdi!foibodf!uif!mjwf!cfe!cbtf!ibwf!b!tjhojÑdboumz!
hsfbufs!dibodf!pg!bqqspwbm!jo!uif!efwfmpqnfou!sfwjfx!qspdftt!uibo!uiptf!xijdi!ep!
opu/!B!qspqptbmÉt!beifsfodf!up!uif!qpmjdjft!dpoubjofe!jo!uif!bepqufe!nbtufs!qmbo!xjmm!
cf!pof!pg!uif!gbdupst!bobmz{fe!cz!tubgg-!uif!Qmboojoh!boe!Fowjsponfoubm!Dpnnjttjpo!
)QFD*-!uif!Eftjho!Sfwjfx!Cpbse!)ESC*-!boe!uif!Upxo!Dpvodjm!)bt!bqqmjdbcmf*!jo!
efufsnjojoh!xifuifs!up!bqqspwf!ps!ejtbqqspwf!uif!tqfdjÑd!qspqptbm/!
Uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!sfÒfdut!uif!UpxoÉt!hpbmt!pg!qsftfswjoh!boe!
fodiboujoh!Æmjwf!cfet-Ç!xijdi!jodmvef!bmm!uif!gpmmpxjoh!vtft;!
Qbhf!37!pg!84
bddpnnpebujpo!vojut-!
gsbdujpobm!gff!dmvc!vojut-!
mpehf!exfmmjoh!vojut-!
ujnftibsf!vojut
buubdife!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!)j/f-!mpdl.pgg!vojut*-
exfmmjoh!vojut!xijdi!bsf!jodmvefe!jo!b!wpmvoubsz!sfoubm!nbobhfnfou!qsphsbn!boe
bwbjmbcmf!gps!tipsu!ufsn!sfoubm/
Uif!Fwfshsffo!jnqmfnfout!uijt!qpmjdz!cz!
Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!)Fyjtujoh*
Uif!Fwfshsffo!)Qspqptfe*
jodsfbtjoh!uif!ovncfs!pg!mjwf!cfet!gspn!uif!
451
fyjtujoh!258!vojut!)239!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!boe!
432
2:!exfmmjoh!vojut*!up!374!vojut!)239!buubdife!
366
bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!boe!246!exfmmjoh!vojut/*!!
374
Uijt!jodsfbtf!pg!vojut!dpoubjojoh!mjwf!cfet!gvsuifst!
281
uif!hpbm!pg!jodsfbtjoh!mjwf!cfet!boe!dpogpsnt!
274
xjui!uif!Æop!ofu!mptt!pg!fyjtujoh!mjwf!cfeÇ!qpmjdz!
258
pvumjofe!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!
96
Qmbo/!!Uif!njy!pg!voju!uzqft!xjui!374!lfzt!dsfbuft!
pqqpsuvojujft!gps!Òfyjcjmjuz!gps!sfoubm!qspevdu-!
1
LfztCfesppnt
nbyjnj{joh!pddvqbodz!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo/
Bt!mjtufe!jo!Tfdujpo!5/24/4-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jodmveft!hvftu!bnfojujft!boe!gbdjmjujft!bttpdjbufe!
xjui!mpehjoh!qspqfsujft-!jodmvejoh!b!hsboe!mpccz!boe!mpvohf!pg!bqqspyjnbufmz!:-581!tr/!gu/!xjui!
b!gspou.eftl!boe!dpodjfshf-!po.tjuf!nbobhfnfou-!b!mpxfs!mpccz!boe!bnfojuz!tqbdf!pg!
bqqspyjnbufmz!5-211!tr/!gu/-!wbmfu!qbsljoh!boe!hvftu!espq.pgg-!tlj!wbmfu-!xpslpvu!gbdjmjujft-!bmpoh!
xjui!pvuepps!bnfojujft!jodmvejoh!!b!qppm-!ipu!uvc-!Ñsf!qjut-!fud/!!
Jo!beejujpo!up!uif!bcpwf!qpmjdz!pckfdujwft-!uif!MSNQ!bmtp!qspwjeft!tqfdjÑd!sfdpnnfoebujpot!
gps!tjuft!boe!qspqfsujft!uispvhipvu!Mjpotifbe/!!Uif!MSNQ!qspwjeft!uif!gpmmpxjoh!gps!uif!
Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qspqfsuz;
6/2:!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!bu!Wbjm!
Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!bu!Wbjm!jt!mpdbufe!ejsfdumz!fbtu!pg!uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!Tusfbn!Usbdu!
boe!jt!cpsefsfe!up!uif!opsui!cz!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!boe!up!uif!fbtu!cz!uif!Wbjm!
Wbmmfz!Nfejdbm!Dfoufs/!!Uif!mpu!bsfb!jt!bqqspyjnbufmz!215-219!trvbsf!gffu!jo!tj{f!ps!
Qbhf!38!pg!84
spvhimz!3/4:!bdsft/!!Tjodf!uif!psjhjobm!jodmvtjpo!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!
Nbtufs!Qmbo-!b!qpsujpo!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qbsdfm-!bekbdfou!up!uif!fyjtujoh!WWND!
qbsljoh!hbsbhf-!xbt!tpme!jo!3125!up!uif!Wbjm!Wbmmfz!Nfejdbm!Dfoufs!)WWND*/!!
Beejujpobmmz-!jo!3126-!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!boe!uif!Wbjm!Wbmmfz!Nfejdbm!Dfoufs-!foufsfe!
joup!bo!bhsffnfou!up!fydibohf!mboe!uibu!sftvmufe!jo!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!bdrvjsjoh!b!
qpsujpo!pg!uif!WWND!qspqfsuz!tpvui!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!boe!WWND!bdrvjsjoh!b!
qpsujpo!pg!Fwfshsffo!
Mpehf!mboe!fbtu!pg!
uif!Mpehf/!!)Tff!
Ñhvsf!2*!Uif!
bhsffnfou!xbt!
sfbdife!cbtfe!po
uif!dpodmvtjpo!pg!b!
uxp.ebz!dibssfuuf!
cfuxffo!WWND-!
Upxo!pg!Wbjm-!boe!
uif!Fwfshsffo!
Mpehf!
sfqsftfoubujwft-!
xijdi!bt!dpoevdufe!
jo!Efdfncfs!pg!
3125!xifsf!uif!qbsujft!efwfmpqfe!bo!pwfsbmm!dpodfquvbm!sfefwfmpqnfou!tdifnf!
cfofÑujoh!bmm!qbsujft/!!Uif!sftvmujoh!mboe!bsfb!gps!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!jt!bqqspyjnbufmz!
3/61!bdsft!bgufs!uif!mboe!usbef/!Qiztjdbm!jnqspwfnfout!uibu!dvssfoumz!fyjtu!po!uif!tjuf!
bsf!b!ojof.tupsz!ubmm!ipufm0dpoepnjojvn!tusvduvsf!dpoubjojoh!2:!exfmmjoh!vojut!boe!239!
bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!xjui!bo!bekpjojoh!uxp.tupsz!ubmm!ipufm!bnfojujft!xjoh!dpoubjojoh!b!
sftubvsbou-!dpdlubjm!mpvohf!boe!cbs-!nffujoh!sppnt!boe!dpogfsfodf!gbdjmjujft-!pof!
cfmpx.hsbef!tusvduvsfe!qbsljoh!hbsbhf!dpoubjojoh!63!qbsljoh!tqbdft-!boe!qbwfe!
tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!dpnqsjtfe!pg!96!qbsljoh!tqbdft/!Uif!ojof.tupsz!ubmm!tusvduvsf!ibt!b!
qsfepnjobou!fbtu.xftu!psjfoubujpo!bmpoh!uif!tpvuifsmz!fehf!pg!uif!tjuf!xijmf!uif!
gbdjmjujft!xjoh!ibt!b!opsui.tpvui!psjfoubujpo!bmpoh!uif!xftufsmz!fehf!pg!uif!tjuf/!!!
Wfijdmf!bddftt!up!uif!tjuf!jt!qspwjefe!cz!uxp!fyjtujoh!dvsc!dvut!bmpoh!uif!Tpvui!
Gspoubhf!Spbe/!!Op!efejdbufe!mpbejoh!boe!efmjwfsz!cfsuit!dvssfoumz!fyjtu!po!uif!tjuf/!!
Efmjwfsz!wfijdmft!pgufo!bsf!sfrvjsfe!up!nbofvwfs!poup!uif!tjuf!cz!cbdljoh!jo!gspn!uif!
Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe/!Pqqpsuvojujft!gps!gvuvsf!jnqspwfnfout!boe!vqhsbeft!jodmvef;!!
¦Fmjnjobujpo!pg!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!boe!dsfbujpo!pg!npsf!voefshspvoe!qbsljoh<
Qbhf!39!pg!84
¦Fodmptfe!Mpbejoh!boe!Efmjwfsz<!
¦Bsdijufduvsbm!foibodfnfout!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!Mjpotifbe!Bsdijufduvsbm!Eftjho!
Hvjefmjoft<!
¦Jnqspwfe!fyufsjps!mjhiujoh<!
¦Dppsejobufe!wfijdvmbs!bddftt!boe!jnqmfnfoubujpo!pg!uif!Wbjm!Tusffutdbqf!Nbtufs!
Qmbo!sfdpnnfoebujpot<!
¦Dsffl!jnqspwfnfout!up!jnqspwf!ifbmui!boe!bddftt!cz!uif!qvcmjd<!
¦Jnqspwfe!tusffutdbqf!boe!mboetdbqjoh!bmpoh!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe<!
¦Jnqspwfe!qfeftusjbo!djsdvmbujpo!bmpoh!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!boe!dpoofdujpo!up!
Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf<!boe!
¦Vqhsbefe!boe!fyqboefe!ipufm!bddpnnpebujpot!boe!bnfojujft-!boe!jodmvtjpo!pg!b!
Òbu!Òpps!dpogfsfodf!bsfb/!
Uif!Eftjho!Ufbn!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo!ibt!jnqmfnfoufe!bmnptu!fwfsz!jufn!po!uijt!mjtu!pg!qpufoujbm!
pqqpsuvojujft/!!Uif!fyjtujoh!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!xjmm!cf!fmjnjobufe!boe!bmm!qbsljoh!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo!
xjmm!cf!mpdbufe!xjuijo!b!cfmpx.hsbef!tusvduvsf/!!Uif!mpbejoh!boe!efmjwfsz!tfswjdf!bsfb!xjmm!cf!
fodmptfe!boe!bddfttfe!wjb!b!efejdbufe!tfdpoebsz!bddftt!qpjou!kvtu!up!uif!xftu!pg!uif!
spvoebcpvu/!!Uif!bsdijufduvsbm!eftjho!jnqmfnfout!uif!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft-!xijmf!sfdphoj{joh!uif!
npsf!npefso!bsdijufduvsbm!bftuifujd!pg!Wbjm!Ifbmui!boe!uif!Djwjd!Dfoufs!bsfb/!!Fyufsjps!mjhiujoh!
xjmm!cf!ebsl.tlz!dpnqmjbou!boe!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!UpxoÉt!mjhiujoh!sfhvmbujpot/!!Bt!bmm!wfijdvmbs!
bddftt!jt!wjb!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!boe!uif!ofx!spvoebcpvu-!op!wfijdvmbs!usbgÑd!bttpdjbufe!
xjui!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jnqbdut!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf-!bmmpxjoh!gps!uif!jnqmfnfoubujpo!pg!uif!Wbjm!
Tusffutdbqf!Nbtufs!Qmbo!boe!uif!npsf!sfdfou!Djwjd!Qmbo/!!Uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!uif!ofx!
spvoebcpvu!jnqmfnfoufe!nboz!pg!uif!tusffutdbqf!jnqspwfnfout!bmpoh!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe-!
xijdi!xjmm!cf!foibodfe!xjui!beejujpobm!mboetdbqjoh!jnqspwfnfout!bt!qbsu!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo/!!
Mbtumz-!uif!pvuebufe!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!xjmm!cf!sfqmbdfe!xjui!Uif!Fwfshsffo-!pggfsjoh!vqhsbefe!
bddpnnpebujpot!boe!bnfojujft!gps!hvftut/!
6/2:/2!Qfeftusjbo!Bddftt!!
Qfeftusjbo!bddftt!tipvme!cf!vqhsbefe!up!qspwjef!b!tbgf!boe!buusbdujwf!qfeftusjbo
dpoofdujpo!gspn!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe-!uispvhi!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!efwfmpqnfou!
tjuf!boe0ps!uif!bekbdfou!usbdut!pg!mboe!pxofe!cz!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!boe!uif!Fbhmf!Sjwfs!
Xbufs!boe!Tbojubujpo!Ejtusjdu-!up!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!boe!xjui!b!dpoujovpvt!
qfeftusjbo0cjdzdmf!qbui!bmpoh!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe-!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!UpxoÉt!
qspqptfe!qmbot!gps!b!spvoebcpvu!bmpoh!uif!gspoubhf!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qspqfsuz!
)tff!Ñhvsf!3*!!B!hsbwfm!qbui!dpoofdujoh!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!up!uif!qbwfe!
Qbhf!3:!pg!84
qfeftusjbo!qbui!mpdbufe!po!
uif!fbtu!tjef!pg!uif!
Epctpo!Jdf!Bsfob!
qsftfoumz!fyjtut!bmpoh!uif!
tpvui!tjef!pg!uif!qspqfsuz/!
Uijt!qbui-!xijmf!gvodujpobm-!
sfdfjwft!mjuumf-!jg!boz-!sfhvmbs!
nbjoufobodf!boe!jodmveft!
b!sbjmspbe!ujf!tfu!pg!tubjst!
uibu!jt!votbgf!boe!jo!
ejtsfqbjs/!Uifsf!bsf!
dvssfoumz!op!qfeftusjbo!
jnqspwfnfout!mpdbufe!
bmpoh!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!
Spbe!bmpoh!uif!Fwfshsffo!
Mpehf!gspoubhf/!Uipvhi!op!jnqspwfnfout!fyjtu-!b!gbjs!ovncfs!pg!qfeftusjbot!vtf!uif!
tpvuifsmz!fehf!pg!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!xifo!foufsjoh!ps!fyjujoh!uif!tjuf!ps!xijmf!
usbwfmjoh!qbtu!uif!qspqfsuz/!Jo!psefs!up!jnqspwf!qfeftusjbo!bddftt!boe!tbgfuz-!ju!jt!
sfdpnnfoefe!uibu!gvuvsf!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!tjuf!jodmveft!uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!b!
dpoujovpvt!qfeftusjbo0cjdzdmf!qbui!bmpoh!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!boe!uibu!uif!
fyjtujoh!hsbwfm!qbui!bmpoh!uif!tpvuifsmz!fehf!pg!uif!tjuf!cf!jnqspwfe!boe!sfhvmbsmz!
nbjoubjofe/!Cbtfe!po!uif!sftvmut!pg!uif!uxp.ebz!dibssfuuf-!uif!mboe!usbef!qspwjeft!bo!
pqqpsuvojuz!up!dsfbuf!b!qfeftusjbo!xbmlxbz!gspn!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!up!Xftu
Nfbepx!Esjwf!bt!hfofsbmmz!
efqjdufe!jo!Gjhvsf!3!)tff!
Ñhvsf!3*/!!Dpodfquvbmmz-!uif!
ofx!xbmlxbz!dpvme!cfofÑu!
vtfst!pg!cpui!uif!WWND!boe!
uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!
qspqfsujft!xijmf!bmtp!bmmpxjoh!
gps!bddftt!cz!uif!qvcmjd/!!!
Uif!qfeftusjbo!bddftt!uispvhi!uif!
tjuf-!dpoofdujoh!uif!Upxo!Nvojdjqbm!
Dfoufs!boe!puifs!qfeftusjbot!epxo!
Fyjtujoh!qfeftusjbo!qbui!cfuxffo!Wbjm!Ifbmui!
up!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!jt!b!lfz!
boe!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf
Qbhf!41!pg!84
dpnqpofou!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo/!!Uijt!bddftt-!xijdi!jt!dvssfoumz!b!hsbwfm!qbui-!xjmm!cf!b!npsf!
gpsnbm!qfeftusjbo!dpoofdujpo/!!Ju!ibt!cffo!eftjhofe!bt!b!7!gu/!)njojnvn*!bddftt!spvuf-!boe!
jodmveft!mboetdbqf!jnqspwfnfout!boe!efdpsbujwf!gfbuvsft!up!nblf!uif!xbmlxbz!b!npsf!
xfmdpnjoh!fyqfsjfodf/!!Uif!xbmlxbz!dpoofdut!epxo!up!Mpu!21!boe!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf-!pwfs!
uif!qspqptfe!mboetdbqf!mje!xijdi!xjmm!dpwfs!b!qpsujpo!pg!uif!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!bu!Wbjm!Ifbmui/!!!
6/2:/3!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!Jnqspwfnfout!boe!Wfijdvmbs!Bddftt!!
Uif!tjuf!jt!dvssfoumz!bddfttfe!cz!wfijdmft!gspn!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!xjui!uxp-!gvmm!
npwfnfou-!bddftt!qpjout/!Uif!dvssfou!mpdbujpo!pg!uiftf!bddftt!qpjout!sfmbujwf!up!uif!
fyjtujoh!bddftt!qpjout!gps!uif!VT!Cbol!Cvjmejoh-!Wbjm!Wbmmfz!Nfejdbm!Dfoufs!qbsljoh!
tusvduvsf-!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!Nvojdjqbm!Cvjmejoht-!boe!qpufoujbm!gvuvsf!bddftt!qpjout!up!uif!
Wbjm!Wbmmfz!Nfejdbm!Dfoufs!boe!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!Cvjmejoh!sftvmut!jo!voeftjsbcmf!usbgÑd!
Òpx!boe!uvsojoh!npwfnfout!dsfbujoh!usbgÑd!tbgfuz-!dbqbdjuz-!boe!mfwfm!pg!tfswjdf!
dpodfsot/!!Jo!lffqjoh!xjui!Qpmjdz!Pckfdujwf!3/4/5-!Jnqspwfe!Bddftt!boe!Djsdvmbujpo-!pg!
uif!Qmbo-!pqqpsuvojujft!gps!qvcmjd!usbotqpsubujpo!boe!wfijdvmbs!djsdvmbujpo!jnqspwfnfout!
tipvme!cf!fyqmpsfe!jo!dpokvodujpo!xjui!boz!gvuvsf!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!tjuf/!!Qpttjcmf!
pqqpsuvojujft!gps!jnqspwfnfout!nbz!jodmvef-!bo!jnqspwfe!nbtt!usbotju!tupq-!sfmpdbufe0
sfevdfe0tibsfe!qpjout!pg!fousz0fyjujoh-!sftusjdufe!bddftt!qpjout-!bddfmfsbujpo0!
efdfmfsbujpo!mboft-!hsfbufs!tjhiu!ejtubodft-!efejdbufe!uvsojoh!mboft!boe!mboetdbqfe!
nfejbot-!boe!uif!fwbmvbujpo!boe!qpttjcmf!jnqmfnfoubujpo!pg!bo!joufstfdujpo!tpmvujpo-!
tvdi!bt!b!spvoebcpvu/!!Jg!dpotusvdufe-!b!gvmm-!uxp!mbof!spvoebcpvu!dpvme!cf!mpdbufe!
bmpoh!uif!gspoubhf!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!boe!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!Nvojdjqbm!tjuf!uibu!ublft!joup!
bddpvou!uif!beejujpobm!uispvhi.usbgÑd!offet!pg!uif!dpnnvojuz!cvu!bmtp!uif!gvuvsf!
sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!UpxoÉt!nvojdjqbm!tjuf-!WWND-!boe!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!
qspqfsujft/!!Beejujpobm!tuvez!pg!uif!spvoebcpvu!eftjho!jt!ofdfttbsz/!!Bt!fowjtjpofe-!uif!
spvoebcpvu!boe!spbexbz!jnqspwfnfout!xpvme!bmmpx!gps!b!qsjnbsz!sjhiu!jo-!sjhiu!pvu!
wfijdvmbs!bddftt!boe!b!tfqbsbuf!sjhiu!jo-!sjhiu!pvu!tfswjdf!wfijdmf!bddftt!up!uif!
Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qspqfsuz/!Uif!qspqptfe!spvoebcpvu!bt!fowjtjpofe!fodspbdift!joup!
uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qspqfsuz!boe!uif!UpxoÉt!nvojdjqbm!tjuf!xijdi!jnqbdut!uif!gvuvsf!
efwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!qspqfsujft/!!!
Jo!bo!fggpsu!up!jnqspwf!uif!qfeftusjbo!fowjsponfou!bmpoh!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!boe!
gvsuifs!sfevdf!uif!upubm!ovncfs!pg!wfijdmf!usjqt!po!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf-!wfijdvmbs!
bddftt!up!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!gspn!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!tibmm!cf!qspijcjufe/!!!!!
Uif!spvoebcpvu!jnqspwfnfout!ibwf!cffo!jnqmfnfoufe!cz!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm-!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!
uif!sfdpnnfoebujpot!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo/!!Xjui!uif!wfijdvmbs!
Qbhf!42!pg!84
bddftt!gspn!uif!spvoebcpvu!boe!b!tfdpoebsz!tfswjdf!bddftt!gspn!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe-!
uif!eftjho!jt!dpoujovft!up!jnqmfnfou!uiftf!sfdpnnfoebujpot/!Fbtfnfout!gps!uif!spbexbz!boe!
tjefxbml!jnqspwfnfout!po!Uif!Fwfshsffo!qspqfsuz!xfsf!hsboufe!cz!uif!pxofs!up!gbdjmjubuf!uif!
ofx!spvoebcpvu/!!
6/2:/4!Qsftfswbujpo!pg!Fyjtujoh!Bddpnnpebujpo!Vojut!!
Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qsftfoumz!dpoubjot!239!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut/!Jo!beejujpo-!uif!
Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!bmtp!dpoubjot!b!sftubvsbou-!dpdlubjm!mpvohf!boe!cbs!boe!nffujoh!
sppnt!jodjefoubm!up!uif!pqfsbujpo!pg!uif!Mpehf/!Psjhjobmmz!cvjmu!jo!2:85-!uif!fyjtujoh!
bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!boe!ipufm!bnfojujft!bsf!pme!boe!pvuebufe/!Uif!Mpehf!xbt!
efwfmpqfe!up!uif!tuboebset!eftjsfe!npsf!uibo!gpvs!efdbeft!bhp!boe!mjlfmz!op!mpohfs!
qspwjeft!hvftut!xjui!bddpnnpebujpot!nffujoh!npsf!npefso!tuboebset!boe!
fyqfdubujpot/!!Hjwfo!uif!jnqpsubodf!boe!offe!gps!tipsu.ufsn!bddpnnpebujpot!up!uif!
wjubmjuz!boe!tvddftt!pg!uif!dpnnvojuz-!boz!gvuvsf!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!tjuf!tibmm!
fotvsf-!bu!b!njojnvn-!!uif!qsftfswbujpo!ps!sfqmbdfnfou!pg!uif!239!tipsu.ufsn!
bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!po!uif!tjuf-!jo!lffqjoh!xjui!uif!mjwf!cfe!qpmjdz!jo!Tfdujpo!5/24/!
Uif!qsftfswbujpo!pg!tipsu!ufsn!bddpnnpebujpot!tipvme!gpdvt!po!nbjoubjojoh!uif!
ovncfs!pg!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut/!Xijmf!uif!efwfmpqnfou!usfoe!jo!Wbjm!tjodf!uif!mbuf!
2::1Ét!ibt!cffo!up!gpdvt!po!ijhi.foe-!mvyvsz!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!vujmj{joh!npsf!Òpps!
bsfb!qfs!voju-!bo!pqqpsuvojuz!fyjtut!up!dsfbuf!ijhi!rvbmjuz!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!uibu!bsf!
tnbmmfs!jo!tj{f-!boe!qpufoujbmmz!hsfbufs!jo!ovncfs-!boe!mjlfmz!up!cf!npsf!bggpsebcmf-!zfu!
bdijfwf!uif!hpbmt!pg!qsftfswjoh!uif!fyjtujoh!ovncfs!pg!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut-!
nbjoubjojoh!mjwf!cfet!po!uif!tjuf-!boe!jodsfbtjoh!uif!sfwfovft!boe!wjubmjuz!pg!uif!Upxo/!
Pqqpsuvojujft!gps!jodsfbtjoh!uif!ovncfs!pg!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!cfzpoe!uif!fyjtujoh!
239!vojut!bmsfbez!po.tjuf!tipvme!cf!fwbmvbufe!evsjoh!uif!efwfmpqnfou!sfwjfx!qspdftt/!
Gps!fybnqmf-!uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!Æbuubdife!bddpnnpebujpo!vojutÇ-!ps!uif!qspwjtjpo!pg!b!
sfoubm!nbobhfnfou!qsphsbn-!dpvme!tjhojÑdboumz!jodsfbtf!uif!bwbjmbcjmjuz!pg!tipsu.ufsn!
sfoubm!pqqpsuvojujft!uispvhi!sfefwfmpqnfou/!!!
Uif!fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf-!dpotusvdufe!jo!uif!2:81t-!pggfst!bo!pvuebufe!mpehjoh!qspevdu!
uibu!epft!opu!nffu!uif!offet!boe!eftjsft!pg!uif!hvftut!pg!Wbjm/!!Sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!qspqfsuz!
qspwjeft!bo!pqqpsuvojuz!up!jnqspwf!uif!qspevdu!pggfsjoh!xijmf!vqhsbejoh!uif!wjtvbm!bqqfbsbodf!
pg!uif!bsfb-!ftqfdjbmmz!bekbdfou!up!uif!ofxmz!dpnqmfufe!Wbjm!Ifbmui/!!Jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!ÆOp!
Ofu!Mptt!pg!Mjwf!Cfet-Ç!Uif!Fwfshsffo!xjmm!jodsfbtf!uif!ovncfs!pg!vojut!xjui!mjwf!cfe!dpvou!
gspn!258!up!374-!qspwjejoh!b!njy!pg!voju!uzqft!uispvhi!uif!qspwjtjpo!pg!b!sfoubm!nbobhfnfou!
qsphsbn!gps!uif!246!vojut!boe!239!buubdife!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut/!!Uijt!qspevdu!njy!bmmpxt!gps!
Qbhf!43!pg!84
hvftut!up!ibwf!uif!pqujpo!pg!b!npsf!usbejujpobm!ipufm!sppn!ps!mbshfs-!nvmuj.sppn!tvjuft!uibu!dbo!
tfswf!mbshfs!gbnjmjft/!!Uijt!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!up!
qspwjef!b!wbsjfuz!pg!mjwf!cfet!uispvhipvu!Mjpotifbe/!!!
6/2:/5!Jnqbdut!po!Njeemf!Dsffl!Tusfbn!Usbdu!!
Uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!Tusfbn!Usbdu!mjft!up!uif!xftu!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf/!!Uif!Usbdu!jt!
nbef!vq!pg!uxp!qbsdfmt/!Pof!pxofe!cz!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!boe!uif!puifs!cz!uif!Fbhmf!
Sjwfs!Xbufs!boe!Tbojubujpo!Ejtusjdu/!!Uif!Usbdu!jt!ifbwjmz!wfhfubufe!xjui!efdjevpvt!
usfft-!b!tjhojÑdbou!mpxfs!mbzfs!pg!sjqbsjbo!voefscsvti!boe!bmtp!jodmveft!b!qfeftusjbo!
qbui!boe!b!qfeftusjbo!csjehf/!Hjwfo!uif!jnqpsubodf!pg!xbufs!rvbmjuz-!ju!jt!jnqfsbujwf!
uibu!boz!gvuvsf!efwfmpqnfou!po!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!tjuf!epft!opu!ofhbujwfmz!jnqbdu!ps!
fodspbdi!vqpo!uif!fyjtujoh!sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps!pg!Njeemf!Dsffl!boe!uibu!ju!dpnqmz!xjui!
boz!tusfbn!ifbmui!jojujbujwft-!jodmvejoh!boz!bnfoenfout!up!uif!xbufsdpvstf!tfucbdl!
sfrvjsfnfout!uibu!nbz!cf!bepqufe!upxo!xjef/!Bmuipvhi!uif!tjuf!cpsefst!uif!Njeemf!
Dsffl!Tusfbn!Usbdu-!uifsf!jt!op!tjhojÑdbou!bnpvou!pg!rvbmjuz!wfhfubujpo!po!uif!tjuf!boe!
uif!qbsdfm!mjft!pvu!pg!uif!211.zfbs!Òppe!qmbjo/!Bt!dvssfoumz!dpoÑhvsfe-!pqqpsuvojujft!
fyjtu!up!cfuufs!sfdphoj{f!uif!cfofÑut!pg!dsffl!tjef!efwfmpqnfou!boe!up!jnqspwf!boe!
foibodf!uif!sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps!up!beesftt!uif!pwfsbmm!ifbmui!pg!uif!Dsffl/!Gps!qvsqptft!
pg!uijt!nbtufs!qmbo!sfdpnnfoebujpo-!uif!sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps!tibmm!cf!efÑofe!bt!uif!
Njeemf!Dsffl!Tusfbn!Usbdu/!Xijmf!uif!sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps!pg!Njeemf!Dsffl!tibmm!sfnbjo!
qspufdufe!boe!qsftfswfe-!uif!qiztjdbm!boe!wjtvbm!sfmbujpotijqt!boe!sfgfsfodft!cfuxffo!
bekbdfou!efwfmpqnfou!boe!uif!Usbdu!tipvme!cf!tusfohuifofe/!Dbsfgvm!dpotjefsbujpo!
tipvme!cf!ublfo!xifo!bqqspwjoh!boz!bqqmjdbujpo!gps!efwfmpqnfou!bekbdfou!up!Njeemf!
Dsffl/!Boz!gvuvsf!efwfmpqnfou!bqqmjdbujpo!gps!uif!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!
Mpehf!tjuf!tibmm!cf!bddpnqbojfe!cz!bo!fowjsponfoubm!jnqbdu!sfqpsu!dpotjtufou!xjui!
uif!sfrvjsfnfout!qsftdsjcfe!jo!Dibqufs!23-!Fowjsponfoubm!Jnqbdu!Sfqpsut-!Ujumf!23-!
\[pojoh!Sfhvmbujpot-!Wbjm!Upxo!Dpef/!Bo!pqqpsuvojuz!fyjtut!up!dsfbuf!b!tjhojÑdbou!
dpoofdujpo!cfuxffo!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!boe!Njeemf!Dsffl/!Boz!vtf!pg!Njeemf!Dsffl!
gps!bftuifujd!ps!sfdsfbujpobm!qvsqptft-!ipxfwfs-!tipvme!cf!tvcpsejobuf!up!uif!
qsftfswbujpo!pg!uif!obuvsbm!sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps!boe!jut!joifsfou!obuvsbm!dibsbdufs/!Uif!
Njeemf!Dsffl!Tusfbn!Usbdu!qspwjeft!bo!pqqpsuvojuz!gps!uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!b!
sfdsfbujpobm!qbui!dpoofdujoh!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!boe!vtft!po!uif!Fwfshsffo!
Mpehf!qspqfsuz!up!uif!fyjtujoh!qfeftusjbo!qbuit!bu!uif!Epctpo!Jdf!Bsfob!qspwjejoh!b!
tuspoh!qfeftusjbo!dpoofdujpo!up!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf/!!!
Qbhf!44!pg!84
Uif!Fwfshsffo!Eftjho!Ufbn!ibt!
Njeemf!Dsffl!jt!xjuijo!usbdut!pxofe!cz!
uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!boe!FSXTE
xpslfe!up!fotvsf!uibu!uif!eftjho!pg!
Uif!Fwfshsffo!bmpoh!Njeemf!Dsffl!
jt!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif
sfdpnnfoebujpo!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!
Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo-!xijdi!
gpdvtft!po!qspufdujpo!boe!
qsftfswbujpo!pg!uif!sjqbsjbo!bsfb/!!
Ifbuifs!Ipvtupo-!Qsftjefou!pg!
Cjsdi!Fdpmphz-!jt!bo!joufhsbm!qbsu!pg!
uif!Eftjho!Ufbn!boe!cbtfe!po!ifs!
fyqfsujtf!bt!b!qspgfttjpobm!
fdpmphjtu-!ibt!qspwjefe!ejsfdujpo!po!
uif!qsftfswbujpo!boe!foibodfnfou!pg!uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!sjqbsjbo!{pof/!!Cjsdi!Fdpmphz!
dpnqmfufe!uif!Fowjsponfoubm!Jnqbdu!Sfqpsu!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo-!xijdi!ibt!cffo!jodmvefe!xjui!
uijt!tvcnjuubm/!!!Bt!Njeemf!Dsffl!jt!mpdbufe!po!b!usbdu!pg!mboe!pxofe!cz!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!boe!
FSXTE-!boz!sftupsbujpo!bdujwjujft!xjmm!sfrvjsf!dppsejobujpo!boe!bqqspwbm!pg!uif!Upxo!boe!
FSXTE/
6/2:/6!Sfmbujpotijq!up!uif!Wbjm!Wbmmfz!Nfejdbm!Dfoufs!boe!uif!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!!
Qfsibqt!uif!nptu!dsjujdbm!gvodujpobm!sfmbujpotijq!jt!uif!offe!up!dppsejobuf!boz!gvuvsf!
efwfmpqnfou!po!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!tjuf!xjui!uif!Wbjm!Wbmmfz!Nfejdbm!Dfoufs/!Gps!
fybnqmf-!pqqpsuvojujft!gps!dppsejobujpo!nbz!jodmvef-!tibsfe!tfswjdf!boe!efmjwfsz!
gbdjmjujft-!hsbejoh!boe!tjuf!jnqspwfnfout-!tibsfe!qbsljoh-!boe!qfeftusjbo!qbuixbz!
dpoofdujpot/!Cpui!qbsujft!ibwf!ublfo!tufqt!up!fotvsf!uif!qspqfsujft!dbo!cf!
sfefwfmpqfe!jo!b!npsf!dppsejobufe!nboofs!cz!fyfdvujoh!uif!mboe!fydibohf/!!Uif!mboe!
fydibohf!qspwjeft!cfuufs!bddftt!mfohui-!gspoubhf-!boe!sfefwfmpqnfou!pqqpsuvojujft!up!
uif!Wbjm!Wbmmfz!Nfejdbm!Dfoufs!cz!tfdvsjoh!beejujpobm!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!bddftt!boe!
qspwjejoh!npsf!Òfyjcjmjuz!jo!uif!eftjho!pg!b!qpttjcmf!Fbtu!Xjoh!pg!uif!WWND/!!Uif!
fydibohf!pg!mboe!bggpset!bo!pqqpsuvojuz!up!bddpnnpebuf!bo!jnqpsubou!qfeftusjbo!
dpoofdujpo!gspn!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!up!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf-!uifsfcz!
tusfohuifojoh!uif!qfeftusjbo!dpoofdujpo!joup!Mjpotifbe!boe!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf/!!Uif!mboe!
fydibohf!bmtp!bmmpxt!gps!jnqspwfe!wfijdvmbs!bddftt!cz!qspwjejoh!b!sfbtpobcmf!mpdbujpo!
gps!b!spvoebcpvu!mpdbufe!jo!gspou!pg!boe!po!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qspqfsuz!jnqspwjoh!
bddftt!up!cpui!qspqfsujft/!Uijt!qfeftusjbo!dpoofdujpo!dpvme!qpufoujbmmz!vujmj{f!b!pof.
Qbhf!45!pg!84
tupsz!efdl!uibu!dpvme!dpwfs!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!po!uif!WWND!dbnqvt/!!Xijmf!b!efdl!
qspwjeft!dpwfsfe!qbsljoh!tdsffofe!gspn!qvcmjd!wjfx-!ju!bmtp!jouspevdft!b!mboetdbqf!
fmfnfou!boe!qmb{b!cfofÑujoh!uif!wjfxt!boe!vtf!cz!qbuspot!gspn!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf-!
WWND-!boe!uif!dpnnvojuz!bu!mbshf/!!Jo!psefs!gps!b!dpoofdujpo!boe!mboetdbqf!
foibodfnfou!up!cf!tvddfttgvm-!ju!nbz!sfrvjsf!uibu!ju!up!cf!efwfmpqfe!xjui!sfevdfe!ps!
{fsp!tfucbdlt!cfuxffo!uif!qspqfsujft/!!!!
Uif!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!jt!mpdbufe!bdsptt!gspn!up!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!tjuf!po!uif!xftu!
tjef!pg!uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!Tusfbn!Usbdu/!Cvjmejoh!cvml-!nbtt!boe!tdbmf!po!uif!Fwfshsffo!
Mpehf!tjuf!jt!bggfdufe!cz!uif!offe!gps!uif!fnfshfodz!ifmjqbe!mpdbufe!po!uif!Wbjm!Wbmmfz!
Nfejdbm!Dfoufs!qspqfsuz!boe!uif!sfrvjsfnfou!uibu!boz!gvuvsf!cvjmejoh!po!uif!fydibohf!
qbsdfm!tufqt!epxo!upxbset!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!up!dsfbuf!bo!bqqspqsjbuf!qfeftusjbo!
tdbmf/!!Uiftf!uxp!eftjho!dpotjefsbujpot!sftvmu!jo!uif!hsfbuftu!cvjmejoh!cvml-!nbtt!boe!
tdbmf!cfjoh!mpdbufe!jo!uif!opsuixftu!dpsofs!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!efwfmpqnfou!tjuf/!!
Evsjoh!uif!efwfmpqnfou!sfwjfx!qspdftt-!uif!ESC!boe!uif!QFD!tibmm!qbz!tqfdjbm!
buufoujpo!up!uif!xftufso!gbdbef!pg!boz!ofx!ps!sfefwfmpqfe!tusvduvsf!up!fotvsf!ju!jt!
bqqspqsjbufmz!bsujdvmbufe!up!qspwjef!wjtvbm!joufsftu-!tibepx!mjoft!boe!bwpjet!mbshf!
vocsplfo!xbmm!qmboft/!!!
Gps!uif!qpsujpo!pg!uif!efwfmpqnfou!bmpoh!uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!Tusfbn!Usbdu!cvjmejoh!
gbdbeft!gbdjoh!xftu!upxbset!uif!tusfbn!dpssjeps!tipvme!tufq!cbdl!gspn!uif!Dsffl!up!
fotvsf!befrvbuf!tvomjhiu!sfbdift!uif!hspvoe!boe!uifsf!tipvme!cf!b!dmfbs!tfqbsbujpo-!
nptu!mjlfmz!b!obujwf!mboetdbqf!cvggfs-!cfuxffo!uif!qvcmjd!boe!uif!qsjwbuf!tqbdft/!!!
Nboz!pg!uif!sfdpnnfoebujpot!sfmbufe!up!uif!sfmbujpotijq!gps!dppsejobufe!efwfmpqnfou!cfuxffo!
Uif!Fwfshsffo!boe!Wbjm!Ifbmui!ibwf!bmsfbez!cffo!jnqmfnfoufe!boe!ftubcmjtife!jo!bhsffnfout!
cfuxffo!uif!qbsujft/!!Uiftf!xfsf!epof!jo!dpokvodujpo!xjui!uif!gpsnbm!sfqmbuujoh!pg!Uif!
Fwfshsffo!boe!Wbjm!Ifbmui!qspqfsujft!jo!3128/!!Uif!qspqptfe!mboetdbqf!mje!pwfs!b!qpsujpo!pg!uif!
tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!jt!jodmvefe!jo!uif!efwfmpqnfou!qmbot!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo-!boe!b!mfuufs!gspn!Wbjm!
Ifbmui!sfdphoj{joh!uif!dppqfsbujpo!bnpohtu!uif!qbsujft!jt!jodmvefe!xjui!uijt!tvcnjuubm/!!Uif!
mboetdbqf!mje!xbt!bhsffe!up!cz!Wbjm!Ifbmui!boe!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jo!bo!fbtfnfou!bhsffnfou!bmtp!
fyfdvufe!bu!uif!ujnf!uif!ofx!qbsdfmt!xfsf!qmbuufe/!Uif!mboetdbqf!mje!dpoofdut!up!uif!
mboetdbqf!qmb{b!bu!Uif!Fwfshsffo-!dsfbujoh!b!tfbnmftt!opsui.tpvui!qfeftusjbo!dpoofdujpo!
uispvhi!uif!tjuft-!boe!nbyjnj{joh!uif!hsffo.tqbdf!tfswjoh!cpui!tjuft!xijmf!bmtp!tdsffojoh!
tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!bsfbt!vtfe!cz!Wbjm!Ifbmui/!!
Qbhf!46!pg!84
Opujoh!uibu!uif!hsfbuftu!nbtt!gps!Uif!
Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm-!mpdbufe!bdsptt!uif!
Njeemf!Dsffl!tusfbn!usbdu
Fwfshsffo!xjmm!cf!bu!uif!opsuixftu!dpsofs!pg!
uif!qspqfsuz-!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!
Nbtufs!Qmbo!sfdpnnfoet!uibu!bo!bsujdvmbufe
xftufso!gbdbef/!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!Eftjho!
Ufbn!ibt!ublfo!uijt!ejsfdujpo!boe!dsfbufe!b!
gbdbef!uibu!jodmveft!cbmdpojft!boe!
bsujdvmbujpo!up!fotvsf!tibepx!mjoft!boe!
csfblt!uif!xbmm!qmboft!jo!bqqspqsjbuf!
mpdbujpot/!!Uif!qspqptfe!cvjmejoh!bmtp!tufqt!
epxo!gspn!opsui!up!tpvui!bmpoh!uijt!gbdbef/!
Uif!Fwfshsffo!sfÒfdut!uif!UpxoÉt!hpbmt!up!qspufdu-!qsftfswf-!boe!foibodf!uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!
sjqbsjbo!bsfb-!boe!uif!mboetdbqf!bmpoh!uijt!dpssjeps!ibt!cffo!eftjhofe!up!qspwjef!befrvbuf!
tfqbsbujpo!cfuxffo!uif!qvcmjd!boe!qsjwbuf!tqbdft/
6/2:/7!Tfswjdf!boe!Efmjwfsz!
Tfswjdf!boe!efmjwfsz!gvodujpot!gps!uif!ipufm!bsf!dvssfoumz!bddpnnpebufe!po!hsbef!gspn!
uif!xftufsmz!fousbodf!up!uif!qspqfsuz/!Tfswjdf!boe!efmjwfsz!gps!uif!sfefwfmpqfe!
Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!tibmm!pddvs!xjuijo!uif!tusvduvsft!ps!boe!puifsxjtf!cf!befrvbufmz!
tdsffofe!gspn!qvcmjd!wjfx/!Tfswjdf!boe!efmjwfsz!usvdl!uvsojoh!nbofvwfsjoh!tibmm!opu!
ofhbujwfmz!jnqbdu!usbgÑd!Òpx!po!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!boe!b!tfqbsbuf!mpbejoh!boe!
tfswjdf!fousz!nbz!cf!bmmpxfe!jo!dpokvodujpo!xjui!uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!b!qpufoujbm!ofx!
spvoebcpvu!jo!uijt!mpdbujpo/!!
Dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!sfdpnnfoebujpo-!mpbejoh!boe!
efmjwfsz!jt!fodmptfe!boe!jt!bddfttfe!gspn!b!tfqbsbuf!wfijdvmbs!bddftt!kvtu!xftu!pg!uif!ofx!
spvoebcpvu/!!Bt!b!nfncfs!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo!Eftjho!Ufbn-!Bmqjof!Fohjoffsjoh!dpnqmfufe!uif!
djwjm!fohjoffsjoh!gps!uif!qspqfsuz-!fotvsjoh!uibu!usbgÑd!Òpx!jt!opu!ofhbujwfmz!jnqbdufe/!!Uif!
bddftt!xbt!sfwjfxfe!bt!qbsu!pg!uif!dpotusvdujpo!qmbot!gps!uif!ofx!spvoebcpvu!boe!jt!bmtp!
sfÒfdufe!jo!uif!UpxoÉt!Nbtufs!Usbotqpsubujpo!Qmbo/!
6/2:/8!Tfucbdlt!
Tqfdjbm!dpotjefsbujpo!tipvme!cf!hjwfo!up!uif!tfucbdl!pg!cvjmejoht!gspn!uif!Tpvui!
Gspoubhf!Spbe/!Qvstvbou!up!uif!Mjpotifbe!Njyfe!Vtf!.2!{pof!ejtusjdu!tfucbdl!
Qbhf!47!pg!84
tuboebset-!b!njojnvn!21.gppu!)21É*!tfucbdl!jt!sfrvjsfe/!Hjwfo!uif!sfmbujpotijq!pg!uif!
efwfmpqnfou!tjuf!up!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe-!uif!offe!gps!befrvbuf!bsfb!gps!wfijdvmbs!
usbgÑd!djsdvmbujpo-!uif!jnqpsubodf!pg!b!mboetdbqf!bsfb!up!wjtvbmmz!tdsffo!uif!nbttjoh!pg!
uif!cvjmejoh-!boe!uif!fyjtufodf!pg!b!41.gppu!xjef!vujmjuz!fbtfnfou!bmpoh!uif!tpvuifsmz!
fehf!pg!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe-!uif!njojnvn!sfrvjsfe!gspou!tfucbdl!gps!uif!
Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!efwfmpqnfou!tjuf!tibmm!cf!uijsuz!gffu!)41É*/!Uijt!jodsfbtfe!tfucbdl!
sfrvjsfnfou!tibmm!tvqfstfef!uif!21.gppu!tfucbdl!sfrvjsfnfou!qsftdsjcfe!jo!Tfdujpo!
23.8I.21-!Tfucbdlt-!Wbjm!Upxo!Dpef/!!!
Cbtfe!vqpo!uif!dppsejobufe!fggpsut!cfuxffo!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!boe!uif!Wbjm!Wbmmfz!
Nfejdbm!Dfoufs-!pqqpsuvojujft!fyjtu!gps!b!dpwfsfe!qbsljoh!efdl!boe!qfeftusjbo!bddftt!
mboetdbqf!qmb{b!up!cf!efwfmpqfe!cfuxffo!uif!qspqfsujft!xjui!uif!hpbm!pg!tdsffojoh!
tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!boe!foibodjoh!uif!wjtvbm!rvbmjuz!pg!uif!bsfb/!!Jg!bqqspqsjbufmz!eftjhofe-!
b!sfevdfe!ps!{fsp!tfu!cbdl!jo!uiftf!bsfbt!nbz!cf!qspqptfe!gps!sfwjfx!evsjoh!uif!
efwfmpqnfou!sfwjfx!qspdftt/!Beejujpobmmz-!cfmpx!hsbef!jnqspwfnfout-!jodmvejoh!cvu!
opu!mjnjufe!up-!qbsljoh!boe!wfijdvmbs!djsdvmbujpo!jnqspwfnfout!nbz!cf!efwfmpqfe!xjuijo!
uif!sfrvjsfe!tfucbdlt-!jg!gpvoe!up!cf!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!UpxoÉt!efwfmpqnfou!
pckfdujwft/!!!
Uif!Fwfshsffo!nbjoubjot!uif!sfdpnnfoefe!41!gu/!tfucbdl!bmpoh!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!boe!
uif!21!gu/!tfucbdl!sfrvjsfnfout!fmtfxifsf-!xjui!uif!fydfqujpo!pg!jnqspwfnfout!bmpoh!uif!
tibsfe!qspqfsuz!mjof!xjui!Wbjm!Ifbmui!bt!xbt!dpoufnqmbufe!cz!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!
Nbtufs!Qmbo!boe!bt!nfnpsjbmj{fe!jo!uif!Mboetdbqf!Mje!Fbtfnfou!Bhsffnfou!ebufe!Efdfncfs!
38-!3128/!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jnqmfnfout!uif!ejsfdujpo!pg!b!mboetdbqf!mje!po!uif!Wbjm!Ifbmui!
qspqfsuz-!dpwfsjoh!b!qpsujpo!pg!uif!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!boe!qspwjejoh!mboetdbqjoh!boe!qfeftusjbo!
djsdvmbujpo!bcpwf/!!
6/2:/9!Bsdijufduvsbm!Jnqspwfnfout!boe!Cvjmejoh!Ifjhiut
Uif!bsdijufduvsbm!eftjho!
hvjefmjoft!)Dibqufs!9*!ejtdvtt!
tfwfsbm!usbotjujpo!uppmt!uibu!dbo!
cf!vtfe!up!bebqu!bo!fyjtujoh!
cvjmejoh!up!uif!ofx!dibsbdufs!
boe!bsdijufduvsbm!rvbmjuz!eftjsfe!
gps!Mjpotifbe/!Hjwfo!uif!ijhi!
wjtjcjmjuz!pg!uif!cvjmejoht!po!uijt!
tjuf!boe!uif!fyufou!up!xijdi!uifz!
Qbhf!48!pg!84
joÒvfodf!uif!rvbmjuz!pg!uif!fyqfsjfodf!pg!qbttfst.cz-!bmm!gvuvsf!efwfmpqnfou!po!uif!tjuf!
tipvme!cf!dmptfmz!tdsvujoj{fe!gps!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif!bqqmjdbcmf!bsdijufduvsbm!eftjho!
hvjefmjoft/!Uibu!tbje-!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!jt!mpdbufe!jo!b!usbotjujpobm!bsfb!xjui!WWND-!
uif!Mjcsbsz-!boe!Epctpo!Bsfob-!xijdi!ufoe!up!ibwf!npsf!npefso!ps!jotujuvujpobm!
bsdijufduvsf/!Uif!cvjmejoh!xjmm!offe!up!ibwf!b!sfmbujpotijq!up!bekbdfou!cvjmejoht!boe
qfeftusjbo!dpssjepst/!!Xjui!
uif!beejujpo!pg!uif!mboe!
Wbjm!Mjcsbsz
bdrvjsfe!gspn!uif!Wbjm!Wbmmfz!
Nfejdbm!Dfoufs-!uif!
Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!ibt!uif!
pqqpsuvojuz!up!tufq!cvjmejoh!
nbtt!epxo!upxbset!Xftu!
Nfbepx!Esjwf!jo!b!opsui0
tpvui!psjfoubujpo/!!Cvjmejoh!
nbtt!tipvme!tufq!epxo!gspn!
uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!up!
Wbjm!Ifbmui
uif!tpvui!cpvoebsz!pg!uif!
Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qspqfsuz/!!
Uif!cvjmejoh!po!uif!mboe!
fydibohf!qbsdfm!tipvme!tufq!
epxo!up!b!nbyjnvn!pg!gpvs!
boe!Ñwf!tupsjft!xjui!
dpnqmfnfoubsz!sppg!gpsnt!up!
bdijfwf!b!qfeftusjbo!tdbmf!
cvjmejoh-!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!
xftu!xjoh!pg!uif!nfejdbm!
dfoufs!)tff!Ñhvsf!4*-!boe!
tvckfdu!up!eftjho!sfwjfx/!!Uif!
Ñobm!cvjmejoh!nbttjoh-!tdbmf!
boe!gpsn!tibmm!cf!efufsnjofe!
evsjoh!uif!efwfmpqnfou!
sfwjfx!qspdftt/!
Uif!Fwfshsffo-!mpdbufe!jo!uif!
usbotjujpobm!{pof-!jodpsqpsbuft!uif!
Bsdijufduvsbm!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft!pg!uif!
Wbjm!Ifbmui!bmpoh!Xftu!Nfbepx!Es/
Qbhf!49!pg!84
Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!boe!uif!npsf!npefso!bsdijufduvsf!pg!uif!tvsspvoejoh!
djwjd!vtft!boe!Wbjm!Ifbmui/!!Fyqboejoh!po!uif!dpodfqu!pg!uif!ÆMboetdbqf!Mje-Ç!Uif!Fwfshsffo
Eftjho!Ufbn!ibt!eftjhofe!hvftu.bddfttjcmf!hsffo!sppgt!gps!uif!tusvduvsf-!xjui!b!mboetdbqfe!
dpvsuzbse!uibu!dsfbuft!b!qbsl.mjlf!fowjsponfou!xjuijo!uif!tjuf/!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!gpdvtft!po!b!
dpoofdujpo!xjui!obuvsf-!xjui!mjuumf!ejtujodujpo!cfuxffo!jo.eppst!boe!pvu.eppst/!!Uif!joufou!jt!uibu!
xifo!wjfxfe!gspn!bcpwf!)fjuifs!gspn!Wbjm!Ifbmui!ps!uif!Npvoubjo*-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!bqqfbst!
npsf!bt!mboetdbqf!uibo!tusvduvsf/!!Uif!sftvmu!pg!uijt!jt!uibu!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!qspqptfe!xjui!Òbu!
sppgt-!b!efwjbujpo!gspn!uif!Mjpotifbe!Bsdijufduvsbm!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft-!cvu!dpotjtufou!xjui!puifs!
cvjmejoht!jo!uijt!ofjhicpsippe-!nptu!opubcmz-!Wbjm!Ifbmui/!!Uif!Wbjm!Mjcsbsz!xbt!bmtp!vtfe!bt!b!
eftjho!jotqjsbujpo-!bt!xjui!jut!epnjobou!Òbu!hsffo!sppg-!uif!mjcsbsz!gffmt!mjlf!bo!fyufotjpo!pg!uif!
obujwf!wfhfubujpo!bttpdjbufe!xjui!uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!tusfbn!usbdu/!!
Uif!Fwfshsffo!tufqt!epxo!gspn!opsui!up!tpvui-!xjui!uif!nbkpsjuz!pg!uif!cvjmejoh!nbtt!bmpoh!
uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe-!epxo!up!5!tupsjft!bu!Mpu!21-!boe!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!
sfdpnnfoebujpo!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo/!!Uif!joufou!jt!up!njssps!uif!
ifjhiu!pg!Wbjm!Ifbmui!bu!uijt!joufsgbdf-!dsfbujoh!b!dpotjtufou!fyqfsjfodf!bmpoh!Xftu!Nfbepx!
Esjwf/!!
6/2:/:!Qvcmjd!Usbotju!Tupq!
Qbhf!4:!pg!84
B!qvcmjd!usbotju!tupq!jt!qsftfoumz!mpdbufe!fbtu!pg!uif!VT!Cbol!Cvjmejoh-!bdsptt!uif!
tusffu!gspn!uif!Upxo!Nvojdjqbm!pgÑdft/!!Uispvhi!uif!gvuvsf!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!
Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!boe!uif!Wbjm!Wbmmfz!Nfejdbm!Dfoufs-!bo!pqqpsuvojuz!fyjtut!up!qpufoujbmmz!
sfmpdbuf!uif!usbotju!tupq!up!b!npsf!pqujnbm!mpdbujpo/
Uif!UpxoÉt!eftjho!qspdftt!gps!uif!spvoebcpvu!boe!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!jnqspwfnfout!eje!
opu!jodmvef!uif!sfmpdbujpo!pg!uif!usbotju!tupq!boe!uif!fyjtujoh!usbotju!tupq!mpdbujpot!xfsf!
dpotjefsfe!pqujnbm/!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!opu!qspqptjoh!boz!sfmpdbujpo!pg!usbotju!vtft/
4/Uif!qspqptbm!epft!opu!puifsxjtf!ibwf!b!tjhojÑdbou!ofhbujwf!ffdu!po!uif!
dibsbdufs!pg!uif!ofjhicpsippe/!
Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!qbsu!pg!uif!mjol!cfuxffo!Mjpotifbe!Dpsf!boe!Wbjm!
Wjmmbhf/!!Uijt!bsfb-!xjui!uif!Wbjm!Mjcsbsz!boe!Epctpo!Jdf!bsfb-!jt!fowjtjpofe!bt!b!djwjd!dfoufs-!
mjoljoh!uiftf!bsfbt!pg!uif!dpnnvojuz/!!Uif!sfdfoumz!dpnqmfufe!Wbjm!Ifbmui!bmtp!tfswft!bt!b!
dpnnvojuz!ivc!boe!bo!bsdijufduvsbm!fybnqmf!pg!npvoubjo!npefso!eftjho/!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!
Gspn!uif!Djwjd!Bsfb!Qmbo-!xjui!Uif!Fwfshsffo!qspqfsuz!jefoujÑfe
bmnptu!foujsfmz!tvsspvoefe!cz!qspqfsujft!uibu!bsf!{pofe!Hfofsbm!Vtf-!xijdi!jt!b!{pof!ejtusjdu!
qsjnbsjmz!gps!qvcmjd!boe!rvbtj.qvcmjd!vtft/!!Jo!uif!HV!{pof!ejtusjdu-!uifsf!bsf!op!tfu!
efwfmpqnfou!qbsbnfufst-!bt!bmm!tuboebset!bsf!qsftdsjcfe!cz!uif!Qmboojoh!boe!Fowjsponfoubm!
Dpnnjttjpo!evsjoh!uif!sfwjfx!pg!b!efwfmpqnfou!qmbo/!!Bmpoh!uif!xftu!qspqfsuz-!Uif!Fwfshsffo
jt!bekbdfou!up!uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!tusfbn!usbdu-!xjui!uif!Upxo.pxofe!qpsujpo!{pofe!Obuvsbm!Bsfb!
Qsftfswbujpo!Ejtusjdu!boe!uif!FSXTE!qpsujpo!{pofe!Pvuepps!Sfdsfbujpo/!!Ejsfdumz!up!uif!tpvui!
Qbhf!51!pg!84
pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!Mpu!21-!{pofe!Hfofsbm!Vtf/!!Uif!312:!Djwjd!Bsfb!Qmbo!tfswft!bt!uif!
hvjejoh!epdvnfou!gps!nptu!pg!uiftf!qspqfsujft!jo!uif!wjdjojuz-!boe!Uif!Fwfshsffo!Eftjho!Ufbn!
ibt!xpslfe!ejmjhfoumz!xjui!uif!Upxo!pg!WbjmÉt!qmboojoh!epdvnfout!up!fotvsf!uibu!uif
efwfmpqnfou!qmbot!dpoujovf!up!
bmjho!xjui!uif!Djwjd!Bsfb!Qmbo/!!
Uijt!jodmveft!uif!gpmmpxjoh;
Dppsejobujpo!po!qmboojoh!boe!
eftjho!pg!uif!qspqptfe!qbsl!
po!Mpu!21
Qspufdujpo!boe!qsftfswbujpo!pg!
uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!sjqbsjbo!
bsfbt
Eftjhojoh!boe!qspwjejoh!uif!
qfeftusjbo!dpoofdujpo!
cfuxffo!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!
Spbe!boe!Mpu!21
Uipvhi!tfqbsbufe!cz!uif!Njeemf!
Dsffl!Tusfbn!Usbdu-!Uif!
Fwfshsffo!jt!bmtp!bekbdfou!up!uif!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm-!b!nvmujqmf.gbnjmz!sftjefoujbm!qspqfsuz!{pofe!
Mjpotifbe!Njyfe!Vtf.2/!!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!xbt!dpotusvdufe!jo!uif!fbsmz!2:81t-!boe!dpotjtut!pg!
bqqspyjnbufmz!64!qsjwbufmz!pxofe!
dpoepnjojvnt-!nboz!nbobhfe!jo!
b!tipsu.ufsn!sfoubm!qsphsbn/!!
Uif!tjuft!pg!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!boe!
Uif!Fwfshsffo!tibsf!tpnf!
tjnjmbs!dibsbdufsjtujdt!.!uifz!bsf!
tmjhiumz!pvutjef!pg!uif!dpsf!pg!
Mjpotifbe<!uifz!bsf!bekbdfou!up!
boe!tvsspvoefe!cz!qvcmjd!boe!
rvbtj.qvcmjd!vtft<!boe!uif!
mpdbujpot!bsf!opu!gbwpsbcmf!up!
dpnnfsdjbm!vtft!bt!uifsf!jt!mjuumf!
Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!Dpoepnjojvnt
ps!op!gspoubhf!po!b!qsjnbsz!
Qbhf!52!pg!84
qfeftusjbo!dpssjeps/!!Bt!b!
Wjfx!pg!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!
sftvmu-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!
Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm
gspn!fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!
tfotjujwf!up!nbjoubjojoh!boe!
qspqfsuz!mjof
foibodjoh!uif!mboetdbqf!
tfqbsbujpo!cfuxffo!uif!
tjuft-!xijmf!qsftfswjoh!uif!
sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps!bttpdjbufe!
xjui!uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!
tusfbn!usbdu!uibu!tfswft!bt!
b!cvggfs/!!!
Sfdphoj{joh!uif!gvuvsf!
qpufoujbm!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!
uif!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!xijmf!
sftqfdujoh!uif!fyjtujoh!npsf!
npefso!bftuifujd-!Uif!
Fwfshsffo!Eftjho!Ufbn!ibt!ublfo!dvft!gspn!uif!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm-!fotvsjoh!uibu!uif!dibsbdufs!
pg!uif!ofjhicpsippe!jt!qsftfswfe/!!Fybnqmft!jodmvef!tnbmm-!qsjwbuf!cbmdpojft-!bsujdvmbufe!gpsnt-!
tjnqmjdjuz!pg!nbufsjbmt-!nfubm!bddfout-!fud/!!
Uif!Fwfshsffo!epft!opu!ibwf!ejsfdu!gspoubhf!po!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf-!bt!ju!jt!tfqbsbufe!gspn!
uif!spbe!cz!Mpu!21-!jefoujÑfe!jo!uif!UpxoÉt!nbtufs!qmboojoh!epdvnfout!bt!b!qbsl/!!Ipxfwfs-!
uif!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!ofjhicpsippe!qspwjeft!bo!jnqpsubou!mjol!cfuxffo!Mjpotifbe!boe!Wbjm!
Wjmmbhft/!!Ju!jt!hfofsbmmz!dibsbdufsj{fe!cz!mpx!efotjuz!sftjefoujbm!vtft!bmpoh!uif!tpvui!tjef!pg!
Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf/!!Uiftf!sftjefodft!bsf!ifbwjmz!mboetdbqfe!up!nbyjnj{f!qsjwbdz!gspn!uif!
qfeftusjbo!usbgÑd!cfuxffo!uif!Wjmmbhft/!!Uif!opsui!tjef!pg!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf-!fbtu!pg!Wbjm!
Ifbmui!ibt!npsf!nvmujqmf.gbnjmz!sftjefodft-!jodmvejoh!Tlbbm!Ibvt!boe!uif!Bmqipso/!!Uiftf!ibwf!
b!npsf!epnjobou!qsftfodf!bmpoh!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf/!!Tpnf!vojut!ibwf!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!bmpoh!
uif!spbe/!!Evf!up!Wbjm!IfbmuiÉt!mpdbujpo!cfuxffo!uiftf!qspqfsujft!boe!Uif!Fwfshsffo-!uif!
dibsbdufs!pg!uif!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!ofjhicpsippe!xjmm!opu!cf!bggfdufe!cz!uif!efwfmpqnfou/!!
Uifsf!xjmm!cf!op!wfijdvmbs!bddftt!up!Uif!Fwfshsffo!wjb!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf-!bt!bmm!wfijdvmbs!
bddftt!pddvst!gspn!T/!Gspoubhf!Spbe-!nbjoubjojoh!uif!dibsbdufs!bt!b!qfeftusjbo!boe!usbotju!
dpssjeps!xjui!mjnjufe!wfijdvmbs!bddftt/!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!tufqt!epxo!bt!jt!bqqspbdift!Xftu!
Nfbepx!Esjwf-!xjui!6.tupsjft-!uifo!5.tupsjft!bu!uif!Mpu!21!qspqfsuz/!!Uif!dvssfou!tvsgbdf!
qbsljoh!po!Mpu!21!jt!qspqptfe!cz!uif!Upxo!up!cfdpnf!b!qbsl-!dsfbujoh!b!tjhojÑdbou!cvggfs!up!
Qbhf!53!pg!84
Tlbbm!IbvtBmqipso
Uif!Fwfshsffo/!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!tfucbdl!gspn!uif!fehf!pg!qbwfnfou!pg!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!
b!njojnvn!pg!82!gu-!jodsfbtjoh!up!213/5!gu/!xifsf!ju!jt!bekbdfou!up!Mpu!21-!bt!tipxo!jo!uif
gpmmpxjoh!hsbqijd;
82!gu/
Uif!ofxmz!dpnqmfufe!
sfopwbujpo!pg!Wbjm!Ifbmui!jt!
mjlfmz!uif!nptu!epnjobou!
tusvduvsf!xjuijo!uif!Xftu!
Nfbepx!Esjwf!
ofjhicpsippe/!!Ju!dbo!cf!
dibmmfohjoh!up!dpnqbsf!
213/5!gu/
uif!dibsbdufs!pg!bo!
jotujuvujpobm!vtf!tvdi!bt!
Wbjm!Ifbmui!up!Uif!
Fwfshsffo-!cvu!uif!
qspqfsujft!ibwf!xpslfe!
uphfuifs!pwfs!uif!zfbst!up!fotvsf!uibu!uifsf!jt!dpiftjpo!cfuxffo!uif!efwfmpqnfout/!!Wbjm!Ifbmui!
qsftfout!b!6.tupsz!gbdbef!bmpoh!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf-!xjui!b!tufq.cbdl!up!uif!7ui!tupsz/!!!Uif!
Qbhf!54!pg!84
Òpps!up!Òpps!pg!uif!iptqjubm!ejggfst!gspn!uif!Òpps!up!Òpps!pg!sftjefoujbm!vtft-!tp!uifz!dbo!cf!
ejgÑdvmu!up!dpnqbsf/!
5/Uif!qspqptbm!tvctuboujbmmz!dpnqmjft!xjui!puifs!bqqmjdbcmf!fmfnfout!pg!uif!Wbjm!
dpnqsfifotjwf!qmbo!
Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!Uif!MSNQ!qspwjeft!uif!nptu!tvctuboujbm!hvjebodf!po!efwfmpqnfou!
xjuijo!Mjpotifbe/!!Ipxfwfs-!uifsf!bsf!puifs!bqqmjdbcmf!fmfnfout!pg!puifs!dpnqsfifotjwf!
qmboojoh!epdvnfout-!jodmvejoh!uif!gpmmpxjoh;!
¦Uif!Wbjm!3131!Qmbo!xbt!bepqufe!cz!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!jo!3118/!!Ju!qspwjeft!hpbmt!boe!bdujpo!
jufnt!uibu!tvqqpsu!uif!qspqptfe!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo!qspqfsuz-!tubujoh;!
Hpbm!$2;!Wbjm!xjmm!dpoujovf!up!nbobhf!hspxui-!nbjoubjojoh!b!cbmbodf!cfuxffo!uif!cvml!
boe!nbtt!pg!sftjefoujbm-!dpnnfsdjbm!boe!sfdsfbujpobm!vtft!up!fotvsf!uif!rvbmjuz-!
dibsbdufs-!ejwfstjuz!boe!wjubmjuz!pg!uif!upxo!cz!fotvsjoh!uibu!bmm!sfhvmbupsz!boe!bewjtpsz!
mboe!vtf!epdvnfout!bsf!vqebufe!boe!dvssfou-!qspwjejoh!fbtf!pg!dpnqmjbodf!boe!
fogpsdfnfou-!boe!vojgpsnjuz!bnpoh!sfhvmbupsz!boe!bewjtpsz!epdvnfout/!
Hpbm!$3;!Mboe!vtf!boe!efwfmpqnfou!efdjtjpot!xjmm!beesftt!fowjsponfoubm!tvtubjobcjmjuz!
bt!b!qsjpsjuz!pg!uif!dpnnvojuz/!
¦Beejujpobmmz-!uif!Wbjm!Mboe!Vtf!Qmbo!xbt!bepqufe!jo!2:97-!xjui!bo!vqebuf!jo!311:/!!Uif!Wbjm!
Mboe!Vtf!Qmbo!qspwjeft!hpbmt!boe!pckfdujwft!gpdvtjoh!po!fodpvsbhjoh!efwfmpqnfou!boe!
sfefwfmpqnfou!xjuijo!uif!fyjtujoh!Wjmmbhf!boe!Mjpotifbe!dpsft/!!Uif!Wbjm!Mboe!Vtf!Qmbo!
qspwjeft!uif!gpmmpxjoh;!
2/2/Wbjm!tipvme!dpoujovf!up!hspx!jo!b!dpouspmmfe!fowjsponfou-!nbjoubjojoh!b!cbmbodf!
cfuxffo!sftjefoujbm-!dpnnfsdjbm!boe!sfdsfbujpobm!vtft!up!tfswf!cpui!uif!wjtjups!boe!uif!
qfsnbofou!sftjefou/!
2/4/Uif!rvbmjuz!pg!efwfmpqnfou!tipvme!cf!nbjoubjofe!boe!vqhsbefe!xifofwfs!
qpttjcmf/!
2/23/!Wbjm!tipvme!bddpnnpebuf!nptu!pg!uif!beejujpobm!hspxui!jo!fyjtujoh!efwfmpqfe!
bsfbt!)joÑmm!bsfbt*/!
4/5/!Dpnnfsdjbm!hspxui!tipvme!cf!dpodfousbufe!jo!fyjtujoh!dpnnfsdjbm!bsfbt!up!
bddpnnpebuf!cpui!mpdbm!boe!wjtjups!offet/!
Qbhf!55!pg!84
5/2/!Gvuvsf!dpnnfsdjbm!efwfmpqnfou!tipvme!dpoujovf!up!pddvs!qsjnbsjmz!jo!fyjtujoh!
dpnnfsdjbm!bsfbt/!Gvuvsf!dpnnfsdjbm!efwfmpqnfou!jo!uif!Dpsf!bsfbt!offet!up!cf!
dbsfgvmmz!dpouspmmfe!up!gbdjmjubuf!bddftt!boe!efmjwfsz/!
5/3/!Jodsfbtfe!efotjuz!jo!uif!Dpsf!bsfbt!jt!bddfqubcmf!tp!mpoh!bt!uif!fyjtujoh!dibsbdufs!
pg!fbdi!bsfb!jt!qsftfswfe!uispvhi!jnqmfnfoubujpo!pg!uif!Vscbo!Eftjho!Hvjef!Qmbo!boe!
uif!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!Nbtufs!Qmbo/!
Bt!joejdbufe!cz!uif!hpbmt!boe!pckfdujwft!pvumjofe!jo!uif!wbsjpvt!nbtufs!qmboojoh!epdvnfout-!
uif!qspqptfe!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qspqfsuz!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui!uiftf!
epdvnfout/!!Gvsuifsjoh!uif!hpbmt!mjtufe!bcpwf-!uif!qspqptfe!qspkfdu!jt!uif!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!bo!
bhjoh!boe!pvu.ebufe!qspqfsuz/!!Uif!qspqptfe!qspkfdu!jt!mpdbufe!xjuijo!bo!fyjtujoh!dpnnfsdjbm!
bsfb-!boe!jodsfbtfe!efotjuz!xjuijo!jo!uif!dpsf!bsfbt!jt!bmtp!jefoujÑfe!bt!b!hpbm/!!Uif!qspqptfe!
sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qspqfsuz!tvctuboujbmmz!dpnqmjft!xjui!bmm!bqqmjdbcmf!
nbtufs!qmboojoh!epdvnfout!pg!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm/!!!
6/Njujhbujpo!pg!Efwfmpqnfou!Jnqbdut!
Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!Tfdujpo!23.8I.29;!NJUJHBUJPO!PG!EFWFMPQNFOU!JNQBDUT!eftdsjcft!
uif!sfrvjsfnfou!uibu!qspkfdut!xjuijo!Mjpotifbe!njujhbuf!uif!ejsfdu!jnqbdut!pg!efwfmpqnfou-!
tubujoh;!
Qspqfsuz!pxofst0efwfmpqfst!tibmm!bmtp!cf!sftqpotjcmf!gps!njujhbujoh!ejsfdu!jnqbdut!pg!
uifjs!efwfmpqnfou!po!qvcmjd!jogsbtusvduvsf!boe!jo!bmm!dbtft!njujhbujpo!tibmm!cfbs!b!
sfbtpobcmf!sfmbujpo!up!uif!efwfmpqnfou!jnqbdut/!Jnqbdut!nbz!cf!efufsnjofe!cbtfe!po!
sfqpsut!qsfqbsfe!cz!rvbmjÑfe!dpotvmubout/!Uif!fyufou!pg!njujhbujpo!boe!qvcmjd!bnfojuz!
jnqspwfnfout!tibmm!cf!cbmbodfe!xjui!uif!hpbmt!pg!sfefwfmpqnfou!boe!xjmm!cf!
efufsnjofe!cz!uif!qmboojoh!boe!fowjsponfoubm!dpnnjttjpo!jo!sfwjfx!pg!efwfmpqnfou!
qspkfdut!boe!dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnjut/!Njujhbujpo!pg!jnqbdut!nbz!jodmvef-!cvu!jt!opu!
mjnjufe!up-!uif!gpmmpxjoh;!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!qfs!uif!upxo(t!dvssfou!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!
qpmjdz-!spbexbz!jnqspwfnfout-!qfeftusjbo!xbmlxbz!jnqspwfnfout-!tusffutdbqf!
jnqspwfnfout-!tusfbn!usbdu0cbol!jnqspwfnfout-!qvcmjd!bsu!jnqspwfnfout-!boe!tjnjmbs!
jnqspwfnfout/!Uif!joufou!pg!uijt!tfdujpo!jt!up!pomz!sfrvjsf!njujhbujpo!gps!mbshf!tdbmf!
sfefwfmpqnfou0efwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut!xijdi!qspevdf!tvctuboujbm!pgg!tjuf!jnqbdut/!
Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!qspqptjoh!up!njujhbuf!jnqbdut!bt!gpmmpxt;!
Fydffe!uif!UpxoÉt!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!sfrvjsfnfout/!!!
Qbhf!56!pg!84
Xpsljoh!jo!uif!gvuvsf!xjui!uif!UpxoÉt!Bsu!Jo!Qvcmjd!Qmbdft!Cpbse-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!
dpnnjut!up!qspwjejoh!qvcmjd!bsu!jo!uif!bnpvou!pg!%311-111/!
Qspwjtjpo!pg!b!qfeftusjbo!xbmlxbz!uispvhi!uif!qspqfsuz!up!qspwjef!hsfbufs!dpoofdujpo!
gspn!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!boe!uif!sfnbjoefs!pg!uif!Djwjd!Dfoufs/!
UsbgÑd!jnqbdu!gfft!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!Upxo!Dpef!xjmm!cf!qspwjefe!gps!uif!ofu!
jodsfbtf!pg!usbgÑd!hfofsbufe!cz!uif!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!qspqfsuz/!
Sftupsbujwf!mboetdbqf!jnqspwfnfout!up!uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!Tusfbn!Usbdu!tvckfdu!up!Upxo!
pg!Wbjm!boe!FSXTE!bqqspwbm!bt!bo!pgg.tjuf!cfofÑu!pg!uif!qspkfdu/!
Qbhf!57!pg!84
WJ/DSJUFSJB!GPS!SFWJFX;!EFTJHO!EFWJBUJPO
Tfdujpo!9/4/4/B!Sfwjfx!Dsjufsjb!gps!Efwjbujpot!up!uif!Bsdijufduvsbm!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft!gps!Ofx!
Efwfmpqnfou!qspwjeft!uif!dsjufsjb!gps!sfwjfx!gps!b!efwjbujpo!gspn!uif!Bsdijufduvsbm!Eftjho!
Hvjefmjoft!)BEH*!pg!uif!MSNQ/!!Ju!tubuft;
Tjnjmbs!up!uif!jnqmfnfoubujpo!qpmjdjft!pg!uif!BEH!qsftdsjcfe!gps!fyjtujoh!tusvduvsft-!uif!
Upxo!ibt!efufsnjofe!uibu!uifsf!nbz!cf!jotubodft!xifsf!Òfyjcjmjuz!jo!sfrvjsjoh!tusjdu!
dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif!Hvjefmjoft!gps!ofx!efwfmpqnfou!nbzcf!jo!uif!cftu!joufsftu!pg!uif!
dpnnvojuz!boe!uif!gvsuifsbodf!pg!uif!hpbmt!boe!pckfdujwft!tubufe!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!
Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo/!Uibu!tbje-!ipxfwfs-!ju!jt!bdlopxmfehfe!uibu!tvdi!
jotubodft!bsf!sbsf!boe!fyusbpsejobsz-!boe!tibmm!cf!dpotjefsfe!po!b!dbtf.cz.dbtf!cbtjt/!
Up!bje!jo!efufsnjojoh!xifo!Òfyjcjmjuz!tibmm!cf!bggpsefe!up!ofx!efwfmpqnfou!gspn!tusjdu!
dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif!Hvjefmjoft-!sfwjfx!dsjufsjb!ibwf!cffo!ftubcmjtife/!Uif!efhsff!pg!
eftjho!efwjbujpo!Òfyjcjmjuz!bggpsefe!up!b!efwfmpqnfou!qspkfdu!tibmm!cfbs!qspqpsujpobufmz!
up!uif!fyufou!pg!uif!jnqspwfnfout!qspqptfe/!Gps!fybnqmf-!b!efwfmpqnfou!bqqmjdbujpo!
uibu!qspqptft!uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!b!ofx!tusvduvsf!xijdi!jodmveft!uif!efnpmjujpo!pg!bo!
fyjtujoh!tusvduvsf!ps!beet!tjhojÑdbou!wpmvnf!ps!nbtt!up!b!qspqfsuz-!tibmm!npsf!gvmmz!
dpnqmz!xjui!uif!qsftdsjcfe!Bsdijufduvsbm!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft!pvumjofe!jo!uif!nbtufs!qmbo
uibo!bo!bqqmjdbujpo!xijdi!qspqptft!b!sfopwbujpo!ps!beejujpo!up!bo!fyjtujoh!cvjmejoh/
Eftjho!esjwfst!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo
Uif!fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf-!xjui!jut!epnjobujoh!:.tupsz!qsftfodf!boe!2:81t!qptu.npefso!
bsdijufduvsf-!ibt!bmxbzt!cffo!jodpohsvpvt!xjui!jut!tvsspvoejoht/!!Uijt!jodpohsvjuz!ibt!tfswfe!
bt!uif!jotqjsbujpo!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo!Eftjho!Ufbn-!xip!xbt!ubtlfe!xjui!Òjqqjoh!uif!obssbujwf!pg!
ÆFwfshsffo/Ç!!Xjuijo!uif!dpoufyu!pg!uif!eftjho!esjwfst!pg!Hfpmphz-!Xbufs-!Gmpsb0Gbvob-!boe!
Dvmuvsf!boe!Qmbdf-!uif!Eftjho!Ufbn!gpdvtfe!po!uif!gpmmpxjoh!hvjejoh!qsjodjqmft!gps!Uif!
Fwfshsffo;
Fdpmphjdbm!DbnpvÒbhf;!Fyufoe!uif!tvsspvoejoh!mboetdbqf!uispvhipvu!uif!tjuf!boe!
cvjmejoh/
Dpoofdu!up!Obuvsf;!Fohbhf!
tvsspvoejoh!uispvhi!wjfxt-!bddftt-!
Jotqjsbujpobm!jnbhfsz!gps!hsffo!Òbu!sppg
boe!uif!cmfoejoh!pg!jotjef!up!
pvutjef/
Qsptqfdu!boe!Sfgvhf;!Qspwjef!
fyqmpsbujwf!boe!tifmufsfe!tqbdf!
efsjwfe!uispvhi!uif!mboe/
Obuvsbm!Nbufsjbmt;!Vtf!obujwf!
nbufsjbmt!uibu!sftqfdu!uif!
tvsspvoejoh!fowjsponfou!boe!
joibcjubout/!!
Fdpmphjdbm!Gjmufs;!Dsfbuf!b!
Qbhf!59!pg!84
mboetdbqf!xijdi!njnjd!uif!obuvsbm!tvsspvoejoht!up!sfevdf!
boe!Ñmufs!tupsn!xbufs!svopgg/
Bunptqifsf;!Ijhimjhiu!xbufsÉt!obuvsbm!npwfnfou-!tpvoe-!
boe!tnfmm/
Ibcjubu;!Fyufoe!obujwf!ibcjubu!uispvhipvu!uif!tjuf!up!
qspwjef!gps!obuvsf!boe!mjgf/
Cjpqijmjd!Mjwjoh;!Vtf!rvbmjujft!gpvoe!xjuijo!uif!obuvsbm!
fowjsponfou!up!jogpsn!cpui!tqbdf!boe!cvjmejoh!
qfsgpsnbodf/
Tfbtpobmjuz!boe!Bebqubujpo;!B!cvjmejoh!boe!tjuf!uibu!
fncsbdft!boe!ifjhiufot!jut!tvsspvoejoh!zfbs.spvoe/
Hbufxbz!boe!Uisftipme;!Uif!cvjmejoh!bt!b!qbttbhfxbz!
boe!dpoofdujpo!qpjou/
B!Qmbdf!gps!Dpnnvojuz;!B!qmbdf!gps!hbuifsjoh-!qmbzjoh-!
npwjoh-!boe!dpoofdujoh/
Ipops!Mpdbm!Dpoufyu;!Ipops!sftpsu!bunptqifsf!vojrvf!
up!uif!sfhjpo!boe!fncsbdf!uif!dpoofdujpo!up!uif!Djwjd!
Dfoufs/!!
Uif!Eftjho!Efwjbujpo!sfrvftufe!jt!uif!bmmpxbodf!gps!uif!
mboetdbqfe!Òbu!sppg!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo/!!Xjui!mboetdbqfe!sppgt!
boe!uif!mbshf!dfousbm!mboetdbqf!qmb{b-!uif!qspqptfe!qmbo!Òjqt!uif!
jefb!pg!uif!dvssfou!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!bt!b!npopmjuijd!tusvduvsf!jo!
dpoÒjdu!xjui!obuvsf-!up!Uif!Fwfshsffo!bt!bo!fyufotjpo!pg!
mboetdbqf/!!
Uif!Òbu!sppgt!jt!uif!cbtjt!offefe!up!jodpsqpsbuf!tvtubjobcmf!
qsbdujdft-!jodmvejoh!uif!vtf!pg!sppgupq!tpmbs-!dpouspm!pg!
tupsnxbufs!svopgg!boe!sfufoujpo-!sfevdujpo!pg!uif!vscbo!ifbu!
jtmboe!fggfdu-!jnqspwft!fgÑdjfodz!pg!nfdibojdbm!frvjqnfou!xijdi!
sfevdft!hsffoipvtf!hbt!fnjttjpot-!boe!uif!qspwjtjpo!pg!obujwf!
mboetdbqf!boe!qmbou!nbufsjbmt/!!Uif!Tpmbsjt!Hspvq!jt!bdujwfmz!
qvstvjoh!pqqpsuvojujft!gps!tvtubjobcmf!hsffo!cvjmejoh!dfsujÑdbujpot!
Qbhf!5:!pg!84
gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo-!boe!uif!vtf!pg!hsffo!sppgt!bsf!bo!jnqpsubou!btqfdu!pg!uif!tvtubjobcjmjuz!
qbdlbhf/!!!
Uif!gpmmpxjoh!beesfttft!uif!dsjufsjb!pvumjofe!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!gps!b!
eftjho!efwjbujpo!up!bmmpx!gps!hsffo!Òbu!sppgt;!!
2/Uif!sfrvftu!gps!eftjho!efwjbujpot!bsf!jo!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif!qvsqptft!pg!uif!{pof!
ejtusjdu<!!
Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!Uif!qvsqptft!pg!uif!MNV.2!{pof!ejtusjdu!bsf!qspwjefe!jo!Tfdujpo!23.8I.2!
pg!uif!Wbjm!Upxo!Dpef-!xijdi!tubuft;!
Uif!Mjpotifbe!njyfe!vtf!2!ejtusjdu!jt!joufoefe!up!qspwjef!tjuft!gps!b!njyuvsf!pg!
nvmujqmf.gbnjmz!exfmmjoht-!mpehft-!ipufmt-!gsbdujpobm!gff!dmvct-!ujnftibsft-!mpehf!
exfmmjoh!vojut-!sftubvsbout-!pgÑdft-!tljfs!tfswjdft-!boe!dpnnfsdjbm!ftubcmjtinfout!jo!b!
dmvtufsfe-!vojÑfe!efwfmpqnfou/!Mjpotifbe!njyfe!vtf!2!ejtusjdu-!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!
Mjpotifbe!sfefwfmpqnfou!nbtufs!qmbo-!jt!joufoefe!up!fotvsf!befrvbuf!mjhiu-!bjs-!pqfo!
tqbdf!boe!puifs!bnfojujft!bqqspqsjbuf!up!uif!qfsnjuufe!uzqft!pg!cvjmejoht!boe!vtft!
boe!up!nbjoubjo!uif!eftjsbcmf!rvbmjujft!pg!uif!{pof!ejtusjdu!cz!ftubcmjtijoh!bqqspqsjbuf!
tjuf!efwfmpqnfou!tuboebset/!Uijt!{pof!ejtusjdu!jt!nfbou!up!fodpvsbhf!boe!qspwjef!
jodfoujwft!gps!sfefwfmpqnfou!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!Mjpotifbe!sfefwfmpqnfou!nbtufs!
qmbo/!
Uijt!{pof!ejtusjdu!xbt!tqfdjÑdbmmz!efwfmpqfe!up!qspwjef!jodfoujwft!gps!qspqfsujft!up!
sfefwfmpq/!Uif!vmujnbuf!hpbm!pg!uiftf!jodfoujwft!jt!up!dsfbuf!bo!fdpopnjdbmmz!wjcsbou!
mpehjoh-!ipvtjoh-!boe!dpnnfsdjbm!dpsf!bsfb/!Uif!jodfoujwft!jo!uijt!{pof!ejtusjdu!jodmvef!
jodsfbtft!jo!bmmpxbcmf!hsptt!sftjefoujbm!Òpps!bsfb-!cvjmejoh!ifjhiu-!boe!efotjuz!pwfs!uif!
qsfwjpvtmz!ftubcmjtife!{pojoh!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!sfefwfmpqnfou!nbtufs!qmbo!tuvez!bsfb/!
Uif!qsjnbsz!hpbm!pg!uif!jodfoujwft!jt!up!dsfbuf!fdpopnjd!dpoejujpot!gbwpsbcmf!up!
joevdjoh!qsjwbuf!sfefwfmpqnfou!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!Mjpotifbe!sfefwfmpqnfou!nbtufs!
qmbo/!Beejujpobmmz-!uif!jodfoujwft!bsf!dsfbufe!up!ifmq!Ñobodf!qvcmjd!pgg!tjuf!
jnqspwfnfout!bekbdfou!up!sfefwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut/!Xjui!boz!efwfmpqnfou0
sfefwfmpqnfou!qspqptbm!ubljoh!bewboubhf!pg!uif!jodfoujwft!dsfbufe!ifsfjo-!uif!
gpmmpxjoh!bnfojujft!xjmm!cf!fwbmvbufe;!tusffutdbqf!jnqspwfnfout-!qfeftusjbo0cjdzdmf!
bddftt-!qvcmjd!qmb{b!sfefwfmpqnfou-!qvcmjd!bsu-!spbexbz!jnqspwfnfout-!boe!tjnjmbs!
jnqspwfnfout/!!
Qbhf!61!pg!84
Bt!tubufe!bcpwf-!uif!MNV.2!{pof!ejtusjdu!jt!joufoefe!up!qspwjef!jodfoujwft!gps!qspqfsujft!up!
sfefwfmpqnfou-!sfdphoj{joh!uif!offe!up!dsfbuf!fdpopnjd!dpoejujpot!up!fodpvsbhf!qsjwbuf!
qspqfsujft!up!sfefwfmpq/!!
3/Uif!qspqptbm!xijdi!jodmveft!uif!eftjho!efwjbujpot!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui!bqqmjdbcmf!
fmfnfout!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo<!!
Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;Uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!jefoujÑft!uibu!cfdbvtf!Uif!
Fwfshsffo!jt!jo!b!usbotjujpobm!bsfb-!tvsspvoefe!cz!npsf!jotujuvujpobm!boe!djwjd!vtft-!uibu!ju!xjmm!
offe!up!sfmbuf!up!uif!bekbdfou!cvjmejoht-!xijdi!ibwf!b!npsf!npefso!bsdijufduvsf/!!Uif!
Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!tubuft!uif!gpmmpxjoh;
6/2:/9!Bsdijufduvsbm!Jnqspwfnfout!boe!Cvjmejoh!Ifjhiut!
Uif!bsdijufduvsbm!eftjho!hvjefmjoft!)Dibqufs!9*!ejtdvtt!tfwfsbm!usbotjujpo!uppmt!uibu!dbo!
cf!vtfe!up!bebqu!bo!fyjtujoh!cvjmejoh!up!uif!ofx!dibsbdufs!boe!bsdijufduvsbm!rvbmjuz!
eftjsfe!gps!Mjpotifbe/!Hjwfo!uif!ijhi!wjtjcjmjuz!pg!uif!cvjmejoht!po!uijt!tjuf!boe!uif!
fyufou!up!xijdi!uifz!joÒvfodf!uif!rvbmjuz!pg!uif!fyqfsjfodf!pg!qbttfst.cz-!bmm!gvuvsf!
efwfmpqnfou!po!uif!tjuf!tipvme!cf!dmptfmz!tdsvujoj{fe!gps!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif!
bqqmjdbcmf!bsdijufduvsbm!eftjho!hvjefmjoft/!Uibu!tbje-!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!jt!mpdbufe!jo!
b!usbotjujpobm!bsfb!xjui!WWND-!uif!Mjcsbsz-!boe!Epctpo!Bsfob-!xijdi!ufoe!up!ibwf!
npsf!npefso!ps!jotujuvujpobm!bsdijufduvsf/!Uif!cvjmejoh!xjmm!offe!up!ibwf!b!sfmbujpotijq!
up!bekbdfou!cvjmejoht!boe!qfeftusjbo!dpssjepst/!!
Npefso!bsdijufduvsf!pg!Wbjm!Ifbmui
Qbhf!62!pg!84
Wbjm!Ifbmui!ibt!tfu!b!eftjho!qsfdfefou!jo!uijt!bsfb-!bt!b!tuvoojoh!fybnqmf!pg!npvoubjo!npefso!
bsdijufduvsf!xijdi!jt!jnqsfttjwf!gps!bo!jotujuvujpobm!vtf!tvdi!bt!b!iptqjubm/!!Wbjm!Ifbmui!!ibt!
qsfepnjoboumz!Òbu!sppg!gpsnt/!!!
Npefso!jotujuvujpobm!bsdijufduvsf!pg!Epctpo!Jdf!Bsfob
Bopuifs!fybnqmf!pg!npefso!jotujuvujpobm!bsdijufduvsf!jefoujÑfe!cz!uif!Mjpotifbe!
Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!jt!Epctpo!Jdf!Bsfob/!!Dvssfoumz!voefs!dpotjefsbujpo!gps!
sfefwfmpqnfou!cbtfe!po!sfdpnnfoebujpot!cz!uif!Djwjd!Qmbo-!cpui!uif!fyjtujoh!Epctpo!Jdf!
Bsfob!boe!tlfudift!pg!qpufoujbm!pqujpot!sfÒfdu!b!npsf!npvoubjo!npefso!bftuifujd-!xjui!b
wbsjfuz!pg!tife!boe!Òbu!sppg!gpsnt/!!
Pqujpo!gspn!uif!Djwjd!Qmbo!tipxjoh!sfopwbujpo!pg!Epctpo!Jdf!Bsfob
Mbtumz-!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!jefoujÑft!uif!Wbjm!Mjcsbsz!bt!bo!fybnqmf!pg!
npefso!ps!jotujuvujpobm!bsdijufduvsf/!!Uif!Wbjm!Mjcsbsz!jt!pof!pg!gfx!hsffo.sppgfe!tusvduvsft!xjui!
uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm/!!Eftjhofe!cz!Topxepo!boe!Ipqljot!boe!psjhjobmmz!dpotusvdufe!jo!2:94-!uif!
Wbjm!Mjcsbsz!xbt!bifbe!pg!jut!ujnf!jo!sfhbse!up!hsffo!cvjmejoh!qsbdujdft!boe!tfswft!bt!bo!
Qbhf!63!pg!84
jotqjsbujpo!gps!uif!joufhsbujpo!pg!mboetdbqf!boe!cvjmejoh/!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!Eftjho!Ufbn!cfmjfwft!
uif!hsffo!Òbu!sppg!pg!uif!Wbjm!Mjcsbsz!dbo!cf!tvddfttgvm!po!b!nvdi!mbshfs!tdbmf/!!
Wbjm!Mjcsbsz-!pof!pg!gfx!fybnqmft!pg!b!hsffo!sppg!jo!Wbjm
Uijt-!boe!puifs!tfdujpot!pg!uijt!tvcnjuubm!ibwf!efnpotusbufe!uif!qspkfduÉt!dpotjtufodz!xjui!uif!
Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo/!!
4/Uif!qspqptbm!xijdi!jodmveft!uif!eftjho!efwjbujpot!epft!opu!ibwf!b!tjhojÑdbou!
ofhbujwf!ffdu!po!uif!dibsbdufs!pg!uif!ofjhicpsippe<!!
Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;Bt!jefoujÑfe!cz!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo-!Uif!
Fwfshsffo!gbmmt!joup!uif!usbotjujpo!{pof!cfuxffo!Wbjm!boe!Mjpotifbe!Wjmmbhft!pg!Xftu!Nfbepx!
Esjwf/!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!bekbdfou!up!djwjd!boe!puifs!jotujuvujpot-!xjui!uif!fydfqujpo!pg!Wbjm!
Joufsobujpobm-!xijdi!jt!bdsptt!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm.pxofe!Njeemf!Dsffl!tusfbn!usbdu/!!Uifsf!bsf!
tjohmf.gbnjmz!boe!evqmfy!vtft!bmpoh!uif!tpvui!tjef!pg!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf/!!Xjui!b!wbsjfuz!pg!
sppg!gpsnt!jo!uijt!ofjhicpsippe-!b!hsffo!Òbu!sppg!xjmm!ibwf!b!qptjujwf!fggfdu!po!uif!dibsbdufs!pg!
uif!ofjhicpsippe/!!Uif!sppg!xjmm!cf!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!ofxmz!sfopwbufe!Wbjm!Ifbmui/!!
5/Uif!qspqptbm!tvctuboujbmmz!dpnqmjft!xjui!puifs!bqqmjdbcmf!fmfnfout!pg!uif!Wbjm!
dpnqsfifotjwf!qmbo<!!
Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;Bt!opufe!qsfwjpvtmz-!uif!vtf!pg!hsffo!Òbu!sppgt!jt!b!lfz!fmfnfou!pg!uif!
tvtubjobcjmjuz!hpbmt!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo/!!Sfdphoj{joh!uif!fowjsponfoubm!jnqbdut!pg!dpotusvdujpo!
boe!sfefwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut!jo!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm-!uif!hpbm!pg!uif!Tpmbsjt!Hspvq!jt!gps!Uif!
Fwfshsffo!up!cf!bo!fybnqmf!pg!tvtubjobcmf!dpotusvdujpo!qsbdujdft/!!Cvjmejoh!vqpo!Uif!UpxoÉt!
Qbhf!64!pg!84
Fowjsponfoubm!Tvtubjobcjmjuz!Tusbufhjd!Qmbo!boe!uif!UpxoÉt!sfdfou!dfsujÑdbujpo!bt!b!ÆTvtubjobcmf!
Eftujobujpo-Ç!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!qvstvjoh!pqqpsuvojujft!gps!hsffo!cvjmejoh!dfsujÑdbujpot/!!!
Uif!Wbjm!31031!Qmbo!xbt!bepqufe!bt!b!tusbufhjd!bdujpo!qmbo!jo!3118/!!Ju!ftubcmjtife!b!wjtjpo!gps!
WbjmÉt!gvuvsf;!!!
Xf!bsf!uif!ÆQsfnjfs!Npvoubjo!Sftpsu!DpnnvojuzÇ!cz!qspwjejoh!ijhi!rvbmjuz!pg!mjgf!boe!
fyqfsjfodft!gps!cpui!sftjefout!boe!wjtjupst/!!Uijt!jt!bdijfwfe!uispvhi!fowjsponfoubm!
tufxbsetijq-!xpsme.dmbtt!sfdsfbujpobm-!dvmuvsbm!boe!fevdbujpobm!pqqpsuvojujft-!b!tuspoh!
zfbs.spvoe!fdpopnz-!ejwfstjuz!pg!ipvtjoh-!boe!tvqfsjps!jogsbtusvduvsf/!!Uif!upxo!
bdujwfmz!tfflt!joqvu!boe!dppqfsbujpo!gspn!uif!dpnnvojuz!boe!jut!ofjhicpst!up!fotvsf!
gvmÑmmnfou!pg!jut!wjtjpo/!)qh/!2*!
Uif!Wbjm!31031!Tusbufhjd!Qmbo!qspwjeft!hvjebodf!po!cpui!mboe!vtf!boe!fowjsponfoubm!
tvtubjobcjmjuz-!jefoujgzjoh!uif!gpmmpxjoh;!
Uif!Fwfshsffo-!xijmf!opu!tqfdjÑdbmmz!tvckfdu!up!uif!Djwjd!Bsfb!Qmbo-!xjui!jut!mpdbujpo!tvsspvoefe!
cz!Djwjd!Vtft-!bmtp!ublft!jotqjsbujpo!boe!hvjebodf!gspn!nboz!pg!uif!sfdpnnfoebujpot!xjuijo!
uijt!qmbo-!jodmvejoh!uif!gpmmpxjoh;!
Qbhf!65!pg!84
3/Qspkfdu!Fdjfodz!
¦Eftjho!boe!dpotusvdu!cvjmejoht!gps!nbyjnvn!fofshz!fgÑdjfodz/
¦Eftjho!cvjmejoht!up!cf!fbtjmz!bebqubcmf!up!gvuvsf!hfofsbujpot!pg!qpxfs!hsjet0
tztufnt/
¦Njojnj{f!xbufs!vtf!xjui!fgÑdjfou!joepps!qmvncjoh!tztufnt!boe!pvuepps!jssjhbujpo!
tztufnt/
4/Fdptztufn!Ifbmui!
¦Dppsejobuf!xjui!uif!UpxoÉt!Tvtubjobcjmjuz!Efqbsunfou!up!fotvsf!uibu!uif!hpbmt!boe!
pckfdujwft!pg!Sftupsf!uif!Hpsf!bsf!jnqmfnfoufe!jo!tvctfrvfou!qspkfdu!qmboojoh!boe!
eftjho!gps!uif!efwfmpqnfou!pg!qbsdfmt!qspyjnbuf!up!Hpsf!Dsffl!boe!Njeemf!Dsffl/
¦Eftjho!boz!ofx!cvjmejoht!ps!jnqspwfnfout!qspyjnbuf!up!uif!Njeemf!boe!Hpsf!Dsffl!
dpssjepst!up!opu!jnqbdu!obuvsbm!sjqbsjbo!bsfbt!ps!uif!pwfsbmm!ifbmui!pg!uiftf!
fdptztufnt/
¦Jodpsqpsbuf!cftu!nbobhfnfou!qsbdujdft!gps!fsptjpo!dpouspm!boe!uif!dpmmfdujpo-!
sfufoujpo-!boe!usfbunfou!pg!tupsn!xbufs/
Qbhf!66!pg!84
5/Tvtubjobcmf!Fdpopnjd!boe!Tpdjbm!Efwfmpqnfou!
¦Vujmj{f!tvtubjobcmz!tpvsdfe!dpotusvdujpo!nbufsjbmt/!
¦Eftjho!jnqspwfnfout!xjuijo!uif!qsbdujdbm!dbsszjoh!dbqbdjuz!pg!uif!Djwjd!Bsfb!
cbmbodjoh!cvjmejoh!nbtt-!tdbmf!boe!gpsn!xjui!pqfo!tqbdf-!wfhfubujpo!boe!tvomjhiu/!
¦Xifsf!gfbtjcmf-!jodpsqpsbuf!uif!efwfmpqnfou!pg!xpslgpsdf!ipvtjoh!joup!uif!Djwjd!
Bsfb/!
Uijt!bobmztjt!ibt!gpdvtfe!po!uif!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!Wbjm!Dpnqsfifotjwf!Qmbo!pg!uif!eftjho!
efwjbujpo!up!bmmpx!gps!b!hsffo!Òbu!sppg/!!Puifs!tfdujpot!pg!uijt!tvcnjuubm!ibwf!bmtp!beesfttfe!
dpnqmjbodf!gps!uif!qspqptfe!qspkfdu!xjui!uif!Wbjm!Dpnqsfifotjwf!Qmbo/!!!
6/Uif!eftjho!efwjbujpo!nffut!ps!fydffet!uif!joufou!pg!uif!tqfdjÑd!eftjho!tuboebset!
bt!qsftdsjcfe!jo!Tfdujpo!9/5<!!
Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!Uif!Fwfshsffo-!xjui!uif!fydfqujpo!pg!uif!vtf!pg!hsffo!Òbu!sppgt-!dpnqmjft!
xjui!bmm!puifs!eftjho!tuboebset/!!Tfdujpo!9/5!jt!Uif!Mjpotifbe!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft/!!Sppgt!bsf!
gvsuifs!eftdsjcfe!jo!Tfdujpo!9/5/3/8-!xijdi!tubuft;!!
Jo!lffqjoh!xjui!uif!tqjsju!pg!uif!bsfbÉt!npvoubjo!bsdijufduvsf-!qsjnbsz!sppgt!xjuijo!
Mjpotifbe!bsf!up!cf!qsfepnjoboumz!hbcmft!boe!ijqt-!xjui!tifet!ps!Òbu!sppgt!qfsnjuufe!
bu!tnbmmfs-!tfdpoebsz!sppgt/!!Qsjnbsz!sppgt!bsf!efÑofe!bt!sppgt!xijdi!dpwfs!npsf!uibo!
611!TG!pg!sppg!bsfb-!xijmf!tfdpoebsz!sppgt!bsf!uiptf!xijdi!dpwfs!611!TG!pg!sppg!bsfb!
ps!mftt/!!Tfdpoebsz!sppgt!xijdi!pddvs!bu!mphjdbm!csfblt!jo!cvjmejoh!nbttjoh!nbz!
fydffe!611!TG!jg!uif!hfofsbm!joufou!pg!gsbhnfoufe!gpsnt!boe!wjtvbm!ibsnpoz!jt!nfu/!!
Gsff.tuboejoh!tifet!boe!cvuufsÒz!sppgt!bsf!opu!qfsnjuufe/!!Nbotbse!sppgt!bsf!
qfsnjuufe!po!cvjmejoht!xifsf!qjudife!sppgt!xpvme!cf!jnqsbdujdbm-!jg!uif!nbotbset!bsf!pg!
tjnjmbs!gpsn-!qjudi-!nbufsjbm-!dpmps-!boe!efubjm!up!puifs!sppgt!xjuijo!uif!dpnnvojuz!)boe!
jefoujÑfe!xjuijo!uiftf!Hvjefmjoft*/!!Jg!vtfe-!uiftf!uzqft!pg!sppgt!tipvme!cf!dpotjefsbuf!
opu!pomz!pg!wjfxt!gspn!uif!qfeftusjbo!tusffu-!cvu!bmtp!uiptf!gspn!uif!tlj!npvoubjo!Up!
uijt!foe-!bsfbt!pg!Òbu!sppg!xjuijo!uif!tmpqft!pg!uif!nbotbse!tibmm!cf!mjnjufe!up!uif!
qsbdujdbm!njojnvn-!boe!uif!nbufsjbmt!gps!uif!Òbu!sppg!tibmm!cf!cmbdl!ps!jo!b!dpmps!up!
cmfoe!xjui!uif!tmpqfe!sppg/!!Jo!beejujpo-!sppgupq!frvjqnfou!xjuijo!uif!Òbu!bsfbt!tibmm!cf!
qbjoufe!up!cmfoe!xjui!uif!sppg!nbufsjbm!)tff!ÆNjtdfmmbofpvt!FrvjqnfouÇ!Tfdujpo!up!
gpmmpx*/!!Uif!pwfsbmm!jnbhf!gps!Mjpotifbe!ublft!jut!dvf!gspn!uif!tjnqmf-!gsbhnfoufe-!
hbcmfe!sppg!gpsnt!pg!Fvspqfbo!bmqjof!wjmmbhft-!xifsf!wjfxt!pg!uif!sppgtdbqft!gspn!uif!
npvoubjot!bsf!qbsbnpvou/!
Qbhf!67!pg!84
Bt!qspwjefe!jo!uijt!nbtufs!qmbo!qspwjtjpo-!qsjnbsz!sppg!gpsnt!bsf!sfdpnnfoefe!up!cf!
qsfepnjoboumz!hbcmft!xjui!Òbu!sppgt!qfsnjuufe!bu!tnbmmfs!tfdpoebsz!sppgt/!!Cfdbvtf!Uif!
Fwfshsffo!jt!qspqptjoh!b!hsffo!Òbu!sppg!bt!uif!qsjnbsz!sppg!gpsn-!uif!eftjho!efwjbujpo!jt!
qspqptfe/!!Ipxfwfs-!uif!qspqptfe!efwjbujpo!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!joufou!pg!uijt!tuboebse-!bt!
uif!vtf!pg!b!hsffo!Òbu!sppg!xjmm!bqqfbs!npsf!bt!bo!fyufotjpo!pg!uif!obuvsbm!mboetdbqf!sbuifs!
uibo!bt!tusvduvsf/!!Xjui!uif!dpnqmjdbufe!sppg.tdbqf!pg!Wbjm!Ifbmui-!uif!hsffo!sppg!xjmm!qspwjef!
wjtvbm!joufsftu-!qsjnbsjmz!gspn!uif!wjfx!gspn!Wbjm!Npvoubjo/!!Bt!b!sftvmu-!uif!qspqptfe!efwjbujpo!
fydffet!uif!joufou!pg!uif!eftjho!tuboebset/!!
7/B!qvcmjd!cfofÑu!jt!bdijfwfe!bt!b!sftvmu!pg!uif!eftjho!efwjbujpo<!
Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;Uif!vtf!pg!hsffo!Òbu!sppgt!qspwjef!bo!pqqpsuvojuz!up!jodpsqpsbuf!
tvtubjobcmf!qsbdujdft-!jodmvejoh!uif!vtf!pg!sppgupq!tpmbs-!dpouspm!pg!tupsnxbufs!svopgg!boe!
sfufoujpo-!sfevdujpo!pg!uif!vscbo!ifbu!jtmboe!fggfdu-!jnqspwft!fgÑdjfodz!pg!nfdibojdbm!
frvjqnfou!xijdi!sfevdft!hsffoipvtf!hbt!fnjttjpot-!boe!uif!qspwjtjpo!pg!obujwf!mboetdbqf!
boe!qmbou!nbufsjbmt/!Hsffo!Òbu!sppgt!bmtp!ifmq!sftpmwf!uif!jttvf!pg!topx!tife!po!up!qfeftusjbo!
bsfbt!xijdi!dbo!cf!b!tjhojÑdbou!ifbmui!boe!tbgfuz!dpodfso!jo!uif!xjoufs!npouit/!!Uif!vtf!pg!
hsffo!sppgt!bsf!bo!jnqpsubou!btqfdu!pg!uif!tvtubjobcjmjuz!qbdlbhf-!xijdi!jt!bo!pwfsbmm!qvcmjd!
cfofÑu/!!
Beejujpobmmz-!uif!mpdbujpo!pg!uif!ifmjqpsu!jnqbdut!uif!bcjmjuz!up!ibwf!tmpqfe!sppgt!bmpoh!uif!Tpvui
Gspoubhf!Spbe-!evf!up!uif!
qspufdujpo!pg!uif!Òjhiu!qbui/!!Bt!
qbsu!pg!uif!dppqfsbujwf!qmboojoh!
bnpoh!Wbjm!Ifbui!boe!uif!Tpmbsjt!
Hspvq-!uifsf!jt!b!sftusjdujwf!
dpwfobou!xijdi!mjnjut!boz!
jnqspwfnfout!bcpwf!efÑofe!
fmfwbujpot-!jodmvejoh!cvu!opu!
mjnjufe!up;!cvjmejoh!fmfnfout-!
tusvduvsft-!sppgt-!sppg!pwfsiboht-!
qspkfdujpot-!bqqvsufobodft-!
nfdibojdbm!frvjqnfou-!fmfwbups!
tibgut-!tubjsxfmmt-!bsdijufduvsbm!
Gspn!Sftusjdujwf!Dpwfobou!Sfhbsejoh!Ifmjqpsu!.!Fyijcju!D;!
gfbuvsft-!fud/!!Uif!hsffo!Òbu!sppg-!Eftdsjqujpo!boe!Efqjdujpo!pg!Sftusjdufe!Bsfb
cfdbvtf!ju!epft!opu!bee!
Qbhf!68!pg!84
tvctuboujbm!nbtt!bcpwf!uif!vqqfs.nptu!mfwfm!dfjmjoh-!bmmpxt!Uif!Fwfshsffo!up!fotvsf!
dpotjtufodz!xjui!uijt!mjnjubujpo!xijmf!cfjoh!bcmfe!up!bdijfwf!befrvbuf!Òpps!bsfb!boe!dfjmjoh!
ifjhiut/!!Uijt!xbt!qbsu!pg!uif!mboe!fydibohf!xjui!Wbjm!Ifbmui-!xijdi!xbt!b!hsfbu!qvcmjd!cfofÑu!
up!uif!foujsf!Upxo-!bmmpxjoh!gps!uif!sfmpdbujpo!pg!uif!nbjo!fousbodf!up!Wbjm!Ifbmui!up!pddvs!bu!uif!
Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe-!sfevdjoh!usbgÑd!po!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf-!boe!bmmpxjoh!gps!fnfshfodz!
ifmjdpqufs!bddftt/!!!
8/Uif!eftjho!efwjbujpo!gvsuifst!uif!hpbmt-!pckfdujwft!boe!qvsqptft!bt!tubufe!jo!
Tfdujpot!3/4-!3/6!boe!9/3!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo/!!
Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!Uif!sfgfsfodfe!tfdujpot!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!
bsf!qspwjefe!cfmpx-!bmpoh!xjui!bo!bobmztjt!pg!dpotjtufodz!xjui!uijt!dsjufsjpo;!
3/4!Qpmjdz!Pckfdujwft!!
Uif!Upxo!Dpvodjm!bepqufe!tjy!qpmjdz!pckfdujwft!po!Opwfncfs!5-!2::7!up!pvumjof!uif!
jnqpsubou!jttvft!up!cf!beesfttfe!jo!uif!nbtufs!qmbo!boe!up!qspwjef!b!qpmjdz!gsbnfxpsl!
gps!uif!nbtufs!qmboojoh!qspdftt/!!
3/4/2!Sfofxbm!boe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!!
Mjpotifbe!dbo!boe!tipvme!cf!sfofxfe!boe!sfefwfmpqfe!up!cfdpnf!b!xbsnfs-!
npsf!wjcsbou!fowjsponfou!gps!hvftut!boe!sftjefout/!!Mjpotifbe!offet!bo!bqqfbmjoh!
boe!dpifsfou!jefoujuz-!b!tfotf!pg!qmbdf-!b!qfstpobmjuz-!b!qvsqptf-!boe!bo!jnqspwfe!
bftuifujd!dibsbdufs/!!
3/4/3!Wjubmjuz!boe!Bnfojujft!!
Xf!nvtu!tfj{f!uif!pqqpsuvojuz!up!foibodf!hvftu!fyqfsjfodf!boe!dpnnvojuz!
joufsbdujpo!uispvhi!fyqboefe!boe!beejujpobm!bdujwjujft!boe!bnfojujft!tvdi!bt!
qfsgpsnjoh!bsut!wfovft-!dpogfsfodf!gbdjmjujft-!jdf!sjolt-!tusffutdbqf-!qbslt!boe!puifs!
sfdsfbujpobm!jnqspwfnfout/!!!
3/4/4!Tuspohfs!Fdpopnjd!Cbtf!Uispvhi!Jodsfbtfe!Mjwf!Cfet!!
Jo!psefs!up!foibodf!uif!wjubmjuz!boe!wjbcjmjuz!pg!Wbjm-!sfofxbm!boe!sfefwfmpqnfou!jo!
Mjpotifbe!nvtu!qspnpuf!jnqspwfe!pddvqbodz!sbuft!boe!uif!dsfbujpo!pg!beejujpobm!
cfe!cbtf!)Æmjwf!cfetÇ!ps!Æxbsn!cfetÇ*!uispvhi!ofx!mpehjoh!qspevdut/!!Mjwf!cfet!
boe!xbsn!cfet!bsf!cftu!eftdsjcfe!bt!sftjefoujbm!ps!mpehjoh!sppnt!ps!vojut!uibu!bsf!
eftjhofe!gps!pddvqbodz!cz!wjtjupst-!hvftut-!joejwjevbmt-!ps!gbnjmjft!po!b!tipsu!ufsn!
sfoubm!cbtjt/!!Jo!psefs!up!jnqspwf!pddvqbodz!sbuft!boe!dsfbuf!beejujpobm!cfe!cbtf!jo!
Mjpotifbe-!bqqmjdbujpot!gps!ofx!efwfmpqnfou!boe!sfefwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut!xijdi!
Qbhf!69!pg!84
jodmvef!b!sftjefoujbm!dpnqpofou!tibmm!qspwjef!mjwf!cfet!jo!uif!gpsn!pg!
bddpnnpebujpo!vojut-!gsbdujpobm!gff!dmvc!vojut-!mpehf!exfmmjoh!vojut-!ujnftibsf!
vojut-!buubdife!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!)j/f-!mpdl.pgg!vojut*-!ps!exfmmjoh!vojut!xijdi!bsf!
jodmvefe!jo!b!wpmvoubsz!sfoubm!nbobhfnfou!qsphsbn!boe!bwbjmbcmf!gps!tipsu!ufsn!
sfoubm/!!Gvsuifs-!ju!jt!uif!fyqsfttfe!hpbm!pg!uijt!Qmbo!uibu!jo!beejujpo!up!dsfbujoh!
beejujpobm!cfe!cbtf!uispvhi!ofx!mpehjoh!qspevdut-!uifsf!tibmm!cf!op!ofu!mptt!pg!
fyjtujoh!mjwf!cfet!xjuijo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!tuvez!bsfb/!!
3/4/5!Jnqspwfe!Bddftt!boe!Djsdvmbujpo!!
Uif!Òpx!pg!qfeftusjbo-!wfijdvmbs-!cjdzdmf!boe!nbtt!usbotju!usbgÑd!nvtu!cf!jnqspwfe!
xjuijo!boe!uispvhi!Mjpotifbe/!!
3/4/6!Jnqspwfe!Jogsbtusvduvsf!!
Uif!jogsbtusvduvsf!pg!Mjpotifbe!)tusffut-!xbmlxbzt-!usbotqpsubujpo!tztufnt-!qbsljoh-!
vujmjujft-!mpbejoh!boe!efmjwfsz!tztufnt-!topx!sfnpwbm!boe!tupsbhf!dbqbdjuz*!boe!jut!
qvcmjd!boe!qsjwbuf!tfswjdft!nvtu!cf!vqhsbefe!up!tvqqpsu!sfefwfmpqnfou!boe!
sfwjubmj{bujpo!fggpsut!boe!up!nffu!uif!tfswjdf!fyqfdubujpot!pg!pvs!hvftut!boe!
sftjefout/!!
3/4/7!Dsfbujwf!Gjobodjoh!gps!Foibodfe!Qsjwbuf!QspÑut!boe!Qvcmjd!Sfwfovft!!
Gjobodjbmmz!dsfbujwf!boe!Ñtdbmmz!sfbmjtujd!tusbufhjft!nvtu!cf!jefoujÑfe!tp!uibu!
befrvbuf!dbqjubm!nbz!cf!sbjtfe!gspn!bmm!qpttjcmf!tpvsdft!up!gvoe!eftjsfe!qsjwbuf!
boe!qvcmjd!jnqspwfnfout/!!
Uif!qpmjdz!pckfdujwft!jefoujÑfe!bcpwf!efnpotusbuf!uif!joufoujpo!up!fodpvsbhf!qspqfsujft!up!
sfefwfmpq-!cbmbodjoh!uif!offe!gps!puifs!jnqspwfnfout!xjuijo!Mjpotifbe/!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!
dpnqmjft!xjui!uiftf!qpmjdz!pckfdujwft!jodmvejoh!bewbodjoh!uif!hpbm!pg!ofx!mjwf!cfet/!!Cvjmu!jo!uif!
2:81t-!uif!dvssfou!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!jt!pvuebufe!boe!gbjmt!up!pggfs!b!qspevdu!uibu!nffut!uif!
tuboebset!pg!b!qspevdu!bttpdjbufe!xjui!Wbjm/!!Xjui!votjhiumz!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh-!pvuebufe!
bsdijufduvsf-!boe!pme.gbtijpofe!joufsjpst-!bhjoh!tztufnt-!uif!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!qspqfsuz!jt!
dpotjtufou!xjui!uiftf!pckfdujwft/!!!
3/6!Vscbo!Eftjho!Qsjodjqmft!!
Po!Opwfncfs!5-!2::7-!uif!Upxo!Dpvodjm!bepqufe!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tfu!pg!vscbo!eftjho!
qsjodjqmft!up!hvjef!uif!efwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!nbtufs!qmbo;!!
2/Dpoofdu!Mjpotifbe!qiztjdbmmz!boe!wjtvbmmz!up!uif!npvoubjo!mboetdbqf/!
Qbhf!6:!pg!84
3/Nblf!qfpqmf!qiztjdbmmz!boe!fnpujpobmmz!dpngpsubcmf!jo!Mjpotifbe/!
4/Qspwjef!b!tfotf!pg!bssjwbm!up!efnbsdbuf!uif!Mjpotifbe!ejtusjdu/!
5/Dsfbuf!mboenbslt!boe!uvsojoh!qpjout!up!hvjef!qfpqmf!uispvhi!uif!bsfb!boe!nblf!ju!
nfnpsbcmf/!
6/Qspwjef!hbuft!boe!qpsubmt!up!ifmq!efÑof!uif!tfrvfodf!pg!qvcmjd!tqbdft!boe!qmbdft/!
7/EfÑof!bqqspqsjbuf!mboe!vtft!bekbdfou!up!pvuepps!tqbdft/!
Uif!eftjho!efwjbujpo!gps!uif!hsffo!Òbu!sppg!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo!bmmpxt!gps!mboetdbqfe!sppgt!boe!b!
mbshf!dfousbm!mboetdbqf!qmb{b-!dsfbujoh!b!qspkfdu!uibu!xjmm!cf!tffo!boe!fyqfsjfodfe!bt!bo!
fyufotjpo!pg!obuvsf-!dpoofdujoh!up!uif!npvoubjo!mboetdbqf/!!!
Beejujpobmmz-!uif!Òbu!sppgt!qspwjef!bo!pqqpsuvojuz!up!jodpsqpsbuf!tvtubjobcmf!qsbdujdft-!jodmvejoh!
uif!vtf!pg!sppgupq!tpmbs-!dpouspm!pg!tupsnxbufs!svopgg!boe!sfufoujpo-!sfevdujpo!pg!uif!vscbo!ifbu!
jtmboe!fggfdu-!jnqspwft!fgÑdjfodz!pg!nfdibojdbm!frvjqnfou!xijdi!sfevdft!hsffoipvtf!hbt!
fnjttjpot-!boe!uif!qspwjtjpo!pg!obujwf!mboetdbqf!boe!qmbou!nbufsjbmt/!!Xjui!jut!mpdbujpo!bekbdfou!
up!Njeemf!Dsffl!boe!qspyjnjuz!up!Mpu!21!boe!uif!foujsf!Djwjd!Dfoufs-!uijt!jt!bo!bqqspqsjbuf!mboe!
vtf!bekbdfou!up!uiftf!pvuepps!boe!sfdsfbujpobm!gbdjmjujft/!!Uif!qspqptbm!gps!uif!Òbu!sppgt!jt!
dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!Vscbo!Eftjho!Qsjodjqmft!mjtufe!bcpwf/!!!
9/3!!Pshboj{bujpo-!Qvsqptf!boe!Tdpqf!!
Uif!pshboj{bujpo!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!Bsdijufduvsbm!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft!jt!cbtfe!vqpo!
eftdsjcjoh!uif!Æcjh!qjduvsfÇ!pg!uif!sfefwfmpqnfou!fggpsu!Ñstu-!boe!uifo!tuvezjoh!uif!
npsf!efubjmfe!btqfdut/!Tfdujpot!9/2!boe!9/3!cfhjo!xjui!uif!Æcjh!qjduvsfÇ!boe!pggfs!uif!
ÆwjtjpoÇ!gps!Mjpotifbe-!boe!qspwjef!fyqmbobupsz!jogpsnbujpo!sfhbsejoh!pshboj{bujpo-!
qvsqptf-!boe!tdpqf/!!Tfdujpo!9/4!dpoubjot!tqfdjbm!qspwjtjpot!gps!ofx!boe!fyjtujoh!
tusvduvsft-!jodmvejoh!sfefwfmpqnfou!qsjpsjujft-!usjhhfst-!boe!usbotjujpo!uppmt/!!Uijt!
Tfdujpo!beesfttft!ipx!Òfyjcjmjuz!jo!uif!bqqmjdbujpo!pg!uif!Hvjefmjoft!tipvme!cf!bqqmjfe!
up!efwfmpqnfou!bqqmjdbujpot!voefs!dpotjefsbujpo!cz!uif!UpxoÉt!Cpbset!boe!
Dpnnjttjpot/!!Tfdujpo!9/5!dpoubjot!uif!Hvjefmjoft!uifntfmwft-!cvu!cfhjot!Ñstu!xjui!
uif!Æcjh!qjduvsfÇ!pg!qmboojoh!dpotjefsbujpot!xijdi!nbz!pwfsmbq!xjui!uif!Mjpotifbe!
Nbtufs!Qmbo/!!Qsptqfdujwf!efwfmpqfst!boe0ps!eftjhofst!tipvme!tuvez!uijt!qpsujpo!pg!
Tfdujpo!9/5!dbsfgvmmz-!up!tff!xibu!eftjho!dsjufsjb!nvtu!cf!nfu!jg!uifjs!qspkfdu!pddvqjft!b!
tqfdjbm!tjuf!sfmbujwf!up!cvjmejoh!spmft-!qfeftusjbo!tusffut-!ps!usbotjujpo!tqbdft/!!Uif!mbuufs!
qpsujpo!pg!Tfdujpo!9/5!efbmt!xjui!uif!bsdijufduvsbm!qsjodjqmft!pg!uif!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft-!
tubsujoh!Ñstu!xjui!pwfsbmm!jttvft!tvdi!bt!cvjmejoh!gpsn!boe!nbttjoh-!uifo!npwjoh!joup!
Qbhf!71!pg!84
npsf!efubjmfe!jttvft!tvdi!bt!ejnfotjpobm!dsjufsjb!gps!bsdijufduvsbm!dpnqpofout-!
nbufsjbmt-!boe!dpmpst/!!Tfdujpo!9/6!qspwjeft!b!Ærvjdl!hmjnqtfÇ!pg!uif!rvboujubujwf!wbmvft!
pvumjofe!jo!uif!Hvjefmjoft/!!!!
Uif!qvsqptf!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!Bsdijufduvsbm!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft!)BEH*!jt!up!xpsl!jo!
dpodfsu!xjui!uif!Mjpotifbe!Nbtufs!Qmbo!up!foibodf!uif!fyjtujoh!fyqfsjfodf!xjuijo!uif!
dpnnvojuz-!jnqspwf!uif!rvbmjuz!pg!mjgf-!gpdvt!ejsfdujpo!gps!gvuvsf!hspxui-!dsfbuf!wjtvbm!
ibsnpoz-!boe!jnqspwf!qspqfsuz!wbmvft!gps!cvtjofttft!boe!ipnfpxofst/!!Uijt!
epdvnfou!dpotujuvuft!b!eftjho!qijmptpqiz!gps!uif!dpnnvojuz-!xijdi!xifo!joufhsbufe!
xjui!uif!Mjpotifbe!Nbtufs!Qmbo-!ifmqt!up!ftubcmjti!Mjpotifbe!bt!b!dpifsfou-!ezobnjd!
wjmmbhf!xjui!b!usvf!Ætfotf!pg!qmbdf/Ç!!Uiftf!Hvjefmjoft!bsf!joufoefe!up!ejsfdu!uif!hspxui!
pg!uif!dpnnvojuz!uispvhi!ejtujodu!mfwfmt!pg!qfsdfqujpo-!gspn!wjfxt!pg!uif!ofjhicpsippe!
gspn!uif!npvoubjo!boe!uif!ijhixbz-!up!qfsdfqujpot!xjuijo!jut!qfeftusjbo!tusffut-!up!uif!
efubjm!mfwfm!pg!bsujtusz!boe!psobnfoubujpo!po!uif!tusvduvsft!uifntfmwft/!!
Uif!tdpqf!pg!uif!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft!jodmveft!bmm!dsjufsjb!sfmbufe!up!uif!bsdijufduvsbm!
eftjho!pg!ofx!boe!sfefwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut!xjuijo!Mjpotifbe-!bmpoh!xjui!tjuf!boe!
qmboojoh!dsjufsjb!xijdi!sfmbuf!ejsfdumz!up!bsdijufduvsf/!!Puifs!tjuf!boe!qmboojoh!dsjufsjb!
nbz!cf!gpvoe!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Nbtufs!Qmbo-!boe!tipvme!cf!sfwjfxfe!dpodvssfoumz!xjui!
uiftf!Hvjefmjoft/!!Tusvduvsft!xijdi!ibwf!cffo!sfwjfxfe!boe!bqqspwfe!cz!sfhvmbupsz!
bhfodjft!gps!Mjpotifbe!qsjps!up!uif!foepstfnfou!ebuf!pg!uijt!epdvnfou!nbz!qsftfou!
tqfdjbm!djsdvntubodft!xjui!sftqfdu!up!uif!dsjufsjb!djufe!xjuijo!uiftf!Hvjefmjoft-!boe!xjmm!
cf!iboemfe!qfs!Tfdujpo!9/4/!!
Uif!Fwfshsffo-!xjui!jut!mpdbujpo!jo!uif!usbotjujpobm!{pof-!jt!bggpsefe!tpnf!Òfyjcjmjuz!jo!uif!
Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo/!!Sfdphoj{joh!uif!bsdijufduvsf!pg!uif!tvsspvoejoh!vtft-!
Tfdujpo!6/2:/9!Bsdijufduvsbm!Jnqspwfnfout!boe!Cvjmejoh!Ifjhiut!tubuft!)jo!qbsu*;!
½Hjwfo!uif!ijhi!wjtjcjmjuz!pg!uif!cvjmejoht!po!uijt!tjuf!boe!uif!fyufou!up!xijdi!uifz!
joÒvfodf!uif!rvbmjuz!pg!uif!fyqfsjfodf!pg!qbttfst.cz-!bmm!gvuvsf!efwfmpqnfou!po!uif!tjuf!
tipvme!cf!dmptfmz!tdsvujoj{fe!gps!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif!bqqmjdbcmf!bsdijufduvsbm!eftjho!
hvjefmjoft/!Uibu!tbje-!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!jt!mpdbufe!jo!b!usbotjujpobm!bsfb!xjui!WWND-!
uif!Mjcsbsz-!boe!Epctpo!Bsfob-!xijdi!ufoe!up!ibwf!npsf!npefso!ps!jotujuvujpobm!
bsdijufduvsf/!Uif!cvjmejoh!xjmm!offe!up!ibwf!b!sfmbujpotijq!up!bekbdfou!cvjmejoht!boe!
qfeftusjbo!dpssjepst/!!!
Uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!bmtp!fnqibtj{ft!uif!jefb!pg!b!mboetdbqf!mje!boe!
qmb{b!bt!b!dppsejobufe!fggpsu!xjui!Wbjm!Ifbmui-!tubujoh!jo!6/2:/6!Sfmbujpotijq!up!uif!Wbjm!Wbmmfz!
Nfejdbm!Dfoufs!boe!uif!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!boe!jo!Tfdujpo!6/2:/8!Tfucbdlt!)jo!qbsu*;!!
Qbhf!72!pg!84
½Uif!mboe!fydibohf!bmtp!bmmpxt!gps!jnqspwfe!wfijdvmbs!bddftt!cz!qspwjejoh!b!
sfbtpobcmf!mpdbujpo!gps!b!spvoebcpvu!mpdbufe!jo!gspou!pg!boe!po!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!
qspqfsuz!jnqspwjoh!bddftt!up!cpui!qspqfsujft/!Uijt!qfeftusjbo!dpoofdujpo!dpvme!
qpufoujbmmz!vujmj{f!b!pof.tupsz!efdl!uibu!dpvme!dpwfs!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!po!uif!WWND!
dbnqvt/!!Xijmf!b!efdl!qspwjeft!dpwfsfe!qbsljoh!tdsffofe!gspn!qvcmjd!wjfx-!ju!bmtp!
jouspevdft!b!mboetdbqf!fmfnfou!boe!qmb{b!cfofÑujoh!uif!wjfxt!boe!vtf!cz!qbuspot!
gspn!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf-!WWND-!boe!uif!dpnnvojuz!bu!mbshf/!!Jo!psefs!gps!b!dpoofdujpo!
boe!mboetdbqf!foibodfnfou!up!cf!tvddfttgvm-!ju!nbz!sfrvjsf!uibu!ju!up!cf!efwfmpqfe!
xjui!sfevdfe!ps!{fsp!tfucbdlt!cfuxffo!uif!qspqfsujft/!)Tfdujpo!6/2:/6*!
½Cbtfe!vqpo!uif!dppsejobufe!fggpsut!cfuxffo!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!boe!uif!Wbjm!Wbmmfz!
Nfejdbm!Dfoufs-!pqqpsuvojujft!fyjtu!gps!b!dpwfsfe!qbsljoh!efdl!boe!qfeftusjbo!bddftt!
mboetdbqf!qmb{b!up!cf!efwfmpqfe!cfuxffo!uif!qspqfsujft!xjui!uif!hpbm!pg!tdsffojoh!
tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!boe!foibodjoh!uif!wjtvbm!rvbmjuz!pg!uif!bsfb/!)Tfdujpo!6/2:/8*!
Uif!dpodfqu!pg!uif!mboetdbqf!mje!boe!qmb{b!sfdphoj{ft!uif!cfofÑu!up!uif!dpnnvojuz!bu!mbshf!up!
dsfbuf!wjfxt!pg!hsffo!tqbdf!wfstvt!tusvduvsf/!!Xijmf!uif!hsffo!Òbu!sppgt!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo!nbz!
ofdfttjubuf!b!eftjho!efwjbujpo-!ju!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!Bsdijufduvsbm!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft!boe!uif!
tfdujpot!sfgfsfodf!bcpwf/!!Xjui!uif!sfdphojujpo!uibu!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!vojrvf!evf!up!jut!
mpdbujpo-!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!jefoujÑfe!uif!eftjsf!gps!Òfyjcjmjuz!pg!eftjho!
gps!uijt!tjuf/!!Uif!qspqptfe!eftjho!efwjbujpo!bmmpxjoh!gps!hsffo!Òbu!sppgt!jt!uifsfgpsf!dpotjtufou!
xjui!uijt!dsjufsjpo/!!!
Qbhf!73!pg!84
WJJJ/!DSJUFSJB!GPS!SFWJFX;!DPOEJUJPOBM!VTF!
QFSNJU)T*!!
Tfdujpo!23.8I.3;!Qfsnjuufe!boe!Dpoejujpobm!Vtft<!Cbtfnfou!ps!Hbsefo!Mfwfm!boe!Tfdujpo!
23.8I.4;!Qfsnjuufe!boe!Dpoejujpobm!Vtft<!Gjstu!Gmpps!ps!Tusffu!Mfwfm!bmmpx!nvmujqmf.gbnjmz!
sftjefoujbm!exfmmjoh!vojut!boe!buubdife!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut-!bt!dpoejujpobm!vtft!jo!uif!MNV.2!
\[pof!Ejtusjdu/!!Uiftf!vtft!bsf!qfsnjuufe!vtft!bu!uif!tfdpoe!mfwfm!boe!bcpwf/!!Uif!dsjufsjb-!boe!
uif!bqqmjdbou!bobmztjt-!gps!b!dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju!bsf!beesfttfe!cfmpx;!
2/Sfmbujpotijq!boe!jnqbdu!pg!uif!vtf!po!efwfmpqnfou!pckfdujwft!pg!uif!upxo/!
Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!Uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!sfdphoj{ft!uibu!uif!
Mjpotifbe!qfeftusjbo!dpsf!jt!uif!Æ ifbsu!pg!Mjpotifbe!boe!uif!fqjdfoufs!pg!qfeftusjbo!boe!sfubjm!
bdujwjuz Ç!)qh!5.2*/!!Ju!jt!xjuijo!uijt!dpsf!bsfb!uibu!dpnnfsdjbm!vtft!bsf!tuspohmz!fodpvsbhfe!bmpoh!
uif!nbkps!qfeftusjbo!qbuit/!!Uipvhi!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!po!uif!qfsjqifsz-!uif!bsfb!pg!Fbtu!
Mjpotifbe!.!Djwjd!Ivc!ibt!b!ejggfsfou!dibsbdufs-!eftdsjcfe!cz!uif!qmbo!bt;!!
Uif!djwjd!ivc!pg!Mjpotifbe!jt!dpnqsjtfe!pg!Epctpo!Jdf!Bsfob-!uif!Wbjm!qvcmjd!mjcsbsz-!
uif!Mjpotifbe!qvcmjd!qbsljoh!tusvduvsf-!boe!uif!qspqptfe!Wbjm!Djwjd!Dfoufs!tjuf!po!uif!
fbtu!foe!pg!uif!qbsljoh!tusvduvsf/!!Bmuipvhi!uijt!bsfb!bmtp!dpoubjot!tfwfsbm!mpehjoh!
qspqfsujft!boe!nbz!tvqqpsu!pgÑdf!ps!sfubjm!efwfmpqnfou!jo!uif!gvuvsf-!bmm!qmboojoh!boe!
eftjho!efdjtjpot!ifsf!tipvme!cf!sftqfdugvm!pg!boe!dpnqbujcmf!xjui!uiftf!djwjd!
dpnqpofout/!)qh!5.2*!
Uif!Fwfshsffo-!tfswjoh!bt!qbsu!pg!uif!dpoofdujpo!pg!Mjpotifbe!up!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf-!jt!jo!b!npsf!
sftjefoujbm!bsfb-!xjui!vtft!sbohjoh!gspn!tjohmf.gbnjmz!boe!evqmfy!vtft!up!ijhifs!efotjuz!
sftjefoujbm!qspqfsujft!tvdi!bt!Tlbbm!Ibvt!boe!Bmqipso!up!jotujuvujpobm!vtft!tvdi!bt!Wbjm!Ifbmui/!!
Uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!jefoujÑft!uif!jnqpsubodf!pg!uijt!bsfb-!tubujoh;!!
5/3!Dpoofdujpo!up!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!!
Uif!mbdl!pg!dpoofdujpo!cfuxffo!Mjpotifbe!boe!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!xbt!jefoujÑfe!fbsmz!jo!uif!
nbtufs!qmboojoh!qspdftt/!!Bmuipvhi!cpui!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!boe!Fbtu!Mjpotifbe!
Djsdmf!dpoofdu!uif!wjmmbhf!up!Mjpotifbe-!uif!qfeftusjbo!tztufnt!bmpoh!uijt!dpssjeps!bsf!
qpps!boe!uif!tusffutdbqf!ibt!op!dpotjtufou!wjtvbm!dibsbdufs/!!Uif!fbtufso!fousz!up!uif!
Mjpotifbe!tuvez!bsfb!jt!bu!Njeemf!Dsffl!)bu!uif!Wbjm!qvcmjd!mjcsbsz!boe!Epctpo!Jdf!
Bsfob*-!cvu!uif!usvf!fousbodf!up!uif!Mjpotifbe!sfubjm!dpsf!jt!bu!uif!xftufso!foe!pg!uif!
Qbhf!74!pg!84
Mjpotifbe!qbsljoh!tusvduvsf/!!Qfeftusjbo!dpoofdujpot!tipvme!cf!tfotjujwf!up!uif!
sftjefoujbm!vtft!po!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!boe!Fbtu!Mjpotifbe!Djsdmf/!!Ju!jt!bmtp!jnqpsubou!
uibu!uifz!cf!dpoujovpvt!gspn!uif!joufstfdujpo!pg!Wbjm!Spbe!boe!Fbtu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!jo!
Wbjm!up!uif!xftu!foe!pg!uif!qbsljoh!tusvduvsf!jo!Mjpotifbe/!!Uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!
Tusffutdbqf!Nbtufs!Qmbo!sfdpnnfoebujpot!gps!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!tipvme!cf!
jnqmfnfoufe!jo!b!xbz!uibu!jt!dpotjtufou!jo!eftjho!boe!dibsbdufs!xjui!uif!foujsf!Wbjm!
Wjmmbhf0!Mjpotifbe!dpoofdujpo/!!)qh/!5.4*!
Uif!nbjo!fousbodf!boe!hsboe!mpccz!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo!bsf!bddfttfe!gspn!uif!ofx!Tpvui!
Gspoubhf!Spbe!spvoe.bcpvu-!dsfbujoh!uif!bdujwf!mpccz!boe!hvftu!tfswjdf!vtft!bu!b!npsf!
bqqspqsjbuf!mpdbujpo!po!uif!tjuf/!!Bt!b!hfofsbmmz!sftjefoujbm!ofjhicpsippe!)xjui!uif!fydfqujpo!pg!
Wbjm!Ifbmui*!boe!xjui!op!qfeftusjbo!gspoubhf!po!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf-!ju!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!
efwfmpqnfou!pckfdujwft!pg!uif!Upxo!up!bmmpx!nvmujqmf.gbnjmz!exfmmjoh!vojut!boe!buubdife!
bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!bu!uif!cbtfnfou0hbsefo!boe!Ñstu!Òpps!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo/!Uif!Fwfshsffo!
jodmveft!b!mpxfs!bnfojuj{fe!mpccz!bsfb!bmpoh!uif!gspoubhf!pg!Mpu!21-!uif!UpxoÉt!gvuvsf!qbsl!
bsfb/!!
3/Ffdu!pg!uif!vtf!po!mjhiu!boe!bjs-!ejtusjcvujpo!pg!qpqvmbujpo-!usbotqpsubujpo!
gbdjmjujft-!vujmjujft-!tdippmt-!qbslt!boe!sfdsfbujpo!gbdjmjujft-!boe!puifs!qvcmjd!gbdjmjujft!
boe!qvcmjd!gbdjmjujft!offet/!
Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!Uif!bmmpxbodf!pg!buubdife!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!boe!exfmmjoh!vojut!bu!
hbsefo!boe!cbtfnfou!mfwfm!boe!bu!uif!Ñstu!Òpps!ibt!b!mjnjufe!jnqbdu!po!uijt!dsjufsjpo/!!Uif!
Fwfshsffo-!jt!mpdbufe!xjuijo!uif!usbotjujpo!{pof-!cfuxffo!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!boe!Mjpotifbe-!xijdi!jt!
dibsbdufsj{fe!cz!sftjefoujbm!boe!mpehjoh!vtft!xjui!mjnjufe!dpnnfsdjbm!dpnqpofout/!!Uif!
Fwfshsffo!ibt!cffo!eftjhofe!up!dpnqmz!xjui!uif!efwfmpqnfou!tuboebset!pg!uif!MNV.2!{pof!
ejtusjdu-!xjui!uif!fydfqujpo!pg!uif!offe!gps!wbsjbodft!gps!voefshspvoe!jnqspwfnfout!xijdi!xfsf!
dpoufnqmbufe!cz!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo/!!Uiftf!efwfmpqnfou!tuboebset!pg!
uif!MNV.2!{pof!ejtusjdu-!jo!dpncjobujpo!xjui!uif!Mjpotifbe!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft-!qspufdu!uif!mjhiu!
boe!bjs/!!Cfdbvtf!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!xjuijo!uif!npsf!efotf!qpqvmbujpo!dfoufs!pg!Wbjm-!
sfefwfmpqnfou!xjuijo!uijt!bsfb!jt!fodpvsbhfe/!!Uif!bsfb!jt!tfswfe!cz!qvcmjd!usbotqpsubujpo-!bt!ju!
jt!po!uif!UpxoÉt!cvt!spvuf!cpui!bmpoh!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!boe!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf/!!Bt!b!
qsfwjpvtmz!efwfmpqfe!tjuf-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!tfswfe!cz!bmm!vujmjujft/!!Uifsf!bsf!nvmujqmf!pvuepps!
boe!joepps!sfdsfbujpo!gbdjmjujft!jo!uif!wjdjojuz/!!Cfdbvtf!uif!dpoejujpobm!vtf!gps!uiftf!vtft!jt!Æmjwf!
cfet-Ç!uifsf!jt!b!mjnjufe!jnqbdu!po!uif!mpdbm!tdippmt/!!Uif!qspqptfe!dpoejujpobm!vtf!jt!
dpotjtufou!xjui!uijt!dsjufsjpo/!
Qbhf!75!pg!84
4/Ffdu!vqpo!usbd-!xjui!qbsujdvmbs!sfgfsfodf!up!dpohftujpo-!bvupnpujwf!boe!
qfeftusjbo!tbgfuz!boe!dpowfojfodf-!usbd!Òpx!boe!dpouspm-!bddftt-!
nbofvwfsbcjmjuz-!boe!sfnpwbm!pg!topx!gspn!uif!tusffut!boe!qbsljoh!bsfbt/!
Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;Uif!Fwfshsffo!Eftjho!Ufbn!ibt!fnqibtj{fe!uif!dpoofdujwjuz!pg!uif!
qspqfsuz!up!uif!sfnbjoefs!pg!Wbjm/!!Uif!fbtu.xftu!qfeftusjbo!dpoofdujpot!up!uif!Wbjm!boe!
Mjpotifbe!dpsft!bsf!frvbmmz!jnqpsubou!up!uif!qfeftusjbo!dpoofdujpo!opsui.tpvui/!!Beejujpobmmz-!!
Uif!Fwfshsffo!ibt!cffo!eftjhofe!xjui!bmm!wfijdvmbs!bddftt!up!pddvs!bmpoh!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!
Spbe/!!Hvftut!boe!wjtjupst!xjmm!bddftt!wjb!uif!ofxmz!dpotusvdufe!spvoebcpvu-!xijdi!xbt!
eftjhofe!up!bddpnnpebuf!uijt!usbgÑd/!!Mpbejoh!boe!efmjwfsz!boe!puifs!tfswjdf!wfijdmft!vtf!b!
tfdpoebsz!bddftt!kvtu!up!uif!xftu!pg!uif!spvoebcpvu/!!Uif!sftvmu!jt!uibu!uifsf!jt!op!wfijdvmbs!
usbgÑd!bttpdjbufe!xjui!Uif!Fwfshsffo!up!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf-!boe!hvftut!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo!xjmm!
qsjnbsjmz!bddftt!cpui!Mjpotifbe!boe!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!wjb!uif!qfeftusjbo!fousbodf!bekbdfou!up!Mpu!21/!!
Uifsf!jt!bmtp!b!tjefxbml!qspwjefe!bmpoh!uif!tpvui!tjef!pg!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe-
bddpnnpebujoh!qfeftusjbo!boe!cjdzdmft!bmpoh!uijt!ifbwjmz!usbwfmmfe!dpssjeps/!!
Qbhf!76!pg!84
5/Ffdu!vqpo!uif!dibsbdufs!pg!uif!bsfb!jo!xijdi!uif!qspqptfe!vtf!jt!up!cf!mpdbufe-!
jodmvejoh!uif!tdbmf!boe!cvml!pg!uif!qspqptfe!vtf!jo!sfmbujpo!up!tvsspvoejoh!vtft/!
Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!Evf!up!uif!dibsbdufs!pg!uif!tvsspvoejoh!bsfb-!jouspevdjoh!dpnnfsdjbm!
vtft!po!uif!cbtfnfou0hbsefo!mfwfmt!boe!Ñstu!Òpps!xpvme!ibwf!b!npsf!ofhbujwf!jnqbdu!uibo!
buubdife!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!boe!sftjefoujbm!vojut/!!Uif!npsf!joufotf!vtft!po!uif!qspqfsuz!.!
uif!wfijdvmbs!bddftt!boe!nbjo!mpccz!bsf!bu!uif!Ñstu!mfwfm!gspn!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe/!!Uijt!jt!uif!
bqqspqsjbuf!mpdbujpo!gps!uiftf!vtft!up!njojnj{f!jnqbdut!up!bekbdfou!qspqfsujft/!!Xjui!op!ejsfdu!
gspoubhf!po!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf-!ibwjoh!dpnnfsdjbm!vtft!bmpoh!Mpu!21!xpvme!opu!cf!
bqqspqsjbuf/!!Uif!qspqptfe!dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju!gps!sftjefoujbm!vtft!bu!cbtfnfou0hbsefo!boe!
Ñstu!mfwfm!epft!opu!jnqbdu!uif!tdbmf!boe!cvml!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo/!!Tdbmf!boe!cvml!bsf!beesfttfe!
npsf!cz!uif!mjnjubujpot!tfu!gpsui!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo-!xijdi!qspwjeft!
beejujpobm!sftusjdujpot!cfzpoe!uif!MNV.2!{pof!ejtusjdu!tuboebset/!Bt!b!sftvmu-!uif!qspqptfe!
dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui!uijt!dsjufsjpo/!!!
6/Tvdi!puifs!gbdupst!boe!dsjufsjb!bt!uif!dpnnjttjpo!effnt!bqqmjdbcmf!up!uif!
qspqptfe!vtf/!
Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!Eftjho!Ufbn!dbo!beesftt!boz!beejujpobm!jogpsnbujpo!
sfrvftufe!cz!uif!Qmboojoh!boe!Fowjsponfoubm!Dpnnjttjpo/!!!
7/Uif!fowjsponfoubm!jnqbdu!sfqpsu!dpodfsojoh!uif!qspqptfe!vtf-!jg!bo!fowjsponfoubm!
jnqbdu!sfqpsu!jt!sfrvjsfe!cz!dibqufs!23!pg!uijt!ujumf/!
Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!!Bo!fowjsponfoubm!jnqbdu!sfqpsu!ibt!cffo!tvcnjuufe!gps!uif!
sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo/!!Uif!sfqpsu!Ñoet!uibu!uif!fowjsponfoubm!jnqbdut!pg!uif!
pwfsbmm!qspkfdu!bsf!ofhmjhjcmf!hjwfo!jut!dvssfou!efwfmpqfe!dibsbdufs!boe!xjui!uif!njujhbujpo!
ufdiojrvft!cfjoh!fnqmpzfe!xjui!uijt!sfefwfmpqnfou/!!
Qbhf!77!pg!84
WJJ/!DSJUFSJB!GPS!SFWJFX;!WBSJBODFT!
Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!eftjhofe!xjui!fyufotjwf!voefshspvoe!qbsljoh-!fmjnjobujoh!bmm!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!
dvssfoumz!bttpdjbufe/!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!qbsljoh!jt!uifo!dbqqfe!xjui!b!mboetdbqf!mje-!dsfbujoh!uif!
mbshf!dfousbm!qmb{b/!!Bt!b!sftvmu-!uif!bqqmjdbou!jt!sfrvftujoh!b!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!wbsjbodf!xijdi!jt!
ofdfttbsz!evf!up!uif!cfmpx!hsbef!jnqspwfnfout/!!Uif!Mjpotifbe!Njyfe.Vtf!2!{pof!ejtusjdu!
qspwjeft!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!mjnjubujpo;!
23.8I.25;!TJUF!DPWFSBHF;!
Tjuf!dpwfsbhf!tibmm!opu!fydffe!tfwfouz!qfsdfou!)81&*!pg!uif!upubm!tjuf!bsfb-!vomftt!
puifsxjtf!tqfdjÑfe!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!sfefwfmpqnfou!nbtufs!qmbo/!
Bt!qspqptfe-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!ibt!91/3&!pg!tjuf!dpwfsbhf-!bt!upebz!bmm!voefshspvoe!
jnqspwfnfout!bsf!dpvoufe!upxbset!uijt!tuboebse/!!Ipxfwfs-!bcpwf.hsbef!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!jt!pomz!
74/6&/!!Ju!jt!opufe-!ipxfwfs-!uibu!bu!uif!ujnf!pg!bepqujpo!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!Efwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!
Qmbo-!voefshspvoe!jnqspwfnfout!eje!opu!dpvou!upxbset!tjuf!dpwfsbhf/!Uif!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!
efÑojujpo!xbt!bnfoefe!jo!3117!up!jodmvef!cfmpx!hsbef!jnqspwfnfout!xijdi!sbo!dpousbsz!up!
uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!boe!uif!hfofsbm!qpmjdz!upxbset!qmbdjoh!qbsljoh!
voefshspvoe!jo!uif!dpnnfsdjbm!dpsft!pg!uif!Upxo/!!!Bt!b!sftvmu-!b!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!wbsjbodf!jt!
qspqptfe!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo!xijdi!jt!tjnjmbs!up!wbsjbodft!bqqspwfe!gps!puifs!qspkfdut!xjuijo!uif!
Mjpotifbe!bsfb!jodmvejoh!uif!Fmfwbujpo!qspkfdu/!!!
Beejujpobmmz-!b!wbsjbodf!jt!sfrvftufe!up!bmmpx!gps!jnqspwfnfout!up!fodspbdi!joup!uif!21!gu/!
tfucbdl!bmpoh!uif!qspqfsuz!mjof!tibsfe!xjui!Wbjm!Ifbmui/!!Uifsf!jt!b!{fsp!mpu!mjof!qspqptfe!bu!uif!
mpdbujpo!pg!uif!cpvoebsz!cfuxffo!Mpu!G.2!boe!Wbjm!IfbmuiÉt!qspqfsuz/!Beejujpobmmz-!cbmdpojft!boe!
bsdijufduvsbm!qspkfdujpot!fyufoe!cfzpoe!uif!dvssfou!qspqfsuz!mjof!boe!poup!Wbjm!Ifbmui!qspqfsuz/!!
Uiftf!dpoejujpot!xfsf!dpoufnqmbufe!boe!beesfttfe!cz!bhsffnfout!cfuxffo!Uif!Fwfshsffo!
boe!Wbjm!Ifbmui!bt!qbsu!pg!uif!mboe!fydibohf!tvnnbsj{fe!qsfwjpvtmz!jo!uijt!tvcnjuubm/!
TqfdjÑdbmmz-!qvstvbou!up!b!Mboe!Dpowfzbodf!boe!Dppqfsbujpo!Bhsffnfou!cz!boe!cfuxffo!Uif!
Fwfshsffo!boe!Wbjm!Ifbmui-!Wbjm!Ifbmui!bhsffe!up!opu!pqqptf!Uif!FwfshsffoÉt!sfrvftu!gps!
bqqspwbm!gspn!uif!Upxo!pg!b!Æ{fsp!tfucbdl!mjofÇ!bmpoh!b!qpsujpo!pg!uif!cpvoebsz!pg!uif!uxp!
qspqfsujft/!Beejujpobmmz-!qvstvbou!up!uif!Mje!Fbtfnfou!ejtdvttfe!bcpwf-!Wbjm!Ifbmui!hsboufe!up!
Uif!Fwfshsffo!bo!fbtfnfou!gps!uif!dpotusvdujpo!jo!Wbjm!IfbmuiÉt!21!gu/!tfucbdl!bsfb!pg!!boz!boe!
bmm!jnqspwfnfout!uibu!bsf!qfsnjuufe!cz!uif!Upxo!up!cf!dpotusvdufe!jo!tfucbdl!bsfbt/!Bmtp!bt!
Qbhf!78!pg!84
Fyijcju!C.2!gspn!Mboetdbqf!Mje!Fbtfnfou!Bhsffnfou
ejtdvttfe!bcpwf-!Wbjm!Ifbmui!ibt!bhsffe!up-!vqpo!Uif!FwfshsffoÉt!sfrvftu-!bekvtu!uif!qspqfsuz!
mjof!cfuxffo!Uif!FwfshsffoÉt!Mpu!G.2!boe!Wbjm!IfbmuiÉt!qspqfsuz!cz!dsfbujoh!b!21!gu/!xjef!uisff.
ejnfotjpobm!Æftubuf!bcpwf!tvsgbdfÇ!jo!uif!dvssfou!mpdbujpo!pg!Wbjm!IfbmuiÉt!21!gu/!tfucbdl!bsfb-!
xijdi!xpvme!dbvtf!bo!beejujpobm!21!gu/!pg!tvsgbdf!bsfb!up!cf!jodpsqpsbufe!joup!Mpu!G.2/!Uif!
dsfbujpo!pg!uif!Æftubuf!bcpwf!tvsgbdfÇ!nbz!pcwjbuf!uif!offe!gps!uif!wbsjbodf!sfrvftufe!jo!uijt!
qbsbhsbqi/
Uif!Mjpotifbe!Njyfe.Vtf!2!{pof!ejtusjdu!qspwjeft!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tfucbdl!mjnjubujpot;
23.8I.21;!TFUCBDLT;
Uif!njojnvn!cvjmejoh!tfucbdlt!tibmm!cf!ufo!gffu!)21(*!vomftt!puifsxjtf!tqfdjÑfe!jo!uif!
Mjpotifbe!sfefwfmpqnfou!nbtufs!qmbo!bt!b!cvjme!up!mjof/
Uif!{fsp!mpu!mjof!bu!uif!tibsfe!qspqfsuz!mjof!xjui!Wbjm!Ifbmui!xbt!boujdjqbufe-!boe!fwfo!
fodpvsbhfe-!cz!uif!tjuf!tqfdjÑd!mbohvbhf!xjuijo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo-!
xijdi!jt!jodmvefe!jo!uif!bobmztjt!cfmpx/!!
Qbhf!79!pg!84
Tfdujpo!23.28.7!pg!uif!Wbjm!Upxo!Dpef!qspwjeft!uif!dsjufsjb!gps!sfwjfx!gps!wbsjbodf!sfrvftut/!!
Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qspwjeft!uiftf!dsjufsjb!bmpoh!xjui!uif!bqqmjdbouÉt!bobmztjt!pg!dpogpsnbodf!xjui!uif!
dsjufsjb/!
2/Uif!sfmbujpotijq!pg!uif!sfrvftufe!wbsjbodf!up!puifs!fyjtujoh!ps!qpufoujbm!vtft!boe!
tusvduvsft!jo!uif!wjdjojuz/!
Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!Bt!jefoujÑfe!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo-!uif!
dppsejobufe!fggpsut!cfuxffo!cfuxffo!Uif!Fwfshsffo!boe!Wbjm!Ifbmui!dpvme!jodmvef!b!dpwfsfe!
qbsljoh!efdl!xjui!b!mboetdbqf!qmb{b!bcpwf/!!!Uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!uifo!
jefoujÑfe!uibu!b!sfevdfe!ps!{fsp!tfucbdl!jo!uijt!bsfb!xpvme!cf!mjlfmz-!boe!beejujpobmmz-!uibu!cfmpx!
hsbef!jnqspwfnfout!nbz!cf!efwfmpqfe!xjuijo!uif!sfrvjsfe!tfucbdlt/!!!
6/2:/8!Tfucbdlt!
½Cbtfe!vqpo!uif!dppsejobufe!fggpsut!cfuxffo!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!boe!uif!Wbjm!Wbmmfz!
Nfejdbm!Dfoufs-!pqqpsuvojujft!fyjtu!gps!b!dpwfsfe!qbsljoh!efdl!boe!qfeftusjbo!bddftt!
mboetdbqf!qmb{b!up!cf!efwfmpqfe!cfuxffo!uif!qspqfsujft!xjui!uif!hpbm!pg!tdsffojoh!
tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!boe!foibodjoh!uif!wjtvbm!rvbmjuz!pg!uif!bsfb/!!Jg!bqqspqsjbufmz!eftjhofe-!
b!sfevdfe!ps!{fsp!tfu!cbdl!jo!uiftf!bsfbt!nbz!cf!qspqptfe!gps!sfwjfx!evsjoh!uif!
efwfmpqnfou!sfwjfx!qspdftt/!Beejujpobmmz-!cfmpx!hsbef!jnqspwfnfout-!jodmvejoh!cvu!
opu!mjnjufe!up-!qbsljoh!boe!wfijdvmbs!djsdvmbujpo!jnqspwfnfout!nbz!cf!efwfmpqfe!xjuijo!
uif!sfrvjsfe!tfucbdlt-!jg!gpvoe!up!cf!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!UpxoÉt!efwfmpqnfou!
pckfdujwft/!!!!
Uif!sfrvftufe!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!wbsjbodf-!ofdfttbsz!gps!voefshspvoe!jnqspwfnfout!ibwf!pomz!
qptjujwf!jnqbdut!po!puifs!vtft!boe!tusvduvsft!jo!uif!wjdjojuz/!!Uif!wbsjbodf!bmmpxt!gps!
voefshspvoe-!tusvduvsfe!qbsljoh-!fmjnjobujoh!uif!offe!gps!votjhiumz!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh/!!Uif!
usfbunfou!pg!uijt!bsfb!xjui!b!mboetdbqfe!mje!njujhbuft!uif!jnqbdut!pg!uif!wbsjbodft/!!!
Uif!sfrvftufe!{fsp!mpu!mjof!boe!tfucbdl!wbsjbodf!xbt!dpoufnqmbufe!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!
Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!boe!bt!qbsu!pg!uif!dpnqmjdbufe!mboe!fydibohf!qspdftt!cfuxffo!
Wbjm!Ifbmui-!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm-!boe!Uif!Fwfshsffo/!!Uif!mbohvbhf!jo!uif!Nbtufs!Qmbo!sfÒfdut!uijt!
qspdftt-!boe!Wbjm!Ifbmui!ibt!qspwjefe!b!mfuufs!bhsffjoh!up!uif!qspqptbm/!!Uifsfgpsf!uif!
sfrvftufe!wbsjbodft!bsf!dpotjtufou!xjui!uijt!dsjufsjpo/!!!
3/Uif!efhsff!up!xijdi!sfmjfg!gspn!uif!tusjdu!ps!mjufsbm!joufsqsfubujpo!boe!fogpsdfnfou!
pg!b!tqfdjÑfe!sfhvmbujpo!jt!ofdfttbsz!up!bdijfwf!dpnqbujcjmjuz!boe!vojgpsnjuz!pg!
Qbhf!7:!pg!84
usfbunfou!bnpoh!tjuft!jo!uif!wjdjojuz-!ps!up!buubjo!uif!pckfdujwft!pg!uijt!ujumf!xjuipvu!
hsbou!pg!tqfdjbm!qsjwjmfhf/!
Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;Jo!Mjpotifbe-!uif!Upxo!ibt!bggpsefe!tpnf!Òfyjcjmjuz!gps!wbsjbodft-!
ftqfdjbmmz!gps!voefshspvoe!jnqspwfnfout-!boe!gps!dppsejobufe!efwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut!po!
nvmujqmf!mput!xjui!ejggfsfou!pxofstijq/!!Qsjps!up!uif!dibohf!jo!uif!efÑojujpo!pg!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!jo!
Kbovbsz!3117-!b!wbsjbodf!xbt!opu!sfrvjsfe!gps!voefshspvoe!jnqspwfnfout!boe!bt!b!sftvmu-!
nboz!tusvduvsft!dvssfoumz!fydffe!uif!mjnjubujpo/!!Wbsjbodft!ibwf!cffo!hsboufe!npsf!sfdfoumz!gps!
voefshspvoe!jnqspwfnfout!gps!sfefwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut/!!Fybnqmft!xjuijo!Mjpotifbe!jodmvef;
¦
QFD29.1129!.!Sfbs!tfucbdl!wbsjbodf!hsboufe!gps!1!gu/!tfucbdl!gps!Fmfwbujpo!bu!645!Fbtu!
Mjpotifbe!Djsdmf!up!bddpnnpebuf!qbsljoh!cfofbui!)gvuvsf*!tibsfe!qmb{b!xjui!Mfhbdz/
¦
QFD17.1185!.!Tfucbdl!boe!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!wbsjbodft!hsboufe!gps!uif!ofx!xjoh!pg!uif!
Mboenbsl!bu!721!Xftu!Mjpotifbe!Qmbdf!gps!b!ofx!voefshspvoe!qbsljoh!tusvduvsf/
¦
QFD29.1147!.!Tfucbdl!wbsjbodf!hsboufe!gps!b!1!gu/!tfucbdl!gps!Mfhbdz!bu!611!Fbtu!
Mjpotifbe!Djsdmfgps!voefshspvoe!qbsljoh!cfofbui!)gvuvsf*!tibsfe!qmb{b!xjui!Fmfwbujpo/
Uif!bmufsobujwf!up!wbsjbodft!gps!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!up!bmmpx!gps!voefshspvoe!jnqspwfnfout!jt!tvsgbdf!
qbsljoh!ps!qbsljoh!sfevdujpot-!xijdi!jt!xiz!uif!Upxo!ibt!pgufo!cffo!tvqqpsujwf!pg!uiftf!
wbsjbodft!jo!sfdfou!sfefwfmpqnfou!qspkfdu/!!Uiftf!sfdfou!bqqspwbm!efnpotusbuf!uibu!ju!jt!opu!b!
hsbou!pg!tqfdjbm!qsjwjmfhf!up!bmmpx!gps!voefshspvoe!jnqspwfnfout!uibu!fydffe!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!
bmmpxbodft/!!
Uif!mboe!fydibohf!boe!dppsejobujpo!cfuxffo!Wbjm!Ifbmui!boe!Uif!Fwfshsffo!xbt!gpsnbmj{fe!jo
wbsjpvt!bhsffnfout!bnpohtu!
uif!qbsujft/!!Uif!Mboetdbqf!
Fyijcju!C.3!gspn!Mboetdbqf!Mje!Fbtfnfou!Bhsffnfou
Mje!Fbtfnfou!Bhsffnfou!xbt!
pof!pg!uif!bhsffnfout!uibu!
gpsnbmmz!epdvnfoufe!uif!
bmmpxbodf!gps!uif!{fsp!mpu!mjof!
bmpoh!Mpu!G.2!boe!Mpu!G-!bt!
joejdbufe!po!Fyijcju!C.3!pg!
uif!bhsffnfou/!!Uif!
Fwfshsffo!jt!qfsnjuufe!up!
cvjme!up!uif!tibsfe!mpu!mjof-!
Qbhf!81!pg!84
boe!jnqspwfnfout!tvdi!bt!efdlt!boe!cbmdpojft!uibu!dbo!fyufoe!joup!tfucbdlt!nbz!uifo!
fyufoe!cfzpoe!uif!qspqfsuz!mjof!up!uif!fyufou!uifz!bsf!bmmpxfe!up!ep!tp!joup!qspqfsuz!tfucbdlt/!!
Uijt!bsfb!xjmm!uifo!cf!fjuifs!dpowfzfe!up!Uif!Fwfshsffo!ps!uif!qspqfsuz!mjof!cfuxffo!Mpu!G.2!
boe!Mpu!G!xjmm!cf!bekvtufe!up!bmmpx!uijt/!!!
Uipvhi!uijt!jt!dpnqmjdbufe-!uif!efubjmt!xfsf!ftubcmjtife!bu!uif!ujnf!pg!uif!mboe!fydibohf!boe!
dsfbuft!b!vojrvf!tjuvbujpo!uibu!jt!vomjlf!puifs!tjuvbujpot!uispvhipvu!uif!Upxo/!Uifsfgpsf-!
hsboujoh!uif!wbsjbodft!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo!bmmpxt!gps!vojgpsnjuz!pg!usfbunfou!bnpoh!tjuft!jo!uif!
wjdjojuz/!!!
4/Uif!ffdu!pg!uif!sfrvftufe!wbsjbodf!po!mjhiu!boe!bjs-!ejtusjcvujpo!pg!qpqvmbujpo-!
usbotqpsubujpo!boe!usbd!gbdjmjujft-!qvcmjd!gbdjmjujft!boe!vujmjujft-!boe!qvcmjd!tbgfuz/!
Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!Cfdbvtf!uif!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!wbsjbodf!jt!gps!jnqspwfnfout!uibu!bsf!mpdbufe!
voefshspvoe-!uifsf!bsf!op!ofhbujwf!fggfdut!po!mjhiu!boe!bjs/!!Cfmpx.hsbef!jnqspwfnfout!ibwf!b!
qptjujwf!fggfdu!po!mjhiu!boe!bjs-!bt!puifsxjtf!uiftf!jnqspwfnfout!xpvme!cf!fjuifs!jo!tvsgbdf!
qbsljoh!mput-!ps!beejujpobm!cvml!boe!nbtt!xjuijo!uif!bcpwf.hsbef!gppuqsjou/!!Uif!tfucbdl!
wbsjbodf-!xijdi!gbdjmjubuft!uif!mboetdbqf!mje!pwfs!Wbjm!IfbmuiÉt!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh-!nbjoubjot!
tvctuboujbm!tfqbsbujpo!cfuxffo!uif!cvjmejoh/!!Uif!wbsjbodft!ibwf!op!fggfdu!po!uif!ejtusjcvujpo!pg!
qpqvmbujpo/!!Cfdbvtf!uif!wbsjbodft!bsf!ofdfttbsz!up!nbyjnj{f!tusvduvsfe!qbsljoh-!dsfbuf!boe!
mboetdbqf!mje!pwfs!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh-!boe!xfsf!dpoufnqmbufe!xjui!uif!mboe!fydibohf-!uifz!ibwf!
b!qptjujwf!jnqbdu!po!usbotqpsubujpo!boe!usbgÑd!gbdjmjujft/!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!gvmmz!nffujoh!uif!
qbsljoh!sfrvjsfnfout-!dsfbujoh!op!jnqbdut!po!qvcmjd!qbsljoh!gbdjmjujft/!!Uifsf!jt!op!fggfdu!po!
qvcmjd!tbgfuz/!
5/Tvdi!puifs!gbdupst!boe!dsjufsjb!bt!uif!dpnnjttjpo!effnt!bqqmjdbcmf!up!uif!
qspqptfe!wbsjbodf/!
Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!Up!qspwjef!tpnf!cbdlhspvoe-!uif!2::9!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!
Nbtufs!Qmbo!jodmvefe!Dibqufs!8;!Efwfmpqnfou!Tuboebset-!xijdi!qspwjefe!ejsfdujpo!po!ipx!uif!
gvuvsf!Mjpotifbe!Njyfe!Vtf!ejtusjdut!xpvme!cf!tusvduvsfe!cbtfe!po!uif!qsfwjpvt!{pof!ejtusjdut!
xjuijo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Tuvez!Bsfb/!!Bu!uif!ujnf!boe!bt!uif!qmbo!opufe-!voefshspvoe!
jnqspwfnfout!eje!opu!dpvou!upxbset!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!mjnjubujpot/!!Uijt!jt!cfdbvtf!uif!efÑojujpo!pg!
tjuf!dpwfsbhf!bu!uif!ujnf!eje!opu!jodmvef!cfmpx.hsbef!jnqspwfnfout/!!B!tvctfrvfou!
bnfoenfou!up!uif!efÑojujpo!pg!ÆTjuf!DpwfsbhfÇ!npejÑfe!uif!dbmdvmbujpo!up!jodmvef!cfmpx.hsbef!
jnqspwfnfout-!cbtfe!po!b!sfbdujpo!up!uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!b!mbshf!tjohmf!gbnjmz!ipnf!xjui!
Qbhf!82!pg!84
cfmpx.hsbef!jnqspwfnfout/!!
Vogpsuvobufmz-!ju!xbt!opu!sfdphoj{fe!bu!
uif!ujnf!uibu!uijt!xpvme!jnqbdu!uif!bcjmjuz!
pg!mbshfs!efwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut!up!
nbyjnj{f!cfmpx.hsbef!qbsljoh!tusvduvsft/!!
Qsfwjpvt!efÑojujpo!pg!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!gspn!
Dibqufs!23.3;!EfÑojujpot;
TJUF!DPWFSBHF;!Uif!sbujp!pg!
uif!upubm!cvjmejoh!bsfb!pg!b!tjuf!up!
uif!upubm!bsfb!pg!b!tjuf-!fyqsfttfe!
bt!b!qfsdfoubhf/!Gps!uif!
qvsqptft!pg!dbmdvmbujoh!tjuf!
dpwfsbhf-!#cvjmejoh!bsfbÇ!tibmm!
nfbo!uif!upubm!ipsj{poubm!bsfb!pg!
boz!cvjmejoh-!dbsqpsu-!qpsuf!
dpifsf-!bsdbef-!boe!dpwfsfe!ps!
sppgfe!xbmlxbz!bt!nfbtvsfe!
gspn!uif!fyufsjps!gbdf!pg!qfsnjuufs!
xbmmt!ps!tvqqpsujoh!dpmvnot!
bcpwf!hsbef!ps!bu!bspvoe!mfwfm-!
2::9!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo
xijdifwfs!jt!uif!hsfbufs!bsfb½
Bepqufe!jo!3117-!uif!dvssfou!efÑojujpo!pg!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!gspn!Dibqufs!23.3;!EfÑojujpot;
TJUF!DPWFSBHF;!Uif!sbujp!pg!uif!upubm!cvjmejoh!bsfb!pg!b!tjuf!up!uif!upubm!bsfb!pg!b!tjuf-!
fyqsfttfe!bt!b!qfsdfoubhf/!Gps!uif!qvsqptft!pg!dbmdvmbujoh!tjuf!dpwfsbhf-!#cvjmejoh!
bsfb!pg!b!tjuf#!tibmm!nfbo!uibu!qpsujpo!pg!b!tjuf!pddvqjfe!cz!boz!cvjmejoh-!dbsqpsu-!
qpsuf.dpdifsf-!bsdbef-!boe!dpwfsfe!ps!sppgfe!xbmlxbz!dpotusvdufe!bu-!cfmpx-!ps!
bcpwf!hsbef!bt!nfbtvsfe!gspn!uif!fyufsjps!gbdf!pg!uif!tifbuijoh!pg!uif!qfsjnfufs!xbmmt!
ps!tvqqpsujoh!dpmvnot½
Uijt!dibohf!jo!efÑojujpo!up!jodmvef!cfmpx.hsbef!jnqspwfnfout!eje!opu!jodmvef!b!dpssftqpoejoh!
jodsfbtf!jo!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!up!pgg.tfu!uijt!dibohf!boe!ibt!mfbe!up!uif!offe!gps!wbsjbodf!gspn!tjuf!
dpwfsbhf!gps!voefshspvoe!jnqspwfnfout!gps!qspkfdut!xip!puifsxjtf!xpvme!ibwf!dpnqmjfe!xjui!
uif!qsfwjpvt!efÑojujpo/!!
Qbhf!83!pg!84
Beejujpobmmz-!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!qmbo!sfdphoj{fe!uibu!uif!21!gu/!tfucbdl!mjof!
tipvme!sfnbjo!bt!uif!sfrvjsfnfou!gps!tjuft!xjuijo!Mjpotifbe-!xjui!uif!fydfqujpo!uif!fydfqujpot!
bt!opufe;!
8/4!Tfucbdlt!
Uif!nbtufs!qmbo!epft!opu!sfdpnnfoe!dibohjoh!uijt!tuboebse/!Uif!dvssfou!tfucbdl!
sfrvjsfnfou!po!uif!nbkpsjuz!pg!tjuft!jo!Mjpotifbe!jt!21!gffu!gspn!uif!qspqfsuz!mjof!po!bmm!
tjeft/!Uijt!sfrvjsfnfou!tibmm!cf!xbjwfe!jo!bsfbt!xjui!eftjhobufe!cvjme.up!mjoft-!boe!
mffxbz!tipvme!cf!dpotjefsfe!jo!bsfbt!pg!tjhojÑdbou!ibsetijq!uibu!puifsxjtf!nffu!uif!
joufou!pg!uif!nbtufs!qmbo!boe!ep!opu!ofhbujwfmz!jnqbdu!bekbdfou!qspqfsujft/!
Bt!opufe!jo!uif!npsf!efubjmfe!Dibqufs!6;!Efubjmfe!Qmbo!Sfdpnnfoebujpot!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo;!
½Beejujpobmmz-!cfmpx!hsbef!jnqspwfnfout-!jodmvejoh!cvu!opu!mjnjufe!up-!qbsljoh!boe!
wfijdvmbs!djsdvmbujpo!jnqspwfnfout!nbz!cf!efwfmpqfe!xjuijo!uif!sfrvjsfe!tfucbdlt-!jg!
gpvoe!up!cf!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!UpxoÉt!efwfmpqnfou!pckfdujwft/!!!)Tfdujpo!6/2:/8*!
Qbhf!84!pg!84
F OWJSPONFOUBM J NQBDU!S FQPSU
UIF!FWFSHSFFO
WBJM-!DPMPSBEP
qsfqbsfe!gps;!
UIF!TPMBSJTHSPVQ
252!F/!NFBEPX!ES-!TVJUF!322-!WBJM-!DP!92768
qsfqbsfe!cz;!
CJSDI!FDPMPHZ-!MMD
53:NBJO!TU-!MZPOT-DP!91651
C JSDI!F DPMPHZ!
GFCSVBSZ!3133
UBCMF!PG!DPOUFOUT
Tfdujpo!0!UjumfQbhf
2/1!JOUSPEVDUJPO/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!2
3/1!FOWJSPONFOUBM!TFUUJOH////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!2
4/1!FYJTUJOH!DPOEJUJPOT//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!3
4/2!Izespmphz///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!3
4/2/2!Tvsgbdf!Xbufs/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!3
4/2/3!Hspvoexbufs//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!3
4/2/4!211.Zfbs!Gmppeqmbjo///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!3
4/2/5!Tusfbn!Tfucbdl//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!4
4/3!Bunptqifsjd!Dpoejujpot//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!4
4/4!Cjpujd!Dpoejujpot///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!4
4/4/2!Wfhfubujpo//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!4
4/4/3!Xjmemjgf//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!4
4/5!Tpjmt/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!5
4/6!Hfpmphz/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!5
4/6/2!Hfpmphjd!Ib{bset//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!5
4/7!Opjtf!'!Pepst////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!5
4/8!Wjtvbm0Tdfojd!Sftpvsdft//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!6
4/9!Mboe!Vtft///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!6
4/:!Qpqvmbujpo/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!6
4/21!Usbggjd////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!6
4/22!Tvtubjobcjmjuz!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!7
5/1!QSPQPTFE!QSPKFDU////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!7
5/2!Ipufm!Vojut!boe!Tj{f///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!8
5/3!Fnqmpzff!Ipvtjoh////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!9
5/4!Bddftt!boe!Qbsljoh//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!9
5/5!Tupsnxbufs!Nbobhfnfou///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!9
5/6!Mboetdbqjoh!boe!Pqfo!Tqbdf/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!:
5/7!Vujmjujft///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////21
5/7/2!Tbojubsz!Tfxfs//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////21
5/7/3!Xbufs/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////21
5/7/4!Fmfdusjd!Tfswjdf/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////21
5/7/5!Hbt!Tfswjdf///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////21
5/7/6!Dpnnvojdbujpot//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////21
5/8!Tvtubjobcjmjuz////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////21
6/1!JNQBDUT!'!NJUJHBUJPO/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////22
6/2!Izespmphz/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////22
6/2/2!Tvsgbdf!Xbufs///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////22
6/2/3!Hspvoexbufs////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////22
6/2/4!211.Zfbs!Gmppeqmbjo/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!22
6/2/5!Tusfbn!Tfucbdl////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////23
6/3!Bunptqifsjd!Dpoejujpot////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////23
6/4!Cjpujd!Dpoejujpot/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////23
6/4/2!Wfhfubujpo////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////23
6/4/3!Xjmemjgf////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////23
6/5!Tpjmt///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////23
6/6!Hfpmphz!'!Ib{bset////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////24
6/7!Opjtf!'!Pepst//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////24
6/8!Wjtvbm!Jnqbdut/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////24
6/9!Mboe!Vtft/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////24
6/:!Qpqvmbujpo///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////24
6/21!Usbggjd//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////25
6/22!Qfsnjut!'!Dppsejobujoh!Bhfodjft//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////25
7/1!TVNNBSZ!PG!FOWJSPONFOUBM!JNQBDUT///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////26
7/1!GJHVSFT////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////28
8/1!UBCMFT//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////43
9/1!QIPUPT////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////45
:/1!SFGFSFODFT/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////53
BQQFOEJY!B/!!DEQIF!BJS!RVBMJUZ!EBUB///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////55
BQQFOEJY!C/!EPMB!DPNNVOJUZ!QSPGJMF!GPS!WBJM////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////58
MJTU!PG!GJHVSFT
Ovncfs!0!Ujumf!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Qbhf
Gjhvsf!2/!!Qspkfdu!Mpdbujpo!Nbq/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////29
Gjhvsf!3/!!Bfsjbm!Qipup//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////2:
Gjhvsf!4/!Hfpufdiojdbm!Cpsjoht///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////31
Gjhvsf!5/!!211.Zfbs!Gmppeqmbjo/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////32
Gjhvsf!6/!!Fml!Xjoufs!Ibcjubu/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////33
Gjhvsf!7/!!Mzoy!Qpufoujbm!Ibcjubu/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////34
Gjhvsf!8/!!OSDT!Tpjm!Uzqft////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////35
Gjhvsf!9/!!Hfpmphz!Nbq///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////36
Gjhvsf!:/!!Bwbmbodif!Ib{bse!Nbq/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////37
Gjhvsf!21/!!Efcsjt!Gmpx!Ib{bse!Nbq///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////38
Gjhvsf!22/!!Spdlgbmm!Ib{bse!Nbq/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////39
Gjhvsf!23/!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!\[pojoh!Nbq///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////3:
Gjhvsf!24/!Qspqptfe!Efwfmpqnfou!Qmbo////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////41
Gjhvsf!25/!Tupsn!Tfxfs!Qmbo////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////42
MJTU!PG!UBCMFT
Ovncfs!0!UjumfQbhf
Ubcmf!2/!Bncjfou!Bjs!Dpodfousbujpo!Ftujnbuft/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////44
MJTU!PG!QIPUPT
Ovncfs!0!Ujumf!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Qbhf
Qipup!2/!Fyufsjps!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!boe!qbwfe!qbsljoh!bsfb/!)2308032*///////////////46
Qipup!3/Mboetdbqfe!bsfb!po!uif!tpvui!tjef!pg!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf/!!):039032*///////////////46
Qipup!4/Sfdfoumz!qmbdfe!dpccmf!boe!ofx!dvmwfsu/!):039032*//////////////////////////////////////////47
Qipup!5/Cpvmefs!cbol!usfbunfout!bmpoh!uif!vqqfs!qbsu!pg!uif!sfbdi/!!):039032*/////////47
Qipup!6/Sfdfoumz!qmbdfe!dpccmfboesjqbsjbo!wfhfubujpo/!):039032*////////////////////////////48
Qipup!7/Xjmmpxt-!obsspxmfbg!dpuupoxppet-!boe!cbmtbn!qpqmbs/!!):039032*////////////////////48
Qipup!8/Sjqbsjbo!wfhfubujpo!xjui!b!dpuupoxppe!pwfstupsz/!):039032*////////////////////////////48
Qipup!9/Fspefe!tusfbncbol!bekbdfou!up!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf/!!):039032*///////////////////49
Qipup!:/Tuffq-!fspefe!tusfbncbol!bekbdfou!up!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf/!)2308032*///////49
Qipup!21/Dvmwfsut!bu!uif!Nfbepx!Esjwf!dspttjoh/!!):039032*////////////////////////////////////////////4:
Qipup!22/Vousfbufe!svopgg!gspn!uif!qbsljoh!bsfb!gmpxt!joup!Njeemf!Dsffl/!)2308032*/!/!51
Qipup!23/Tbuvsbufe!tpjmt!pddvs!xjuijo!b!tnbmm-!dpotusvdufe!txbmf/)2308032*////////////////51
Qipup!24/Ejtuvscfe!bsfb!bmpoh!uif!vqqfs!sfbdi/!):039032*/////////////////////////////////////////////52
Qipup!25/Dbobeb!uijtumf!boe!puifs!xffet!bmpoh!uif!vqqfs!sfbdi/!!):039032*/////////////52
2/1!JOUSPEVDUJPO!!
Uif!Tpmbsjt!Hspvqjt!qmboojoh!up!sfefwfmpq!uif!fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf-!xijdi!xbt!
dpotusvdufe!jo!2:85-joup!b!npefso-!tvtubjobcjmjuz.gpdvtfe!ipufmlopxo!bt!Uif!Fwfshsffo/
Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!jt!mpdbufe!bu!361!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!Xftu!jo!Wbjm-!Dpmpsbep/!!
Tqfdjgjdbmmz-!jujt!jo!Tfdujpo!7!pg!Upxotijq!6!Tpvui!boe!Sbohf!91!Xftujo!Fbhmf!Dpvouz!
)Gjhvsft!2!'!3*/
Up!bje!jo!qspkfdu!qmboojoh-!bo!Fowjsponfoubm!Jnqbdu!Sfqpsu!xbt!qsfqbsfe!gps!uif!
Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qspkfdu!tjufboe!uxp!bekbdfou!qbsdfmtuibu!cpsefs!uif!qspqfsuz!po!jut!
xftufso!tjef-!fodpnqbttjohuif!Njeemf!Dsffl!sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps/!Uijt!sfqpsu!ejtdvttft!uif!
fyjtujoh!boe!qspqptfe!dpoejujpot!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qbsdfm!boe!bekbdfou!Njeemf!
Dsffl!qbsdfmtjobddpsebodf!xjui!uif!FJS!hvjefmjoftpvumjofe!jo!Dibqufs!23!pg!Wbjmt!Upxo!
Dpef<ju!ejtdvttft!puifs!sfrvjsfe!qfsnjut!boe!dppsejobujoh!bhfodjft<!boe!qspwjeft!b!
tvnnbsz!boe!bobmztjt!pg!jnqbdut/Qmfbtf!opuf-!bmm!Gjhvsft!bsf!jodmvefe!jo!Tfdujpo!7/1-!
Ubcmft!bsf!jo!Tfdujpo!8/1-!boe!Qipupt!bsf!jo!Tfdujpo!9/1/!Bqqfoejy!B!dpoubjot!b!
ejtdvttjpo!pg!bjs!rvbmjuz!qsfqbsfe!cz!uif!Dpmpsbep!Efqbsunfou!pg!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!boe!
Fowjsponfou!)DEQIF*/!!
3/1FOWJSPONFOUBM!TFUUJOH
Uif!FJS!tuvez!bsfbdpotjtut!pg!uisff!qbsdfmt!mpdbufe!jo!Fbhmf!Dpvouz!jo!uif!upxo!pg!Wbjm
)Gjhvsft!2!'3*/!Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qbsdfm!dpwfst!bqqspyjnbufmz!3/56bdsft/!Uif!
hspvoet!tvsspvoejoh!uiffyjtujoh!ipufmcvjmejoh!bsf!qsfepnjobufmz!qbwfe!xjui!tnbmm!
bsfbt!pg!psobnfoubm!mboetdbqjohboe!b!qppm!po!uif!xftufso!tjef)Qipupt!2!'!3*/!
Njeemf!Dsffl-!b!qfsfoojbm!
tusfbn-!jt!mpdbufe!
jnnfejbufmz!xftu!pg!uif!
Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!boe!
gmpxt!uispvhi!uxp!
bekbdfou!qbsdfmt!pxofe!
cz!uif!upxo!pg!Wbjm!boe!
uif!Fbhmf!Sjwfs!Xbufs!boe!
Tbojubujpo!Ejtusjdu/Njeemf!
Dsffl!gmpxt!joup!Hpsf!
Dsffl!bqqspyjnbufmz!861!
gffu!up!uif!tpvuipg!uif!
qspkfdu!bsfb/
Uif!tvsspvoejoh!bsfb!jo!
Wbjm!jt!efwfmpqfe!xjui!cvtjofttft-!ipufmt-!boe!sfdsfbujpobm!bnfojujft/!Uif!qspkfdu!tjufjt!
mpdbufe!kvtu!tpvui!pg!J.81-!pouif!tpvui!tjef!pg!uif!J.81!gspoubhf!spbe/!Uif!sfdfoumz!
vqebufe!Wbjm!Ifbmui!cvjmejoh!bcvut!uif!qspqfsuz!up!uif!tpvui!boe!fbtu<!uif!Epctpo!Jdf!
Bsfob-!Wbjm!Qvcmjd!Mjcsbsz-!boe!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!Dpoepnjojvntbsf!up!uif!xftu!bdsptt!
Njeemf!Dsffl/
2!
Fmfwbujpot!pg!uif!qspkfdu!bsfbsbohf!gspn!b!ijhi!pg!bqqspyjnbufmz!9-2:6!gffu!bu!uif!
opsuifso!qpsujpo!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!qbsdfm!up!b!mpx!pg!9-269!gffu!bu!uif!tpvuifsonptu
fyufou!pg!uiftuvez!bsfb!po!uif!Fbhmf!Sjwfs!Xbufs!boe!Tbojubujpo!Ejtusjdu)FSXTE*!qbsdfm/!
4/1!FYJTUJOH!DPOEJUJPOT
4/2!Izespmphz
4/2/2!Tvsgbdf!Xbufs
Uif!FJS!tuvez!bsfb!jodmveft!bqqspyjnbufmz!871!mjofbs!gffu!pg!Njeemf!Dsffl-!b!qfsfoojbm!
tusfbn!mpdbufe!jo!uif!FSXTE!boe!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!qbsdfmt!xftu!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf
)Gjhvsf!3*/!!Njeemf!Dsffl!foufst!uif!opsuifso!foe!pg!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!qbsdfm!uispvhi!b!7.
gppudvmwfsu!cfofbui!Joufstubuf!81!boe!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe)Qipup!4*/Bmpoh!uif!
vqqfs!qpsujpo-!uif!dsffl!jt!bsnpsfe!xjui!mbshf!cpvmefst!boe!dpccmfxijdi!xbtsfdfoumz!
qmbdfe!bt!b!qbsu!pg!esbjobhf!jnqspwfnfout!)Qipupt!5!'!6*/!Bt!judpoujovft!tpvuixbse-!
uif!tusfbn!cbolt!bsf!npsf!efotfmz!wfhfubufexjui!sjqbsjbo!wfhfubujpo)Qipupt!7!'!8*/
Jo!b!gfx!mpdbujpot!bekbdfou!up!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf-uif!cbolt!bsf!tuffq!boe!bdujwfmz!
fspejoh!)Qipupt!9!'!:*/
Bcpy!dvmwfsujt!mpdbufe!jo!uif!tpvuifso!qpsujpo!pg!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!qbsdfm!gps!b!qfeftusjbo!
dspttjoh/!!Uxp!beejujpobm!dvmwfsut!bsf!mpdbufe!bu!uifNfbepx!Esjwf!dspttjohbu!uif!tpvui!
foe!pg!uif!tuvez!bsfb)Qipup!21*/Njeemf!Dsffl!kpjot!Hpsf!Dsfflbqqspyjnbufmz!861!gffu!
tpvui!pg!uif!qspkfdu!tjuf/
Tupsnxbufs!gspn!uif!qspkfdu!tjuf!jt!dvssfoumz!ejtdibshfe!up!Njeemf!Dsffl!xjui!op!xbufs!
rvbmjuz!usfbunfou/!Xbufs!gspn!uif!xftufso!ibmg!pg!uif!tjuf!qsjnbsjmz!tiffu!gmpxt!joup!Njeemf!
Dsffl)Qipup!22*/!!Svopgg!gspn!uif!fbtufso!ibmg!jt!dpmmfdufe!jo!bsfb!jomfut-!dpowfzfe
bspvoe!uif!fbtufso!tjef!boe!uifoup!uif!tpvui!pg!uif!fyjtujoh!cvjmejoh-!uifo!jt!ejtdibshfe!
up!Njeemf!Dsffl!kvtu!epxotusfbn!pg!uif!cpy!dvmwfsu!boe!qfeftusjbo!dspttjoh/!B!tnbmm
ejtdibshf!jt!bmtp!mpdbufe!opsui!pg!uif!qppm!bsfb-!xifsf!b!gpvoebujpo!esbjo!dsfbuft!
tbuvsbufe!tpjm!dpoejujpot!uibu!dpoofdu!cbdl!up!uif!dsffl)Qipup!23*/!
4/2/3!Hspvoexbufs
B!hfpufdiojdbm!tuvez!xbt!qfsgpsnfe!cz!Dftbsf-!Jodpo!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qbsdfm
)Efdfncfs!24-!3132*/!Gjwf!cpsjoht!xfsf!esjmmfe!boe!dpnqmfufe!bt!hspvoexbufs!
npojupsjoh!xfmmt!bu!wbsjpvt!mpdbujpot!uispvhipvu!uifqbsdfm)Gjhvsf!4*/!Hspvoexbufs!xbt!
fodpvoufsfe!bu!efquit!pg!cfuxffo!bqqspyjnbufmz!23!up!26!gffu!cfmpx!hsbef!jo!cpsjoht!
C.2-!C.3-!boe!C.6!bu!uif!ujnf!pg!esjmmjoh/!Hspvoexbufs!xbt!sfnfbtvsfe!bu!efquit!pg!
cfuxffo!27/6!boe5:/8gffu!cfmpx!hsbef!jo!cpsjoht!C.2-!C.3-!C.4-!boe!C.6!cfuxffo!2!boe!
54!ebzt!bgufs!esjmmjoh/!Hspvoexbufs!xbt!opu!fodpvoufsfe!jo!C.5!evsjoh!ps!bgufs!esjmmjoh/!
4/2/4!211.Zfbs!Gmppeqmbjo
Gjhvsf!5!jmmvtusbuft!uif!fyufou!pg!uif!211.zfbs!gmppeqmbjo/!Uif!211.zfbs!gmppe!fwfou!jt
dpoubjofe!xjuijo!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!boe!Fbhmf!Sjwfs!Xbufs!boe!Tbojubujpo!Ejtusjdu!qbsdfmt/!
Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehfjt!pvutjef!pg!uif!GFNB!211.zfbs!gmppeqmbjo!gps!Njeemf!Dsffl/!!!
3!
4/2/5!Tusfbn!Tfucbdl
Dvssfou!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!sfhvmbujpot!tqfdjgz!b!41.gppu!tfucbdl!gspn!uif!dfoufsmjof!pg!Njeemf!
Dsffl-!boe!Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!jt!jo!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uijt!tfucbdl/
4/3!Bunptqifsjd!Dpoejujpot!!
Uif!Dpmpsbep!Efqbsunfou!pg!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!boe!Fowjsponfou!)DEQIF*!qspwjefe!ebub!po!
uif!ftujnbufe!bncjfou!bjs!dpodfousbujpot!pg!tjy!bjs!qpmmvubout!gps!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!
qspkfdu!tjuf!)Ubcmf!2*/!Qmfbtf!opuf-!mpdbm!bjs!npojupsjoh!ebub!ep!opu!fyjtu!gps!Wbjm-
Dpmpsbep<!uifsfgpsf-!DEQIFefwfmpqfe!cftu!ftujnbuft!gps!uif!hfofsbm!hfphsbqijd!bsfb!
vtjoh!bwbjmbcmf!DEQIF!ebub/Fbhmf!Dpvouz!jt!jo!bo!buubjonfou!bsfb!bt!tvnnbsj{fe!cz!
Ubcmf!2/!Gps!gvsuifs!efubjmt-!qmfbtf!sfgfs!up!DEQIFt!dpssftqpoefodf!jo!Bqqfoejy!B/!!
4/4!Cjpujd!Dpoejujpot
4/4/2!Wfhfubujpo
Bt!eftdsjcfe!bcpwf-!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qbsdfm!jt!efwfmpqfe!xjui!uif!cvjmejoh!
gppuqsjou!boe!qbwfe!qbsljoh!bsfbt!dpwfsjoh!nptu!pg!uif!mpu!)Qipup!2<!Gjhvsf!3*/Tnbmm!
bsfbt!pg!psobnfoubm!mboetdbqjoh!pddvs!bspvoe!uif!cvjmejoht-!tpnf!pg!xijdi!
jodpsqpsbuf!obujwf!usfft!jodmvejoh!cmvf!tqsvdf!)Qjdfb!qvohfot*boe!btqfo!)Qpqvmvt!
usfnvmpjeft*)Qipup!3*/!!Po!uif!xftu!tjef!pg!uif!cvjmejoh!ofbs!uif!qppm!bsfb-!b!qjqf!
ejtdibshf!gspn!b!gpvoebujpo!esbjo!dsfbuft!tbuvsbufe!tpjm!dpoejujpot!uibu!tvqqpsu!b!
obsspx!xfumboe!bsfb!fyufoejoh!epxo!up!uif!dsffl)Qipup!23*/!
Uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps!jt!mjofe!cz!obujwf!usfft!boe!tisvct!jodmvejoh!
obsspxmfbg!dpuupoxppe!)Qpqvmvt!bohvtujgpmjb*-!cbmtbn!qpqmbs!)Qpqvmvt!cbmtbnjgfsb*-
uijomfbg!bmefs!)Bmovt!ufovjgpmjb!ttq/!jodbob*-!Fohfmnboo!tqsvdf!)Qjdfb!fohfmnbojj*-!boe!
tfwfsbm!tqfdjft!pg!xjmmpxt!)Tbmjy!hfzfsjbob<!T/!npoujdpmb<!T/!esvnnpoejbob*)Qipupt!7!'!
8*/!!Uif!ifscbdfpvt!voefstupsz!jt!b!njyuvsf!pg!b!gfx!xffet!hspxjoh!xjui!eftjsbcmf!obujwf!
tqfdjft!tvdi!bt!gjsfxffe!)Fqjmpcjvn!bohvtujgpmjvn*-!dpx!qbstojq!)Ifsbdmfvn!
tqizpoezmjvn*-!boe!dijnjoh!cfmmt!)Nfsufotjb!djmjbub*/Opyjpvt!xffet!bmtp!pddvs-
qbsujdvmbsmz!jo!uif!npsf!ejtuvscfe!bsfbt!jo!uif!opsui-!cvu!ep!opu!gpsn!boz!mbshf!tuboet
)Qipupt!24!'!25*/!!Uiftf!jodmvef!qmvnfmftt!uijtumf!)Dbsevvt!bdbouipjeft*-!pyfzf!ebjtz!
)Mfvdbouifnvnwvmhbsf*-!boe!Dbobeb!uijtumf!)Djstjvn!bswfotf*/!Tuffq-!bdujwfmz!fspejoh!
bsfbt!bsf!dibsbdufsj{fe!cz!mpx!wfhfubujpo!dpwfs)Qipupt!9!'!:*/
4/4/3!Xjmemjgf
Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qbsdfm!dpotjtut!pg!bo!fyjtujoh!efwfmpqnfou!uibu!epft!opu!qspwjef!
tjhojgjdbou!xjmemjgf!ibcjubu/!Npsfpwfs-!uif!FSXTE!boe!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!qbsdfmt!bsf!
tvsspvoefe!cz!efwfmpqnfou-!uifNjeemf!Dsfflsjqbsjbo!dpssjeps!jt!obsspx-!boe!ju!jt!
dspttfe!cz!nvmujqmf!spbet!boe!usbjmt!cfuxffo!J.81!boe!Hpsf!Dsffl/!!Uijtmjnjut!uif!xjmemjgf!
ibcjubuwbmvfpg!uijt!bsfb/
Bt!tipxo!cz!Gjhvsf!6-!uif!qspkfdu!tjuf!jt!pvutjef!Bnfsjdbo!Fml!xjoufs!sbohf!nbqqfe!cz!
DQX/Jo!beejujpo-!ju!jt!opu!jodmvefe!jo!uif!bsfbt!uibu!ibwf!cffo!nbqqfebt!qpufoujbm!
ibcjubu!gps!mzoy!)Gjhvsf!7*/!
4!
4/5Tpjmt!
Gjhvsf!8!jmmvtusbuft!uif!OSDTtpjm!uzqft!gps!uif!qspkfdu!bsfb/!!Uif!foujsf!tuvez!bsfbjt
nbqqfe!btIbqmpdszpmmt.Dszprvpmmtdpnqmfy!bu!1!up!26!qfsdfou!tmpqft/!Uif!Ibqmpdszpmmt.
Dszprvpmmt!dpnqmfy!psjhjobufe!jo!qbsfou!nbufsjbmt!dpotjtujoh!pg!bmmvwjvn!efsjwfe!gspn!
jhofpvt!boe!tfejnfoubsz!spdl/!Uif!Ibqmpdszpmmt!tpjm!uzqf!jt!opu!sbufe!bt!b!izesjd!tpjmxijmf!
uif!Dszprvpmmt!qpsujpo!jt!sbufe!bt!b!izesjd!tpjm!uzqf!cz!uif!OSDT/!
Cpsjoht!gspn!uif!Dftbsf!hfpufdiojdbm!tuvez!sfwfbmfe!uibu!uif!tpjm!uzqft!qsftfou!potjuf!
dmbttjgz!bt!Uzqf!E-!bddpsejoh!up!uif!3126!JCD/!Btqibmu!qbwfnfou!bcpvu!6!up!23!jodift!
uijdl!xbt!fodpvoufsfe!jo!bmm!cpsjoht/!Tboe!boe!hsbwfm!gjmm!xjui!dpccmft!boe!pddbtjpobm!
cpvmefst!xbt!jefoujgjfe!up!efquit!pg!cfuxffo!bcpvu!4!boe!26!gffu!jo!bmm!cpsjoht-!fydfqu!
Cpsjoh!C.4<!ipxfwfs-!ejtujohvjtijoh!gjmm!gspn!obujwf!hsbovmbs!nbufsjbm!xjui!uif!PEFY!
nfuipe!pg!esjmmjoh!xbt!dibmmfohjoh/!Gjmm!nbz!cf!qsftfou!jo!uif!mpdbujpo!pg!Cpsjoh!C.4/
Pwfscvsefo!tpjm!dpotjtujoh!pg!tboe!boe!hsbwfm!xjui!cpvmefst!boe!dpccmft!xbt!
fodpvoufsfeup!uif!nbyjnvn!efquit!pg!fbdi!cpsjoh-!xijdi!xbt!cfuxffo!bcpvu!32!boe!
74!gffu!effq/!Cpvmefst!vq!up!4!gffu!jo!ejnfotjpo!xfsf!fodpvoufsfe!jo!tpnf!mpdbujpot/
Gmpxjoh!tboet!xfsf!pctfswfe!jo!uif!pwfscvsefo!tpjm!bu!bcpvu6!up!36!gffu!effq!jo!Cpsjoh!
C.3-23!up!2:!gffu!effq!jo!Cpsjoh!C.6-!boe4:!up!58!gffu!effq!jo!Cpsjoh!C.6/Cfespdl!xbt!
opu!fodpvoufsfe!jo!boz!pg!uif!cpsjoht/
4/6!Hfpmphz
Uif!hfpmphz!pg!uif!tjuf!jt!eftdsjcfe!jo!Gjhvsf!9-!xijdi!xbt!jodmvefe!jo!uif!Dftbsf!
Hfpufdiojdbm!Sfqpsu!)3132*/Uif!#Hfpmphjd!Nbq!pg!uif!Fbtufso!Ibmg!pg!uif!Wbjm!41(!y!71(!
Rvbesbohmf-!Fbhmf-!Tvnnju-!boe!Hsboe!Dpvoujft-!Dpmpsbep#!cz!Lbsm!T/!Lfmmphh-!Sbmqi!S/!
Tispcb-!Xbzof!S/!Qsfnp-!boe!Csvdf!Cszbou-!)3122*-!joejdbuft!uibu!tvsgjdjbm!efqptjut!potjuf!
mjlfmz!dpotjtu!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!voju;!#Ruq;!Ujmm!pg!Qjofebmf!bhf!)mbuf!Qmfjtupdfof*/!Gps!gvsuifs!
efubjmt!po!uif!hfpmphz!pg!uif!tvsspvoejoh!bsfbt-!qmfbtf!sfgfs!up!uif!hfpufdiojdbm!sfqpsu!
cz!Dftbsf!Jod/!
4/6/2!Hfpmphjd!Ib{bset
Jo!psefs!up!beesftt!qpufoujbm!hfpmphjd!ib{bset!up!uif!qspqptfe!qspkfdu-!Upxo!pg!Wbjmt!
Hfpmphjd!Ib{bse!Nbqqjoh!qpsubm!xbt!bddfttfe/!Gjhvsft!:.22jmmvtusbuf!uif!hfpmphjdbmmz!
tfotjujwf!bsfbt!xjuijo!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!bt!uifz!sfmbuf!up!efcsjt!gmpxt-!bwbmbodift-!boe!
spdl!gbmmt/!Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qbsdfm!jt!pvutjef!uiftf!hfpmphjd!ib{bse!bsfbt!jefoujgjfe!
cz!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm/Uif!Hfpufdiojdbm!Sfqpsu!qsfqbsfe!cz!Dftbsf-!Jod/!)3132*!tubuft!
uibu!uif!qpufoujbm!gps!sbepo!hbt!jt!mjlfmz!boe!sfdpnnfoet!uif!tjuf!boe0ps!qmboofe!
tusvduvsf!cffwbmvbufe!cz!tqfdjbmjtut!jo!sbepo!hbt!efufdujpo!boe!nbobhfnfou/
4/7!Opjtf!'!Pepst
Uif!tjuf!jt!jouif!efwfmpqfe!epxoupxo!pg!Wbjm-!Dpmpsbep!boe!jt!ejsfdumz!bekbdfou!up!uif!
Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!bt!xfmm!bt!uif!Joufstubuf!81!dpssjeps/!Cpui!spbe!tztufnt!hfofsbuf!
opjtf!boe!pepst!gspn!usbggjd/!Uifsf!bsf!op!tjhojgjdbou!tpvsdft!pg!opjtf!ps!pepst!gspn!uif!
fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!Mpehfqbsdfm/
5!
4/8!Wjtvbm0TdfojdSftpvsdft
Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!dpotjtut!pg!b!:.tupsz!cvjmejoh!cbtfe!po!b!2:81t!qptu.npefso!
bsdijufduvsf/Uif!dvssfou!tusvduvsf!pggfst!bo!pvuebufe!mpehjoh!qspevdu!boe!ibt!cffo!
eftdsjcfe!btmbshfmz!jodpohsvpvt!xjui!jut!tvsspvoejoht/!
4/9!Mboe!Vtft
Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!xbt!psjhjobmmz!dpotusvdufe!jo!2:85/!Xjui!uif!fydfqujpo!pgb!mpccz!
xijdi!xbt!beefe!jo!uif!2:91t-!mjuumf!ibt!dibohfe!tjodf!jut!psjhjobm!dpotusvdujpo/!Uif!
Fwfshsffo!tjuf!xbt!jodpsqpsbufe!joup!uif!Mjpotifbe!Nbtufs!Qmbo!)MINQ*!boe!{pofe!
Mjpotifbe!Njyfe!Vtf.2!jo!3116)Gjhvsf23*/
Uif!dvssfou!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!jodmveft!uif!gpmmpxjoh!vtft;!
239BddpnnpebujpoVojut
2:!Dpoepnjojvn!Exfmmjoh!Vojut
Uif!Bmujuvef!Dmvc!Sftubvsbou
Boobqvsob!Sftubvsbou
Ipufm!Mpccz!boe!pggjdft
3
4-711!gupg!Dpogfsfodf!tqbdf
Ipufm!bnfojujft!tvdi!bt!txjnnjoh!qppm-!ipu!uvc-!tipxfst-!boe!tbvob
Wfouvsf!Tqpsut!Sfubjm
4/:!Qpqvmbujpo
Bddpsejoh!up!uif!EPMB!Qspgjmf!gps!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!)Bqqfoejy!C*-!uif!Upxot!qpqvmbujpo!
jo!3131!xbt!5-914/!Uif!upubm!ovncfs!pg!ipvtjoh!vojut!jt!8-414!boe!pddvqjfe!ipvtjoh!vojut!
jo!3131!xfsf!3-483/!Uif!3131!qfstpot!qfs!ipvtfipme!xbt!3/19!qfs!pxofs.pddvqjfe!voju!
boe!4/25!qfs!sfoubm!voju/!Uif!fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!dpoubjot!2:!exfmmjoh!vojut!boe!
239!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut/!Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!ftujnbuft!jut!bwfsbhf!pddvqbodz!qfs!
bddpnnpebujpo!voju!bu!2/6!qfstpot!qfs!voju/!Uif!nbyjnvn!qpttjcmf!qpqvmbujpo!gps!
fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf-!jt!ftujnbufe!bu!362/77!qfstpot!)bttvnfe!uif!2:!exfmmjoh!vojut!
xfsf!sfoubm!vojut*!bttvnjoh!211&!pddvqbodz/!Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!ftujnbuft!jut!boovbm!
pddvqbodz!sbuf!up!cf!71&/!Uifsfgpsf-uif!ftujnbufe!bduvbm!qpqvmbujpo!pg!uif!
Fwfshsffo!jt!262-!dpnqsjtfe!nptumz!pg!b!usbotjfou-!mpehjoh!qpqvmbujpo/
4/21Usbggjd
NdEpxfmm!Fohjoffsjoh-!MMD!pg!Fbhmf-!Dpmpsbep!qsfqbsfe!b!UsbggjdJnqbdu!Tuvez!up!
bobmz{fuif!usbggjd!hfofsbufe!gspn!uif!fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf/!Xfflebz!usbggjd!dpvout!
xfsf!pcubjofe!po!Uivstebz-!Efdfncfs!41-!3132-po!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!bu!uif!tjuf!
bddftt!cfuxffo!8;11!BN!boe!7;11!QN/!Uif!npsojoh!qfbl!ipvs!pddvssfe!cfuxffo!21;26!
BN!boe!22;26!BN/!Uif!fwfojoh!qfbl!ipvs!pddvssfe!cfuxffo!5;11!QN!boe!6;11!QN/
Tbuvsebz!usbggjd!dpvout!xfsf!pcubjofe!po!Tbuvsebz-!Kbovbsz!2-!3133-cfuxffo!8;11!BN
boe!7;11!QN/!Uif!Tbuvsebz!qfbl!ipvs!pddvssfe!cfuxffo!4;41!QN!boe!5;41!QN/!
6!
Usbggjd!dpvout!xfsf!pcubjofe!uif!xffl!cfuxffo!uif!Disjtunbt!boe!Ofx!Zfbstipmjebzt!
pg!Efdfncfs!3132!boe!Kbovbsz!3133/!Uijt!jt!b!qfbl!usbggjd!xffl!evf!up!tljfsusbggjd!pwfs!
uif!ipmjebz!tfbtpo/
Vtjoh!uif!Jotujuvuf!pg!Usbotqpsubujpo!Fohjoffst!Usjq!Hfofsbujpo!Nbovbm-!po!uif!bwfsbhf!
xfflebz-!uif!fyjtujoh!tjuf!jt!fyqfdufe!up!hfofsbuf!2-1:9!wfijdmf!usjqt!qfs!ebz!)wqe*/!
Qfbl!ipvs!usbggjd!po!b!xfflebz!hfofsbuft!bqqspyjnbufmz!::wqievsjoh!uif!npsojoh!
qfbl!ipvs-!21:wqi!evsjoh!uif!fwfojoh!qfbl!ipvs-!boe!238!wqi!evsjoh!uif!Tbuvsebz!
qfbl!ipvs/
Ipxfwfs-!pctfswfe!usbggjd!dpvout!joejdbuf!xifo!uif!ipufm!jt!bu!ps!ofbs!dbqbdjuz-!uif!
fyjtujoh!tjuf!hfofsbuft!49!wfijdmf!usjqt!qfs!ipvs!)wqi*!jo!uif!npsojoh!qfbl!ipvs-!75wqi!jo!
fwfojoh!qfbl!ipvs-!boe!46wqi!jo!uif!Tbuvsebz!qfbl!ipvs/!Ju!tipvme!cf!opufe!uibu!
pctfswfe!usbggjd!xbtbqqspyjnbufmz!41!71&!pg!JUFt!boujdjqbufe!usbggjd!wpmvnft!gps!uif
fyjtujoh!mboe!vtft/!!Uif!sfqpsu!joejdbuft!uijt!nbz!cf!evf-!jo!qbsu-!up!jodsfbtfe!vtf!pg!
nvmujnpebm!usbotqpsubujpo/!!
4/22!Tvtubjobcjmjuz
Uif!dvssfou!Fwfshsffo!Mpehfjt!pvuebufe-boe!uiftusvduvsf!pggfst!mjuumf!jo!uif!xbz!
tvtubjobcjmjuz/!Uif!nfdibojdbm!tztufnt!bsf!gbjmjoh-!boe!uifz!mbdl!dvssfou!ufdiopmphz/Uif!
tusvduvsf!tuboet!bu!:.tupsjftboe!sfnbjot!ejtdpoofdufe!wjtvbmmz!boe!fdpmphjdbmmz!gspn!jut!
tvsspvoejohtxjui!pvuebufe!bsdijufduvsf!boe!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh/Uif!fyufotjwf!
ibsetdbqjoh!tvsspvoejoh!uif!qspqfsuz!jnqfeft!jogjmusbujpo!boe!hspvoexbufs!sfdibshf!
xijmf!bmtp!dbvtjoh!qpufoujbm!jnqbjsnfout!up!xbufs!rvbmjuz!jo!uif!bekbdfou!Njeemf!Dsffl/!
Tvsgbdf!svopgg!gspn!qbsljoh!boe!mpbejoh!bsfbt!dvssfoumz!esbjot!joup!Njeemf!Dsffl!xjuipvu!
gjmusbujpo-!puifs!uibo!b!obsspx!sjqbsjbo!cvggfs/!!Uif!tjuf!epft!opu!dvssfoumz!vtf!sfofxbcmf!
fofshz/
5/1!QSPQPTFE!QSPKFDU
Uif!qspqptfe!qspkfdu!xjmm!cfuif!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qspqfsuz!xjui!
qmbot!upfoibodf!uif!tjuf!cz!beifsjoh!up!b!tfu!pg!fdpmphjdbmmz!tvtubjobcmf!wbmvft!tfu!
gpsui!cz!uif!Bnfsjdbo!Jotujuvuf!pg!Bsdijufdut!Dpnnjuuff!po!uif!Fowjsponfou/!Gvsuifs-!uif!
sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!xjmm!cf!hvjefe!cz!uif!bsdijufduvsbm!tuzmft!pg!uif!
7!
tvsspvoejoh!cvjmejoht!bt!pvumjofe!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo/!Uif!
gvuvsf!Fwfshsffo!gbdjmjuz!xjmmgfbuvsf!b!tjhojgjdbou!ovncfs!pg!vqhsbeft!up!uif!
dvssfouFwfshsffo!Mpehf!)Gjhvsf!2*/Uif!sfoefsjohtjo!uijt!tfdujpo!xfsfqspevdfe
cz!Topx!Lsfjmdi!Bsdijufdut!pg!Njoofbqpmjt-!Njooftpub/
5/2!Ipufm!Vojut!boe!Tj{f
Uifcvjmejoh!xjmm!gfbuvsf!344-995!tr/!gu/!pg!Hsptt!Sftjefoujbm!Gmpps!Bsfb!)HSGB*!dpotjtujoh!
pg239!buubdife!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!boe!246!exfmmjoh!vojut/Uif!pwfsbmm!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!
xjmm!cf!96-817!tr/!gu/!)91/3&*/!Uif!bcpwf!hsbef!qpsujpo!upubmt!78-:57!tr/!gu/!)46&*/!
Cvjmejoh!ifjhiu!boe!nbttjoh!xjmm!sftqpoe!up!uif!qbsdfm!upqphsbqiz!bt!xfmm!bt!sfgmfdu!uif!
qspqpsujpot!pg!bekbdfou!cvjmejoht/!Uif!qspqptfe!sfdpotusvdujpo!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!
xjmm!dpotjtu!pg!b!7.tupsz!opsuifso!gbèbef!xijdi!gbdft!uif!gspoubhf!spbe!boe!J.81xijmf!up!
8!
uif!tpvui-!uif!cvjmejoh!xjmm!gfbuvsf!b!5.tupsz!gbèbef!bmpoh!Nfbepx!Esjwf/!Nbttjoh!xjmm!
efdsfbtf!jo!uif!xftu!bt!uif!upqphsbqiz!espqt!upxbset!Njeemf!Dsffl/!
5/3!Fnqmpzff!Ipvtjoh
Uif!tjuf!xjmm!jodmvef!24!po.tjuf!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!vojut!bt!xfmm!bt!bo!beejujpobm!5!pgg.tjuf!
fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!vojut/
5/4!Bddftt!boe!Qbsljoh
Tjuf!bddfttxjmm!cf!qspwjefe!cz!b!ofx!spvoebcpvu!dpotusvdufe!cz!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!bu!
uif!J.81!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe/!!B!uxp.xbz!qbwfe!spbe!xjmm!qspwjef!ejsfdu!bddftt!up!uif!
sfdfoumz!dpotusvdufe!spvoebcpvu/!!Qbsljoh!xjmm!cf!npwfe!up!b!cfmpx.hspvoe!hbsbhf!
xjui!314qbsljoh!tqbdft/
B!tjefxbml!ibt!cffo!jotubmmfe!bmpoh!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!dpoofdujoh!up!uif!ofbscz!
bnfojujft/!Uif!qbui!jt!dpoujhvpvt!bdsptt!uif!gspoubhf!pg!uif!qspkfdu!tjuf!boe!dpotjtut!pg!
b!dpodsfuf!qbui!xjui!dvsc!boe!hvuufs/!!Sftjefout!boe!wjtjupst!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo!xjmm!ibwf!
fbtz!bddftt!up!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!Usbotju!Tztufn/!Uif!Xftu!Wbjm!Sfe!boe!Hsffo-!uif!Xftu!
Wbjm!Fyqsftt!boe!uif!Mjpotifbe!Mppq!cvt!spvuft!usbwfm!bmpoh!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!
bekbdfou!up!uif!qspkfdu!tjuf/!Uifsf!jt!b!cvt!tupq!mpdbufe!ejsfdumz!bekbdfou!up!uif!ofx!
spvoebcpvu!bu!uif!tjuf!bddftt/)NdEpxfmm!Fohjoffsjoh-!3133*/
5/5!Tupsnxbufs!Nbobhfnfou
Bmm!svopgg!gspn!uif!Fwfshsffo!tjuf!xjmm!cf!usfbufe!gps!xbufs!rvbmjuz!cfgpsf!ju!jt!ejtdibshfe!
up!Njeemf!Dsffl/!Gjhvsf!25!jt!uif!TupsnTfxfsQmbo!qsfqbsfe!cz!Bmqjof!Fohjoffsjoh/!Uif!
qspqptfe!efwfmpqnfou!xjmm!jnqspwf!uif!fyjtujoh!dpoejujpot!gps!tupsnxbufs!cz!dbquvsjoh!
svopgg!boe!gjmufsjoh!ju!xjui!izespezobnjd!tfqbsbupst!up!sfnpwf!tfejnfout-!pjm!boe!usbti!
cfgpsf!xbufs!jt!ejtdibshfe!up!Njeemf!Dsffl/Jo!beejujpo-!uif!tjuf!xjmm!jodpsqpsbuf!hsffo!
9!
sppgjoh!boe!sfqmbdf!ibsetdbqjohxjui!hsffo!tqbdft!upqspnpuf!obuvsbm!gjmufsjoh!boe!
tmpx!uif!gmpx!pg!tupsnxbufs!gspn!uif!tjuf/!Uijt!xjmm!ibwf!b!qptjujwf!jnqbdu!po!xbufs!rvbmjuz!
boe!gbdjmjubuf!obuvsbm!sfdibshf!pg!hspvoexbufs/!
5/6!Mboetdbqjoh!boe!Pqfo!Tqbdf
Uif!dfousbm!qpsujpo!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qbsdfm!jt!qmboofe!bt!b!Mboetdbqf!Qmb{b!
xijdi!xjmm!cf!pqfo!up!uif!qvcmjd!xjui!uif!joufoujpo!pg!qspnpujoh!xbmlbcjmjuz!cfuxffo!
ofjhicpsjoh!qbsdfmt/B!qpsujpo!pg!uif!qbsljoh!bsfb!pg!uif!Wbjm!Ifbmui!iptqjubm!xjmm!cf!
dpwfsfe!cz!b!mboetdbqf!mje!boe!uif!tjuf!xjmm!ibwf!b!hsffo!sppg/!!Uif!mboetdbqf!qmbo!
gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo!xjmm!jodpsqpsbuf!obujwf!tqfdjft!joup!uif!qmboujoh!qmbo!boe!xjmm!cf!
eftjhofe!up!cmfoe!joup!uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!Sjqbsjbo!Dpssjeps/
Uif!tjufxpsl!dibsbdufs!boe!gvodujpo!esbxt!jotqjsbujpo!gspn!uif!bekbdfou!Hpsf!Dsffl!
boe!gspn!uif!mboetdbqf!uzqft!xjuijo!uif!wbmmfz/!Uif!tjuf!xjmm!cf!qmboufe!xjui!b!ejwfstf!
sbohf!pg!obujwf!boe!dmjnbuf!bebqufe!usfft-!tisvct!boe!qfsfoojbmt!jo!bnfoefe!tpjmt!uibu
xjmm!ftubcmjti!effq!sppu!tztufnt!fodpvsbhjoh!xbufs!jogjmusbujpo/!Uijt!tusbufhz!bmtp!qspwjeft!
bo!fyqboefe!ibcjubu!gps!cjset!boe!qpmmjobupst/
Uif!mboetdbqjoh!boe!tjuf!efwfmpqnfou!xpvme!dpotjtu!pg!35-518!tr/!gu/!pg!tpgutdbqf!boe!
24-262!tr/!gu/!pg!ibsetdbqfgps!b!upubm!bsfb!pg!48-669!tr/!gu/!)46&*/!Qmfbtf!opuf!uibu!uiftf!
gjhvsft!ep!opu!bddpvougps!uifhsffo!sppgt/
:!
5/7!Vujmjujft
5/7/2!Tbojubsz!Tfxfs
Uif!fyjtujoh!tfxfs!nbjo!cfijoe!uif!fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!cvjmejoh!xjmm!cf!sfnpwfe!cbdl!up!
Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf/!!Uif!nbjo!mjft!voefs!uif!gppuqsjou!pg!uif!qspqptfe!cvjmejoh/!!B!ofx!
efbe.foe!nboipmf!xjmm!cf!qmbdfe!po!uif!fyjtujoh!9!QWD!nbjo!pxofe!cz!FSXTE/!!B!7!
QWD!dpnnfsdjbm!tfxfs!tfswjdf!xjmm!fyufoe!gspn!uif!efbe.foe!nbjo!boe!foufs!uif!
cvjmejoh!bu!uif!tjuft!mpx!qpjou!jo!uif!tpvuixftu!dpsofs!pg!Mpu!21/
5/7/3!Xbufs
Uif!fyjtujoh!FSXTE!tfxfs!tfswjdf!jt!b!mbshf!23!EJQ!xbufs!tfswjdf!cfijoe!uif!fyjtujoh!
Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!boe!voefs!uif!gppuqsjou!pg!uif!qspqptfe!cvjmejoh/!!Uijt!tfswjdf!xjmm!cf!
sfnpwfe!cbdl!up!uif!xftu!bmpoh!Njeemf!Dsffl!xifsf!ju!gpsnt!b!mppq!bspvoe!Epctpo!
Jdf!Bsfob/!!Uif!xbufs!tfswjdf!gps!uif!qspqptfe!cvjmejoh!xjmm!cf!gspn!uif!opsui!bmpoh!Tpvui!
Gspoubhf!Spbe-!xifsf!bo!fyjtujoh!23!EJQ!tuvc!jt!bmsfbez!jo!qmbdf!boe!jotubmmfe!evsjoh!
uif!spvoebcpvu!jnqspwfnfout/
5/7/4!Fmfdusjd!Tfswjdf
Fmfdusjd!xjmm!cf!qspwjefe!cz!Ipmz!Dsptt!Fofshz/!!Uifsf!jt!fyjtujoh!jogsbtusvduvsf!bmpoh!uif!
opsuifso!qspqfsuz!mjof!cfuxffo!uif!qspqptfe!cvjmejoh!boe!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe/!!
Dpoofdujpo!xjmm!cf!nbef!gspn!bo!fyjtujoh!fmfdusjd!tqmjdf!wbvmu!boe!fyufoe!up!b!ofxmz!
qmbdfe!boe!qspqfsmz!tj{fe!4.qibtf!usbotgpsnfs/Uifsf!jt!bo!fyjtujoh!usbotgpsnfs!jo!uif!
sfbs!pg!uif!fyjtujoh!cvjmejoh!uibu!xjmm!cf!sfnpwfe!evsjoh!efnpmjujpo/
5/7/5!Hbt!Tfswjdf
Hbt!xjmm!cf!qspwjefe!cz!Ydfm!Fofshz/!!Uifsf!jt!b!hbt!nbjo!cfijoe!uif!fyjtujoh!cvjmejoh!
uibu!xjmm!cf!sfnpwfe!cbdl!up!uif!fbtu!tjef!pg!Njeemf!Dsffl!up!cf!pvu!pg!uif!qspqptfe!
cvjmejoh!gppuqsjou/!!Uif!hbt!tfswjdf!xjmm!fyufoe!joup!uif!cvjmejoh!gspn!uijt!mpdbujpo/
5/7/6!Dpnnvojdbujpot
Mvnfo!)Dfouvsz!Mjol*!boe!Dpndbtu!cpui!ibwf!gbdjmjujft!bmpoh!uif!foujsf!gspou!pg!uif!
cvjmejoh!cfuxffo!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!boe!uif!qspqptfe!tusvduvsf/!!Bo!fyjtujoh!Mvnfo!
tqmjdf!wbvmu!dbo!cf!fbtjmz!bddfttfe!gps!dpoofdujpo!up!fyjtujoh!dbcmf!uw!boe!qipof/!!
Uifsf!jt!b!Mvnfo!gjcfs!wbvmu!bu!uif!joufstfdujpo!pg!Njeemf!Dsffl!boe!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!
Spbe-!ejsfdumz!bekbdfou!up!uif!tpvui!spbexbz!btqibmu/!!Gjcfs!dbo!cf!fyufoefe!gspn!uijt!
wbvmu!up!uif!fbtu!bmpoh!uif!fyjtujoh!mboetdbqf!tusjq/!!Dpndbtu!gbdjmjujft!bsf!qsftfou!bmpoh!
Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe-!ipxfwfs!uif!fybdu!mpdbujpo!ibt!opu!cffo!wfsjgjfe!xjui!uif!
qspwjefs!zfu/
5/8!Tvtubjobcjmjuz
Uif!Tpmbsjt!Hspvq!jt!bdujwfmz!qvstvjoh!pqqpsuvojujft!gps!tvtubjobcmf!hsffo!cvjmejoh!
dfsujgjdbujpot!gps!uif!Fwfshsffo/!Vq!up!:-111!trvbsf!gffu!pg!uif!sppg!bsfb!jt!bwbjmbcmf!gps!
tpmbs!qbofmtup!hfofsbuf!sfofxbcmf!fofshz!potjuf/!!Jo!beejujpo-!uif!hsffo!sppgt!xjmm!ifmq!
up!dpouspm!tupsnxbufs!svopggboe!uifz!qspwjef!bsfevdujpo!jouif!vscbo!ifbu!jtmboe!
fggfdu-!xijdi!dbo!jnqspwfuiffggjdjfodz!pg!nfdibojdbm!frvjqnfou!qpufoujbmmzsfevdjoh
21
hsffoipvtf!hbt!fnjttjpot/Hsffo!tqbdft!xjui!obujwf!qmbou!nbufsjbmt!boe!jnqspwfe!
wfhfubujpo!bmpoh!uif!cvggfs!pg!Njeemf!Dsffl!xjmm!jnqspwf!uif!tqbdf!gps!qfpqmf!boe!
vscbo!bebqufe!xjmemjgf!uibu!vujmj{f!uif!bsfb/
6/1!JNQBDUT!'!NJUJHBUJPO
6/2!Izespmphz
6/2/2!Tvsgbdf!Xbufs
Uif!Fwfshsffo!tfflt!up!qsjpsjuj{f!uif!ifbmui!pg!Hpsf!Dsffl!boe!Njeemf!Dsffl!cz!xpsljoh!
up!beesftt!uisff!lopxo!dbvtft!pg!xbufs!rvbmjuz!efhsbebujpo!jefoujgjfe!jo!uif!Hpsf!Dsffl!
Tusbufhjd!Bdujpo!Qmbo;!
2*/!Qpmmvubout!gspn!Mboe!Vtf!Bdujwjujft;!Uif!tjuf!ibt!cffo!uipvhiugvmmz!sfeftjhofe!up!
jodpsqpsbuf!dibohft!uibu!xjmm!jnqspwf!xbufs!rvbmjuz/!Qbsljoh!ibt!cffo!npwfe!
voefshspvoe!boe!hsffo!tqbdft!xjmm!sfqmbdf!jnqfswjpvt!tvsgbdft!up!qspnpuf!
jogjmusbujpo!pg!svopgg/!!Hsffo!sppgt!xjmm!bmtp!cf!vtfe!up!gjmufs!svopgg/
3*/!Esbjobhf!gspnJnqfswjpvt!Tvsgbdft;Svopgg!uibu!dvssfoumz!gmpxt!gspn!qbsljoh!bsfbt
boe!cvjmejoht!joup!Hpsf!Dsffl!xjmm!cf!dbquvsfe!boe!gjmufsfe!uispvhi!izespezobnjd!
tfqbsbupst!up!sfnpwf!tfejnfout-!pjm-!boe!usbti/
4*/!Mptt!pg!Sjqbsjbo!Tusfbntjef!Wfhfubujpo/Uif!Tpmbsjt!Hspvq!xjmmxpsl!xjui!uif!Upxo!pg!
Wbjm!boe!FSXTE!up!jnqmfnfou!wfhfubujpo!jnqspwfnfout!boe!cjptubcjmj{bujpo!pg!
fspejoh!cbolt!bmpoh!uif!cpsefsjoh!bsfb!pg!uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!Sjqbsjbo!Dpssjeps/!!
Mboetdbqjoh!bmpoh!uif!dsffl!fehf!xjmm!cf!eftjhofe!up!cmfoe!joup!uif!obujwf!sjqbsjbo!
qmbou!dpnnvojuz!xjui!bqqspqsjbuf!obujwf!tqfdjft/!
6/2/3!Hspvoexbufs
Uif!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qbsdfm!jodmveft!b!tjhojgjdbou!sfevdujpo!pg!
fyjtujoh!ibsetdbqf!xijmfnbyjnj{joh!pqfo!mboetdbqfbsfbtboe!jodpsqpsbujoh!hsffo!
sppgt/!Uiftf!dibsbdufsjtujdt!xjmm!xpsl!up!tmpx!uif!gmpx!pg!xbufs!pwfs!uif!mboetdbqf!boe!
xjmm!qspnpuf!jogjmusbujpo!boe!hspvoexbufs!sfdibshf-!boe!jnqspwfnfou!pwfs!uif!fyjtujoh!
dpoejujpo/
Dftbsf!tubuft!uibu!hspvoexbufs!mfwfmt!xjmm!jnqbdu!eftjho!boe!dpotusvdujpo!pg!uif!cfmpx!
hsbef!hbsbhf!boe!tipsjoh!tztufn!evsjoh!fydbwbujpot/!Dftbsf!boujdjqbuft!uibu!
efxbufsjoh!xjmm!cf!sfrvjsfe!evsjoh!dpotusvdujpo!boe!gps!uif!qfsnbofou!dpoejujpo!vomftt!
b!tvcnfshfe!dpoejujpo!jt!bddfqubcmf/!!
6/2/4!211.Zfbs!Gmppeqmbjo
Gjhvsf!5!jmmvtusbuft!uif!fyufou!pg!uif!211.zfbs!gmppeqmbjo/!Uif!qspkfdu!xjmm!opu!jnqbdu!uif!
211.zfbs!gmppeqmbjo/
22
6/2/5!Tusfbn!Tfucbdl
Uif!Fwfshsffo!xpvme!cfjo!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjmtsfrvjsfnfou!gps!b!41.gppu!
tfucbdl!gspn!uif!dfoufsmjof!pg!Njeemf!Dsffl-!bt!jmmvtusbufe!cz!uif!Qspqptfe!
Efwfmpqnfou!Qmbo!po!Gjhvsf!24/
6/3!Bunptqifsjd!Dpoejujpot!!
Uifsf!xpvme!cfb!tipsu.ufsn!jodsfbtf!jo!izespdbscpo!qpmmvubout!boe!evtu!evsjoh!uif!
dpotusvdujpo!qspdftt/!Pwfs!uif!mpoh.ufsn-!uif!qspqptfe!qspkfduxpvme!ibwf!b!tnbmm!boe!
vonfbtvsbcmf!jnqbdu!po!bjs!rvbmjuzevf!up!b!qspkfdufe!jodsfbtf!jo!usbggjd-!boe!uif!
jodsfbtfe!ovncfs!pg!sppnt!jo!uif!ipufm/!!Ipxfwfs-!ju!tipvme!cf!opufe!uibu!uif!eftjho!jt!
qmboofe!up!nbyjnj{f!b!qipupwpmubjd!bssbzxjuijo!b!:-111!trvbsf!gppu!bsfb!po!uif!sppg-!
xijdi!xjmm!qspwjef!sfofxbcmf!fofshz!potjuf!boe!sfevdf!bunptqifsjd!fnjttjpot/Pwfs!
ujnf-!jodsfbtfe!vtf!pg!nvmujnpebm!usbotqpsubujpo!dpvme!sfevdf!uif!fggfdut!pg!jodsfbtfe!
usbggjd/!!
6/4!Cjpujd!Dpoejujpot
6/4/2!Wfhfubujpo
Uif!qspkfdu!xjmm!ibwf!op!jnqbdu!po!obujwf!qmbou!dpnnvojujft!cfdbvtf!opof!pddvs!xjuijo!
uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qbsdfm/!Uif!mboetdbqf!qmbo!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo!xjmm!jodpsqpsbuf!
obujwf!tqfdjft!joup!uif!qmboujoh!eftjho!boe!xjmm!jodmvef!npsf!dpoofdufe!hsffo!tqbdft/
Mboetdbqjoh!bmpoh!uif!dsffl!fehf!xjmm!cf!eftjhofe!up!cmfoe!joup!uif!obujwf!sjqbsjbo!
qmbou!dpnnvojuz!xjui!bqqspqsjbuf!obujwf!tqfdjft/
Uif!sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps!bmpoh!Njeemf!Dsffl!qsftfout!tpnf!pqqpsuvojujft!gps!foibodfnfou!
xjui!beejujpobm!obujwf!qmboujoht-!sftupsbujpo!pg!fspefe!tusfbncbolt-!boe!opyjpvt!xffe!
nbobhfnfou/!!Uif!Tpmbsjt!Hspvq!xjmm!xpsl!xjui!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!boe!FSXTE!up!jnqmfnfou!
wfhfubujpo!jnqspwfnfout!boe!cjptubcjmj{bujpo!pg!fspejoh!cbolt!bmpoh!uif!cpsefsjoh!
bsfb!pg!uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!Sjqbsjbo!Dpssjeps/!
6/4/3!Xjmemjgf
Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qbsdfm!dpotjtut!pg!bo!fyjtujoh!efwfmpqnfou!uibu!epft!opu!qspwjef!
tjhojgjdbou!xjmemjgf!ibcjubu!)Gjhvsft!6!'!7*/!Uif!bekbdfou!qbsdfmt!up!uif!xftu!xijdi!dpoubjo!
Njeemf!Dsffl-!bsftvsspvoefe!cz!beejujpobmefwfmpqnfout!uibu!mjnju!uifxjmemjgfibcjubu!
qpufoujbm!jo!uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps/!Sfefwfmpqjoh!uif!tjuf!tipvme!opu!dbvtf!
tjhojgjdbou!ofx!jnqbdut!up!xjmemjgf/!!
Ju!tipvme!cf!opufe!uibu!Uif!Fwfshsffo!xjmm!jodpsqpsbuf!ebsl.tlz!mjhiujoh!xijdi!jt!lopxo!
up!cf!mftt!ejtsvqujwf!up!xjmemjgf-!boe!uif!vtf!pg!obujwf!tqfdjft!jo!uif!mboetdbqf!xjui!bo!
jodsfbtf!jo!hsffo!tqbdf-!xjmm!cf!bo!jnqspwfnfou!pwfs!uif!fyjtujoh!dpoejujpo/
6/5!Tpjmt!
Uif!tpjm!uzqft!pg!uif!qspkfdu!tjuf!dmbttjgz!bt!Uzqf!E/!!Cbtfe!po!uijt!dmbttjgjdbujpo-!uif!
hfpufdiojdbm!sfqpsu!qsfqbsfe!cz!Dftbsf-!Jod/!)3132*jodmveft!efubjmfe!
sfdpnnfoebujpot!gps!cvjmejoh!dpotusvdujpo/
23
6/6!Hfpmphz'!Ib{bset
Uif!qspkfdu!tjuf!jt!pvutjef!uif!hfpmphjd!ib{bse!bsfbt!jefoujgjfe!cz!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!boe!
uif!qspqptfe!qspkfdu!tipvme!opu!cf!bggfdufe/Bqqspqsjbuf!nfbtvsft!xjmm!cf!ublfo!bt!
ofdfttbsz!up!beesftt!qpufoujbm!jnqbdut!gspn!sbepo!hbt/
6/7!Opjtf!'!Pepst
Uif!qspqptfe!qspkfdu!dpotjtut!pg!uif!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!bo!fyjtujoh!mpehjoh!gbdjmjuz!jo!b!
ifbwjmz!efwfmpqfe!bsfb/!Uifsf!xjmm!cf!b!tipsu.ufsn!jodsfbtf!jo!opjtf!boe!pepst!evsjoh!
uif!dpotusvdujpo!qibtf!cvu!xjmm!tvctjef!gpmmpxjoh!uif!dpnqmfujpo!pg!uif!qspkfdu/!
6/8!Wjtvbm!Jnqbdut
Uif!Fwfshsffojodpsqpsbuft!uif!Bsdijufduvsbm!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!
Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!boe!uif!npsf!npefsobsdijufduvsf!pg!uif!tvsspvoejoh!djwjd!
vtft!boe!Wbjm!Ifbmui/!!!Fyqboejoh!po!uif!dpodfqu!pg!uif!Mboetdbqf!Mje-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!
Eftjho!Ufbn!ibt!eftjhofe!hvftu.bddfttjcmf!hsffo!sppgt!gps!uif!tusvduvsf-!xjui!b!
mboetdbqfe!dpvsuzbse!uibu!dsfbuft!b!qbsl.mjlf!fowjsponfou!xjuijo!uif!tjuf/!
Uif!Fwfshsffo!gpdvtft!po!b!dpoofdujpo!xjui!obuvsf-!xjui!mjuumf!ejtujodujpo!cfuxffo!jo.
eppst!boe!pvu.!eppst/!Uif!joufou!jt!uibu!xifo!wjfxfe!gspn!bcpwf-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!bqqfbst!
npsf!bt!mboetdbqf!uibo!tusvduvsf/!Uif!sftvmu!pg!uijt!jt!uibu!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!qspqptfe!xjui!
gmbu!sppgt-!b!efwjbujpo!gspn!uif!Mjpotifbe!Bsdijufduvsbm!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft-!cvu!dpotjtufou!
xjui!puifs!cvjmejoht!jo!uijt!ofjhicpsippe-!nptu!opubcmz-!Wbjm!Ifbmui/!!
Uif!Wbjm!Mjcsbsz!xbt!bmtp!vtfe!bt!b!eftjho!jotqjsbujpo-!bt!xjui!jut!epnjobou!gmbu!hsffo!sppg-!
uif!mjcsbsz!gffmt!mjlf!bo!fyufotjpo!pg!uif!obujwf!wfhfubujpo!bttpdjbufe!xjui!uif!Njeemf
Dsffl!tusfbn!usbdu/
6/9!Mboe!Vtft
Uif!Fwfshsffo!dpotjtut!pg!246!exfmmjoh!vojut!xjuijo!b!wpmvoubsz!tipsu.ufsn!sfoubm!qsphsbn-!
xjui!239!buubdife!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut/!Uijt!jt!b!tjhojgjdbou!jodsfbtf!pg!uif!dvssfou!239!
bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!boe!2:!exfmmjoh!vojut!xjuijo!uif!dvssfou!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf/!Uif!
mpehf!qspqfsuz!hpft!gspn!258!lfzt!up!374!lfzt-!b!28:&!jodsfbtf/!Jo!ufsnt!pg!cfesppnt-!
Uif!Fwfshsffo!hpft!gspn!b!upubm!pg!274!cfesppnt!upebz!up!b!upubm!pg!bqqspyjnbufmz!439!
cfesppnt!xjui!uif!qspqptfe!sfefwfmpqnfou-!b!312&!jodsfbtf!jo!mjwf!cfet/!Uijt!cfesppn!
dpvou!epft!opu!jodmvefuif!potjuf!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!cfjoh!qspwjefe/
6/:!Qpqvmbujpo
Vtjoh!uif!tbnf!bttvnqujpot!gspn!tfdujpo!4/:!gps!uif!fyjtujoh!ipufm-!uif!ftujnbufe!
qpqvmbujpo!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!629!qfstpot!bu!211&!pddvqbodz/!Uif!ftujnbufe!bduvbm!
qpqvmbujpo!jt!422!bttvnjoh!71&!boovbm!pddvqbodz-!xjui!b!qpsujpo!pg!uif!qpqvmbujpo!)52!
qfstpot*!cfjoh!gvmm.ujnf!mpdbmt!pddvqzjoh!uif!xpslgpsdf!ipvtjoh!dpnqpofou/!Uijt!
jodsfbtfe!mpdbm!qpqvmbujpo!xpvme!cfmpdbufe!jo!bo!bsfb!{pofe!gps!tvdi!qvsqptf-!xjui!
fbtz!bddftt!up!usbotqpsubujpo-!jodmvejoh!nvmuj.npebm!usbotqpsubujpo-!dpnnvojuz!
tfswjdft-!bnfojujft-!boe!dpnnfsdf!uibu!xjmm!tvqqpsu!tvdi!hspxui/!
24
6/21Usbggjd
NdEpxfmm!Fohjoffsjoh-!MMD!pg!Fbhmf-!Dpmpsbep!qsfqbsfe!b!usbggjd!tuvez!up!bobmz{f!
qpufoujbm!dibohft!jo!usbggjd!bt!b!sftvmu!pg!uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!uif!ofx!Fwfshsffo!gbdjmjuz/!
Cfmpx!jt!bo!fydfsqu!gspn!uif!sfqpsu!xijdi!tvnnbsj{ft!uif!sftvmut!pg!uif!usbggjd!tuvez/!
Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!dpotfswbujwfmz!boujdjqbufe!up!hfofsbuf!2-7:5!wfijdmf!usjqt!qfs!ebz!)wqe*!
po!uif!bwfsbhf!xfflebz/!Qfbl!ipvs!usbggjd!po!b!xfflebz!bu!qspkfdu!cvjmepvu!jt!
boujdjqbufe!up!cf!239wqi!jo!uif!npsojoh!qfbl!ipvs-!252wqi!evsjoh!uif!fwfojoh!qfbl!
ipvs-!boe!268!wqi!evsjoh!uif!Tbuvsebz!qfbl!ipvs/!Uijt!jt!bqqspyjnbufmz!b!65&!jodsfbtf!
jo!ebjmz!usjqt!dpnqbsfe!up!uif!dvssfou!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!usbggjd/
Ju!tipvme!cf!opufe!uibu!uif!usjq!hfofsbujpo!bobmztjt!tvnnbsj{fe!bcpwf!jt!dpotjefsfe!wfsz!
dpotfswbujwf/!Uifbduvbm!usbggjd!ebub!dpmmfdufe!bu!uif!fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!tvhhftut!
uibu!uifsf!jt!wfsz!ijhi!nvmujnpebm!vtf!gspn!uijt!tjuf!dpnqbsfe!up!uif!obujpobm!bwfsbhf!
usjq!hfofsbujpo!sbuft!boe!31&!nvmujnpebm!sfevdujpo!uibu!xfsf!vtfe!gps!uijt!bobmztjt/
Uif!Upxo!pgWbjm!boe!DEPU!dpnqmfufe!uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!b!ofx!spvoebcpvu!bu!uif!tjuf!
bddftt!jo!Zfbs!3132/!Uif!ofxmz!dpotusvdufe!spvoebcpvu!jt!dvssfoumz!pqfsbujoh!bu!b!MPT!
B/!Ju!jt!boujdjqbufe!up!dpoujovf!pqfsbujoh!xfmm-!xjui!b!MPT!B!ps!cfuufs!uispvhi!Zfbs!3154!
8
xjui!qspkfdu!usbggjd/!Uif!bwbjmbcmf!tjhiu!ejtubodf!bu!uif!spvoebcpvu!fydffet!uif!GIXB
sfrvjsfnfout/
Uif!tjuf!bddftt!xjmm!cf!eftjhofe!bt!b!uxp.xbz!qbwfe!bddftt!qfs!DEPU!boe!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!
fohjoffsjoh!sfrvjsfnfout/!
Uif!qspqptfe!qspkfdu!usbggjd!jt!boujdjqbufe!up!jodsfbtf!usbggjd!cz!npsf!uibo!31&!gspn!
fyjtujoh!usbggjd!wpmvnft/!Uifsfgpsf-!b!Tubuf!Ijhixbz!Bddftt!Qfsnju!xjmm!offe!up!cf!
pcubjofe!gps!uif!sfefwfmpqnfou!qspkfdu!poup!uif!gspoubhf!spbe!bu!uif!ofx!spvoebcpvu/!
Uif!qfsnju!wpmvnf!tipvme!cf!268eiw!qfs!uijt!bobmztjt/
6/22!Qfsnjut!'!Dppsejobujoh!Bhfodjft
NdEpxfmm!Fohjoffsjoht!sfqpsu!tubuft!uibu!b!Tubuf!Ijhixbz!Bddftt!Qfsnju!cf!sfrvjsfe
cf!pcubjofe!gps!uif!sfefwfmpqnfou!qspkfdu!poup!uif!gspoubhf!spbe!bu!uif!ofx!
spvoebcpvu/!
B!xfumboe!fwbmvbujpo!xjmm!cf!dpoevdufe!gps!uif!gpvoebujpo!esbjo!bsfb/!Jg!uijt!jt!b!
kvsjtejdujpobm!xfumboe-boz!ofdfttbsz!qfsnjut!xpvme!cf!pcubjofe!gspn!uif!V/T/!Bsnz!
Dpsqt!pg!Fohjoffst/!!
Cfdbvtf!tjuf!hsbejoh!xjmm!ejtuvsc!npsf!uibo!pof!bdsf-!b!tupsnxbufsqfsnju!xjmm!mjlfmz!cf!
sfrvjsfe!gspn!uif!Dpmpsbep!Efqbsunfou!pg!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!boe!Fowjsponfou!)DEQIF*/
Uif!ufbn!xjmm!dppsejobuf!xjui!FSXTE!sfhbsejoh!xbufs!sjhiut-!xbufs-!boe!tfxfs!tfswjdf!
qfsnjut/
25
7/1!TVNNBSZ!PG!FOWJSPONFOUBM!JNQBDUT
Uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!uif!qspqptfe!qspkfdu!xjmm!mjlfmz!qspwjef!tjhojgjdbou!vqhsbeft!boe!
cfofgjut!up!uif!dvssfou!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!tjuf/!
Uif!qspqptfe!qspkfdu!qmbot!up!tjhojgjdboumz!sfevdf!jnqfswjpvt!tvsgbdft!xijmf!
jodpsqpsbujoh!hsffo!tqbdft!xifsf!qpttjcmf/!Czhsfbumz!sfevdjohibsetdbqjoh-
uif!gmpx!pg!tupsnxbufs!svopgg!foufsjoh!Njeemf!Dsffl!xjmm!cf!tmpxfe!boe!bmmpxfe!
up!jogjmusbuf!joup!uif!tpjm/!
Uif!Tupsnxbufs!Nbobhfnfou!Qmbo!jodpsqpsbuft!TdjDmpof!izespezobnjd!
tfqbsbupst!up!sfnpwf!tfejnfout-!pjm!boe!usbti!gspn!svopgg!cfgpsf!ju!jt!ejtdibshfe!
up!Njeemf!Dsffl/!!Uijt!jt!b!tjhojgjdbou!jnqspwfnfou!pwfs!uif!fyjtujoh!dpoejujpo/
Hsffo!sppgt!xjmm!ifmq!up!dpouspm!tupsnxbufs!svopgg/!Uifz!bmtp!qspwjef!bsfevdujpo!
jouif!vscbo!ifbu!jtmboe!fggfdu-!xijdi!dbo!jnqspwfuiffggjdjfodz!pg!nfdibojdbm!
frvjqnfou!qpufoujbmmzsfevdjohhsffoipvtf!hbt!fnjttjpot/
Sfofxbcmf!fofshz!xjmm!cf!hfofsbufe!potjuf!uispvhi!b!sppgupq!tpmbs!bssbz/
Uif!qspkfdu!jt!b!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!bo!fyjtujoh!qbsdfm!xjuijo!ifbwjmz!efwfmpqfe!
boe!qpqvmbufe!bsfb!xijdi!mbdlt!obujwf!qmbou!dpnnvojujft!boe!xjmemjgf!ibcjubu/!
Dpotusvdujpo!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!xjmm!opu!ibwf!boz!mpoh.ufsn!ofhbujwf!jnqbdut!po!
obujwf!wfhfubujpo!ps!xjmemjgf!ibcjubu/!
Hsffo!tqbdft!xjui!obujwf!qmbou!nbufsjbmt!boe!jnqspwfe!wfhfubujpo!bmpoh!uif!
cvggfs!pg!Njeemf!Dsffl!xjmm!jnqspwf!uif!tqbdf!gps!qfpqmf!boe!vscbo!bebqufe!
xjmemjgf!uibu!vujmj{f!uif!bsfb/
B!usbggjd!tuvez!qfsgpsnfe!cz!NdEpxfmm!Fohjoffsjoh-!MMD!joejdbuft!uibu!ebjmz!usjqt!
bsf!fyqfdufe!up!jodsfbtf!cz!65&!bt!dpnqbsfe!up!uif!usbggjd!hfofsbufe!cz!uif!
dvssfou!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!tjuf<!ipxfwfs-!pqqpsuvojujft!gps!jodsfbtfe!vtf!pg!
nvmujnpebm!usbotqpsubujpo!dpvme!mfttfo!uijt!fggfdu!pwfs!ujnf/!!Uif!tjuf!jt!mpdbufe!
xjuijo!uif!Mjpotifbe!bsfb!pg!Wbjm!xijdi!nblft!ju!npsf!bddfttjcmf!up!qfeftusjbot!
boe!dzdmjtut!boejt!po!b!cvt!spvuf/!!
B!tipsu.ufsn!jodsfbtf!jo!izespdbscpot!boe!evtu!jtfyqfdufe!evsjohdpotusvdujpo!
bdujwjujft/Pwfs!uif!mpoh!ufsn-!uifsf!xjmm!cf!tpnf!Jnqbdu!gspn!jodsfbtfe!usbggjd/!!
Uifsf!nbz!cf!tipsu.ufsn!jnqbdut!gspn!opjtf!boe!pepst!evsjoh!uif!dpotusvdujpo!
qibtf!pg!uif!sfefwfmpqnfou/!Uifsf!tipvme!cfoptjhojgjdboumpoh.ufsn!jnqbdut!
gspn!opjtf!ps!pepst!cbtfe!po!uif!qspqptfe!vtft/!
Uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!xjmm!jodpsqpsbuf!fdpmphjdbmmz!tpvoe!cvjmejoh!
qsbdujdft!boe!xjmm!sfgmfdu!uif!bsdijufduvsbm!tuzmft!pg!uif!tvsspvoejoh!cvjmejoht!bt!
pvumjofe!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo/!!Uif!dpodfqu!pg!
26
fdpmphjdbm!dbnpvgmbhf!jt!cfjoh!vujmj{fe!up!njojnj{f!wjtvbm!jnqbdut!boe!cmfoe!
xjui!uif!tvsspvoejoh!npvoubjo!mboetdbqf/
Uif!Fwfshsffo!xjmm!ibwf!b!312&!jodsfbtf!jo!mjwf!cfet-!xijdi!xjmm!csjoh!npsf!qfpqmf!
up!uif!bsfb/!Ipxfwfs-!ju!xpvme!cf!mpdbufe!jo!bo!bsfb!uibu!jt!{pofe!gps!tvdi!
qvsqptf-!xjui!fbtz!bddftt!up!usbotqpsubujpo-!ftqfdjbmmz!nvmujnpebm!
usbotqpsubujpo-!dpnnvojuz!tfswjdft-!boe!sfubjm!bdujwjujft!uibu!tvqqpsu!tvdi!hspxui/
27
7/1!GJHVSFT
28
4:±4:(21#O4:±49(31#O
4:±4:(21#O4:±49(31#O
8/1UBCMFT
43
Ubcmf!2/!DEQIF!Bncjfou!Bjs!Dpodfousbujpo!Ftujnbuft+!
QpmmvubouBwfsbhjoh!UjnfTuboebseFtujnbufEbub!Tpvsdf
Dbscpo!Npopyjef!)DP*2.Ipvs!Tfdpoe46!qqn2!qqnHsboe!Kvodujpo-!
Nbyjnvn3127.3129
9.Ipvs!Tfdpoe:!qqn2!qqn
Nbyjnvn
P{pof!)P4*9.Ipvs!Gpvsui1/181!qqn1/175!qqnQbmjtbef-!3128.312:
Nbyjnvn
Tvmgvs!Ejpyjef!)TP3*2.Ipvs!::ui1/186!qqn1/123!qqnSN!Tuffm!Qsjou!Tipq-!
QfsdfoujmfQvfcmp-!3124.3126
4.Ipvs!Tfdpoe1/6!qqn1/119!qqn
Nbyjnvn
35.Ipvs!Tfdpoe1/114!qqn
Nbyjnvn
Boovbm!Nfbo1/112!qqn
Ojusphfo!Ejpyjef!)OP3*Boovbm!Nfbo1/164!qqn1/11:!qqnSN!Tuffm-!Qvfcmp-!
3124.3126
2.Ipvs!:9ui1/211!qqn1/15!qqn
Qfsdfoujmf
QN2135.Ipvs!Tfdpoe261!)vh0n4*49!)vh0n4*Btqfo-!3128.312:
Nbyjnvn
QN3/6Boovbm!Nfbo23!)vh0n4*8!)vh0n4*Tufbncpbu-!3113.
3115
35.Ipvs!:9ui46!)vh0n4*28!)vh0n4*
Qfsdfoujmf
Mfbe!)Qc*4.Npoui1/26!)vh0n4*1/117!)vh0n4*Efowfs!Nvojdjqbm!
BwfsbhfBojnbm!Tifmufs-!311:
+Beejujpobm!efubjmt!bsf!jodmvefe!jo!Bqqfoejy!B/
44
9/1!QIPUPT
45
Qipup!2/Wjfx!pg!uif!fyufsjps!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!boe!qbwfe!qbsljoh!bsfb!opsui!pg!uif!
cvjmejoh/)2308032*/
Qipup!3/Mboetdbqfe!bsfb!po!uif!tpvui!tjef!pg!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf/!!):039032*/
46
Qipup!4/Sfdfoumz!qmbdfe!dpccmf!boe!ofx!dvmwfsu!bu!uif!vqtusfbn!foe!pg!Njeemf!Dsffl-!
xifsf!ju!gmpxt!gspn!cfmpx!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe/!):039032*/
Qipup!5/Cpvmefs!cbol!usfbunfout!bmpoh!uif!vqqfs!qbsu!pg!uif!sfbdi!xjui!b!mpx!dpwfs!pg!
eftjsbcmf!sjqbsjbo!qmbout/!!):039032*/
47
Qipup!6/Sfdfoumz!qmbdfe!dpccmf!boe!sjqbsjbo!wfhfubujpo!bmpoh!uif!vqqfs!sfbdi/!):039032*/
Qipup!7/Xjmmpxt-!obsspxmfbg!dpuupoxppet-!boe!cbmtbn!qpqmbs!hspx!xjui!cmvf!tqsvdf!bmpoh!
uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps/!!):039032*/
48
Qipup!8/Sjqbsjbo!wfhfubujpo!xjui!b!dpuupoxppe!pwfstupsz!bmpoh!Njeemf!Dsffl/!):039032*/
Qipup!9/Fspefe!tusfbncbol!bekbdfou!up!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf/!!):039032*/
49
Qipup!:/Tuffq-!fspefe!tusfbncbol!bekbdfou!up!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf/!)2308032*/
Qipup!21/Dvmwfsut!bu!uif!Nfbepx!Esjwf!dspttjoh!bu!uif!cpuupn!foe!pg!uif!tuvez!bsfb/
):039032*/
4:
Qipup!22/Vousfbufe!svopgg!gspn!uif!qbsljoh!bsfb!tiffu!gmpxt!joup!Njeemf!Dsffl/!)2308032*/
Qipup!23/Tbuvsbufe!tpjmt!pddvs!xjuijo!b!tnbmm-!dpotusvdufe!txbmf!fyufoejoh!gspn!uif!
gpvoebujpo!efxbufsjoh!tztufn!up!uif!dsffl/!!)2308032*/
51
Qipup!24/Ejtuvscfe!bsfb!bmpoh!uif!vqqfs!sfbdi!xjui!b!mbdl!pg!sjqbsjbo!usfft!boe!tisvct/!
):039032*/
Qipup!25/Dbobeb!uijtumf!boe!puifs!xffet!bsf!nptu!dpnnpo!bmpoh!uif!vqqfs!sfbdi/
):039032*/
52
:/1!SFGFSFODFT
Bdlfsgjfme-!K/!!3126/!Uif!Gmpsb!pg!Dpmpsbep/!!CSJU!Qsftt-!Gu/!!Xpsui-!Ufybt/!929!q/
oe
BsntuspohE/!N/Gju{hfsbmeK/!Q/NfbofzD/!B/3122/!!Nbnnbmt!pg!Dpmpsbep-!3Fejujpo/!!
Efowfs!Nvtfvn!pg!Obuvsf!'!Tdjfodf!boe!Vojwfstjuz!Qsftt!pg!Dpmpsbep-!Cpvmefs/!!
Dftbsf-!Jod/!3132/!Hfpufdiojdbm!Tuvez-!Fwfshsffo!Wbjm-!Wbjm-!Dpmpsbep/!98q/
Dpmpsbep!Obuvsbm!Ifsjubhf!Qsphsbn!)DOIQ*/!!3114/!!Gjfme!Hvjef!up!uif!Xfumboe!boe!
Sjqbsjbo!Qmbou!Bttpdjbujpot!pg!Dpmpsbep/!!Dpmpsbep!Obuvsbm!Ifsjubhf!Qsphsbn-!
Gpsu!Dpmmjot-!Dpmpsbep/
Dpxbsejo-!M/N/-!W/!Dbsufs-!G/D/!Hpmfu-!boe!F/U/!Mb!Spf/!2:8:/!Dmbttjgjdbujpo!pg!xfumboet!
boe!effqxbufs!ibcjubut!pg!uif!Vojufe!Tubuft/!!V/T/!Gjti!boe!Xjmemjgf!Tfswjdf!Qvc/!
GXT0PCT.8:042-!Xbtijohupo-!E/D/-!214!q/
DQX!Tqfdjft!Bdujwjujft!Nbqqjoh/!3133/!BsdHJT!Pomjof!Cbtfnbq/
Dvmwfs-!E/S/!boe!K/N/!Mfnmz/!!3124/!!Gjfme!Hvjef!up!Dpmpsbept!Xfumboe!Qmbout;!
Jefoujgjdbujpo-!Fdpmphz!boe!Dpotfswbujpo/!!Dpmpsbep!Obuvsbm!Ifsjubhf!Qsphsbn-!
Gpsu!Dpmmjot-!Dpmpsbep/
Efqbsunfou!pg!Mpdbm!Bggbjst/!3133/!Tubuf!Efnphsbqiz!Pggjdf!Dpmpsbep!Efnphsbqijd!Qspgjmf-!
Dpnnvojuz!Qspgjmf!gps!Wbjm/!31!q/
Lfmmph-!L/!T/-!Tispcb-!S/S/-!Qsfnp-!X/S/-!boe!Cszbou-!C/!3122/!#HfpmphjdNbqpguifFbtufso
IbmgpguifWbjm41(!y!71(Rvbesbohmf-Fbhmf-Tvnnju-boeHsboeDpvoujft-Dpmpsbep#
NdEpxfmm!Fohjoffsjoh-!MMD/!3133/!Usbotqpsubujpo!Jnqbdu!Bobmztjt!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo/!Wbjm-!
Dpmpsbep/!73!q/
ObuvsfTfswf!Fyqmpsfs;!Bo!Pomjof!Fodzdmpqfejb!pg!Mjgf/!
iuuq;00xxx/obuvsftfswf/psh0fyqmpsfs0!
UpxopgWbjmHfpib{bseNbqqjoh/Tpvsdf;!
iuuqt;00xxx/wbjmhpw/dpn0hpwfsonfou0efqbsunfout0qvcmjd.xpslt0hjt0hjt.nbq.
epxompbet
VTEB-!OSDT/!3125/!Uif!QMBOUT!Ebubcbtf!)iuuq;00qmbout/vteb/hpw-!39!Gfcsvbsz!3125*/!
Obujpobm!Qmbou!Ebub!Ufbn-!Hsffotcpsp-!OD!38512.5:12!VTB/
Vojwfstjuz!pg!Dpmpsbep!Ifscbsjvn!)DPMP*/!!Tqfdjnfo!Ebubcbtf!pg!Dpmpsbep!Wbtdvmbs!
Qmbout/!!
iuuq;00dvnvtfvn/dpmpsbep/fev0Sftfbsdi0Cpuboz0Ebubcbtft0tfbsdi/qiq
53
Xfcfs-!X/B/!'!S/D/!Xjuunboo-!2::3/!!Dbubmph!pg!uif!Dpmpsbep!Gmpsb;!b!Cjpejwfstjuz!
Cbtfmjof/!!Vojwfstjuz!Qsftt!pg!Dpmpsbep/!!Ojxpu-!Dpmpsbep/!!Jodmvejoh!nptu!sfdfou!
beefoeb!bwbjmbcmf!gspn!DV!Ifscbsjvn!)DPMP*-!Cpvmefs-!Dpmpsbep/
54
BQQFOEJYB/!!DEQIF!BJS!RVBMJUZ!EBUB
55
Efejdbufe!up!qspufdujoh!boe!jnqspwjoh!uif!ifbmui!boe!fowjsponfou!pg!uif!qfpqmf!pg!Dpmpsbep
Heather Houston
By email:heather@birchecology.com
February 2022
DearMs. Houston,
You recently requested background estimates for air pollution in the area of the following project:
Evergreen Lodge
Solaris Redevelopment Company
County:
Eagle
Latitude:NAD83:AND / OR NAD27
34.6442
Longitude:
-106.3827
The estimates, and their bases, are given below.
Pollutant StandardStandardEstimated ConcentrationBasis for Estimate
CO requested?
Yes
CO 1 Hour Second Maximum (ppm)351Grand Junction, 2016 - 2018.
CO 8 Hour Second Maximum (ppm) 91
O3 requested?
Yes
O3 8 Hour Fourth Maximum (ppm)0.0700.065Palisade, 2017 - 2019.
SO2 requested?
Yes
SO2 1 Hour 99th Percentile0.0750.012RM Steel Print Shop, Pueblo, 2013 - 2015.
SO2 3 Hour Second Maximum (ppm) 0.50.008
(Secondary Standard)
SO2 24 Hour Second Maximum (ppm)
0.003
SO2 Annual Mean (ppm) .0.001
NO2 requested?)
Yes
NO2 Annual Mean (ppm)0.053
0.009RM Steel, Pueblo, 2013 - 2015.
NO2 1 Hour 98th Percentile (ppm)0.100
0.04
PM10 requested?15038Aspen, 2017 - 2019.
Yes
PM10 24 Hour Second Maximum (ug/m3)
PM2.5 requested?
Yes
PM2.5 Annual Mean (ug/m3)12.07Steamboat, 2002 - 2004.
PM2.5 24 Hour 98th Percentile (ug/m3)3517
Pb requested?
Yes
Pb Rolling 3-Month Average (ug/m3)0.150.006Denver Municipal Animal Shelter, 2009.
Any ozone concentrations provided here are for informational purposes only. They are not for use in
modeling. Ozone concentrations for use in modeling (AERMOD / OLM) should be requested separately.
Upon request, refinement of a single value background concentration listed above may be conducted by
the modeling staff (email: emmett.malone@state.co.us), if applicable, appropriate, and justified.
These estimates are derived from ambient monitored concentrations that are available to the Division
to represent background levels (added to the impacts of the project emissions and emissions from other nearby
sources) in cumulative ambient air impacts for comparison to the NAAQS. They are not suitable for applications
beyond that scope of use. The quantity of data is sometimes limited and may be of uncertain quality. The
ambient background concentrations -
1.Do not necessarily substitute for on-site monitoring data; i.e., for permitting actions subject to
PSD rules, pre-construction monitoring may be required.
2.Indicate the ambient levels in general geographic areas, not a specific location. This is
particularly true for particulate concentration values.
3.Are subject to change without notice as new information is acquired.
Use of these background estimates should be accompanied by an appropriate citation that indicates
their source and their limitations. Referencing this letter would be adequate, but an expanded explanation is
suggested.
If you have questions, I can be reached at 303-692-3226, or email: nancy.chick@state.co.us.
Sincerely,
Nancy D. Chick
Environmental Protection Specialist
Air Pollution Control Division
C:\\background concentration\\request no.231
4300 Cherry Creek Drive S., Denver, CO 80246-1530P303-692-2000www.colorado.gov/cdphe
Jared Polis, Governor | Jill Hunsaker Ryan, Executive Director
BQQFOEJY!C/!EPMB!DPNNVOJUZ!QSPGJMF!GPS!WBJM
58
QsjouEbuf;1302803133
Efnphsbqijdjogpsnbujpojtdsjujdbmgpsnbljohjogpsnfeefdjtjpotbuuifmpdbm-
dpnnvojuz/Uifebticpbseqspwjeftdibsut-ufyu-ebubboebeejujpobmmjoltup
bttjtujouiffyqmpsbujpoboevoefstuboejohpgefnphsbqijdusfoetgpsdpvoujft
boenvojdjqbmjujftjoDpmpsbep/Uifgpmmpxjohdpmmfdujpopgubcmftboedibsut
ftubcmjtiftuifdpoufyugpsbttfttjohqpufoujbmjnqbdutboegpsefdjtjpo.nbljoh/
CbtjdTubujtujdt
Uifqpqvmbujpocbtfboeusfoetpgbobsfbefufsnjofuifoffetgpsipvtjoh-
tdippmt-spbetboepuifstfswjdft/Uifbhf-jodpnf-sbdfboefuiojdjuz-boe
njhsbujpopguifqpqvmbujpopgbdpnnvojuzbsfbmmwjubmjoqmboojohgpstfswjdf
2
dpnnvojujftbsfsfmbufeupejtqbsbufhspxui-bhjoh-epxoxbseqsfttvsfpo
jodpnf-boehspxjohsbdjbmboefuiojdejwfstjuz/
Ubcmf2;DpnnvojuzRvjdlGbdut
WbjmFbhmfDpvouzDpmpsbep
Qpqvmbujpo)3131*,5-91466-7356-893-:25
QpqvmbujpoDibohf)3121up3131*,.5934-678843-693
UpubmFnqmpznfou)3131*,9-7454:-5934-411-284
NfejboIpvtfipmeJodpnf_%91-:98%95-8:1%83-442
NfejboIpvtfWbmvf_%884-811%673-411%454-411
QfsdfoubhfpgQpqvmbujpoxjuiJodpnftmpxfsuibo:/1&9/1&21/4&
uifQpwfsuzMjof_
QfsdfoubhfpgQpqvmbujpoCpsojoDpmpsbep_27/:&43/9&53/5&
_Tpvsdf;V/T/DfotvtCvsfbv-3126.312:
BnfsjdboDpnnvojuzTvswfz-QsjouEbuf;
1302803133
QpqvmbujpoUsfoet
Uifubcmftboeqmputjouijttfdujpoijhimjhiuusfoetboegpsfdbtutgpsuifupubm
qpqvmbujpojoWbjm/UifubcmftipxtuifpwfsbmmqpqvmbujpohspxuisbufgpsWbjm-
FbhmfDpvouzboeuifTubufpgDpmpsbep/Beejujpobmqmputtipxuifpwfsbmm
qpqvmbujpousfoet-gpsfdbtutgpsbmpohxjuiuifpwfsbmmdpnqpofoutpgdibohfgps
Wbjm/
Ubcmf3;QpqvmbujpoHspxuiSbuf
WbjmFbhmfDpvouzDpmpsbep
ZfbsQpqvmbujpoHspxuiSbufQpqvmbujpoHspxuiSbufQpqvmbujpoHspxuiSbuf
2::14-82732-:394-3:5-584
2::65-5994/9&41-9948/2&4-922-1854/1&
31115-9362/6&54-39:8/1&5-449-9123/7&
31165-724.1/:&58-3892/9&5-773-6452/5&
31216-3963/9&63-1682/:&6-161-4432/7&
31266-224.1/8&63-8911/4&6-557-6:52/6&
31315-914.2/3&66-7352/2&6-893-:252/3&
Opuf;
Buuiffoepg3131uifftujnbufeqpqvmbujpopgWbjmxbt5-914-befdsfbtfpg
3
.421pwfsuifqpqvmbujpojo3126/UifhspxuisbufgpsWbjmcfuxffo3126boe
3131xbt.2/3qfsdfoudpnqbsfeup2/2qfsdfougpsFbhmfDpvouzboe2/3qfsdfou
gpsuifTubufpgDpmpsbep/
UifqpqvmbujpopgFbhmfDpvouzjtgpsfdbtuupsfbdi66-737cz3131boe77-836
cz3151/Pwfsbmm-uifhspxuisbufgpsFbhmfDpvouzjtfyqfdufeupjodsfbtf
cfuxffo3131boe3151/Cfuxffo3121boe3131uifgpsfdbtuhspxuisbufxbt1/8
qfsdfou-cfuxffo3131boe3141uifgpsfdbtuhspxuisbufjt1/8qfsdfou-xijmf
uifgpsfdbtuhspxuisbufcfuxffo3141boe3151jt2/2qfsdfou/Uifdibohfjt
evfjoqbsuupqpqvmbujpobhjohboedibohftjouifqspqpsujpopguifqpqvmbujpo
jodijmecfbsjohbhft/Opuf;QpqvmbujpogpsfdbtutbsfpomzqspwjefegpsDpmpsbep
dpvoujft/
4
DpnqpofoutpgQpqvmbujpoDibohf
Cjsuit-efbuitboeofunjhsbujpobsfuifnbjodpnqpofoutpgqpqvmbujpodibohf/
bsfbboeuifovncfspgqfpqmfnpwjohpvu/Dibohfjoofunjhsbujpouzqjdbmmz
dbvtftnptupguifdibohftjoqpqvmbujpousfoetcfdbvtfnjhsbujpojtnpsfmjlfmz
ufoetupcfijhimzdpssfmbufeupkpchspxuipsefdmjofjodpnnvojujftxifsfnptu
pguifsftjefoutxpslxifsfuifzmjwf/Gpsnbozdpvoujftxjuiofhbujwfobuvsbm
jodsfbtf)npsfefbuituibocjsuit*-uijtnblftnjhsbujpoftqfdjbmmzjnqpsubou
gpsqpqvmbujpotubcjmjuzboehspxui/
ibtjodsfbtfecz3-955qfpqmf/Uifupubmobuvsbmjodsfbtf)cjsuit.efbuit*pwfs
uijtqfsjpexbt3-871boeuifupubmofunjhsbujpo)ofxsftjefoutxipnpwfejo
njovtuiptfxipnpwfepvu*xbt577/Opuf;DpnqpofoutpgDibohfebubbsf
pomzbwbjmbcmfgpsDpmpsbepdpvoujft/
BhfDibsbdufsjtujdt
dbsfgbdjmjujft-ifbmuitfswjdft-ejtbcjmjuztfswjdft-usbotqpsubujpo-ipvtfipme
pompdbmhpwfsonfouubysfwfovfevfupdibohftjotqfoejohpoubybcmfhppet/
UifbhfejtusjcvujpopguifqpqvmbujpopgWbjmboeFbhmfDpvouzbsftipxoifsf/
5
Ubcmf4;NfejboBhfczTfyDpnqbsjtpo
WbjmFbhmfDpvouz
Upubm54/75/848/11/7ZftPmefs
Nbmf52/87/848/32/1Op
Gfnbmf57/18/347/91/8ZftPmefs
Opuf;
Tpvsdf;V/T/DfotvtCvsfbv-3126.312:BnfsjdboDpnnvojuzTvswfz-QsjouEbuf;
1302803133
6
UifnfejbobhfpgWbjmjt:/3zfbstpmefsuiboFbhmfDpvouz/XpnfojoWbjmbsf
pmefspszpvohfsuibonfojouifdpvouz/
UifdibohjohbhfejtusjcvujpopguifqpqvmbujpopgFbhmfDpvouzgpsuifqfsjpe
hspvqtdboijhimjhiuifoffegpsgvuvsfqmboojohboetfswjdfqspwjtjpo/Nboz
bsfbtibwfbmbshfstibsfpgpmefsbevmut-joejdbujohuifoffeupfwbmvbufipvtjoh-
usbotqpsubujpoboepuifsoffetpguiftfojpsqpqvmbujpo/
UijtqmputipxtuifofunjhsbujpoczbhfjoFbhmfDpvouz/Dpmpsbepuzqjdbmmz
esbxtnbozzpvohbevmutbtnjhsbout/Bsfbtxjuidpmmfhftboesftpsutesbxb
7
ovncfspg29up35zfbspmet/Bsfbtxjuibhspxjohfdpopnzufoeupbddpvou
nptumz36up46zfbspmetboebsfbtbuusbdujwfupsfujsfftufoeupesbxcpui
xpslfstboepmefsbevmut/
QpqvmbujpoDibsbdufsjtujdt;Jodpnf-FevdbujpoboeSbdf
Uifqmputboeubcmftjouijttfdujpoeftdsjcfuifhfofsbmqpqvmbujpodibsbdufsjtujdt
IpvtfipmeJodpnf UifipvtfipmejodpnfejtusjcvujpoqmpudpnqbsftWbjm
upipvtfipmejodpnftgpsFbhmfDpvouz/Ipvtfipmejodpnfdpnftqsjnbsjmzgspn
fbsojohtbuxpsl-cvuhpwfsonfouusbotgfsqbznfouttvdibtTpdjbmTfdvsjuz
boeUBOGboevofbsofejodpnfgspnejwjefoet-joufsftuboesfoubsfbmtp
jodmvefe/Jodpnfboefevdbujpomfwfmtbsfijhimzdpssfmbufe<bsfbtuibuibwf
mpxfsfevdbujpobmbuubjonfouuibouiftubufxjmmuzqjdbmmzibwfmpxfsipvtfipme
jodpnft/
UifIpvtfmpmeJodpnfTpvsdf)t*Ubcmftipxtipvtfipmejodpnftpvsdftboe
bnpvoutgpsipvtipmetjoFbhmfDpvouz/Ipvtfipmetxjmmibwfnvmujqmftpvsdft
wbmvftgspnuifdjufetpvsdf/
8
Ubcmf5;IpvtfipmeJodpnfTpvsdf)t*
FbhmfDpvouz
UpubmIpvtfipmetNfboJodpnf
JodpnfTpvsdfFtujnbufNPFFtujnbufNPF
BmmIpvtfipmet29-282612%223-274%8-:96
Xjuifbsojoht9:/9&4/2&%21:-28:%9-632
Xjuijoufsftu-ejwjefoetpsofusfoubmjodpnf36/3&3/6&%57-663%24-:14
XjuiTpdjbmTfdvsjuzjodpnf29/6&2/7&%32-948%3-215
XjuiTvqqmfnfoubmTfdvsjuzJodpnf)TTJ*2/3&1/7&%23-983%:-42:
Xjuidbtiqvcmjdbttjtubodfjodpnf1/9&1/6&%4-1:6%3-671
Xjuisfujsfnfoujodpnf:/:&2/7&%46-698%8-264
Opuf;
Tpvsdf;V/T/DfotvtCvsfbv-3126.312:BnfsjdboDpnnvojuzTvswfz-QsjouEbuf;1302803133
FevdbujpobmBuubjonfou Uiffevdbujpobuubjonfouqmpujtqspwjefegps
qfstpotpmefsuiboBhf36-j/f/-uiptfxipibwfmjlfmzdpnqmfufeuifjsfevdbujpo/
SbdfboeFuiojdjuz UifSbdfUsfoeubcmftipxtuifdibohjohsbdjbmboe
fuiojddpnqptjujpopgWbjmcfhjoojohjo3111boedpoujovjohupuifqsftfou/
9
Ubcmf6;SbdfUsfoe
WbjmFbhmfDpvouz
Sbdf31113121312:31113121312:
Ijtqbojd7/3&8/5&7/6&34/3&41/2&3:/7&
Opo.Ijtqbojd:4/9&:3/7&:4/6&87/9&7:/:&81/5&
Opo.IjtqbojdXijuf9:/8&99/:&:2/9&85/3&78/4&78/3&
Opo.IjtqbojdCmbdl1/4&1/7&1/6&1/3&1/6&2/2&
Opo.IjtqbojdObujwfBnfsjdbo0BmbtlbObujwf1/5&1/4&1/1&1/5&1/4&1/3&
Opo.IjtqbojdBtjbo2/7&2/8&1/:&1/9&2/1&1/8&
Opo.IjtqbojdPuifs1/3&1/3&1/1&1/2&1/3&1/1&
Opo.Ijtqbojd-UxpSbdft2/6&1/:&1/4&2/1&1/9&2/3&
UpubmQpqvmbujpo211/11&211/11&211/11&211/11&211/11&211/11&
Opuf;
Tpvsdft
2
3111;3111Dfotvt
3
3121;3121Dfotvt
4
312:;Tpvsdf;V/T/DfotvtCvsfbv-3126.312:BnfsjdboDpnnvojuzTvswfz-QsjouEbuf;1302803133
IpvtjohboeIpvtfipmet
Voefstuboejohuifdvssfouipvtjohtupdljtdsjujdbmgpsvoefstuboejohipxuif
dpnnvojuzdbocftubeesfttdvssfouboegvuvsfefnboet/Uijttfdujpocfhjot
xjuibqspkfdujpopgipvtfipmet/Uifqspkfdujpopgipvtfipmetjtefsjwfecz
jtwjubm/Bsfuifipvtjohqsjdftqspijcjujwfupofxgbnjmjft@Bsfuifipvtjoh
qsjdftbutvdibijhiqsjdfuibupodfuifdvssfouxpslgpsdfbhftboetfmmt-uiptf
ipvtjohvojutxjmmnptumjlfmzhpjoupuifwbdbujpotfbtpobmnbslfu@Psbsf
ipvtjohqsjdftsfbtpobcmfboetveefomzuifdpnnvojuzjtfyqfsjfodjohhspxui
jogbnjmjftxjuidijmesfo@Ipxnbozupubmipvtjohvojutbsfuifsf@Xibuuzqft
pgofxvojutbsfcfjohcvjmu.nvmuj.gbnjmzwttjohmfgbnjmz@
:
UifIpvtfipmeFtujnbuftqmputipxtuifdvssfouboeqspkfdufeovncfspg
ipvtfipmetjoFbhmfDpvouzcfuxffo3121boe3161/
Uifofyutfwfsbmubcmftqspwjefbopwfswjfxpguifipvtjohtupdljobobsfb/
Uifbwbjmbcjmjuzpgmboeboeuifdptupgmboedboejdubufxifuifsipvtjohjtmftt
efotf-xjuibhsfbufsovncfspgtjohmfgbnjmzvojutpsnpsfefotfxjuib
ovncfspgnvmujgbnjmzbqbsunfoutboedpoept/Nfejboipnfwbmvftboe
nfejbohspttsfoutbsfpgufodpotjefsbcmzmpxfsuibodvssfounbslfuqsjdftbt
uifwbmvftbsfdpnqvufegspnb6.zfbsbwfsbhfuibusvotuispvhi3127/Uif
ipvtfipmet/Bsfbtxjuibmbshfsovncfspgqfpqmfqfsipvtfipmepgufoibwf
npsfgbnjmjftxjuidijmesfovoefs29psbovncfspgsppnnbuftmjwjohuphfuifs
uptibsfipvtjohdptut/Uiptfxjuibtnbmmfsovncfspgqfstpotqfsipvtfipme-
mjlfmzibwfbmbshfstibsfpgtjohmf.qfstpoipvtfipmet/
21
Ubcmf7;IpvtjohVojut;Wbjm-3131
Wbjm
IpvtjohUzqfWbmvf
UpubmIpvtjohVojut8-414/1
PddvqjfeIpvtjohVojut3-483/1
WbdbouIpvtjohVojut5-:42/1
WbdbodzSbuf78/6&
UpubmQpqvmbujpo5-914/1
IpvtfipmeQpqvmbujpo5-8:6/1
HspvqRvbsufstQpqvmbujpo9/1
QfstpotqfsIpvtfipme3/13
Opuf;
Ubcmf8;DibsbdufsjtujdtpgIpvtjohVojut
Wbjm
Pxofs.PddvqjfeVojutSfoubmVojutBmmVojut
IpvtjohVojuUzqfVojutQfsdfouVojutQfsdfouVojut
BmmIpvtjohVojut2-74:82/5&76839/7&3-3:7
TjohmfVojuCvjmejoht:1797/2&25724/:&2-163
Cvjmejohtxjui3up5Vojut3226:/7&25451/5&465
Cvjmejohtxjui6psNpsfVojut62469/3&47952/9&992
NpcjmfIpnft:211/1&11/1&:
SWt-Cpbut-Wbot-Fud/111
NfejboZfbspgDpotusvdujpo2:8:2:8:2:8:
BwfsbhfOvncfspgQfstpotQfs3/194/253/4:
Ipvtfipme
Opuf;
Tpvsdf;V/T/DfotvtCvsfbv-3126.312:BnfsjdboDpnnvojuzTvswfz-QsjouEbuf;
1302803133
22
Ubcmf9;DpnqbsbujwfIpvtjohWbmvft
WbjmFbhmfDpvouz
WbsjbcmfWbmvfWbmvf
NfejboWbmvfpgPxofs.PddvqjfeIpvtfipmet)DvssfouEpmmbst*%884-811%673-411
QfsdfoubhfpgPxofs.PddvqjfeIpvtfipmetqbzjoh41&psnpsfpg38/:&44/3&
jodpnfpoipvtjoh
QfsdfoubhfpgPxofs.PddvqjfeIpvtfipmetqbzjoh41.5:&pg24/6&28/6&
jodpnfpoipvtjoh
QfsdfoubhfpgPxofs.PddvqjfeIpvtfipmetqbzjoh61&psnpsfpg25/5&26/9&
jodpnfpoipvtjoh
NfejboHspttSfoupgSfoubmIpvtfipmet)DvssfouEpmmbst*%2-6:8%2-6:5
QfsdfoubhfpgSfoubmIpvtfipmetqbzjoh41&psnpsfpgjodpnfpo56/5&61/:&
ipvtjoh
QfsdfoubhfpgSfoubmIpvtfipmetqbzjoh41.5:&pgjodpnfpo45/8&42/4&
ipvtjoh
QfsdfoubhfpgSfoubmIpvtfipmetqbzjoh61&psnpsfpgjodpnfpo21/8&2:/7&
ipvtjoh
Opuf;
Tpvsdf;V/T/DfotvtCvsfbv-3126.312:BnfsjdboDpnnvojuzTvswfz-QsjouEbuf;1302803133
23
Dpnnvujoh
Dpnnvujohqmbztbojnqpsubouspmfjouiffdpopnzpgbobsfbcfdbvtfopubmm
xpslfstmjwfxifsfuifzxpsl/Dpnnvujohjnqbdutmpdbmkpchspxui-bddfttup
uisffhspvqtpgqfpqmf;
QfpqmfxipxpsljoWbjm-cvumjwffmtfxifsf/
QfpqmfxipmjwfjoWbjm-cvuxpslfmtfxifsf/
QfpqmfxipmjwfboexpsljoWbjm/
24
Ubcmf:;DpnnvujohQbuufsotgpsWbjm
MpdbujpoDpvouQfsdfou
FnqmpzfftjoWbjmmjwjohfmtfxifsf
FexbsetDEQDP74922/:&
4577/6&
BwpoupxoDP4216/9&
FbhmfupxoDP4136/7&
EfowfsdjuzDP3535/6&
HzqtvnupxoDP2:54/7&
Fbhmf.HzqtvnDDE)FbhmfDP*2683/:&
MfbewjmmfdjuzDP2493/7&
NjouvsoupxoDP2293/3&
MfbewjmmfOpsuiDEQDP9:2/8&
PuifsNvojdjqbmjujft0Qmbdft3-93963/8&
FexbsetDEQDP7:323/3&
4:68/1&
BwpoupxoDP4416/9&
FbhmfupxoDP3765/8&
EfowfsdjuzDP33:5/1&
HzqtvnupxoDP2:74/6&
NjouvsoupxoDP24:3/5&
Fbhmf.HzqtvnDDE)FbhmfDP*2363/3&
MfbewjmmfdjuzDP2212/:&
CsfdlfosjehfDDE)TvnnjuDP*:12/7&
PuifsNvojdjqbmjujft0Qmbdft4-21965/8&
Upubm22-152311/1&
SftjefoutpgWbjmxpsljohfmtfxifsf
BwpoupxoDP88134/1&
418:/3&
FexbsetDEQDP3819/1&
EfowfsdjuzDP3598/5&
CsfdlfosjehfupxoDP2755/:&
FbhmfupxoDP2655/7&
DpmpsbepTqsjohtdjuzDP943/6&
833/2&
LfztupofDEQDP7:3/2&
TufbncpbuTqsjohtdjuzDP712/9&
PuifsNvojdjqbmjujft0Qmbdft2-26945/6&
BwpoupxoDP95735/9&
447:/:&
FexbsetDEQDP38:9/3&
EfowfsdjuzDP3157/1&
CsfdlfosjehfupxoDP2575/4&
FbhmfupxoDP2374/8&
DpmpsbepTqsjohtdjuzDP:23/8&
LfztupofDEQDP843/2&
BtqfodjuzDP712/9&
25
BvspsbdjuzDP712/9&
PuifsNvojdjqbmjujft0Qmbdft2-29545/9&
Upubm7-871311/1&
Opuf;
Tpvsdf;V/T/DfotvtCvsfbvPouifNbq-QsjouEbuf;1302803133
UifKpcHspxuiboeOfuNjhsbujpoqmputipxtuifsfmbujpotijqcfuxffokpc
hpxuiboenjhsbujpojoFbhmfDpvouz/Hfofsbmmz-njhsbujpoqbuufsotgpmmpx
dibohftjokpchspxuiefnboe/
FnqmpznfouczJoevtusz
Jefoujgzjohuifjoevtusjftxijdinbzcfesjwjohuifhspxuiboedibohfxjuijob
dpnnvojuzjtbwjubmqbsupgvoefstuboejohdpnnvojuzezobnjdt/Hspxuijo
kpctpgufosftvmutjohspxuijosftjefoutgspnnjhsbujpoxjuijobdpnnvojuz/
Jefoujgzjohuifusfoetpghspxuipsefdmjofpgkpctboeuifuzqftpgkpctbwbjmbcmf
xjuijouifdpnnvojuzjtjnqpsubou/
26
UifFtujnbufeGjsntboeKpcttfsjftdsfbufeczuifTEPhjwftbdpnqsfifotjwf
jotdpqf-dbquvsjohcpuixbhfboetbmbszxpslfstbtxfmmbtnptuqspqsjfupst
boebhsjdvmuvsbmxpslfst/Bnpsfejwfstffdpopnzjtuzqjdbmmznpsfsftjmjfouupp<
xifomppljohbuuiffnqmpznfouusfoetsfdfoumzboebgufsbsfdfttjpo)tibefe
johsbz*jujtbmtpjnqpsubouupmpplbuuifdvssfoutibsfpgfnqmpznfoucz
joevtusz/Bsfbtefqfoefoupobtjohmfjoevtusztvdibtbhsjdvmuvsf-njojohps
gpsdpnnpejujft-boeuififbmuipguifobujpobmfdpopnz/
Uifupubmftujnbufekpctbsftvcejwjefejoup4dbufhpsjft;
EjsfduCbtjd;kpctuibucsjohpvutjefepmmbstjoupuifdpnnvojuzcztfmmjoh
hppetpstfswjdftpvutjefuifdpvouz-tvdibtnbovgbduvsjohpsfohjoffsjoh
tfswjdft-
JoejsfduCbtjd;kpctuibubsfdsfbufebtuifsftvmupghppetboetfswjdft
qvsdibtfeczejsfducbtjdtvdibtbddpvoujohtfswjdftpssbxnbufsjbm
joqvut-boe
Mpdbm)Sftjefou*Tfswjdft;kpctuibubsftvqqpsufexifojodpnffbsofe
gspnuifcbtfjoevtusjftjttqfoumpdbmmzbusfubjmfstpsbsftvqqpsufecz
mpdbmubyepmmbstupqspwjeftfswjdftmjlffevdbujpoboeqvcmjdtbgfuz/
tfswjdftwfstvtnje.sbohfkpct)f/h/-dpoutsvdujpo-ifbmuidbtsfboehpwfsonfou*
boempxfs.qbzjohjoevtusjdfttvdibtsfubjmusbefboebddpnpebujpoboegppe
tfswjdft-xjmmibwfbojnqbdupobdpvoujft(pwfsbmmfdpopnjdifbmui/
27
Ubcmf21;KpctczTfdups;FbhmfDpvouz-3131
FnqmpznfouUzqfOvncfspgKpctQfsdfoubhf
EjsfduCbtjdFnqmpznfou3:-83386/4&
JoejsfduCbtjdFnqmpznfou7-:7428/7&
MpdbmTfswjdftFnqmpznfou3-8:48/2&
UpubmFnqmpznfou4:-589211/1&
UpubmQpqvmbujpo-27,1
Opuf;
Tjnjmbsupuifjoevtuszfnqmpznfou-bsfbtxjuimbshfbnpvoutpgejwfstjuz
rvjdlmz/SfhjpobmTfswjdft jtbejwfstfcbtfjoevtuszuibufodpnqbttftbmmtfswjdft
boehppetuibubsfhjpotfmmtupuiptfjotvsspvoejohbsfbt<fybnqmftjodmvef
tqfdjbmj{feifbmuidbsf-dpotusvdujpo-bjspssbjmusbotqpsubujpo-boembshfjufn
sfubjmqvsdibtftmjlfbvuptpsbqqmjbodft/Sfujsfft bsfdpotjefsfecbtjdtjodf
uifztqfoenpofzgspntpdjbmtfdvsjuzpspuifsqfotjpot-Nfejdbsfboetbwjoht/
Hpwfsonfou uzqjdbmmzpomzjodmveftfnqmpznfoujoGfefsbmHpwfsonfouboe
TubufHpwfsonfou/Upvsjtn opupomzjodmveftusbejujpobmupvsjtutfswjdftmjlf
bddpnnpebujpoboegppe-cvubmtpjodmveft3oeipnft-qspqfsuznbobhfnfou
boeusbotqpsubujpopgupvsjtutczbjsmjoft-dbssfoubm-dbstibsjohboetivuumft/
FnqmpznfouGpsfdbtuboeXbhfJogpsnbujpo
Voefstuboejohuifuzqftpgkpctgpsfdbtuuphspxjobdpnnvojuz-jgkpctbsf
gpsfdbtuupjodsfbtf-xjmmbjejogvsuifsvoefstuboejohqpufoujbmdibohftjo
28
qpqvmbujpo-mbcpsgpsdf-ipvtjohefnboe-boeipvtfipmejodpnf/Jnqpsubou
rvftujpotupbtljodmvef<Xibujtuifdvssfougpsfdbtugpskpchspxuicbtfepo
uifdvssfoujoevtusznjy@Xibuuzqftpgkpctbsfgpsfdbtuuphspx@Xibubsf
uifxbhftgpsuiptfkpct@Xibubsfuifmbcpsgpsdfusfoetgpsuifdpnnvojuz@
Jtuifmbcpsgpsdffyqfdufeuphspxpstmpxepxo@
Ubcmf22;KpctboeQpqvmbujpoGpsfdbtu
FbhmfDpvouz
ZfbsUzqfKpctBoovbmQpqvmbujpoBoovbm
HspxuiHspxui
Sbuf;Sbuf;
KpctQpqvmb.
ujpo
3121Ftujnbuf46-71863-168
3126Ftujnbuf4:-9344/8&63-8971/8&
3131Ftujnbuf4:-593.:/1&66-7372/6&
3136Gpsfdbtu53-4112/9&68-7291/9&
3141Gpsfdbtu55-7632/1&6:-8751/8&
3146Gpsfdbtu58-2732/2&74-5732/3&
3151Gpsfdbtu5:-7:32/1&77-8361/:&
Opuf;
UifupubmkpctgpsfdbtuboeqpqvmbujpogpsfdbtubsfgpsFbhmfDpvouztipxoifsf/
Uifuxpmjoftejwfshfpwfsujnfevfupuifbhjohpgpvsqpqvmbujpoboedpoujovfe
mfttmjlfmzupcffnqmpzfe/Hspxuijouif76qmvtqpqvmbujpojouifmbcpsgpsdf
uispvhi3151dpnqbsfeupuifvojwfstfqpqvmbujpopguiptfpwfsuifbhfpg27
tjodfmbcpsgpsdfqbsujdjqbujpoefdmjoftxjuibhf-ftqfdjbmmzbnpohuiptffmjhjcmf
gpsqfotjpotpstpdjbmtfdvsjuz/
29
Uifvobkevtufe)opnjobm*bwfsbhfxfflmzxbhftgpsFbhmfDpvouzboeDpmpsbep
bsftipxoifsf/Uifhbjopsmpttpgbnbkpsfnqmpzfstvdibtbnjofpsbiptqjubm
bsftipxopomzgpskpctmpdbufexjuijouibudpvouzboeepopujodmvefnptu
cvujobsfbtuibuibwfdpotjefsbcmfbnpvoutdpnnvujohpsvofbsofejodpnf
uijtsfmbujpotijqjtopuqbsujdvmbsmztuspoh/
Uijtubcmfdpnqbsftuifgpsfdbtusftjefoujbmmbcpsgpsdfupuifgpsfdbtuqpqvmbujpo
pgqfstpobhf27boepmefsgpsFbhmfDpvouz/
Ubcmf23;GpsfdbtuSftjefouMbcpsGpsdfboeQpqvmbujpo-Bhf27,
FbhmfDpvouz
ZfbsUzqfMbcpsGpsdfBoovbmHspxuiQfstpotBhfBoovbmHspxui
Sbuf;Mbcps27,Sbuf;Qfstpot
GpsdfBhf27,
3121Ftujnbuf43-51551-619
3126Ftujnbuf43-7882/1&53-8782/6&
3136Gpsfdbtu4:-5952/7&62-69:3/1&
Opuf;
2:
Uifmbcpsgpsdfqbsujdjqbujpoboefnqmpznfouqmpudpnqbsftuifqfsdfoubhf
pgqfstpotbhf27boepmefsjouifmbcpsgpsdfupuifvofnqmpznfousbuf/Uif
qbuufsopgmbcpsgpsdfqbsujqbujpoboevofnqmpznfoujoFbhmfDpvouzbsfdmptfmz
sfmbufe/Uifepxoxbseusfoejombcpsgpsdfqbsujqbujpojtsfmbufeupuifbhjoh
qbuufsotjouifdpvouz-bmpohxjuiuifbwbjmbcjmjuzboedibsbdufspgfnqmpznfou/
Beejujpobmmz-btvofnqmpznfougbmmt-uifjodfoujwfgpsqfpqmfupfoufsuifmbcps
gpsdfjodsfbtft/
31
Y
H
Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!Dpoepnjojvn!Pxofst!Bttpdjbujpo-!Jod/
D0P!Topxefo!Tnjui-!Hfofsbm!Nbobhfs
Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!Dpoepnjojvnt
oe
411!Fbtu!Mjpotifbe!Djsdmf!.!Nbobhfnfou!Pggjdf!.!3!Gmpps
Wbjm-!Dpmpsbep!92768
):81*!587.6311
Fnbjm;!topxefoAwbjmjoufsobujpobm/dpn
Bqsjm!5-!3133
Upxo!pg!Wbjm
d0p!Ns/!!Kpobuibo!Tqfodf!BJDQ
Dpnnvojuz!Efwfmpqnfou!Efqbsunfou
Wjb!Fnbjm;!KTqfodfAwbjmhpw/dpn
SF;!Sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!jo!Wbjm-!Dp
!!!!!!!Eftjho!Sfwjfx!Cpbse!Nffujoh!Tfu!gps!Bqsjm!7-!3133!bu!3!q/n/!Npvoubjo!Ujnf
!!!!!!!Qmboojoh!boe!Fowjsponfoubm!Dpnnjttjpo!Qvcmjd!Ifbsjoh!.!Tfu!gps
!!!!!!!!!!!Bqsjm!22-!3133!bu!2!q/n/!Npvoubjo!Ujnf
!!!!!!!Sfrvftu!pg!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!Dpoepnjojvn!Pxofst!Bttpdjbujpo-!Jod/!!)WJDPB*
!!!!!!!!!!!Gps!Qptuqpofnfou!pg!bmm!nffujoht!boe!ifbsjoht!gps!bu!mfbtu!uijsuz!ebzt
Efbs!Ns/!!Tqfodf;
!!!!J!bn!xsjujoh!po!cfibmg!pg!!WJDPB-!jut!Cpbse!pg!Ejsfdupst-!boe!pvs!Voju!Pxofst!bt!b!Ejsfdups
boe!Qsftjefou!pg!uif!Bttpdjbujpo/!
!!!!Xf!xfsf!sfdfoumz!bewjtfe!pg!uif!bgpsftbje!tdifevmfe!Qvcmjd!Ifbsjoh!pg!uif!Wbjm!Qmboojoh!boe
Fowjsponfoubm!Dpnnjttjpo!)QFD*!tfu!gps!Bqsjm!22-!3133/!!Ju!bqqfbst!uibu!uif!tvckfdu!nffujoh!ibt
cffo!sftfu!qfs!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!)UPW*sfdpset<!ipxfwfs-!xf!ibwf!opu!sfdfjwfe!bozopujdf!pg!uibu
dibohf/!!Bmtp-!uif!mjol!jo!uif!opujdf!tfou!pvu!gps!sfhjtufsjoh!gps!uif!Xfcjobs!jt!bqqbsfoumz!jobddvsbuf
boe!epft!opu!mfbe!up!uif!sfhjtusbujpo!mjol/!Gvsuifs!jowftujhbujpo!ibt!bmtp!jogpsnfe!vt!pg!uif!Eftjho
Sfwjfx!Cpbse!)ESC*!nffujoh!tfu!uijt!xffl!gps!Bqsjm!7-!3133!bu!3!q/n/!Npvoubjo!Ujnf/!
Cbtfe!po!pvs!sfwjfx!up!ebuf-!xf!bsf!fyusfnfmz!dpodfsofe!bcpvu!uif!qmbot!uibu!ibwf!cffo!gjmfe
gps!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!Sfefwfmpqnfou!)Fwfshsffo!SE*/!!Jo!psefs!up!qspufdu!!pvs!joufsftut-!xf!
ibwf!sfubjofe!Buupsofz!Spio!L/!!Spccjot-!Dbqmbo!'!Fbsoftu!MMD-!!up!sfqsftfou!vt!jo!uijt!nbuufs/!
Spio!offet!ujnf!up!gbnjmjbsj{f!ijntfmg!xjui!uif!wpmvnjopvt!tfut!pg!epdvnfout!gjmfe!xjui!uif!UPW
gps!uif!Fwfshsffo!SE!boe!up!tdifevmf!ijt!bcjmjuzup!buufoe!bmm!sfmbufe!UPW!nffujoht!po!pvs!cfibmg/!
Bddpsejohmz-!xf!bsf!ifsfcz!sfrvftujoh!uibu!bmm!nffujoht!po!uif!Fwfshsffo!SE!jodmvejoh-!cvu!opu
mjnjufe!up-!uif!bgpsftbje!poft!!cf!!sftdifevmfe!gps!bu!mfbtu!uijsuz!ebzt!gspn!opx<!boe-!uibu!bmm
joufsftufe!qbsujft!sfdfjwf!ujnfmz!opujdf!xjui!wbmje!Xfcjobs!mjolt!gps!sfhjtufsjoh!up!buufoe/!!Spio!jt
dpqjfe!po!uijt!fnbjm!boe!ijt!gvmm!dpoubdu!jogpsnbujpo!jt!tfu!gpsui!bu!uif!foe!pg!uijt!mfuufs/
Pvs!Cpbse!pg!Ejsfdupst!jt!gpsuvobuf!up!ibwf!b!nfncfs!xjui!mboe!vtf!qmboojoh!fyqfsjfodf/!
Upxo!pg!Wbjm
d0p!Ns/!!Kpobuibo!Tqfodf!BJDQ
Dpnnvojuz!Efwfmpqnfou!Efqbsunfou
Bqsjm!5-!3133
Qbhf!3
Ifs!ivtcboe!ibt!tjnjmbs!fyqfsjfodf/!Uifzibwf!opufe!wbsjpvt!dpodfsot!sfhbsejoh!uif!dvssfou
Fwfshsffo!SE!jo!sfgfsfodf!up!jut!efwjbujpot!gspn!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!boe
tqfdjgjd!qmbo!jttvft!sfmbufe!up;!)B*!uif!Vocsplfo!Xbmm!Qmbof<!)C*!Fmfwbujpot<!)D*!!uif!Sppg!Gpsn<
)E*!Cbmdpojft<!)F*!Xjoepxt!'!Eppst<!boe-!)G*!Xbmlxbzt!boe!Sftubvsbout/!!
Jo!beejujpo!up!uif!bgpsftbje!eftjho!jttvft-!xf!bsf!fyusfnfmz!dpodfsofe!xjui!uif!bewfstf
jnqbdut!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!SE!po!Njeemf!Dsffl!uibu!jt!mpdbufe!bmpohuif!fbtumpumjof!pg!Wbjm
Joufsobujpobm/!!Bmm!pg!uiftf!dpodfsot!boe!pckfdujpot!bsf!bsujdvmbufe!jo!efubjm!jo!Fyijcju!B!buubdife
ifsfup!boe!jodpsqpsbufe!cz!sfgfsfodf!ifsfjo/!!
Xf!fyqfdu!up!tvcnju!b!gvsuifs!npsf!efubjmfe!qsftfoubujpo!po!bmm!uiftf!jttvft!bt!xfmm!bt!puifs
jttvft!uibu!nbzcf!opufe!bgufs!pvs!mfhbm!dpvotfm!ibt!ibe!b!dibodf!up!cfdpnf!gbnjmjbs!xjui!uif
Fwfshsffo!SE/
Uibol!zpv!gps!zpvs!dpotjefsbujpo/!!Xf!mppl!gpsxbse!up!ifbsjoh!gspn!zpv/
Wfsz!usvmz!zpvst-
!!!!!!!!!!!!!WJDPB
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Cz;!Kfggsfz!N/!!Xftupo
Qsftjefou
!!Fnbjm;!knxke2Anto/dpn
)Ovncfs!2!bgufs!uif!e*
!!Ufmfqipof;!)423*!893.7331
KNX0bfs
Buubdinfou
dd;!Spio!L/!!Spccjot-!Buupsofz
!!!!!!WJDPB!Cpbse!pg!Ejsfdupst
WJDPB!Buupsofz;
Spio!L/!Spccjot-!Buupsofz
Dbqmbo!'!Fbsoftu!MMD
Q/P/!Cpy!7244!}!Wbjm-!DP!!92769
Q;!:81.:37.5572!}!G;!:81.:37.5582!}!D;!!:81.487.6213
sspccjotAdfmbx/dpn
3
!!!!!!!!!FYIJCJU!B
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!JOJUJBM!PCKFDUJPOT!CZ!WJDPB!UP
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!FWFSHSFFO!SFEFWFMPQNFOU!QMBO
Ebuf;!Bqsjm!5-!3133
Gspn;!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!Dpoepnjojvn!Pxofst!Bttpdjbujpo!)WJDPB*
Up;!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!.!d0p!Ns/!!Kpobuibo!Tqfodf!BJDQ-!Dpnnvojuz!Efwfmpqnfou!Efqbsunfou
Tvckfdu;!Fwfshsffo!boe!Mjpotifbe!Nbtufs!Qmbo!.!WJDPB!Jojujbm!Pckfdujpot
!!!!!!WJDPB!ifsfcz!tvcnjut!uif!gpmmpxjoh!jojujbm!pckfdujpot!up!uif!Fwfshsffo!Sfefmpqnfou!Qmbo!jo
tvqqpsu!pg!jut!sfrvftu!uibu!bmm!nffujoht!cz!uif!UPW!ps!jut!efqbsunfout!boe!dpnnjttjpot!cf
sftdifevmfe!gps!bu!mfbtu!uijsuz!)41*!ebzt!gspn!opx!up!bmmpx!uif!buupsofz!boe!mbx!gjsn!ijsfe!cz!WJDPB
ujnf!up!cfdpnf!gbnjmjbs!xjui!uif!qspqptbm!boe!sfrvftufe!wbsjbodft!boe!gvsuifs!gpsnbmmz!bsujdvmbuf
pvs!dpodfsot!boe!sftqpotf/!Bu!uijt!ujnf-!xf!opuf!uif!gpmmpxjoh!bt!qsfqbsfe!cz!bo!fyqfsjfodfe!mboe
qmboofs!po!uif!WJDPB!Cpbse!pg!Ejsfdupst!boe!ifs!tqpvtf!bt!b!sfqpsu!up!uif!WJDPB!Cpbse!pg
Ejsfdupst;
Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qspwjeft!tpnf!cbdlhspvoe!po!ipx!uif!Mjpotifbe!Nbtufs!Qmbo!dibohfe!jo
3126!xjui!sfhbse!up!Fwfshsffo!boe!efubjmt!ipx!uif!Fwfshsffo!qspkfdu!epft!opu!dpnqmzxjui!uif
Nbtufs!Qmbo/
J/!!Cbdlhspvoe/
Jo!3126!uifsfxbt!b!mboe!txbq!cfuxffo!Fwfshsffo!boe!Wbjm!Wbmmfz!Nfejdbm!Dfoufs!)WWND*/!!Uif
mboe!txbq!dpotjtufe!pg!uif!WWND!bdrvjsjoh!mboe!gspn!Fwfshsffo!up!qspwjef!mboe!bekbdfou!up
Gspoubhf!Se!gps!uif!ifmjqpsu!gps!WWND/!Jo!sfuvso!Fwfshsffo!hpu!uif!xftufso!qpsujpo!pg!uif!fyjtujoh
WWND!qbsljoh!mpu!uibu!xbt!bekbdfou!up!uif!tpvui!tjef!pg!Fwfshsffo/!Sftpmvujpo!Op/!49!Tfsjft!pg
3126!xbt!ifbse!bu!uxp!Upxo!Dpvodjm!nffujoht!!)23.26.26!boe!2.6.27!Njovuft!bsfbuubdife*!boe!xbt
bqqspwfe!xjui!bnfoenfout!po!2.6.27/!!Uijt!Sftpmvujpo!bnfoefe!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou
Nbtufs!Qmbo/!Jo!3126!Sjdl!Qzmnbo!xbt!ijsfe!cz!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!up!sfqsftfou!pvs!dpodfsot-!xijdi
xbt!qsjnbsjmz!gpdvtfe!po!uif!nbtt!pg!uif!ofx!tusvduvsf!boe!tibef!jttvft!up!vt!gspn!uif!ofx
tusvduvsf/!!Fwfshsffo!eje!b!tibef!bobmztjt!boe!dbnf!up!uif!dpodmvtjpo!uif!jnqbdut!xfsf!tjnjmbs
cfuxffo!b!5!boe!9!tupsz!tusvduvsf!up!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm/!!Ju!tipvme!cf!opufe!uibu!uif!psjhjobm!eftjho
tipxfe!uif!xftufso!tjef!pg!uif!qspqptfe!tusvduvsf!xjui!b!csplfo!xbmm!qmbof!xjui!mbshf!tfucbdl!bsfbt
boe!bmuipvhi!Fwfshsffo!tubufe!uibu!uifz!xboufe!up!npefsoj{f!uifjs!qspqfsuz-!uifsf!xbt!op!ejtdvttjpo
pg!cvjmejoh!b!npefso!tuzmf!cvjmejoh/!!Fwfshsffo!bmtp!jnqmjfe!uispvhipvu!uif!uxp!nffujoht!uibu!uifz
xfsf!hpjoh!up!cvjme!tpnfuijoh!tjnjmbs!up!Tpmbsjt!uibu!xpvme!jodmvef!sftubvsbout!boe!bnfojujft!pqfo
up!uif!qvcmjd/!!Uifsf!xbt!op!ejtdvttjpo!pg!qspwjejoh!mftt!bnfojujft!uibo!xibu!dvssfoumz!fyjtut!po!uif
Fwfshsffo!tjuf!)uifsfbsfdvssfoumz!uxp!sftubvsbout!boe!b!xbmlxbzbmpohuif!tpvuifso!fehf!pg!psjhjobm
4
Fwfshsffo!qspqfsuz!uibu!xjmm!cf!sfnpwfe!bt!qbsu!pg!qspkfdu*/
JJ/!!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!)MSNQ*/
Tfdujpo!6/2:!pg!uif!MSNQ-!xijdi!xbt!bnfoefe!qfsSftpmvujpo!Op/!49-!qspwjeft!efubjmfe!eftjho
sfdpnnfoebujpot!gps!uif!Fwfshsffo!qspqfsuz/
Tfdujpo!6/2:/9!pg!uif!MSNQ!)qbhf!6.68*!efubjmt!ipx!uif!Bsdijufduvsbm!Hvjefmjoft!qspwjefe!jo!uif
MSNQ!tipvme!cf!bqqmjfe!up!uif!Fwfshsffo!qspqfsuz/!!Tqfdjgjdbmmz-!ju!tubuft;
bmm!gvuvsf!efwfmpqnfou!po!uif!tjuf!tipvme!cf!dmptfmz!tdsvujoj{fe!gps!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif!bqqmjdbcmf
bsdijufduvsbm!eftjho!hvjefmjoft/!Uibu!tbje-!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!jt!mpdbufe!jo!b!usbotjujpobm!bsfb!xjui
WWND-!uif!Mjcsbsz-!boe!Epctpo!Bsfob-!xijdi!ufoe!up!ibwf!npsf!npefso!ps!jotujuvujpobm
bsdijufduvsf/!!Uif!cvjmejoh!xjmm!offe!up!ibwf!b!sfmbujpotijq!up!bekbdfou!cvjmejoht
Uif!cvjmejoh!po!uif!mboe!fydibohf!qbsdfm!tipvme!tufq!epxo!up!b!nbyjnvn!pg!gpvs!boe!gjwf!tupsjft
xjui!dpnqmfnfoubszsppg!gpsnt!up!bdijfwf!qfeftusjbo!tdbmf!cvjmejoht-!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!xftu!xjoh
pg!uif!nfejdbm!dfoufs-!boe!tvckfdu!up!eftjho!sfwjfx/!Uif!gjobm!cvjmejoh!nbttjoh-!tdbmfboe!gpsn!tibmm
cf!efufsnjofe!evsjoh!uif!efwfmpqnfou!sfwjfx!qspdftt/
JJJ/!Tqfdjgjd!Qmbo!Jttvft/
B/!Vocsplfo!Xbmm!Qmbof/!!!Tfdujpo!6/2:/6!pg!uif!MSNQ!efubjmt!uibu!xftufso!gbèbef!pg!bozofx
tusvduvsf!tipvme!cf!bqqspqsjbufmzbsujdvmbufe!up!qspwjef!wjtvbm!joufsftu-!tibepx!mjoft!boe!bwpjet!mbshf
vocsplfo!xbmm!qmboft/!!Tfdujpo!9/5/3/4!)qbhf9.27*qspwjeft!npsf!tqfdjgjdt!gps!Xbmm!Tvsgbdf!Dsjufsjb-
uibu!epft!opu!bmmpx!gps!b!wfsujdbm!xbmm!gbdf!hsfbufs!uibo!46!gffu!po!b!cvjmejoh!xjuipvu!b!tfdpoebsz
ipsj{poubm!tufq!jo!uif!cvjmejoh!gbdf!)uif!ipsj{poubm!tufq!nbz!cf!b!dboujmfwfs!ps!b!tfucbdl*!b!ejtubodf
pg!bu!mfbtu!35!gps!uijt!npwfnfou/
C/!Fmfwbujpot/!Uif!fmfwbujpot!gps!Fwfshsffo!tipx!uif!xftu!tjef!bt!b!gmbu!xbmm!xjuipvu!bipsj{poubm
tufq!voujm!uif!7ui!boe!8ui!gmppst/!Uif!fmfwbujpo!cfuxffo!hspvoe!boe!cbtf!pg!7ui!gmpps!jt!58!gffu-!xijdi
fydffet!uif!46!gffu!jo!Tfdujpo!9/5/3/4!boe!ju!tipvme!cf!opufe!uibu!uif!b!mbshf!qpsujpo!pg!uif!7ui!gmpps
jt!bmtp!qbsu!pg!uif!vocsplfo!xbmm!qmbof/!Ju!tipvme!cf!opufe!uibu!nptu!pg!uif!3oe!gmpps!boe!bcpwf!ibwf
cbmdpoz!pwfsiboht-!ipxfwfs!uifsf!jt!op!ipsj{poubm!tufq!jo!uif!xbmm!cfuxffo!uiftf!cbmdpojft-!bmtp!uif
qspqptfe!bwfsbhf!3!cfesppn!voju!tj{f!jt!bspvoe!2-511!tr!gu-!tp!uifsf!jt!bcjmjuz!up!nblf!tpnf!vojut
tnbmmfs!jo!psefs!up!qspwjef!b!csplfo!xbmm!qmbof/!
D/!!Sppg!Gpsn!/!!Tfdujpo!6/2:/9!pg!uif!MSNQ!tubuft!uibu!uif!Fwfshsffo!tibmm!ibwf!dpnqmjnfoubsz
sppg!gpsnt!up!uif!WWND-!Mjcsbsz!boe!Epctpo!Bsfob/!!Uif!qsjnbsz!sjehf!pg!uif!mjcsbsz!jt!b!qjudife
sppg-!uif!Epctpo!Bsfob!ibt!b!qjudife!sppg!boe!fwfo!b!qpsujpo!pg!WWND!gbdjoh!uif!xftu!ibt!b!qjudife
sppg!)Tufbenbo!Dmjojd*/!Tfdujpo!9/5/3/8!)qbhf!9.3:*!sfrvjsft!uibu!uif!qsjnbsz!sppg!up!cf
5
qsfepnjobufmzhbcmft!boe!ijqt/!Pomztfdpoebszsppgt!)mftt!uibo!611!tg*!dbo!cf!gmbu/!Qbhf!9.41!tubuft
uibu!uif!sppg!qjudi!nvtu!cf!cfuxffo!7;23!up!23;23/
Uif!Fwfshsffo!qmbot!tipx!uif!foujsf!sppg!jt!gmbu!xjui!op!buufnqu!up!tipxbozqpsujpo!pg!uif!sppg!bt
qjudife-!xibu!uif!ofbscz!sfgfsfodfe!qspqfsujft!ep/!!Uif!qmbot!bmtp!efubjm!uibu!po!uif!qspqptfe!gmbu
sppgt-!uifsfxjmm!qvcmjd!bsfbt!jodmvejoh!b!qppm!bsfb!uibu!xpvme!dsfbuf!opjtf!jnqbdut!uibu!ibwf!opu!cffo
bobmz{fe!jo!uif!FJS/!!Bmtp-!qbsu!pg!uif!gmbu!sppgt!xjmm!cf!mboetdbqfe-!boe!Fwfshsffo!jt!jnqspqfsmz
bddpvoujoh!sppgupq!mboetdbqjoh!jo!uifjs!mboetdbqfe!bsfb!dbmdvmbujpot-!tjodf!mboetdbqfe!bsfb!jt
tvqqptfe!up!cf!hspvoe!mfwfm/!
E/!!Cbmdpojft/!!Tfdujpo!9/5/3/7!pg!uif!MSNQ!qspwjeft!eftjho!tqfdjgjdbujpot!gps!cbmdpojft!boe!po!qbhf
9.3:!ju!efubjmt!uifbmmpxfe!nbufsjbmt!gps!cbmdpojft!boe!tubuft!Nbufsjbmt!tvdi!bt!hmbtt-!qmbtujd-!qjqf
sbjmt-!boe!nfubm!qbofmt!bsf!tuspohmz!ejtdpvsbhfe/
Uif!fmfwbujpot!gps!Fwfshsffo!tipx!uibu!nptu!pg!uif!cbmdpojft!po!uif!xftu!tjef!xjmm!ibwf!hmbtt
sbjmjoht-!xijdi!ep!opu!nffu!uif!MSNQ!eftjho!tqfdjgjdbujpot/!!Ju!tipvme!bmtp!cf!opufe!uibu!uif!FJS
qsfqbsfe!gps!uif!qspkfdu!eje!opu!bobmz{f!hmbsf!jnqbdut!dsfbufe!gspn!uif!hmbtt!cbmdpojft/!
F/!Xjoepxt!boe!Eppst/!Tfdujpo!9/5/3/6!pg!uif!MSNQ!qspwjeft!tqfdjgjdbujpot!gps!eppst!boe!xjoepxt
boe!tubuft!uibu!fyufsjps!eppst!boe!xjoepxt!tibmm!cf!usfbufe!bt!sfdfttfe!fmfnfout!jo!nbtt!xbmmt!pg
tupof-!dpodsfuf-!ps!tuvddp-!sbuifs!uibo!gmvti!tvsgbdft!po!uifn/!Po!qbhf!9.37!ju!efubjmt!uibu!xjoepxt
tibmm!cf!eftjhofe!xjui!efdpsbujwf!usjn!boe!tjmmt-!ps!ifbwz!tusvduvsbm!gsbnft-!tp!uifz!ep!opu!bqqfbs
bt!qvodi.pvut!xjuijo!uiptf!nbufsjbmt/
Uif!fmfwbujpot!gps!Fwfshsffo!tipx!uibu!uif!nbkpsjuz!pg!uif!xftu!xbmm!xjmm!cf!hmbtt!xjui!nfubm!gsbnfe
pggjdf.tuzmf!gmpps!up!dfjmjoh!xjoepxt!boe!eppst-!xjui!op!efdpsbujwf!usjn!ps!tjmmt!bspvoe!uif!xjoepxt
boe!eppst-!xijdi!epft!opu!nffu!uif!MSNQ!eftjho!!tuboebset/!!Bmtp-!uif!FJS!eje!opu!bobmz{f!uif!hmbsf
uibu!xpvme!cf!dsfbufe!gspn!uif!xftu!xbmm!uibu!jt!nptumz!hmbtt/
G/!Xbmlxbzboe!Sftubvsbout/!Tfdujpo!6/2:!pg!uif!MSNQ!)qbhf!6.64*!efubjmt!uibu!bsfuxp!fyjtujoh
sftubvsbout!boe!uifo!efubjmt!pqqpsuvojujft!gps!gvuvsf!jnqspwfnfout/!!Uifsf!jt!op!sfgfsfodf!up
sfnpwjoh!uif!uxp!sftubvsbout!jo!uijt!Tfdujpo/!!Tfdujpo!6/2:/2!efubjmt!uif!fyjtujoh!qbui!gspn!Epctpo
Bsfob!uispvhi!uif!Fbtu!Wbjm!qspqfsuz!boe!po!upq!pg!qbhf!6.65!ju!tubuft!uif!fyjtujoh!hsbwfm!qbui!bmpoh
uif!tpvuifsmz!fehf!pg!uif!tjuf!cf!jnqspwfe!boe!sfhvmbsmz!nbjoubjofe/!
Uif!Fwfshsffo!qmbot!tipx!uibu!uifzbsf!sfnpwjoh!uif!uxp!sftubvsbout!boe!uifz!bsf!ibwjoh!uif!qbui
foe!bu!uif!xftu!fehf!pg!uif!cvjmejoh/!!Tjodf!uif!qspqptfe!tusvduvsf!xpvme!opu!dpoubjo!bozsfubjm!ps
sftubvsbout-!ju!dbo!sfbtpobcmz!cf!bttvnfe!uibu!uifsf!xjmm!cf!sftusjdufe!bddftt!up!uif!Fwfshsffo
cvjmejoh-!xijdi!xjmm!opu!bmmpx!gps!uif!qvcmjd!up!xbml!uisv!uif!cvjmejoh/!!Uijt!xjmm!sftusjdu!uif!nptu
ejsfdu!qbui!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!sftjefout!boe!hvftut!ibwf!up!WWND!boe!xjmm!bmtp!sfnpwf!uif!uxp
ofbsftu!sftubvsbout!up!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!boe!Epctpo!Jdf!Bsfob!)xf!pgufo!tff!ipdlfz!ufbnt-!fud//!hp
up!uif!Fwfshsffo!sftubvsbout!bgufs!qsbdujdft!ps!hbnft*/!!Xjuipvu!qspwjejoh!qvcmjd!bddftt-!bu!mfbtu!up
uif!hspvoe!gmpps!uif!ofx!Fwfshsffo!tusvduvsf-!xjmm!foe!vq!dsfbujohb!mbshf!cbssjfs!cfuxffo!Mjpotifbe
6
boe!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf-!xijdi!jt!uif!pqqptjuf!pg!uif!hpbmt!qspwjefe!jo!uif!MSNQ/
JW/!!Fowjsponfoubm!Jttvft/
Jo!beejujpo!up!uif!bgpsftbje!eftjho!jttvft-!xf!bsf!fyusfnfmzdpodfsofe!xjui!uifbewfstf!jnqbdut!pg
uif!Fwfshsffo!SE!po!Njeemf!Dsffl!uibu!jt!mpdbufe!bmpoh!uif!fbtu!mpu!mjof!pg!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm/!!
W/!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!Sfgfsfodf!Nbufsjbmt!Sfmbufe!Up!WJDPB!Dpodfsot;
!!!!!!!!!!!!B/!!Wbjm!Upxo!Dpvodjm!Nffujoh!Njovuft!.!Uvftebz-!Efdfncfs!26-!3126<
C/!!Mboe!Usbef!Nbq!Ebufe!Efdfncfs!26-!3126<
D/!!Wbjm!Upxo!Dpvodjm!Nffujoh!Njovuft!.!Uvftebz!Kbovbsz!6-!3127<!boe-
E/!!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!Bepqufe!Efdfncfs!26-!2::9!boe
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Vqebufe!Efdfncfs!3:-!3128/
7
TO: Planning and Environmental Commission
FROM: Community Development Department
DATE: April 11, 2022
SUBJECT: A request for an amendment to a Conditional Use Permit, pursuant to Section 12-16-10,
Amendment Procedures, Vail Town Code, to allow for the enlargement of a second story
outdoor dining deck, located at 298 Hanson Ranch Road/Lot C, Block 2, Vail Village
Filing 1, and setting forth details in regard thereto. (PEC22-0011)
Applicant: Vista Bahn Building LLC, represented by Mauriello Planning Group
Planner: Jamie Leaman-Miller
I. SUMMARY
The applicant, Vista Bahn Building LLC, represented by Mauriello Planning Group, is requesting
an amendment to an existing Conditional Use Permit, pursuant to Section 12-16-10,
Amendment Procedures, Vail Town Code, to allow for the enlargement of the second story
Almresi Restaurant outdoor dining deck.
ined in Section VIII of this memorandum and the
evidence and testimony presented, the Community Development Department recommends
approval, with conditions of this application subject to the findings noted in Section VIII of this
memorandum.
For
narrative (Attachment B), and the proposed plans (Attachment C).
II. DESCRIPTION OF REQUEST
The applicant, Vista Bahn Building LLC, represented by Mauriello Planning Group, is requesting
an amendment to an existing Conditional Use Permit, pursuant to Section 12-16-10,
Amendment Procedures, Vail Town Code, to allow for the enlargement of the second story
Almresi Restaurant outdoor dining deck.
The Almresi Restaurant is located on the second level of the Gondola Haus. The existing
outdoor dining deck is 228 square feet, with 79 square feet located in the Hanson Ranch Road
right-of-way. The applicant proposes enlarging this deck an additional 310 square feet around
the northeast corner of the building, with an additional 44 square foot encroachment into the
right-of-way. The expanded deck will accommodate 34 seats and provide additional year-round
outdoor seating.
III. BACKGROUND
The Vista Bahn Building was constructed in 1997 and includes retail, restaurant and
residential uses. According to the Official Zoning Map of the Town of Vail, the Vista
Bahn Building parcel is located within the Commercial Core 1 (CC1) District. The existing deck
1995. Since then, multiple Conditional Use Permits for outdoor dining have been approved in
the Gondola Haus, most recently in 2016 for a first level outdoor dining patio along Hanson
Ranch Road. In September of 2021, the Vail Town Council approved the permission to proceed
for this application.
IV. APPLICABLE PLANNING DOCUMENTS
SECTION 12-7B COMMERCIAL CORE 1 (CC1) (in part)
SECTION 12-7B-1: PURPOSE:
The commercial core 1 district is intended to provide sites and to maintain the unique
character of the Vail Village commercial area, with its mixture of lodges and commercial
establishments in a predominantly pedestrian environment. The commercial core 1
district is intended to ensure adequate light, air, open space, and other amenities
appropriate to the permitted types of buildings and uses. The zoning regulations in
accordance with the Vail Village urban design guide plan and design considerations
prescribe site development standards that are intended to ensure the maintenance and
preservation of the tightly clustered arrangements of buildings fronting on
pedestrianways and public greenways, and to ensure continuation of the building scale
and architectural qualities that distinguish the village.
12-7B-20: VAIL VILLAGE URBAN DESIGN PLAN:
A. Adoption: The Vail Village urban design guide plan and design considerations are
adopted for the purposes of maintaining and preserving the character and vitality of the
Vail Village (CC1) and to guide the future alteration, change and improvement in the
CC1 district. Copies of the Vail Village design guide plan and design considerations shall
be on file in the department of community development.
VAIL LAND USE PLAN (in part)
KEY GOALS
1. General Growth / Development
1.3. The quality of development should be maintained and upgraded whenever
possible.
Town of Vail Page 2
3. Commercial
3.4. Commercial growth should be concentrated in existing commercial areas to
accommodate both local and visitor needs
4. Village Core / Lionshead
4.1. Future commercial development should continue to occur primarily in existing
commercial areas. Future commercial development in the Core areas needs to
be carefully controlled to facilitate access and delivery.
4.3 The ambiance of the Village is important to the identity of Vail and should be
preserved. (Scale, alpine character, small town feeling, mountains, natural
settings, intimate size, cosmopolitan feeling, environmental quality.)
VAIL VILLAGE MASTER PLAN (in part)
GOAL #1 ENCOURAGE HIGH QUALITY, REDEVELOPMENT WHILE PRESERVING UNIQUE
ARCHITECTURAL SCALE OF THE VILLAGE IN ORDER TO SUSTAIN ITS SENSE OF
COMMUNITY AND IDENTITY.
Objective 1.2: Encourage the upgrading and redevelopment of residential and
commercial facilities.
GOAL #2 TO FOSTER A STRONG TOURIST INDUSTRY AND PROMOTE YEAR-AROUND
ECONOMIC HEALTH AND VIABILITY FOR THE VILLAGE AND FOR THE COMMUNITY AS A
WHOLE.
Objective 2.2: Recognize the importance of Vail Village as a mixed use center of
activities for our guests, visitors and residents.
Policy 2.2.1: The design criteria in the Vail Village Urban Design Guide Plan shall
be the primary guiding document to preserve the existing architectural scale and
character of the core area of Vail Village.
Objective 2.4: Encourage the development of a variety of new commercial activity where
compatible with existing land uses.
GOAL #3 TO RECOGNIZE AS A TOP PRIORITY THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE WALKING
EXPERIENCE THROUGHOUT THE VILLAGE
Policy 3.1.1: Private development projects shall incorporate streetscape
improvements (such as paver treatments, landscaping, lighting and seating
areas), along adjacent pedestrian ways.
Objective 3.3: Encourage a wide variety of activities, events, and street life along
pedestrian ways and plazas.
Town of Vail Page 3
Policy 3.3.2: Outdoor dining is an important streetscape feature and shall be
encouraged in commercial infill or redevelopment projects.
VAIL VILLAGE URBAN DESIGN GUIDE PLAN (in part)
DECKS AND PATIOS
Dining decks and patios, when properly designed and sited, bring people to the streets,
opportunities to look and be looked at, and generally contribute to the liveliness of a
busy street, making a richer pedestrian experience than if those streets were empty.
A review of successful decks/patios in Vail reveals several common characteristics:
- elevated feet to give views into the pedestrian walk (and not the reverse)
- physical separation from pedestrian walk to (planter better than a wall) overhang gives
pedestrian scale/ shelter.
V. SITE ANALYSIS
Address: 298 Hanson Ranch Rd
Legal Description: Lot C, Block 2, Vail Village Filing 1
Zoning: Commercial Core 1
Land Use Plan Designation: Village Master Plan
Current Land Use: Village Master Plan
Hazards: N/A
VI. SURROUNDING LAND USES AND ZONING
Existing Land Use Zoning District
North: Village Master Plan Commercial Core 1
South: Village Master Plan Agriculture and Open Space
East: Village Master Plan Agriculture and Open Space
West: Village Master Plan Commercial Core 1
VII.REVIEW CRITERIA
Section 12-16-6: CRITERIA; FINDINGS
Before acting on a Conditional Use Permit application, the Planning and Environmental
Commission shall consider the following factors with respect to the proposed use:
1. Relationship and impact of the use on the development objectives of the Town.
The Community Development Department finds the proposed use to be consistent with the
development objectives of the town. This proposal furthers multiple Town goals and objectives
as shown in Section IV of this memorandum.
The Community Development Department finds this criterion to be met.
Town of Vail Page 4
2. The effect of the use on light and air, distribution of population, transportation
facilities, utilities, schools, parks and recreation facilities, and other public facilities
needs.
The proposed deck expansion will have no negative effects on distribution of population,
transportation facilities, and utilities and schools. Additional noise generated by this proposal is
subject to compliance with Title 5, Vail Town Code. The proposed encroachment of just under
four feet into the right-of-way is not greater than the existing encroachment of the present deck.
The proposed expansion may impact lighting in the pedestrian way but not to a significant
degree from what is existing.
The Community Development Department finds this criterion to be met.
3. Effect upon traffic with particular reference to congestion, automotive and pedestrian
safety and convenience, traffic flow and control, access, maneuverability, and removal of
snow from the street and parking areas.
As the proposed deck is on the second story there will be minimal impact on pedestrian safety
and convenience. The proposed new decking does not extend further into the right-of-way than
what is existing and maintains space within the existing platted right-of-way- for emergency
vehicles, pedestrians, bicyclists and other users. The Department of Public Works and the Fire
Department has reviewed this application with these considerations in mind.
The Community Development Department finds this criterion to be met.
4. Effect upon the character of the area in which the proposed use is to be located,
including the scale and bulk of the proposed use in relation to surrounding uses.
Staff finds the proposed outdoor patio will have a positive effect on the character of the area,
furthering the outdoor dining culture that has been established within Vail Village. There are
multiple outdoor dining opportunities in the immediate area, including previous Conditional Use
approvals in the same building. Furthermore, the deck expansion does not involve an increase
in site coverage or GRFA of the structure.
The Community Development Department finds this criterion to be met.
5. Such other factors and criteria as the commission deems applicable to the proposed
use.
This proposal is also subject to Design Review Board approval to ensure compliance with
Design Review Guidelines and relevant planning documents. The proposed acrylic winter
enclosure is not an approved material and will be addressed in the design review process.
6. The environmental impact report concerning the proposed use, if an environmental
impact report is required by Chapter 12 of this title.
An environmental impact report is not required by Chapter 12. This project will not significantly
change the environment in the surrounding area.
Town of Vail Page 5
VIII.RECOMMENDATION
The Community Development Department recommends the Planning and Environmental
Commission approve, with conditions the Conditional Use Permit to allow for the enlargement
of a second story dining deck. This recommendation is based upon the review of the criteria
outlined in Section VII of this memorandum and the evidence and testimony presented.
Should the Planning and Environmental Commission choose to approve this Conditional Use
Permit request, the Community Development Department recommends the Commission passes
the following motion:
ission approves this request for a Conditional
Use Permit, pursuant to Section 12-16-10, Amendment Procedures, Vail Town Code, to
allow for the enlargement of a second story outdoor dining deck, located at 298 Hanson
Ranch Road Lot C, Block 2, Vail Village Filing 1 (PEC22-0011).
Should the Planning and Environmental Commission choose to approve, with conditions, this
conditional use request, the Community Development Department recommends the
Commission applies the following conditions:
1. Approval of this Conditional Use is contingent upon the applicant obtaining Town of
Vail design review approval for this proposal.
2. The new structural column and foundation shall be placed fully on private property.
Should the Planning and Environmental Commission choose to approve this Conditional Use
Permit request, the Community Development Department recommends the Commission makes
the following findings:
the Planning and Environmental Commission dated April 11, 2022 and the evidence and
testimony presented, the Planning and Environmental Commission finds:
1. The proposed Conditional Use Permit is in accordance with the purposes of
the Commercial Core 1 District (CC1).
2. The proposed location of the use and the conditions under which it will be
operated or maintained are not detrimental to the public health, safety, or
welfare or materially injurious to properties or improvements in the vicinity.
3. The proposed Conditional Use Permit complies with each of the applicable
provisions of Chapter 12-16, Conditional Use Permits
IX. ATTACHMENTS
A. Vicinity Map
B. Applicant Narrative, 4-11-2022
C. Proposed Plans, 4-11-2022
Town of Vail Page 6
HPOEPMB!IBVT
BNFOENFOUUPBDPOEJUJPOBMVTF
QFSNJUGPSPVUEPPSEJOJOHEFDL
FYQBOTJPO
Tvcnjuufe!up!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm;!!
Nbsdi!25-!3133
Jouspevdujpo
Sfnpopw!boe!Dpnqboz!jt!sfrvftujoh!bo!
bnfoenfou!up!bo!fyjtujoh!dpoejujpobm!vtf!
qfsnju!up!bmmpx!gps!uif!fyqbotjpo!pg!uif!
tfdpoe!gmpps!efdl!bu!uif!Hpoepmb!Ibvt!
)gpsnfsmz!uif!Wjtub!Cbio!Cvjmejoh*-!mpdbufe!
bu!3:9!Ibotpo!Sbodi!Spbe/!!Uif!tfdpoe!
mfwfm!pg!uif!Hpoepmb!Ibvt!jt!pddvqjfe!cz!
uif!sftubvsbou!Bmnsftj/!!Up!cvjme!vqpo!uif!
tvddftt!pg!uif!sftubvsbou-!uif!bqqmjdbou!jt!
mppljoh!up!fyqboe!uif!efdl!up!
bddpnnpebuf!bqqspyjnbufmz!45!tfbut/!!B!
qpsujpo!pg!uif!fyjtujoh!tfdpoe!gmpps!efdl!jt!
mpdbufe!pwfs!Upxo!qspqfsuz!xijdi!xbt!
psjhjobmmz!bqqspwfe!xjui!uif!
sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!cvjmejoh!jo!2::6/!!
Bmpoh!xjui!fyqboejoh!uif!efdl-!uif!
beejujpo!xpvme!qspwjef!bo!beejujpobm!tnbmm!
bsfb!pg!bqqspyjnbufmz!55!tr/!gu/!pwfs!Upxo!
qspqfsuz!)Ibotpo!Sbodi!Spbe!sjhiu.pg.
Uif!tvckfdu!qspqfsuz!jt!mpdbufe!bu!3:9!Ibotpo!Sbodi!Spbe/!!Uif!
xbz*/!!Uif!qspqptbm!puifsxjtf!dpnqmjft
efdl!fyqbotjpo!jt!qspqptfe!gps!uif!Bmnsftj!Sftubvsbou/!!
xjui!bmm!efwfmpqnfou!tuboebset!pg!uif!
Upxo!Dpef!boe!uif!fyqbotjpo!xjmm!opu!
joufsgfsf!xjui!qfeftusjbo!ps!wfijdvmbs!usbggjd!
po!Ibotpo!Sbodi!Spbe/!!
Uif!hpbm!pg!fyqboejoh!uif!efdl!jt!up!
qspwjef!beejujpobm!pvuepps!tfbujoh!uibu!
dbo!cf!vtfe!zfbs.spvoe/!!Xjui!uif!
mjohfsjoh!dibmmfohft!boe!volopxot!pg!uif!
DPWJE!qboefnjd-!nboz!sftubvsbou!qbuspot!
qsfgfs!pvuepps!ejojoh!pqujpot/!!Uif!
fyjtujoh!efdl!ibt!ibe!mjnjufe!tvddftt!evf!
up!jut!tnbmm!tj{f!boe!gvodujpobmjuz/!!Uif!
pxofst!pg!Bmnsftj!cfmjfwf!uijt!xjmm!gvsuifs!uifjs!tvddftt/!!Uif!jodsfbtfe!efdl!bsfb!xjmm!bee!up!
uif!wjcsbodf!boe!fdpopnjd!tubcjmjuz!pg!uif!Upxo!xijmf!bmtp!bjejoh!jo!uif!tvddftt!pg!bo!
ftubcmjtife!mpdbm!cvtjoftt/!Uif!qspqptfe!dpwfsjoh!pg!uif!efdl!bmmpxt!gps!hsfbufs!nvmuj.
tfbtpobm!vtf/!!Beejujpobmmz-!uif!eftjho!bmmpxt!gps!sfnpwbcmf!bdszmjd!qbofmt!gps!xfbuifs!
qspufdujpo!pg!uif!tfbujoh!bsfb/
Uif!sfwjfx!qspdftt!jodmveft!bo!bnfoenfou!up!uif!fyjtujoh!dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju!boe!b!
Eftjho!Sfwjfx!Cpbse!bqqmjdbujpo!gps!uif!sfwjfx!pg!uif!eftjho!pg!uif!efdl!fyqbotjpo/!
1
Bsfb!pg!fyjtujoh!fodspbdinfou!
joup!uif!Ibotpo!Sbodi!Spbe!
Fyufout!pg!Fyjtujoh!Pvuepps!
sjhiu.pg.xbz!)8:!tr/!gu/*
Ejojoh!Efdl!)339!tr/!gu/*
Beejujpobm!55!tr/!gu/!pg!qspqptfe!
fodspbdinfou!joup!sjhiu.pg.xbz
Qspqptfe!421!tr/!gu/!beejujpo!up!
Pvuepps!Ejojoh!Efdl
2
Cbdlhspvoe
Uif!fyjtujoh!pvuepps!ejojoh!efdl!po!uif!Ibotpo!Sbodi!Spbe!gspoubhf!xbt!qbsu!pg!uif!psjhjobm!
Qmboojoh!boe!Fowjsponfoubm!Dpnnjttjpo!bqqspwbm!pg!uif!Hpoepmb!Ibvt!jo!2::6/!!Uif!efdl!
xbt!dpotusvdufe!tmjhiumz!ejggfsfou!uibo!xbt!tipxo!po!uif!Qmboojoh!boe!Fowjsponfoubm!
Dpnnjttjpo!qmbo!tfu!bt!ju!xbt!sfgjofe!cz!uif!Eftjho!Sfwjfx!Cpbse!tvctfrvfou!up!QFD!
bqqspwbm/
Qmbo!gspn!uif!2::6!Qmboojoh!boe!Fowjsponfoubm!Dpnnjttjpo!Sfwjfx!pg!uif!Hpoepmb!Ibvt/!!Uif!pvuepps!ejojoh!efdl!
dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju!xbt!bqqspwfe!xjui!uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!uif!cvjmejoh/
Vosfmbufe!up!uif!psjhjobm!efdl-!jo!3111!uif!Qmboojoh!boe!Fowjsponfoubm!bqqspwfe!b!
dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju!gps!bo!pvuepps!ejojoh!efdl!po!uif!tlj!zbse!tjef!pg!uif!Hpoepmb!Ibvt/!!!
Jo!3115-!uifsf!xbt!bo!bqqspwbm!gps!bo!beejujpobm!pvuepps!ejojoh!efdl!po!uif!tpvui!tjef!
bttpdjbufe!xjui!uif!Ubq!Sppn!boe!Tboduvbsz/!!Gspn!uif!gjmft-!ju!bqqfbst!uibu!uif!qfsnju!
fyqjsfe!boe!uibu!efdl!xbt!opu!dpotusvdufe/!!Mbtumz-!b!dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju!gps!bo!pvuepps!
ejojoh!qbujp!xbt!bqqspwfe!bu!uif!gjstu!mfwfm!bu!uif!Ibotpo!Sbodi!Spbe!gspoubhf!jo!3127/!!
B!qpsujpo!pg!uif!fyjtujoh!efdl!jt!po!uif!UpxoÉt!Ibotpo!Sbodi!Spbe!sjhiu.pg.xbz/!!Uif!
qspqptfe!efdl!xjmm!jodsfbtf!uif!bsfb!xjuijo!uif!UpxoÉt!sjhiu.pg.xbz!cz!55!tr/!gu/!!Po!
Tfqufncfs!32-!3132-!uif!Upxo!Dpvodjm!wpufe!vobojnpvtmz!up!bqqspwf!uif!bqqmjdbouÉt!sfrvftu!
3
up!qspdffe!uispvhi!uif!UpxoÉt!sfwjfx!qspdftt-!xijdi!jodmveft!uijt!tvcnjuubm!gps!bo!
bnfoenfou!up!uif!dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju!boe!b!Eftjho!Sfwjfx!Cpbse!bqqmjdbujpo/!
Jg!bqqspwfe!cz!uif!QFD!boe!uif!ESC-!uif!bqqmjdbou!xjmm!cf!sfrvjsfe!up!pcubjo!bo!fbtfnfou!ps!
mjdfotf!gspn!uif!Upxo!Dpvodjm!up!vtf!uif!bjs!sjhiut!bcpwf!uif!UpxoÉt!sjhiu.pg.xbz/!
4
\[pojoh!Bobmztjt!
Uif!gpmmpxjoh!ubcmf!jt!qspwjefe!up!efnpotusbuf!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif!tuboebset!pg!uif!
Dpnnfsdjbm!Dpsf!2!\[pof!Ejtusjdu;!
TuboebseBmmpxfe!cz!DD2Qspqptfe
Tfucbdlt!)Gspou-!Tjef-!Sfbs*Op!sfrvjsfe!tfucbdltBeejujpobm!efdl!bsfb!pg!bqqspyjnbufmz!
55!tr/!gu/!jo!uif!UpxoÉt!sjhiu!pg!xbz-!
epft!opu!fyufoe!boz!gvsuifs!uibo!uif!
fyjtujoh!efdl/
Tusfbn!Tfucbdl 41!gu/!tfucbdl!gspn!dfoufsmjof!pg!Njmm!Nbyjnvn!pg!6!gu/!efdl!qspkfdujpo!joup!
Dsffl-!efdlt!nbz!qspkfdu!6!gu/!joup!tusfbn!tfucbdl
tfucbdl!
Tjuf!Dpwfsbhf 91&!pg!tjuf!bsfbQspqptfe!sppgfe!bsfb!pwfs!efdl!epft!
opu!bee!up!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!bt!uifsf!jt!
cbtfnfou!mfwfm!cfmpx
5
Dsjufsjb!gps!Sfwjfx;!!!
Bnfoenfou!up!b!Dpoejujpobm!Vtf!Qfsnju!
Bt!joejdbufe!bcpwf-!uifsf!jt!bo!fyjtujoh!pvuepps!ejojoh!efdl!dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju!jttvfe!gps!
uif!Hpoepmb!Ibvt!gps!uif!dvssfou!efdl/!!Bt!b!sftvmu-!uif!qspdftt!up!fyqboe!uif!efdl!jt!bo!
bnfoenfou!up!uif!fyjtujoh!dpoejujpot!vtf!qfsnju/!!Tfdujpo!23.27.21;!BNFOENFOU!
QSPDFEVSFT-!qspwjeft!uif!qspdftt!boe!sfwjfx!dsjufsjb!gps!bo!bnfoenfou;!
B/Uif!benjojtusbups!nbz!bqqspwf!bnfoenfout!up!bo!fyjtujoh!dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju!
)jodmvejoh-!cvu!opu!mjnjufe!up-!beejujpot!up!cvjmejoht!boe!tusvduvsft!bttpdjbufe!xjui!
uif!vtf-!dibohft!up!uif!pqfsbujpo!pg!uif!vtf-!dibohft!up!uif!qsfwjpvt!dpoejujpot!pg!
bqqspwbm-!fud/*!jg!uif!benjojtusbups!efufsnjoft!uif!bnfoenfou!nffut!uif!gpmmpxjoh!
dsjufsjb;!
2/Uif!bnfoenfou!jt!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!bmm!bqqmjdbcmf!fmfnfout!pg!uijt!dpef!
boe!uif!Wbjm!dpnqsfifotjwf!qmbo<!boe!
3/Uif!bnfoenfou!epft!opu!bmufs!uif!cbtjd!dibsbdufs!ps!joufou!pg!uif!psjhjobm!
dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju<!boe!
4/Uif!bnfoenfou!xjmm!opu!bewfstfmz!bggfdu!uif!qvcmjd!ifbmui-!tbgfuz-!boe!
xfmgbsf/!
C/Bmm!bnfoenfout!up!bo!fyjtujoh!dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju!opu!nffujoh!uif!bcpwf!mjtufe!
dsjufsjb-!bt!efufsnjofe!cz!uif!benjojtusbups-!tibmm!cf!sfwjfxfe!cz!uif!qmboojoh!boe!
fowjsponfoubm!dpnnjttjpo!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!qspdfevsft!eftdsjcfe!jo!tfdujpo!
23.27.6!pg!uijt!dibqufs/!
Uif!dsjufsjb!bsf!beesfttfe!jo!uif!bobmztjt!qspwjefe!cfmpx;!
2/Uif!bnfoenfou!jt!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!bmm!bqqmjdbcmf!fmfnfout!pg!uijt!dpef!boe!uif!Wbjm!
dpnqsfifotjwf!qmbo/!
BQQMJDBOU!BOBMZTJT;!!Bt!joejdbufe!jo!uif!\[pojoh!Bobmztjt-!uif!qspqptfe!bnfoenfou!
dpnqmjft!xjui!uif!sfrvjsfnfout!pg!uif!Upxo!Dpef/!!Uif!Hpoepmb!Ibvt!jt!{pofe!
Dpnnfsdjbm!Dpsf!2-!uif!qvsqptf!pg!xijdi!jt!qspwjefe!cfmpx;!
23.8C.2;!QVSQPTF;!Uif!Dpnnfsdjbm!Dpsf!2!Ejtusjdu!jt!joufoefe!up!qspwjef!tjuft!
boe!up!nbjoubjo!uif!vojrvf!dibsbdufs!pg!uif!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!dpnnfsdjbm!bsfb-!xjui!jut!
njyuvsf!pg!mpehft!boe!dpnnfsdjbm!ftubcmjtinfout!jo!b!qsfepnjoboumz!qfeftusjbo!
fowjsponfou/!Uif!Dpnnfsdjbm!Dpsf!2!Ejtusjdu!jt!joufoefe!up!fotvsf!befrvbuf!
mjhiu-!bjs-!pqfo!tqbdf-!boe!puifs!bnfojujft!bqqspqsjbuf!up!uif!qfsnjuufe!uzqft!pg!
cvjmejoht!boe!vtft/!Uif!Ejtusjdu!sfhvmbujpot!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!
Vscbo!Eftjho!Hvjef!Qmbo!boe!Eftjho!Dpotjefsbujpot!qsftdsjcf!tjuf!
efwfmpqnfou!tuboebset!uibu!bsf!joufoefe!up!fotvsf!uif!nbjoufobodf!boe!
qsftfswbujpo!pg!uif!ujhiumz!dmvtufsfe!bssbohfnfout!pg!cvjmejoht!gspoujoh!po!
6
qfeftusjboxbzt!boe!qvcmjd!hsffoxbzt-!boe!up!fotvsf!dpoujovbujpo!pg!uif!
cvjmejoh!tdbmf!boe!bsdijufduvsbm!rvbmjujft!uibu!ejtujohvjti!uif!Wjmmbhf/!
Uif!bqqmjdbcmf!dpnqsfifotjwf!qmboojoh!epdvnfout!jodmvef!uif!Wbjm!Mboe!Vtf!Qmbo!boe!
uif!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!Nbtufs!Qmbo/!!Cpui!epdvnfout!qspwjef!hpbmt!boe!pckfdujwft!uibu!bqqmz!
up!uif!qspqptfe!fyqbotjpo!pg!uif!pvuepps!ejojoh!efdl;!!
Wbjm!Mboe!Vtf!Qmbo!!
Uif!hpbmt!bsujdvmbufe!ifsf!sfgmfdu!uif!eftjsft!pg!uif!djuj{fosz!bt!fyqsfttfe!
uispvhi!uif!tfsjft!pg!qvcmjd!nffujoht!uibu!xfsf!ifme!uispvhipvu!uif!qspkfdu/!B!
tfu!pg!jojujbm!hpbmt!xfsf!efwfmpqfe!xijdi!xfsf!uifo!tvctuboujbmmz!sfwjtfe!bgufs!
ejggfsfou!uzqft!pg!pqjojpot!xfsf!cspvhiu!pvu!jo!uif!tfdpoe!nffujoh/!Uif!hpbm!
tubufnfout!xfsf!efwfmpqfe!up!sfgmfdu!b!hfofsbm!dpotfotvt!podf!uif!qvcmjd!ibe!
ibe!uif!pqqpsuvojuz!up!sfgmfdu!po!uif!dpodfqut!boe!jefbt!jojujbmmz!qsftfoufe/!Uif!
hpbm!tubufnfout!xfsf!uifo!sfwjtfe!uispvhi!uif!sfwjfx!qspdftt!xjui!uif!Ubtl!
Gpsdf-!uif!Qmboojoh!boe!Fowjsponfoubm!Dpnnjttjpo!boe!Upxo!Dpvodjm!boe!opx!
sfqsftfou!qpmjdz!hvjefmjoft!jo!uif!sfwjfx!qspdftt!gps!ofx!efwfmpqnfou!
qspqptbmt/!Uiftf!hpbm!tubufnfout!tipvme!cf!vtfe!jo!dpokvodujpo!xjui!uif!
bepqufe!Mboe!Vtf!Qmbo!nbq-!jo!uif!fwbmvbujpo!pg!boz!efwfmpqnfou!qspqptbm/!!
Uif!hpbm!tubufnfout!xijdi!bsf!sfgmfdufe!jo!uif!eftjho!pg!uif!qspqptfe!Qmbo!bsf!
bt!gpmmpxt;!!
2/!Hfofsbm!Hspxui!0!Efwfmpqnfou!
2/2/!Wbjm!tipvme!dpoujovf!up!hspx!jo!b!dpouspmmfe!fowjsponfou-!nbjoubjojoh!
b!cbmbodf!cfuxffo!sftjefoujbm-!dpnnfsdjbm!boe!sfdsfbujpobm!vtft!up!tfswf!
cpui!uif!wjtjups!boe!uif!qfsnbofou!sftjefou/!!
2/3/!Uif!rvbmjuz!pg!uif!fowjsponfou!jodmvejoh!bjs-!xbufs!boe!puifs!obuvsbm!
sftpvsdft!tipvme!cf!qspufdufe!bt!uif!Upxo!hspxt/!!
2/4/!Uif!rvbmjuz!pg!efwfmpqnfou!tipvme!cf!nbjoubjofe!boe!vqhsbefe!
xifofwfs!qpttjcmf/!!
2/5/!Uif!psjhjobm!uifnf!pg!uif!pme!Wjmmbhf!Dpsf!tipvme!cf!dbssjfe!joup!ofx!
efwfmpqnfou!jo!uif!Wjmmbhf!Dpsf!uispvhi!dpoujovfe!jnqmfnfoubujpo!pg!
uif!Vscbo!Eftjho!Hvjef!Qmbo/!!
4/!Dpnnfsdjbm!
4/5!Dpnnfsdjbm!hspxui!tipvme!cf!dpodfousbufe!jo!fyjtujoh!dpnnfsdjbm!
bsfbt!up!bddpnnpebuf!cpui!mpdbm!boe!wjtjups!offet/!!
5/!Wjmmbhf!Dpsf!0!Mjpotifbe!
5/!2/!Gvuvsf!dpnnfsdjbm!efwfmpqnfou!tipvme!dpoujovf!up!pddvs!qsjnbsjmz!
jo!fyjtujoh!dpnnfsdjbm!bsfbt/!Gvuvsf!dpnnfsdjbm!efwfmpqnfou!jo!uif!Dpsf!
bsfbt!offet!up!cf!dbsfgvmmz!dpouspmmfe!up!gbdjmjubuf!bddftt!boe!efmjwfsz/!!
5/4!Uif!bncjbodf!pg!uif!Wjmmbhf!jt!jnqpsubou!up!uif!jefoujuz!pg!Wbjm!boe!
tipvme!cf!qsftfswfe/!)Tdbmf-!bmqjof!dibsbdufs-!tnbmm!upxo!gffmjoh-!
7
npvoubjot-!obuvsbm!tfuujoht-!joujnbuf!tj{f-!dptnpqpmjubo!gffmjoh-!
fowjsponfoubm!rvbmjuz/*!!
Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!Nbtufs!Qmbo!
Uif!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!Nbtufs!Qmbo!jt!cbtfe!po!uif!qsfnjtf!uibu!uif!Wjmmbhf!dbo!cf!
qmboofe!boe!eftjhofe/!Uif!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!Nbtufs!Qmbo!jt!joufoefe!up!cf!dpotjtufou!
xjui!uif!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!Vscbo!Eftjho!Hvjef!Qmbo-!boe!bmpoh!xjui!uif!Hvjef!Qmbo-!ju!
voefstdpsft!uif!jnqpsubodf!pg!uif!sfmbujpotijq!cfuxffo!uif!cvjmu!fowjsponfou!
boe!qvcmjd!tqbdft/!Gvsuifsnpsf-!uif!Nbtufs!Qmbo!qspwjeft!b!dmfbsmz!tubufe!tfu!pg!
hpbmt!boe!pckfdujwft!pvumjojoh!ipx!uif!Wjmmbhf!xjmm!hspx!jo!uif!gvuvsf/!!
Hpbmt!gps!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!bsf!tvnnbsj{fe!jo!tjy!nbkps!hpbm!tubufnfout/!Xijmf!uifsf!jt!
b!dfsubjo!bnpvou!pg!pwfsmbq!cfuxffo!uiftf!tjy!hpbmt-!fbdi!gpdvtft!po!bo!btqfdu!
pg!uif!Wjmmbhf!boe!uif!dpnnvojuz!bt!b!xipmf/!B!tfsjft!pg!pckfdujwft!pvumjof!
tqfdjgjd!tufqt!uibu!dbo!cf!ublfo!upxbse!bdijfwjoh!fbdi!tubufe!hpbm/!Qpmjdz!
tubufnfout!ibwf!cffo!efwfmpqfe!up!hvjef!uif!Upxo(t!efdjtjpo.nbljoh!jo!
bdijfwjoh!fbdi!pg!uif!tubufe!pckfdujwft/!!
Uif!bqqmjdbcmf!tubufe!hpbmt-!pckfdujwft!boe!bdujpo!tufqt!pg!uif!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!
Nbtufs!Qmbo!bsf!bt!gpmmpxt;!!
HPBM!$2!FODPVSBHF!IJHI!RVBMJUZ-!SFEFWFMPQNFOU!XIJMF!
QSFTFSWJOH!VOJRVF!BSDIJUFDUVSBM!TDBMF!PG!UIF!WJMMBHF!JO!PSEFS!
UP!TVTUBJO!JUT!TFOTF!PG!DPNNVOJUZ!BOE!JEFOUJUZ/!!
Pckfdujwf!2/3;!Fodpvsbhf!uif!vqhsbejoh!boe!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!
sftjefoujbm!boe!dpnnfsdjbm!gbdjmjujft/!!
HPBM!$3!UP!GPTUFS!B!TUSPOH!UPVSJTU!JOEVTUSZ!BOE!QSPNPUF!ZFBS.
BSPVOE!FDPOPNJD!IFBM!UI!BOE!WJBCJMJUZ!GPS!UIF!WJMMBHF!BOE!GPS!
UIF!DPNNVOJUZ!BT!B!XIPMF/!!
Pckfdujwf!3/2;!Sfdphoj{f!uif!wbsjfuz!pg!mboe!vtft!gpvoe!jo!uif!22!tvc.
bsfbt!uispvhipvu!uif!Wjmmbhf!boe!bmmpx!gps!efwfmpqnfou!uibu!jt!
dpnqbujcmf!xjui!uiftf!ftubcmjtife!mboe!vtf!qbuufsot/!!
Pckfdujwf!3/3;!Sfdphoj{f!uif!jnqpsubodf!pg!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!bt!b!njyfe.vtf!
dfoufs!pg!bdujwjujft!gps!pvs!hvftut-!wjtjupst!boe!sftjefout/!!
Qpmjdz!3/3/2;!Uif!eftjho!dsjufsjb!jo!uif!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!Vscbo!Eftjho!
Hvjef!Qmbo!tibmm!cf!uif!qsjnbsz!hvjejoh!epdvnfou!up!qsftfswf!uif!
fyjtujoh!bsdijufduvsbm!tdbmf!boe!dibsbdufs!pg!uif!dpsf!bsfb!pg!Wbjm!
Wjmmbhf/!!
Pckfdujwf!3/5;!Fodpvsbhf!uif!efwfmpqnfou!pg!b!wbsjfuz!pg!ofx!
dpnnfsdjbm!bdujwjuz!xifsf!dpnqbujcmf!xjui!fyjtujoh!mboe!vtft/!!
Qpmjdz!3/5/3;!Bdujwjuz!uibu!qspwjeft!ojhiu!mjgf!boe!fwfojoh!
foufsubjonfou!gps!cpui!uif!hvftu!boe!uif!dpnnvojuz!tibmm!cf!
fodpvsbhfe/!!
8
Pckfdujwf!3/6;!Fodpvsbhf!uif!dpoujovfe!vqhsbejoh-!sfopwbujpo!boe!
nbjoufobodf!pg!fyjtujoh!mpehjoh!boe!dpnnfsdjbm!gbdjmjujft!up!cfuufs!tfswf!
uif!offet!pg!pvs!hvftut/!!
HPBM!$4!UP!SFDPHOJ\[F!BT!B!UPQ!QSJPSJUZ!UIF!FOIBODFNFOU!PG!UIF!
XBMLJOH!FYQFSJFODF!UISPVHIPVU!UIF!WJMMBHF!!
Qpmjdz!4/2/2;!Qsjwbuf!efwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut!tibmm!jodpsqpsbuf!
tusffutdbqf!jnqspwfnfout!)tvdi!bt!qbwfs!usfbunfout-!mboetdbqjoh-!
mjhiujoh!boe!tfbujoh!bsfbt*-!bmpoh!bekbdfou!qfeftusjbo!xbzt/!!
Pckfdujwf!4/4;!Fodpvsbhf!b!xjef!wbsjfuz!pg!bdujwjujft-!fwfout-!boe!tusffu!
mjgf!bmpoh!qfeftusjbo!xbzt!boe!qmb{bt/!!
Qpmjdz!4/4/3;!Pvuepps!ejojoh!jt!bo!jnqpsubou!tusffutdbqf!gfbuvsf!
boe!tibmm!cf!fodpvsbhfe!jo!dpnnfsdjbm!jogjmm!ps!sfefwfmpqnfou!
qspkfdut/!!
Uif!qspqptfe!fyqbotjpo!up!uif!fyjtujoh!pvuepps!ejojoh!efdl!xjmm!qspwjef!mjwfmjoftt!
uispvhi!pvuepps!ejojoh!xijdi!jt!bo!jefoujgjfe!efwfmpqnfou!pckfdujwf!pg!uif!Upxo!
joufoefe!up!jodsfbtf!bdujwjuz!jo!uif!dpnnfsdjbm!dpsft/!Uif!fyqboefe!pvuepps!ejojoh!
efdl!xjmm!qspwjef!bo!foibodfnfou!up!uif!tqbdf!uibu!beet!fofshz!boe!wjubmjuz!up!uif!
tusffutdbqf-!dpotjtufou!xjui!Efwfmpqnfou!Pckfdujwf!4/4/!!Uif!fyqbotjpo!pg!uif!
pvuepps!ejojoh!efdl!ibt!cffo!eftjhofe!up!dpnqmz!xjui!bmm!bqqmjdbcmf!sfrvjsfnfout!pg!
uif!\[pojoh!Dpef/!!Uif!qspqptbm!uifsfgpsf!dpnqmjft!xjui!uijt!dsjufsjpo/!
3/Uif!bnfoenfou!epft!opu!bmufs!uif!cbtjd!dibsbdufs!ps!joufou!pg!uif!psjhjobm!dpoejujpobm!
vtf!qfsnju/!
BQQMJDBOU!BOBMZTJT;!!Uif!
psjhjobm!dpoejujpobm!vtf!
qfsnju-!bqqspwfe!bt!qbsu!pg!
uif!cvjmejoh!dpotusvdujpo-!
bmmpxfe!gps!uif!tfdpoe!gmpps!
tqbdf!up!ibwf!bo!pvuepps!
ejojoh!efdl/!!Pvuepps!ejojoh!
ibt!bmxbzt!cffo!fodpvsbhfe!
jo!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf-!up!fomjwfo!uif!
tusffutdbqf!boe!jt!dpotjtufou!
xjui!uif!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!Nbtufs!
Qmbo/!!Uif!qspqptfe!
fyqbotjpo!pg!uif!pvuepps!
ejojoh!efdl!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui!
Uif!Hpoepmb!Ibvt!jt!bo!jdpojd!cvjmejoh!jo!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf-!xjui!uif!Bmnsftj!
uijt!psjhjobm!dibsbdufs!boe!
Sftubvsbou!dpousjcvujoh!up!uif!mjwfmjoftt!pg!Tfjcfsu!Djsdmf/!!
joufou/!!!
9
4/Uif!bnfoenfou!xjmm!opu!bewfstfmz!bggfdu!uif!qvcmjd!ifbmui-!tbgfuz-!boe!xfmgbsf/!
BQQMJDBOU!BOBMZTJT;!!Uif!fyqbotjpo!up!uif!pvuepps!ejojoh!efdl!ibt!cffo!eftjhofe!
up!dpnqmz!xjui!bmm!sfrvjsfnfout!pg!uif!Wbjm!\[pojoh!Dpef/!!Pof!pg!uif!qsjnbsz!eftjho!
dpotjefsbujpot!xbt!nbjoubjojoh!uif!tfucbdl!sfrvjsfnfout!gspn!Njmm!Dsffl/!!Uif!
bqqmjdbou!ibt!xpslfe!xjui!uif!Upxo!up!wfsjgz!uibu!bmm!qvcmjd!ifbmui-!tbgfuz-!boe!xfmgbsf!
sfrvjsfnfout!ibwf!cffo!nfu/!!!
10
Dsjufsjb!gps!Sfwjfx;!!!
Dpoejujpobm!Vtf!Qfsnju!
Uif!bqqmjdbou!ibt!bmtp!beesfttfe!uif!dsjufsjb!gps!sfwjfx!pg!b!dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju/!Tfdujpo!
23.27.7;!DSJUFSJB<!GJOEJOHT!qspwjeft!uif!sfwjfx!dsjufsjb!gps!b!dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju;!
B/Gbdupst!Fovnfsbufe;!Cfgpsf!bdujoh!po!b!dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju!bqqmjdbujpo-!uif!
qmboojoh!boe!fowjsponfoubm!dpnnjttjpo!tibmm!dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!gbdupst!xjui!
sftqfdu!up!uif!qspqptfe!vtf;!
2/Sfmbujpotijq!boe!jnqbdu!pg!uif!vtf!po!efwfmpqnfou!pckfdujwft!pg!uif!upxo/!
3/Fggfdu!pg!uif!vtf!po!mjhiu!boe!bjs-!ejtusjcvujpo!pg!qpqvmbujpo-!usbotqpsubujpo!
gbdjmjujft-!vujmjujft-!tdippmt-!qbslt!boe!sfdsfbujpo!gbdjmjujft-!boe!puifs!qvcmjd!
gbdjmjujft!boe!qvcmjd!gbdjmjujft!offet/!
4/Fggfdu!vqpo!usbggjd-!xjui!qbsujdvmbs!sfgfsfodf!up!dpohftujpo-!bvupnpujwf!boe!
qfeftusjbo!tbgfuz!boe!dpowfojfodf-!usbggjd!gmpx!boe!dpouspm-!bddftt-!
nbofvwfsbcjmjuz-!boe!sfnpwbm!pg!topx!gspn!uif!tusffut!boe!qbsljoh!bsfbt/!
5/Fggfdu!vqpo!uif!dibsbdufs!pg!uif!bsfb!jo!xijdi!uif!qspqptfe!vtf!jt!up!cf!
mpdbufe-!jodmvejoh!uif!tdbmf!boe!cvml!pg!uif!qspqptfe!vtf!jo!sfmbujpo!up!
tvsspvoejoh!vtft/!
6/Tvdi!puifs!gbdupst!boe!dsjufsjb!bt!uif!dpnnjttjpo!effnt!bqqmjdbcmf!up!uif!
qspqptfe!vtf/!
7/Uif!fowjsponfoubm!jnqbdu!sfqpsu!dpodfsojoh!uif!qspqptfe!vtf-!jg!bo!
fowjsponfoubm!jnqbdu!sfqpsu!jt!sfrvjsfe!cz!dibqufs!23!pg!uijt!ujumf/!
Uif!dsjufsjb!bsf!beesfttfe!jo!uif!bobmztjt!qspwjefe!cfmpx;!
2/Sfmbujpotijq!boe!jnqbdu!pg!uif!vtf!po!efwfmpqnfou!pckfdujwft!pg!uif!upxo/!
BQQMJDBOU!BOBMZTJT;!!Uif!qspqptfe!pvuepps!qbujp!xjmm!qspwjef!mjwfmjoftt!uispvhi!
pvuepps!ejojoh!xijdi!jt!bo!jefoujgjfe!efwfmpqnfou!pckfdujwf!pg!uif!Upxo!joufoefe!up!
jodsfbtf!bdujwjuz!jo!uif!dpnnfsdjbm!dpsft/!!Ju!xjmm!ibwf!b!qptjujwf!jnqbdu!po!uif!
qfeftusjbo!fowjsponfou-!qspwjejoh!bdujwjuz!po!uif!tfdpoe!gmpps/!!Uif!qspqptfe!pvuepps!
qbujp!xjmm!qspwjef!bo!foibodfnfou!up!uif!tqbdf!uibu!beet!fofshz!boe!wjubmjuz!up!uif!
tusffutdbqf-!dpotjtufou!xjui!Efwfmpqnfou!Pckfdujwf!4/4/!!
3/Fggfdu!pg!uif!vtf!po!mjhiu!boe!bjs-!ejtusjcvujpo!pg!qpqvmbujpo-!usbotqpsubujpo!gbdjmjujft-!
vujmjujft-!tdippmt-!qbslt!boe!sfdsfbujpo!gbdjmjujft-!boe!puifs!qvcmjd!gbdjmjujft!boe!qvcmjd!
gbdjmjujft!offet/!
11
BQQMJDBOU!BOBMZTJT;!!Evf!up!uif!obuvsf!pg!uif!qspqptbm-!uif!fyqbotjpo!pg!uif!
pvuepps!ejojoh!efdl!bu!uif!Hpoepmb!Ibvt!ibt!mjuumf-!jg!boz-!jnqbdu!po!uif!bcpwf!
sfgfsfodfe!dsjufsjb/!!Tpnf!bsfbt!cfmpx!uif!efdl!xjmm!cf!xjuijo!uif!tibef!boe!sfdfjwf!
mftt!mjhiu/!
4/Fggfdu!vqpo!usbgÑd-!xjui!qbsujdvmbs!sfgfsfodf!up!dpohftujpo-!bvupnpujwf!boe!
qfeftusjbo!tbgfuz!boe!dpowfojfodf-!usbgÑd!Òpx!boe!dpouspm-!bddftt-!nbofvwfsbcjmjuz-!
boe!sfnpwbm!pg!topx!gspn!uif!tusffut!boe!qbsljoh!bsfbt/!
BQQMJDBOU!BOBMZTJT;!!Uif!fyqbotjpo!pg!uif!pvuepps!ejojoh!efdl!mpdbufe!po!uif!
tfdpoe!mfwfm!pg!uif!cvjmejoh!xjmm!ibwf!mjuumf!ofhbujwf!fggfdu!po!qfeftusjbo!npwfnfou!ps!
tbgfuz!jo!uif!bsfb/!!Uifsf!bsf!op!jnqbdut!up!usbggjd!gmpx/!!Cfdbvtf!uif!tusffu!jt!ifbufe-!
sfnpwbm!pg!topx!jt!opu!b!dpodfso/!
5/Fggfdu!vqpo!uif!dibsbdufs!pg!uif!bsfb!jo!xijdi!uif!qspqptfe!vtf!jt!up!cf!mpdbufe-!
jodmvejoh!uif!tdbmf!boe!cvml!pg!uif!qspqptfe!vtf!jo!sfmbujpo!up!tvsspvoejoh!vtft/!
BQQMJDBOU!BOBMZTJT;!!Uif!qspqptfe!fyqbotjpo!up!uif!fyjtujoh!pvuepps!ejojoh!efdl!
xjmm!ibwf!b!qptjujwf!fggfdu!vqpo!uif!dibsbdufs!pg!uif!bsfb-!gvsuifsjoh!uif!pvuepps!ejojoh!
dvmuvsf!uibu!ibt!cffo!ftubcmjtife!xjuijo!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf/!Uif!fyqbotjpo!up!uif!pvuepps!
efdl!xjmm!bee!mjwfmjoftt-!bdujwjuz!boe!joufsftu!jo!uif!bsfb/!!Pvuepps!ejojoh!ibt!bmxbzt!
cffo!bo!jnqpsubou!btqfdu!up!uif!dibsbdufs!pg!uif!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!boe!jt!dpnnpo!jo!uif!
bsfb/!!!
Uif!Csjehf!Tusffu!Mpehf-!bekbdfou!up!uif!Hpoepmb!Ibvt-!ipvtft!8!Ifsnjut!boe!Mpt!
Bnjhpt-!cpui!pg!xijdi!ibwf!pvuepps!ejojoh!efdlt!boe0ps!qbujpt/!!Sfe!Mjpo-!bdsptt!
Ibotpo!Sbodi!Spbe-!bmtp!ibt!pvuepps!ejojoh/!!Ejsfdumz!bdsptt!uif!tusffu!jt!uif!Cjh!Cfbs!
Cjtusp-!bmtp!qspwjejoh!pvuepps!ejojoh!jo!uif!bsfb/!!Nboz!pg!uiftf!bmtp!fodspbdi!po!uif!
UpxoÉt!sjhiu.pg.xbz/!
8!Ifsnjut!boe!Mpt!Bnjhpt!bsf!mpdbufe!jo!uif!bekbdfou!Csjehf!Tusffu!Mpehf/!!Cpui!pggfs!pvuepps!ejojoh!pqqpsuvojujft!uibu!
ibwf!dsfbufe!b!gftujwf!bunptqifsf!jo!uif!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf/!!
12
Uif!Sfe!Mjpo!qspwjeft!pvuepps!ejojoh/!!Uif!pvuepps!qbujp!ibt!ifmqfe!up!bdujwbuf!uif!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf-!dsfbujoh!b!hbuifsjoh!bsfb!gps!
mpdbmt!boe!wjtjupst!bmjlf/!!
Npsf!sfdfoumz-!uif!Cmbdl!Cfbs!Cjtusp!ibt!fyqboefe!uifjs!pvuepps!ejojoh!pggfsjoht/!!Uif!Ibotpo!Sbodi!Spbe!tusffutdbqf!boe!
Tfjcfsu!Djsdmf!bsf!fomjwfofe!cz!uiftf!pvuepps!ejojoh!efdlt!boe0ps!qbujpt/
6/Tvdi!puifs!gbdupst!boe!dsjufsjb!bt!uif!dpnnjttjpo!effnt!bqqmjdbcmf!up!uif!qspqptfe!
vtf/!
BQQMJDBOU!BOBMZTJT;!!Uif!bqqmjdbou!dbo!qspwjef!boz!beejujpobm!jogpsnbujpo!
sfrvftufe!cz!uif!Tubgg!boe!puifs!sfwjfxjoh!cpbset/!
!
7/Uif!fowjsponfoubm!jnqbdu!sfqpsu!dpodfsojoh!uif!qspqptfe!vtf-!jg!bo!fowjsponfoubm!
jnqbdu!sfqpsu!jt!sfrvjsfe!cz!dibqufs!23!pg!uijt!ujumf/!
BQQMJDBOU!BOBMZTJT;!!Bo!fowjsponfoubm!jnqbdu!sfqpsu!jt!opu!sfrvjsfe!cz!Dibqufs!
23.23-!Wbjm!Upxo!Dpef<!uifsfgpsf-!uijt!dsjufsjpo!jt!opu!bqqmjdbcmf/!!
13
Dpodmvtjpo!
Uif!hpbm!pg!fyqboejoh!uif!efdl!jt!up!qspwjef!beejujpobm!pvuepps!tfbujoh!uibu!dbo!cf!vtfe!
zfbs.spvoe!gps!Bmnsftj/!!!Uif!fyjtujoh!efdl!ibt!ibe!mjnjufe!tvddftt!evf!up!jut!tnbmm!tj{f!boe!
gvodujpobmjuz/!!Uif!jodsfbtfe!efdl!bsfb!xjmm!bee!up!uif!wjcsbodf!boe!fdpopnjd!tubcjmjuz!pg!uif!
Upxo!xijmf!bmtp!bjejoh!jo!uif!tvddftt!pg!bo!ftubcmjtife!mpdbm!cvtjoftt/!!Uif!qspqptfe!
dpwfsjoh!pg!uif!efdl!bmmpxt!gps!hsfbufs!nvmuj.tfbtpobm!vtf/!!Uif!qspqptfe!beejujpobm!efdl!
bsfb!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!eftjho!pg!uif!Hpoepmb!Ibvt-!vtjoh!nbufsjbmt!boe!dpmpst!pg!uif!
fyjtujoh!bsdijufduvsf/!!Uif!qspqptbm!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!dsjufsjb!gps!sfwjfx!pg!b!dpoejujpobm!
vtf!qfsnju!gps!bo!pvuepps!ejojoh!efdl!jo!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf-!boe!dpnqmjft!xjui!bmm!puifs!sfrvjsfnfout!
pg!uif!Upxo!Dpef/!
14
TO: Planning and Environmental Commission
FROM:Community Development Department
DATE: April11, 2022
SUBJECT: A request for a recommendation to the Vail Town Council, pursuant to Section
12-3-7, Amendment, Vail Town Code, for prescribed regulations amendments to
Title 12, Zoning Regulations and Title 14, Development Standards, Vail Town
Code, to amend the regulations on landscaping to clarify how landscaping
beneath decks should be considered and setting forth details in regard thereto.
(PEC22-0001)
Applicant: Town of Vail
Planner: Greg Roy
I.SUMMARY
The applicant, the Town of Vail, is requesting a recommendation of approval to the Vail
Town Council for a prescribed regulation amendment pursuant to Section 12-3-7
Amendment, Vail Town Code to amend Section 14-10-8, Landscaping, Drainage, and
Erosion Control, Vail Town Code, and Section 12-2-2 Definition Of Words And Terms,
Vail Town Code, to amend the regulations on landscaping to clarify how landscaping
beneath decks should be considered.
Based upon Staff’s review of the criteria outlined in Section VII of this memorandum and
the evidence and testimony presented, the Community Development Department
recommends a recommendation of approval of this application, subject to the findings
noted in Section VIII of this memorandum.
II. DESCRIPTION OF REQUEST
The applicant requests a recommendation of approval to the Vail Town Council for a
prescribed regulation amendment pursuant to Section 12-3-7 Amendment, Vail Town
Code to amend Section 14-10-8, Landscaping, Drainage, and Erosion Control, Vail Town
Code, and Section 12-2-2 Definition Of Words And Terms, Vail Town Code to amend the
regulations on landscaping to clarify how landscaping beneath decks should be
consideredand setting forth details in regard thereto. (PEC22-0001)
The threemain changes proposed are as follows:
Amend the landscaping definitions listed in Town Code to all be the same.
Provide a route for the Design Review Board to determine if landscaping
underneath a deck serves the purpose of landscaping and whether or not it should
be counted towards the minimum amount required.
Clarify that the decks that qualify as “core development” mean only on grade decks
and not decks at upper levels.
III.BACKGROUND
The Community Development Department strives for rules and regulations that are
consistent, enforceable, predictable and easily understood. The current code language
does not address when landscaping underneath a deck should be counted or should not
be counted. Staff has been utilizing a reasonableness standard that has resulted in few
issues until recently. An application was submitted that included landscaping underneath
a deck that was located ten feet back from the front edge of the deck and the height of the
deck was nine feet above the landscaping. Staff did not count that area towards the
landscaping and provided a determination to the applicant, upon request, stating such.
That determination was appealed to the Design Review Board who then overturned the
determination.
Afterwards, Staff held three meetings with the Design Review Board to try to find a
resolution to the issue, but the resulting regulatory proposals were cumbersome and
ineffective in a practical sense. Ideas around sun/shade angle or a ratio of height to depth
were explored, but all seemed overly complicated and would require multiple factors for
review and design. The Board and Staff determined that creating regulations for
exceptional cases would be unduly burdensome and therefore the proposed language
would be the best solution. The proposed amendment will clarify the rules around these
few cases and will be applied consistently and predictably in the future.
IV. PROPOSED TEXT AMENDMENT LANGUAGE
The applicant proposes the following language to be added to Title 14:
The proposed amendments are as follows(text to be deleted is in strikethrough, text that
is to be added is bold. Sections of text that are not amended have been omitted.):
Proposed new code language
12-2-2
LANDSCAPING: Natural or significant rock outcroppings, native vegetation, planted
areas and plant materials, including trees, shrubs, lawns, flowerbeds and ground cover,
shall be deemed landscaping together with the core development such as walks, at
Town of Vail Page 2
grade decks, patios, terraces, water features, and like features not occupying more
than twenty percent (20%) of the landscaped area.
14-2-1
LANDSCAPE AREA: The area of a site not covered by buildings, driveways, and
covered walkways. Core development (hardscape) such as walks, decks, patios,
terraces, water features, and like features shall also be considered landscape area as
long as they do not exceed twenty percent (20%) of the landscape area. See
Landscaping
LANDSCAPING: P Natural or significant rock outcroppings, native vegetation,
p lanted areas and plant materials, including trees, shrubs, lawns, flowerbeds and
ground cover,shall be deemed landscaping together with core development such as
walks, at grade decks, patios, terraces, water features, and like features not occupying
more than twenty percent (20%) of the landscaped area. For the purposes of this title,
natural or significant rock outcroppings, trees or native vegetation shall be deemed
landscaping in hillside residential, single-family residential, primary/secondary
residential, two-family residential, residential cluster, and low density multi-family zone
districts.
14-10-8 (F):
(F) Landscaping proposed underneath an above grade deck may be counted
toward the required minimum landscaping subject to review by the Design
Review Board.
V. ROLES OF REVIEWING BODIES
Order of Review:
Generally, text amendment applications will be reviewed by the Planning and
Environmental Commission and the Commission will forward a recommendation to the
Town Council. The Town Council will then review the text amendment application and
make the final decision.
Planning and Environmental Commission:
The Planning and Environmental Commission is responsible for the review of a text
amendment application, pursuant to Section 12-3-7, Amendment, Vail Town Code, and
forwarding of a recommendation to the Town Council.
Town Council:
The Town Council is responsible for final approval, approval with modifications, or denial
of a text amendment application, pursuant to Section 12-3-7, Amendment, Vail Town
Code.
Staff:
Town of Vail Page 3
The Town Staff facilitatestheapplication review process. Staff reviews the submitted
applicationmaterials forcompleteness andgeneral compliance with the appropriate
requirements of the Town Code. Staff also provides the Planning and Environmental
Commission a memorandum containing a description and background of the application;
an evaluation of the application in regard tothe criteria and findings outlined by the Town
Code; and a recommendation of approval, approval with modifications, or denial.
VI. APPLICABLE PLANNING DOCUMENTS
Staff believes that the following provisions of the Vail Town Code and Vail Land Use Plan
are relevant to the review of this proposal:
Vail Comprehensive Plan
Land Use and Development Goal #1
1.3: The quality of development should be maintained and upgraded whenever
possible.
Vail 2020 Strategic Plan
Goal #1: Vail will continue to manage growth, maintaining a balance between the
bulk and mass of residential, commercial and recreational uses to ensure the
quality, character, diversity and vitality of the town by ensuring that all regulatory
and advisory land use documents are updated and current, providing ease of
compliance and enforcement, and uniformity among regulatory and advisory
documents.
Goal #3: Ensure fairness and consistency in the development review process.
Title 12 – Zoning Regulations, Vail Town Code
Chapter 12-2, Definitions (in part)
LANDSCAPING: Natural or significant rock outcroppings, native vegetation, planted
areas and plant materials, including trees, shrubs, lawns, flowerbeds and ground cover,
shall be deemed landscaping together with the core development such as walks, decks,
patios, terraces, water features, and like features not occupying more than twenty
percent (20%) of the landscaped area.
Title 14 Development Standards, Vail Town Code
Chapter 14-2-1, Definitions of words and terms:
DECK SETBACK (Ground Level): A line or location within a lot or site which establishes
the permitted location of an at grade (within 5 feet of grade) deck or patio on a lot.
Town of Vail Page 4
DECK SETBACK (Not Ground Level): A line or location within a lot or site which
establishes the permitted location of an above grade (greater than 5 feet above grade)
deck or balcony on a lot.
Chapter 14-10-8, Landscaping, Drainage, and Erosion Control (in part)
A.Various natural vegetation zones exist within the Gore Valley as a result of the form
and aspects of the land itself. The north facing slopes within the valley are typically
heavily wooded with spruce, pine and aspen and generally receive less direct sunlight
than the drier south facing slopes which typically consist of sage, aspen and other
vegetation tolerant of drier conditions. The valley floor which is adjacent to Gore Creek
consists of a wide variety of trees and shrubs adapted to the relatively fertile soil and
natural availability of water.
The goal of any landscape plan should be to preserve and enhance the natural
landscape character of the area in which it is to be located and serve as an aid in fire
prevention and protection. The landscape scale and overall landscape design shall be
developed so that new vegetation is integral with the natural landscape and the inherent
form, line, color and texture of the local plant communities. The major objective of the
landscaping is to help reduce the scale of new structures, to assist in the screening of
structures, to reduce the risk to life and structures from the intrusion of fire from wildland
fire exposure and fire exposures from adjacent structures, and to mitigate structure fires
from spreading to wildland fuels. The planting of large-sized, well-spaced plant
materials is encouraged. Fire wise plant materials are required due to their ability to
resist fire. Trees shall be maintained through limbing and pruning in order to prevent
limbs from being too close to structures and other plant materials. Special care should
be taken in selecting the types of plants to use when designing a landscape plan. Final
selection should be based upon the soils and climate, ease of establishment, suitability
for the specific use desired, ability to deter the spread of fires and the level of
maintenance that can be provided. New planting shall use plants that are indigenous to
the Rocky Mountain alpine and subalpine zones or are capable of being introduced into
these zones.
VII. CRITERIA FOR REVIEW
1. The extent to which the text amendment furthers the general and specific
purposes of the zoning regulations; and
The general purpose of the zoning regulations is for “promoting the health, safety, morals,
and general welfare of the town, and to promote the coordinated and harmonious
development of the town in a manner that will conserve and enhance its natural
environment and its established character as a resort and residential community of high
quality”. This text amendment is intended to clarify the definitions of landscaping to
ensure adequate landscaping is provided on a site as prescribed in this code. Doing so
will enhance the character of the town as a residential community of the highest quality by
Town of Vail Page 5
reducing the visual impact of buildings.It will also further the specific purposes below:
“7. To prevent excessive population densities and overcrowding of the land with
structures.
8. To safeguard and enhance the appearance of the town.
10. To assure adequate open space, recreation opportunities, and other
amenities and facilities conducive to designed living quarters. “
Staff finds that the proposed text amendment conformsto this criterion.
2. The extent to which the text amendment would better implement and better
achieve the applicable elements of the adopted goals, objectives, and policies
outlined in the Vail comprehensive plan and is compatible with the development
objectives of the town; and
The results of this amendment are minimal. The purpose it to add clarity and remove
ambiguity, thereby providing better service.
Staff finds that the proposed text amendment conformsto this criterion.
3. The text amendment demonstrates how conditions have substantially changed
since the adoption of the subject regulation and how the existing regulation is no
longer appropriate or is inapplicable; and
The existing regulations lack clarity concerning how landscaping underneath a deck is
measured. The introduction of the Vail Village Townhouse District with small lots results in
a need for creative site planning in order to meet all the requirements. As GRFA is
unlimited in this district the limiting factor tends to be site coverage and landscaping for
this area of town. As these lots redevelop over time the situation is likely to come up more
often in the future and this amendment addressing the question is needed.
Staff finds that the proposed text amendment conformsto this criterion.
4. The extent to which the text amendment provides a harmonious, convenient,
workable relationship among land use regulations consistent with municipal
development objectives; and
The proposed language allows for the needed flexibility when reviewing landscaping
under decks that are above grade. It does not create any new standards that would be
inconsistent with past projects but does bring attention to the possible need for a
secondary review from the Design Review Board when appropriate.
Staff finds that the proposed text amendment conformsto this criterion.
Town of Vail Page 6
5.Such other factors and criteria the Planning and Environmental Commission
and/or council deem applicable to the proposed text amendments
Staff will provide additional information as needed should the PEC and/or Council
determine other factors or criteria applicable to the proposed text amendments.
VIII. STAFF RECOMMENDATION
The Community Development Department recommends that the Planning and
Environmental Commission forward a recommendation of approval for the prescribed
regulation amendment to the Vail Town Council. This recommendation is based upon the
review of the criteria outlined in Section Vll of this memorandum and the evidence and
testimony presented.
Should the Planning and Environmental Commission choose to forward a
recommendation of approval to the Vail Town Council for the proposed prescribed
regulation amendment, the Community Development Department recommends the
Commission pass the following motion:
"The Planning and Environmental Commission forwards a recommendation of approval to
the Vail Town Council for prescribed regulations amendments to Title 12, Zoning
Regulations and Title 14, Development Standards, Vail Town Code, to amend the
regulations on landscaping to clarify how landscaping beneath decks should be
considered and setting forth details in regard thereto. (PEC22-0001)”
Should the Planning and Environmental Commission choose to forward a
recommendation of approval to the Vail Town Council for the proposed prescribed
regulation amendment, the Community Development Department recommends the
Commission makes the following findings:
“Based upon a review of Section VII of the April 11, 2022 staff memorandum to the
Planning and Environmental Commission, and the evidence and testimony presented, the
Planning and Environmental Commission finds:
1. That the amendment is consistent with the applicable elements of the adopted goals,
objectives and policies outlined in the Vail Comprehensive Plan and is
compatible with the development objectives of the Town; and
2. That the amendment furthers the general and specific purposes of the Zoning
Regulations outlined in Section 12-1-2, Purpose, Vail Town Code; and
3. That the amendment promotes the health, safety, morals, and general welfare of the
Town and promotes the coordinated and harmonious development of the Town in a
Town of Vail Page 7
manner that conserves and enhances its natural environment and its established
character as a resort and residential community of the highest quality."
IX.ATTACHMENTS
None
Town of Vail Page 8
TO: Planning and Environmental Commission
FROM:Community Development Department
DATE: April 11, 2022
SUBJECT: A request for a recommendation to the Vail Town Council, pursuant to Section
12-3-7, Amendment, Vail Town Code, for prescribed regulations amendments to
Title 14, Development Standards, Vail Town Code, Title 12 Zoning Regulations,
Vail Town Code, and Title 11, Sign Regulations, Vail Town Code to correct out of
date references and setting forth details in regard thereto. (PEC22-0003)
Applicant: Town of Vail
Planner: Jonathan Spence
I. SUMMARY
The Community Development Department is proposing to update the Vail Town Code to
correct out of date references identified by an audit performed by the code company.
These updates are meant to reflect changes in state law (Colorado Revised Statues) and
are not substantive in nature.
II.DESCRIPTION OF REQUEST
The Community Development Department is requesting that the Planning and
Environmental Commission forward a recommendation of approval to the Vail Town
Council for amendments to Sections 12, pursuant to Section 12-3-7, Amendment, Vail
Town Code, to correct out of date references. These out of date references to Colorado
Revised Statutes were discovered by a routine audit performed by the code company.
III. PROPOSED TEXT AMENDMENT LANGUAGE
Please see the draft ordinance prepared by the Town’s legal staff included as Attachment
A for an understanding of the limited scope of the changes.
IV.ROLES OF REVIEWING BODIES
Order of Review:
Generally, text amendment applications will be reviewed by the Planning and
Environmental Commission and the Commission will forward a recommendation to the
Town Council. The Town Council will then review the text amendment application and
make the final decision.
Planning and Environmental Commission:
The Planning and Environmental Commission is responsible for the review of a text
amendment application, pursuant to Section 12-3-7, Amendment, Vail Town Code, and
forwarding of a recommendation to the Town Council.
Design Review Board:
The Design Review Board (DRB) has no review authority over a text amendment to the
Vail Town Code. The DRB held three separate work sessions to review the proposed text
amendment. The board is supportive of the language submitted to the PEC for their
review.
Town Council:
The Town Council is responsible for final approval, approval with modifications, or denial
of a text amendment application, pursuant to Section 12-3-7, Amendment, Vail Town
Code.
Staff:
The Town Staff facilitates the application review process. Staff reviews the submitted
application materials for completeness and general compliance with the appropriate
requirements of the Town Code. Staff also provides the Planning and Environmental
Commission a memorandum containing a description and background of the application;
an evaluation of the application in regard tothe criteria and findings outlined by the Town
Code; and a recommendation of approval, approval with modifications, or denial.
V. APPLICABLE PLANNING DOCUMENTS
Staff believes that following provisions of the Vail Town Code and Vail Land Use Plan are
relevant to the review of this proposal:
Title 12, Zoning Regulations, Vail Town Code
CHAPTER 12-1, TITLE, PURPOSE AND APPLICABILITY (in part)
Section 12-1-2: Purpose:
Town of Vail Page 2
A. General: These regulations are enacted for the purpose of promoting the health,
safety, morals, and general welfare of the Town, and to promote the coordinated and
harmonious development of the Town in a manner that will conserve and enhance its
natural environment and its established character as a resort and residential community
of high quality.
B. Specific: These regulations are intended to achieve the following more specific
purposes:
1. To provide for adequate light, air, sanitation, drainage, and public facilities.
2. To secure safety from fire, panic, flood, avalanche, accumulation of snow, and
other dangerous conditions.
3. To promote safe and efficient pedestrian and vehicular traffic circulation and to
lessen congestion in the streets.
4. To promote adequate and appropriately located off-street parking and loading
facilities.
5. To conserve and maintain established community qualities and economic values.
6. To encourage a harmonious, convenient, workable relationship among land uses,
consistent with Municipal development objectives.
7. To prevent excessive population densities and overcrowding of the land with
structures.
8. To safeguard and enhance the appearance of the Town.
9. To conserve and protect wildlife, streams, woods, hillsides, and other desirable
natural features.
10. To assure adequate open space, recreation opportunities, and other amenities
and facilities conducive to desired living quarters.
11. To otherwise provide for the growth of an orderly and viable community.
VI. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
The proposed prescribed regulation amendment does not have any identifiable
environmental impacts.
Town of Vail Page 3
VII.CRITERIA FOR REVIEW
1.The extent to which the text amendment furthers the general and specific
purposes of the zoning regulations; and
The general purposes of the zoning regulations are for “promoting the health, safety,
morals, and general welfare of the town, and to promote the coordinated and harmonious
development of the town in a manner that will conserve and enhance its natural
environment and its established character as a resort and residential community of high
quality”. This text amendment is intended to addressminor changes in state law and out
of date references in order to maintain an accurate municipal code.
Staff finds that the proposed text amendment meetsthis criterion.
2. The extent to which the text amendment would better implement and better
achieve the applicable elements of the adopted goals, objectives, and policies
outlined in the Vail comprehensive plan and is compatible with the development
objectives of the town; and
The proposed text amendment will update the Town Code to reflect changes to state law
and the references thereto. The changes will not have bearing on development
objectives of the Town of Vail.
Staff finds that the proposed text amendment meets this criterion.
3. The text amendment demonstrates how conditions have substantially changed
since the adoption of the subject regulation and how the existing regulation is no
longer appropriate or is inapplicable; and
The proposed text changes are the result of changes made to Colorado Revised Statues
which the code, at times, references. The amendments bring the code up to date with
applicable statutes.
Staff finds that this criterion is not applicable.
4. The extent to which the text amendment provides a harmonious, convenient,
workable relationship among land use regulations consistent with municipal
development objectives; and
The proposed text amendments will have no effect on the town’s land use regulations or
their effectiveness thereof.
Staff finds that this criterion is not applicable.
Town of Vail Page 4
5.Such other factors and criteria the Planning and Environmental Commission
and/or council deem applicable to the proposed text amendments
Staff will provide additional information as needed should the PEC and/or council
determine other factors or criteria applicable to the proposed text amendments.
VIII. STAFF RECOMMENDATION
The Community Development Department recommends that the Planning and
Environmental Commission forward a recommendation of approval for the prescribed
regulation amendment to the Vail Town Council. This recommendation is based upon the
review of the criteria outlined in Section VII of this memorandum and the evidence and
testimony presented.
Should the Planning and Environmental Commission choose to forward a
recommendation of approval to the Vail Town Council for the proposed prescribed
regulation amendment, the Community Development Department recommends the
Commission pass the following motion:
"The Planning and Environmental Commission forwards a recommendation of approval to
the Vail Town Council for prescribed regulations amendments to Title 12 Zoning
Regulations, Vail Town Code, to correct out of date references and setting forth details in
regard thereto. (PEC22-0003).”
Should the Planning and Environmental Commission choose to forward a
recommendation of approval to the Vail Town Council for the proposed prescribed
regulation amendment, the Community Development Department recommends the
Commission makes the following findings:
“Based upon a review of Section VII of the April 11, 2022staff memorandum to the
Planning and Environmental Commission, and the evidence and testimony presented, the
Planning and Environmental Commission finds:
1. That the amendment is consistent with the applicable elements of the adopted goals,
objectivesand policies outlined in the Vail Comprehensive Plan and is compatible
with the development objectives of the Town; and
2. That the amendment furthers the general and specific purposes of the Zoning
Regulations outlined in Section 12-1-2, Purpose, Vail Town Code; and
3. That the amendment promotes the health, safety, morals, and general welfare of the
Town and promotes the coordinated and harmonious development of the Town in a
manner that conserves and enhances its natural environment and its established
Town of Vail Page 5
character as a resort and residential community of the highest quality."
IX. ATTACHMENTS
A. Draft Ordinance correcting various sections of Title 12.
Town of Vail Page 6
ORDINANCE NO. ___
SERIES 2022
AN ORDINANCE CORRECTING VARIOUS SECTIONS OF TITLE 12 OF
THE VAIL TOWN CODE TO REFLECT CHANGES IN STATE LAW
WHEREAS, the Town seeks to maintain an accurate municipal code, substantive
changes were made to various Title 12 zoning regulations; and
WHERAS, the Town wishes to have accurate guidelines regarding geologically
sensitive areas and development.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT ORDAINED BY THE TOWN COUNCIL OF THE
TOWN OF VAIL, COLORADO, THAT:
Section 1. Section 12-2-2 of the Vail Town Code is hereby amended as follows:
12-2-2: DEFINITIONS OF WORDS AND TERMS:
For purposes of this Title, the following terms shall have the following
meanings:When used in this title, the words and phrases contained in this
title shall have the specific meanings as defined in this section.
* * *
FRACTIONAL FEE CLUB UNIT: An individual dwelling unit in a fractional
fee club described as such in the project documentation and not an
accommodation unit within the fractional fee club. No offer of a fractional
fee club unit shall be made except pursuant to an application for registration
and certification as a subdivision developer of a timeshare program or an
exemption from registration approved by the State of Colorado Real Estate
Commission pursuant to Colorado Revised Statutes 12-61-401 et seq.,
C.R.S. § 12-10-501, et seq., and the rules and regulations promulgated
pursuant thereto. Within ten (10) days after receipt of a written request, the
developer of a fractional fee club unit shall provide to the staff of the
Department of Community Development a copy of the application or request
for exemption filed with the State of Colorado Real Estate Commission
and/or evidence of approval of the application or request for exemption.
* * *
Section 2. Section 12-21-2 of the Vail Town Code is hereby amended as
follows:
12-21-2: DEFINITIONS:
For the purposes of this Chapter, the following terms shall have the
following meanings words contained in this section are defined as follows:
1
4/6/2022
S:\\COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT\\BOARDS\\PLANNING ENVIRONMENTAL COMMISSION\\PEC MEETINGS
2022\\041122\\PEC22-0003 ZONING CODE CORRECTIONS\\DRAFT ORDINANCE.DOCX
***
START OF CONSTRUCTION (for other than new construction or
Substantial Improvements Under The Coastal Barrier Resources Act (Pub.
L. No. 97-348 16 U.S.C. § 3501, et seq.)): Includes S substantial
improvement and means the date the building permit was issued, provided
the actual start of construction, repair, reconstruction, rehabilitation,
addition, placement, or other improvement was within one hundred eighty
(180) days of the permit date. The "actual start" means: either the first
placement of permanent construction of a structure on a site, such as the
pouring of slab or footings; the installation of piles, the construction of
columns, or any work beyond the stage of excavation; or the placement of
a manufactured home on a foundation. Permanent construction doesnot
include: land preparation, such as clearing, grading and filling; nor does it
include the installation of streets and/or walkways; nor does it include
excavation for basement, footings, piers or foundations or the erection of
temporary forms; nor does it include or the installation on the property of
accessory buildings, such as garages or sheds not occupied as dwelling
units or not part of the main structure. For a substantial improvement, the
"actual start of construction" means the first alteration of any wall, ceiling,
floor, or other structural part of a building, whether or not that alteration
affects the external dimensions of the building.
* * *
Section 3. Section 12-21-13.B.1 of the Vail Town Code is hereby amended as
follows:
12-21-13: RESTRICTIONS IN GEOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREAS:
* * *
B. Investigation:
1. In any area located within the boundaries of the Lincoln
DeVore map, or in any area identified as a debris flow or debris avalanche
area by the Mears map, or in any area identified as a rockfall area by the
Schmueser map, no initial application for a building permit, grading permit
or major or minor subdivision shall be approved until a site specific geologic
investigation is complete. For thepurpose s of this Section, a site specific
geologic investigation shall be deemed a detailed geologic investigation
which is applicable to each respective site. All reports and studies required
by this Section shall be prepared by a "professional geologist", as defined
by Colorado Revised Statutes section 34-1-01 C.R.S. § 23-41-208, as
amended, or a "registered professional engineer", as defined by Colorado
Revised Statutes section 12-25-102 C.R.S. § 12-120-202, as amended,
2
4/6/2022
S:\\COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT\\BOARDS\\PLANNING ENVIRONMENTAL COMMISSION\\PEC MEETINGS
2022\\041122\\PEC22-0003 ZONING CODE CORRECTIONS\\DRAFT ORDINANCE.DOCX
under the direction of and at the expense of the owner/applicant and
submitted to the Department of Community Development.
***
Section 4. If any part, section, subsection, sentence, clause or phrase of this
ordinance is for any reason held to be invalid, such decision shall not effect the validity of
the remaining portions of this ordinance; and the Council hereby declares it would have
passed this ordinance, and each part, section, subsection, sentence, clause or phrase
thereof, regardless of the fact that any one or more parts, sections, subsections,
sentences, clauses or phrases be declared invalid.
Section 5. The Council hereby finds, determines and declares that this
ordinance is necessary and proper for the health, safety and welfare of the Town and the
inhabitants thereof.
Section 6. The amendment of any provision of the Town Code as provided in
this ordinance shall not affect any right which has accrued, any duty imposed, any
violation that occurred prior to the effective date hereof, any prosecution commenced, nor
any other action or proceeding as commenced under or by virtue of the provision
amended. The amendment of any provision hereby shall not revive any provision or any
ordinance previously repealed or superseded unless expressly stated herein.
Section 7. All bylaws, orders, resolutions and ordinances, or parts thereof,
inconsistentherewith are repealed to the extent only of such inconsistency. This repealer
shall not be construed to revise any bylaw, order, resolution or ordinance, or part thereof,
theretofore repealed.
INTRODUCED, READ ON FIRST READING, APPROVED, AND ORDERED
PUBLISHED ONCE IN FULL ON FIRST READING this ___ day of ______________,
2022 and a public hearing for second reading of this Ordinance set for the _____day of
______________, 2022, in the Council Chambers of the Vail Municipal Building, Vail,
Colorado.
_____________________________
Kim Langmaid, Mayor
ATTEST:
____________________________
Tammy Nagel, Town Clerk
READ AND APPROVED ON SECOND READING AND ORDERED PUBLISHED
this ___ day of ______________, 2022.
_____________________________
Kim Langmaid, Mayor
3
4/6/2022
S:\\COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT\\BOARDS\\PLANNING ENVIRONMENTAL COMMISSION\\PEC MEETINGS
2022\\041122\\PEC22-0003 ZONING CODE CORRECTIONS\\DRAFT ORDINANCE.DOCX
ATTEST:
____________________________
Tammy Nagel, Town Clerk
4
4/6/2022
S:\\COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT\\BOARDS\\PLANNING ENVIRONMENTAL COMMISSION\\PEC MEETINGS
2022\\041122\\PEC22-0003 ZONING CODE CORRECTIONS\\DRAFT ORDINANCE.DOCX