Loading...
HomeMy WebLinkAbout2022-04-11 PEC TO: Planning and Environmental Commission FROM: Community Development Department DATE: April 11, 2022 SUBJECT: A request for review of Major Exterior Alteration, pursuant to Section 12-7H-7, Exterior Alterations or Modifications, Vail Town Code, to allow for redevelopment of the Evergreen Lodge, located 250 South Frontage Road West/Lot 2W, Block 1, Vail Lionshead Filing 2, and Lot F-1, Vail Village Filing No. 2 and setting forth details in regard thereto. (PEC22-0006) and A request for review of a Conditional Use Permit, pursuant to Section 12-7H-2 Permitted and Conditional Uses; Basement or Garden Level, and Section 12-7H-3; Permitted and Conditional Uses; First Floor or Street Level, Vail Town Code, in accordance with Title 12, Chapter 16, Conditional Use Permits, Vail Town Code, to allow for dwelling units and attached accommodation units on the basement, garden level or first floor of the redevelopment of the Evergreen Lodge, located 250 South Frontage Road West/Lot 2W, Block 1, Vail Lionshead Filing 2, and Lot F-1, Vail Village Filing No. 2 and setting forth details in regard thereto. (PEC22-0007) and A request for the review a variance from Section 12-7H-10, Setbacks and Section 12- 7H-14 Site Coverage, Vail Town Code, pursuant to Title 12 Chapter 17, Variances, Vail Town Code, related to below grade improvements for the redevelopment of the Evergreen Lodge, located 250 South Frontage Road West/Lot 2W, Block 1, Vail Lionshead Filing 2, and Lot F-1, Vail Village Filing No. 2 and setting forth details in regard thereto. (PEC22-0008) Applicant: HCT Member, LLC represented by Mauriello Planning Group Planner: Jonathan Spence I. SUMMARY The applicant, HCT Member, LLC represented by Mauriello Planning Group, requeststhe review of a Major Exterior Alteration, pursuant to Section 12-7H-7, Exterior Alterations or Modifications, Vail Town Code, to allow for the replacement of the existing Evergreen Lodge with a new development, located at 250 South Frontage Road West.In addition, the applicant also requests the review of: AVariance from Section 12-7H-10, Setbacks,and Section 12-7H-14 Site Coverage, Vail Town Code, related to below grade improvements. A Conditional Use Permit pursuant to Section 12-7H-2 Permitted and Conditional Uses; Basement or Garden Level, and Section 12-7H-3; Permitted and Conditional Uses; First Floor or Street Level, Vail Town Code, in accordance with Title 12, Chapter 16, Conditional Use Permits, Vail Town Code, to allow for dwelling units and attached accommodation units on the basement, garden level or first floor. This meeting shall serve as an introduction to the project and its discreet components. As such, staff has not prepared a full analysis of the project at this time but has proposed a series of discussion items. A full staff analysis, with recommendations, will be provided at a future meeting. Staff has reviewed the submitted materials including the required Environmental Impact Report, included as Attachment B. Preliminary comments have been returned to the applicant. It is anticipated that the resubmittal will address these comments and any items identified by the PEC. Following the initial review of these applications, staff requests that these items be continued to the May 9, 2022 meeting. II. DESCRIPTION OF REQUEST HCT Member, LLC is represented by Mauriello Planning Group is proposing a four to six- story multi-family residential project consisting of the following components: 135 residential condominiums ranging in size from one (1) bedroom units to two-level four (4) bedroom units 128 attached accommodation units A flat roof with planted roofscapes, amenities and a 9,000 sq. ft. solar array An underground parking structure containing 203 spaces. Project amenities include an approximately 9,000 sq. ft. lobby with front desk and concierge, workout facilities and exterior pool, hot tubs and fire pits. Associated site improvements and landscaping. Included with this memorandum are the Project Narrative (Attachment A), Environmental Impact Report (Attachment B), Plan Set (Attachment C) and a link to the electronic version of the Lionshead Redevelopment Master Plan (Attachment D). III. BACKGROUND The existing Evergreen Lodge was constructed in 1974. Prior to 2005, the Evergreen Lodge was zoned Special Development District No. 14 with an underlying zoning of High Density Multiple-Family. The Special Development District (SDD) was established via Ordinance No. 5, Series of 1986. The SDD permitted 128 accommodation units, 19 dwelling units, a restaurant, lounge, spa, and meeting room/conference facility space. Minor improvements to the Evergreen Lodge have occurred over the years however the structure remains largely as originally constructed. On December 20, 2005, Resolution No. 23, Series of 2005, was approved by the Vail Town Council amending the Lionshead Redevelopment Master Plan to include detailed plan recommendations for the Evergreen Lodge site and amend the boundaries of the Lionshead Study Area. Additionally, Ordinance No. 30, Series of 2005, was adopted establishing Lionshead Mixed Use 1 District zoning for the Evergreen Lodge parcel. On August 10, 2015, the Planning and Environmental Commission held a worksession to begin a discussion regarding the proposed master plan amendment application. As a result of the worksession and public comment, a number of questions and issues were raised. On September 14, 2015, the Planning and Environmental Commission held a worksession to continue discussions regarding the proposed master plan amendments. As an outcome of the worksession, the Commission voted unanimously to continue the public hearing. On September 28, 2015, the Planning and Environmental Commission held a worksession to continue discussions regarding the proposed master plan amendments. In sum, the Commission recommended severalchanges be made to the amendments to provide less specificity concerning certain plan recommendations. The Commission's preference was to have a document more general in nature while still proposing possible or potential options and solutions. On October 26, 2015, the Planning and Environmental Commission held a public hearing on the request to amend the Lionshead Redevelopment Master Plan regarding the future redevelopment of the Evergreen Lodge at Vail. Upon final review, the Commission voted unanimously to forward a recommendation of approval of the proposed amendment to the Vail Town Council. Via Resolution No. 38, Series of 2015, the amendments to the detailed plan recommendation section for the Evergreen Lodge were approved. In2017,TheEvergreenandtheadjoiningpropertyowner,VailClinic,Inc., aColorado nonprofit corporation (“Vail Health”), completed a land exchange whereby The EvergreenconveyedtoVailHealthcertainpropertyontheSouthFrontageRoadknown as Lot 2-W, and Vail Health conveyedto TheEvergreen certain propertynear West Meadow Drive known as Lot F-1. In connection with theland exchange, the Evergreen and Vail Health entered into a series of easements and other agreements that enabled Vail Health to construct itsrecently completed expansion.Please see additional information concerning the interrelationship between Vail Health and Evergreen and the associated agreements. IV. DISCUSSION ITEMS This meeting before the Planning and Environmental Commission shall serve as an introduction to the project and its components. Staff offers the following discussion points for this meeting: Proposed Uses and Hot Bed Provisions The application proposes 135 dwelling units with 128 attached accommodation units within a voluntary short-term rental program. Please see Section 4.13 of the LRMP for specific language concerning the Hot Bed criterion. Staff recognizes that the overall intent of Section 4.13 is not dependent on a specific number or type of product. As witnessed with the amendments to the Four Seasons and the Lion developments in relation to unit mix, Vail owners, visitors and guests are interested largely in residential units with kitchens as opposed to standard hotel rooms. Does the PEC concur with the project’s direction in meeting the Hot Bed requirement? If not, what revisions would be necessary to assist in meeting this requirement? Would the inclusion of additional unit types assist? Deviation to the Architectural Design Guidelines for New Development. (Flat roofs) The application has requested a deviation from the LRMP Design Guidelines for the inclusion of flat roofs, contrary to the recommended roofing style. The application asserts that the flat roofs are the basis needed to incorporate sustainable practices and are appropriate considering the context. Please review the deviation criteria language from the LRMP included in Section IX of this memorandum. The uniform use of flat roofs (Section 8.4.2.7 of the LRMP) is a significant departure from the spirit of the area’s mountain architecture as stated in the Vision Statement (8.1) The new image for Lionshead should move towards the future—using historical alpine references and Vail Village as antecedents. The LRMP states that primary roofs within Lionshead are to be predominantly gables and hips, with sheds or flat roofs permitted at smaller, secondary roofs and that the overall image for Lionshead takes its cue from the simple, fragmented, gabled roof forms of European alpine villages, where views of the roofscapes from the mountains are paramount. And that, the roofscape of Lionshead is a criticalcomponent in “knitting” together the built environment and providing visualcohesion to the urban fabric of Lionshead. That being said, the location of the Evergreen outside of the generally recognized limits of Lionshead does warrant additional consideration. Sandwiched between Vail Health Campus and the Civic Area, the location of the redevelopment of the Evergreen lends support to the applicant’s position. As a recognized transition area, a departure from the design guidelines to facilitate the flat roofs may be appropriate. Staff requests that the PEC provide direction on this fundamental project component. • General Architectural Approach As a follow-up to the roof discussion, staff requests that the PEC review the overall architectural approach as it relates to the LRMP design guidelines. While the application states that the project will comply with all design guidelines with the exception of the flat roofs, the presentation at this time is a more modern interpretation than seen on previously approved projects located within Lionshead Village. It is important to note that many of the design guidelines require an analysis at a more granular level than found in the plans at this time. It is under the purview of the PEC to review the proposed mass and scale of the Evergreen Redevelopment in relation to the design standards. Relationship with Middle Creek Section 5.19.4 Impacts on Middle Creek Steam Tract is a subsection of the site specific recommendations for the Evergreen redevelopment. As stated, it is imperative that any future development on the Evergreen Lodge site does not negatively impact or encroach upon the existing riparian corridor of Middle Creek. Staff has identified possible concerns with the strict adherence to the 10’ minimum building setback and the resulting shading from a building placed in such close proximity. Further analysis of this item is occurring in concert with the Environmental and Public Works departments as a partnership between the Town and the applicant may help establish the best actions in relation to Middle Creek. Staff recommends that the PEC review the applicant’s narrative concerning this item and offer feedback, as appropriate. V. APPLICABLE PLANNING DOCUMENTS Title 12, Zoning Regulations, Vail Town Code (in part) ARTICLE H – Lionshead Mixed Use 1 (LMU-1) District 12-7H-1: PURPOSE: The Lionshead mixed use 1 district is intended to provide sites for a mixture of multiple- family dwellings, lodges, hotels, fractionalfee clubs, timeshares, lodge dwelling units, restaurants, offices, skier services, and commercial establishments in a clustered, unified development. Lionshead mixed use 1 district, in accordance with the Lionshead redevelopment master plan, is intended to ensure adequate light, air, open space and other amenities appropriate to the permitted types of buildings and uses and to maintain the desirable qualities of the zone district by establishing appropriate site development standards. This zone district is meant to encourage and provide incentives for redevelopment in accordance with the Lionshead redevelopment master plan. This zone district was specifically developed to provide incentives for properties to redevelop. The ultimate goal of these incentives is to create an economically vibrant lodging, housing, and commercial core area. The incentives in this zone district include increases in allowable gross residential floor area, building height, and density over the previously established zoning in the Lionshead redevelopment master plan study area. The primary goal of the incentives is to create economic conditions favorable to inducing private redevelopment consistent with the Lionshead redevelopment master plan. Additionally, the incentives are created to help finance public off site improvements adjacent to redevelopment projects. With any development/redevelopment proposal taking advantage of the incentives created herein, the following amenities will be evaluated: streetscape improvements, pedestrian/bicycle access, public plaza redevelopment, public art, roadway improvements, and similar improvements. (Ord. 29(2005) §24: Ord. 3(1999) § 1) 12-7H-7: EXTERIOR ALTERATIONS OR MODIFICATIONS: A. Review Required: The construction of a new building or the alteration of an existing building that is not a major exterior alteration as described in subsection B of this section shall be reviewed by the design review board in accordance with chapter 11 of this title. 1. Submittal Items Required: The submittal items required for a project that is not a major exterior alteration shall be provided in accordance with section 12-11-4 of this title. B. Major Exterior Alteration: The construction of a new building or the alteration of an existing building which adds additional dwelling units, accommodation units, fractional fee club units, timeshare units, any project which adds more than one thousand (1,000) square feet of commercial floor area or common space, or any project which has substantial off site impacts (as determined by theadministrator) shall be reviewed by the planning and environmental commission as a major exterior alteration in accordance with this chapter and section 12-3-6 of this title. Any project which requires a conditional use permit shall also obtain approval of the planning and environmental commission in accordance with chapter 16 of this title. Complete applications for major exterior alterations shall be submitted in accordance with administrative schedules developed by the department of community development for planning and environmental commission and design review board review. 1.Submittal Items Required, Major Exterior Alteration: The following submittal items are required: a. Application: An application shall be made by the owner of the building or the building owner's authorized agent or representative on a form provided by the administrator. Any application for condominiumized buildings shall be authorized by the condominium association in conformity with all pertinent requirements of the condominium association's declarations. b. Application; Contents: The administrator shall establish the submittal requirements for an exterior alteration or modification application. A complete list of the submittal requirements shall be maintained by the administrator and filed in the department of community development. Certain submittal requirements may be waived and/or modified by the administrator and/or the reviewing body if it is demonstrated by the applicant that the information and materials required are not relevant to the proposed development or applicable to the planning documents that comprise the Vail comprehensive plan. The administrator and/or the reviewing body may require the submission of additional plans, drawings, specifications, samples and other materials if deemed necessary to properly evaluate the proposal. C. Work Sessions/Conceptual Review: If requested by either the applicant or the administrator, submittals may proceed to a work session with the planning and environmental commission, a conceptual review with the design review board, or a work session with the town council. D. Hearing: The public hearing before the planning and environmental commission shall be held in accordance with section 12-3-6 of this title. The planning and environmental commission may approve the application as submitted, approve the application with conditions or modifications, or deny the application. The decision of the planning and environmental commission may be appealed to the town council in accordance with section 12-3-3 of this title. E. Lapse Of Approval: Approval of an exterior alteration as prescribed by this article shall lapse and become void two (2) yearsfollowing the date of approval by the design review board unless, prior to the expiration, a building permit is issued and construction is commenced and diligently pursued to completion. Administrative extensions shall be allowed for reasonable and unexpected delays as long as code provisions affecting the proposal have not changed. (Ord. 29(2005) §24: Ord. 5(2003) § 11: Ord. 8(2001) §2: Ord. 3(1999) § 1) 12-7H-8: COMPLIANCE BURDEN: It shall be the burden of the applicant to prove by a preponderance of the evidence before the planning and environmental commission and the design review board that the proposed exterior alteration or new development is in compliance with the purposes of the Lionshead mixed use 1 district, that the proposal is consistent with applicable elements of the Lionshead redevelopment master plan and that the proposal does not otherwise have a significant negative effect on the character of the neighborhood, and that the proposal substantially complies with other applicable elements of the Vail comprehensive plan. (Ord. 29(2005) § 24: Ord. 3(1999) § 1) 12-7H-18: MITIGATION OF DEVELOPMENT IMPACTS: Property owners/developers shall also be responsible for mitigating direct impacts of their development on public infrastructure and in all cases mitigation shall bear a reasonable relation to the development impacts. Impacts may be determined based on reports prepared by qualified consultants. The extent of mitigation and public amenity improvements shall be balanced with the goals of redevelopment and will be determined by the planning and environmental commission in review of development projects and conditional use permits. Mitigation of impacts may include, but is not limited to, the following: employee housing per the town's current employee housing policy, roadway improvements, pedestrian walkway improvements, streetscape improvements, stream tract/bank improvements, public art improvements, and similar improvements. The intent of this section is to only require mitigation for large scale redevelopment/development projects which produce substantial off site impacts. (Ord. 14(2006) § 3: Ord. 29(2005) § 24: Ord. 3(1999) § 1) LIONSHEAD REDEVELOPMENT MASTER PLAN The Lionshead Redevelopment Master Plan is theguiding document when it comes to the analysis, review, and approval of projects within the Lionshead planning area. Staff encourages the Commission to review the document,a link to which has been provided as Attachment C. Special attention should be given to the following sections: Chapter 2: Introduction including purpose, definition and policy objectives. Chapter 4: Master Plan Recommendations-Overall Study Area, Chapter 5: Detailed Plan Recommendations, specifically Section 5.19 Chapter 8: Architectural Design Guidelines, with special attention to 8.4.2, VI.ZONING ANALYSIS Address: 250 South Frontage Road West Legal Description: Lot 2W, Block 1, Vail Lionshead Filing 2, and Lot F-1, Vail Village Filing No. 2 Lot Size: 2.45 acres / 106,836 sq. ft. Existing Zoning: Lionshead Mixed Use 1 (LMU-1) Land Use Designation: Lionshead Redevelopment Master Plan Mapped Geological Hazards: None Development Required by Town ProposedComplies? StandardCode 2.45acres /106,836 sq. ft Min. 10,000 sq. ft.Complies Lot Size Front – 10’North: 30’ Variance to east Minimum Setbacks Side – 10’ South: 10’ setback requested, Rear – 10’ East: 0’ per Section 12-7H-10: West: 10’Setbacks 82.5 ft. max 81 ft. max Under Review Maximum Height 71 ft. average 71 ft. average 233,884sq.ft. GRFA Max. 250/100 Complies Buildable Site Area or 267,909 sq. ft. 10% of project GRFA 13 onsite units Under Review EHU Requirements minus credit for under Inclusionary existing facilities Zoning and Commercial Linkage Overall:85,706sq. ft. Max. 70% of site area Variance requested, Site coverage (80.2%) Above Grade = or 74,785 sq. ft. per Section 12-7H-14: maximum 67,946 sq. ft. (63.5%) Site Coverage Softscape: 24,407 sq. ft. Min. 20% of site area Under Review Minimum Hardscape: 13,151 sq. ft. or 21,367 sq. ft. Landscaping Total: 37,558 sq. ft. 1.4 per unit or 207 203 spaces with mixed Under Review Required Parking spaces use credit VII. SURROUNDING LAND USES AND ZONING North: South Frontage Road West No Zoning South: Residential Lionshead Mixed Use 1 (LMU-1) East: Vail Health GeneralUse (GU) West:StreamtractNatural Area Preservation(NAP) VIII. REVIEW CRITERIA-MAJOR EXTERIOR ALTERATION As this is awork session staff will not beaddressing the criteria at thistime. Staff will addresseach criterion infull ata future meeting. Major ExteriorAlteration Section12-7H-8,ComplianceBurden,Vail Town Code, outlines the review criteria for major exterior alteration applications proposed within the Lionshead Mixed Use 1 (LMU- 1) zone district. According to Section 12-7H-8, VailTown Code, a major exterior alteration shall be reviewed for compliance with the following criteria: 1. That the proposed major exterior alteration is in compliance with the purposes of the Lionshead Mixed Use 1 zone district; 2. That the proposal is consistent with applicable elements of the Lionshead Redevelopment Master Plan; 3. That the proposal doesnot otherwise have a significant negativeeffect onthe character of the neighborhood;and, 4. That the proposal substantially complies withother applicable elements of the Vail Comprehensive Plan. IX.REVIEW CRITERIA-DEVIATION TO THE ARCHITECTURAL GUIDELINES FOR NEW DEVELOPMENT The following criteria shall be used by the Town of Vail Planning & Environmental Commission and Design Review Board to determine if deviations to the Guidelines should be granted: It shall be the burden of the applicant to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Town of Vail Planning & Environmental Commission following a recommendation from the Design Review Board that: 1. The request for design deviations are in compliance with the purposes of the one district; and 2. The proposal which includes the design deviations is consistent with applicable elements of the Lionshead Redevelopment Master Plan; and 3. The proposal which includes the design deviations does not have a significant negative effect on the character of the neighborhood; and 4. The proposal substantially complies with other applicable elements of the Vail comprehensive plan; and 5. The design deviation meets or exceeds the intent of the specific design standardsas prescribed in Section 8.4; and, 6. A public benefit is achieved as a result of the design deviation; and, 7. The design deviation furthers the goals, objectives and purposes as stated in Sections 2.3, 2.5 and 8.2 of the Lionshead Redevelopment Master Plan. (Res. 18, Series of 2004) X. REVIEW CRITERIA–VARIANCES The applicanthas requested a variance from the required ten-foot (10’) side(east) setback in addition to a site coverage variance for below grade improvements. The applicable criteria for the granting of such variances are as follows: 1. The relationship of the requested variance to other existing or potential uses and structures in the vicinity. 2. The degree to which relief from the strict and literal interpretation and enforcement of a specified regulation is necessary to achieve compatibility and uniformity of treatment among sites in the vicinity or to attain the objectives of this title without a grant of special privilege. 3. The effect of the requested variance on light and air, distribution of population, transportation and traffic facilities, public facilities and utilities, and public safety. 4. Such other factors and criteria as the commission deems applicable to the proposed variance. XI. REVIEW CRITERIA – CONDITIONAL USE The applicant has requested the review of a Conditional Use Permit to allow multifamily residential dwelling units and attached accommodation units on the basement, garden level or first floor. The applicable criteria for approving the proposed conditional uses is as follows: A. Factors Enumerated: Before acting on a conditional use permit application, the planning and environmental commission shall consider the following factors with respect to the proposed use: 1. Relationship and impact of the use on development objectives of the town. 2.Effect of the use on light and air, distribution of population, transportation facilities, utilities, schools, parks and recreation facilities, and other public facilities and public facility needs. 3. Effect upon traffic, with particular reference to congestion, automotive and pedestrian safety and convenience, traffic flow and control, access, maneuverability, and removal of snow from the streets and parking areas. 4. Effect upon the character of the area in which the proposed use is to be located, including the scale and bulk of the proposed use in relation to surrounding uses. 5. Such other factors and criteria as the commission deems applicable to the proposed use. 6.The environmental impact report concerning the proposed use, if an environmental impact report is required by chapter 12 of this title. B.Necessary Findings: The planning and environmental commission shall make the following findings before granting a conditional use permit: 1. That the proposed location of the use is in accordance with the purposes of this title and the purposes of the zone district in which the site is located. 2. That the proposed location of the use and the conditions under which it would be operated or maintained will not be detrimental to the public health, safety, or welfare, or materially injurious to properties or improvements in the vicinity. 3.That the proposed use will comply with each of the applicable provisions of this title. XII.STAFF RECOMMENDATIONS TheCommunityDevelopment Department recommends continuing PEC22-0006, 0007 and 0008 to the May 9, 2022 PEC meeting. XIII. ATTACHMENTS A. Project Narrative, February 21, 2022 B. Environmental Impact Report, February 2022 C. Project Plan Set, February 11, 2022 D. Link to Lionshead Redevelopment Master Plan https://www.vailgov.com/home/showpublisheddocument/1796/63745870922943000 0 E. Correspondence from Vail International, April 4, 2022 UIF! FWFSHSFFO Nbkps!Fyufsjps!Bmufsbujpo-!Dpoejujpobm!Vtf! Qfsnju-!Wbsjbodft-!boe!Eftjho!Hvjefmjof! Efwjbujpo Mpdbujpo;361!T/!Gspoubhf!Spbe!Xftu! Mpu!3X-!Cmpdl!2-!Wbjm!Mjpotifbe!Gjmjoh!3! boe!Mpu!G.2-!B!Sftvcejwjtjpo!pg!Mpu!G-!Wbjm! Wjmmbhf!Tfdpoe!Gjmjoh Tvcnjuufe;!!Gfcsvbsz!32-!3133 UBCMF!PG!DPOUFOUT! J/UFBN!EJSFDUPSZ4! JJ/JOUSPEVDUJPO!BOE!CBDLHSPVOE5! JJJ/TVTUBJOBCMF!EFTJHO22! JW/FYJTUJOH!'!QSPQPTFE!EFWFMPQNFOU26! W/\[POJOH!'!QBSLJOH!BOBMZTJT27! WJ/FNQMPZFF!IPVTJOH!QMBO29! JY/DSJUFSJB!GPS!SFWJFX;!NBKPS!FYUFSJPS!BMUFSBUJPO33! WJ/DSJUFSJB!GPS!SFWJFX;!EFTJHO!EFWJBUJPO58! WJJJ/DSJUFSJB!GPS!SFWJFX;!DPOEJUJPOBM!VTF!QFSNJU)T*74! WJJ/DSJUFSJB!GPS!SFWJFX;!WBSJBODFT78 Qbhf!3!pg!84 J/UFBN!EJSFDUPSZ! Pxofstijq!Djwjm!Fohjoffsjoh! IDU!Nfncfs!MMD!Bmqjof!Fohjoffsjoh! Tpmbsjt!Hspvq!Nbuu!Xbefz! Tibspo!Dpio!:81.:37.4484! 414.661.5662!xbefzAbmqjofdjwjm/dpn! tibspoAtpmbsjtwbjm/dpn! Fowjsponfoubm!! Foujumfnfout!Cjsdi!Fdpmphz! Nbvsjfmmp!Qmboojoh!Hspvq!Ifbuifs!Ipvtupo! Epnjojd!Nbvsjfmmp!831.461.3641! :81.487.4429!ifbuifsACjsdifdpmphz/dpn! epnjojdAnqhwbjm/dpn! Gjsf!Qspufdujpo!boe!Mjgf!Tbgfuz! Bsdijufduvsf!Tufwf!Spejofmmj!Mjgf!Tbgfuz! Topx!Lsfjmjdi!414.918.4432! Nbuu!Lsfjmjdi!tufwfASpoejofmmjmjgftbgfuz/dpn! 723.863.1376! Dpotusvdujpo!! nbuuAtopxlsfjmjdi/dpn! CH!Cvjmejohxpslt-!Jod/! Mboetdbqf!Bsdijufduvsf!Fsjd!Svcpuupn! UFOyUFO!:81.332.67:2!y3336! Sptt!Bmuifjnfs!! Tusvduvsbm!Fohjoffsjoh 723.551.947:! LM'B!Fohjoffst!boe!Cvjmefst! spttAufoyufotuvejp/dpn! Disjt!Lfoebmm! ! :81.887.5931! Usbd!Fohjoffs! NdEpxfmm!Fohjoffsjoh! Lbsj!Tdispfefs! :81.734.1899! lbsjAndepxfmmfoh/dpn! Qbhf!4!pg!84 JJ/JOUSPEVDUJPO!BOE!CBDLHSPVOE IDU!Nfncfs!MMD!)ifsfbgufs!Æ Uif!Fwfshsffo Ç*!pxot!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf-!mpdbufe!bu!361!T/! Gspoubhf!Spbe!Xftu!0!Mpu!3X-!Cmpdl!2-!Wbjm!Mjpotifbe!Gjmjoh!3!boe!Mpu!G.2-!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!Tfdpoe! Gjmjoh/!!Uif!Tpmbsjt!Hspvq-!xijdi!jodmveft!IDU!Nfncfs!MMD-!jt!tvcnjuujoh!uijt!bqqmjdbujpo!up! uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!up!bmmpx!gps!b!Nbkps!Fyufsjps!Bmufsbujpo-!Dpoejujpobm!Vtf!Qfsnju-!boe!Wbsjbodft! voefs!uif!Mjpotifbe!Njyfe!Vtf.2!{pof!ejtusjdu!bmpoh!xjui!b!Eftjho!Hvjefmjof!Efwjbujpo!gspn! uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo/!!Uif!Tpmbsjt!Hspvq!jt!sf.csboejoh!uif!Fwfshsffo! Mpehf!up!Æ Uif!Fwfshsffo Ç-!ijhimjhiujoh!cpui!uif!ijtupsjdbm!obnf!pg!uif!qspqfsuz!boe!uif!pwfs. sfbdijoh!hpbm!up!cf!bo!fybnqmf!pg!tvtubjobcmf!cvjmejoh!qsbdujdft!jo!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm/! Tvckfdu!Qspqfsuz Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!xbt!psjhjobmmz!dpotusvdufe!jo!2:85/!!Uifsf!ibwf!cffo!wbsjpvt! efwfmpqnfou!qmbot!gps!uif!qspqfsuz!ibwf!cffo!dpotjefsfe!pwfs!uif!zfbst-!jodmvejoh!b!Tqfdjbm! Qbhf!5!pg!84 Efwfmpqnfou!Ejtusjdu!jo!uif!2::1t!uibu!xbt!ofwfs!dpotusvdufe/!!Cfzpoe!bo!beejujpo!jo!uif! 2:91t!uibu!beefe!uif!mpccz!bsfb!boe!dpnnfsdjbm!vtft-!hfofsbmmz!uif!ipufm!ibt!opu!dibohfe! nvdi!tjodf!jut!psjhjobm!dpotusvdujpo/! Bsdijwfe!qmbot!gspn!uif!2:96!beejujpo!up!uif! Fwfshsffo!Mpehf-!uifo!b!Epvcmfusff!Ipufm/!! Uif!tjuf!xbt!jodpsqpsbufe!joup!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!boe!{pofe! Mjpotifbe!Njyfe!Vtf.2!jo!3116/!Tfdujpo!6/2:!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo! beesfttjoh!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!xbt!uifo!bnfoefe!jo!3126/!!! Uif!sfefwfmpqnfou!qspqptbm!jt!up!efnpmjti!uif!fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!boe!dpotusvdu!Uif! Fwfshsffo/!!Xjui!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!qspwjejoh!uif!hvjejoh!qsjodjqmft-! Uif!Fwfshsffo!Eftjho!Ufbn!ibt!eftjhofe!b!qspkfdu!uibu!sfÒfdut!uif!hpbmt!boe!pckfdujwft!pg! uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm/!!Xjui!b!gpdvt!po!sfÒfdujoh!uif!obuvsbm!hsbef!dibohf!pg!uif!tjuf-!Uif!Fwfshsffo! tufqt!epxo!gspn!uif!wfijdvmbs!fousbodf!pgg!uif!ofx!Gspoubhf!Spbe!spvoe.bcpvu-!epxo!up!uif! npsf!qfeftusjbo!tdbmf!pg!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf/!!Ubljoh!dvft!gspn!uif!sfdfoumz!dpnqmfufe!Wbjm! Qbhf!6!pg!84 Ifbmui-!boe!uif!ijtupsjdbm!qsfdfefout!pg!Epctpo!Jdf!Bsfob!boe!uif!Wbjm!Mjcsbsz-!uif!bsdijufduvsf! sfÒfdut!b!cmfoe!pg!uif!npvoubjo!npefso!bftuifujd!pg!uiftf!tvsspvoejoh!vtft-!xijmf! jodpsqpsbujoh!uif!usbejujpobm!gpsnt!pg!Fvspqfbo!eftjho/!!Nfshjoh!uif!obuvsbm!mboetdbqf!xjui!uif! cvjmejoh!gpsn-!uif!nbkpsjuz!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jodpsqpsbuft!hsffo!sppgt!xijdi-!jo!beejujpo!up!uif tvtubjobcmf!cfofÑut-!bmmpx!gps!pvuepps!bnfojujft!boe!bdujwjujft!bddfttjcmf!up!hvftut/!! Njeemf!Dsffl!jt!bekbdfou!up!Uif!Fwfshsffo/!!Uif!eftjho!gpdvtft! po!uif!qsftfswbujpo!pg!uif!sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps/ Pof!pg!uif!lfz!btqfdut!pg!uif!qmbo!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!up!qsftfswf!boe!sftupsf!uif!Njeemf! Dsffl!Tusfbn!sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps/!!Uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!jefoujÑft!uijt!bt!b! qsjnbsz!hpbm-!tubujoh;! Bo!pqqpsuvojuz!fyjtut!up!dsfbuf!b!tjhojÑdbou!dpoofdujpo!cfuxffo!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf! boe!Njeemf!Dsffl/!Boz!vtf!pg!Njeemf!Dsffl!gps!bftuifujd!ps!sfdsfbujpobm!qvsqptft-! ipxfwfs-!tipvme!cf!tvcpsejobuf!up!uif!qsftfswbujpo!pg!uif!obuvsbm!sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps!boe! jut!joifsfou!obuvsbm!dibsbdufs/Ç!)Tfdujpo!6/25/:* Qbhf!7!pg!84 Xjui!uif!hpbm!pg!qsftfswjoh!boe!jodsfbtjoh!mjwf!cfet!jo!Mjpotifbe-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!dpotjtut!pg! 246!exfmmjoh!vojut!xjuijo!b!wpmvoubsz!tipsu.ufsn!sfoubm!qsphsbn-!xjui!239!buubdife! bddpnnpebujpo!vojut/!!Uijt!jt!b!tjhojÑdbou!jodsfbtf!pg!uif!dvssfou!239!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut! boe!2:!exfmmjoh!vojut!xjuijo!uif!dvssfou!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf/!!Uif!qspqfsuz!hpft!gspn!258!lfzt!up! 374!lfzt-!b!28:&!jodsfbtf/!! Uif!Fwfshsffo!jodmveft!24!po.tjuf!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!vojut!frvbujoh!up!27-891!tr/!gu/-! fydffejoh!uif!ipvtjoh!sfrvjsfnfou!pg!25-558!tr/!gu//!!Uiftf!po.tjuf!FIVt!jodmvef!b!njy!pg!2.-! 3.-!4.-!boe!5.cfesppn!vojut-!xjui!b!upubm!pg!39!cfesppnt!po.tjuf/!!Uiftf!po.tjuf!vojut!bsf!jo!uif! ifbsu!pg!Wbjm-!xjui!bddftt!up!bmm!pg!uif!cfofÑut!pg!mjwjoh!xjuijo!uif!dpsf!pg!Wbjm/!!Bt!qspqptfe-!Uif! Fwfshsffo!jt!qspwjejoh!24!vojut!pg!mpdbmt!ipvtjoh!xjui!b!upubm!pg!39!cfesppnt-!xjui!3-444!tr/!gu/! qspwjefe!cfzpoe!uif!sfrvjsfnfout/ Uif!qmboojoh!boe!eftjho! Wbjm!Ifbmui!jt!bekbdfou!up!uif!tjuf!boe! qspdftt!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo qspwjeft!bsdijufduvsbm!dpoufyu tubsufe!ofbsmz!b!efdbef!bhp-! bt!b!uisff.xbz!qbsuofstijq! cfuxffo!Wbjm!Ifbmui-!uif!Upxo! pg!Wbjm-!boe!uif!Tpmbsjt!Hspvq/!! Uif!dppqfsbujpo!pg!fbdi!qbsuz! dvmnjobufe!jo!wbsjpvt! bhsffnfout-!fbtfnfout-!mboe! fydibohf-!fud/!!Podf!Wbjm! IfbmuiÉt!jnqspwfnfout!xfsf! dpnqmfufe-!boe!uif!UpxoÉt! spvoebcpvu!xbt!dpnqmfufe-! uif!Tpmbsjt!Hspvq!xbt!bcmf!up! dpoufnqmbuf!b!sfefwfmpqnfou!qspkfdu/!!Uipvhi!wbtumz!npsf!dpnqmjdbufe!uibo!eftdsjcfe!cfmpx-! uif!gpmmpxjoh!qspwjeft!b!csjfg!pwfswjfx!pg!tpnf!pg!uiftf!jufnt!uibu!xfsf!joufhsbm!up!uijt!qspdftt; Mboe!Fydibohf/!Jo!3128-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!boe!uif!bekpjojoh!qspqfsuz!pxofs-!Wbjm!Dmjojd-!Jod/-! b!Dpmpsbep!opoqspÑu!dpsqpsbujpo!)ÆWbjm!IfbmuiÇ*-!dpnqmfufe!b!mboe!fydibohf!xifsfcz!Uif! Fwfshsffo!dpowfzfe!up!Wbjm!Ifbmui!dfsubjo!qspqfsuz!po!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!lopxo!bt! Mpu!3.X-!boe!Wbjm!Ifbmui!dpowfzfe!up!Uif!Fwfshsffo!dfsubjo!qspqfsuz!ofbs!Xftu!Nfbepx! Esjwf!lopxo!bt!Mpu!G.2/!Jo!dpoofdujpo!xjui!uif!mboe!fydibohf-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!boe!Wbjm! Qbhf!8!pg!84 Ifbmui!foufsfe!joup!b!tfsjft!pg!fbtfnfout!boe!puifs!bhsffnfout!uibu!fobcmfe!Wbjm!Ifbmui!up! dpotusvdu!jt!sfdfoumz!dpnqmfufe!fyqbotjpo-!boe-!jo!uvso-!xjmm!bmmpx!Uif!Fwfshsffo!up! dpnqmfuf!jut!sfefwfmpqnfou!bt!dpoufnqmbufe!jo!uijt!bqqmjdbujpo/! Mboetdbqf!Mje!Fbtfnfou!Bhsffnfou/!!Qvstvbou!up!uibu!dfsubjo!Mboetdbqf!Mje! Fbtfnfou!Bhsffnfou!ebufe!Efdfncfs!38-!3128-!cz!boe!cfuxffo!Uif!Fwfshsffo!boe!Wbjm! Ifbmui-!sfdpsefe!po!Efdfncfs!3:-!3128!bu!Sfdfqujpo!Op/!3128356:9!)uif!ÆMje! FbtfnfouÇ*-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!ibt!uif!sjhiu!up!dpotusvdu!bo!fmfwbufe!pvuepps!mboetdbqfe!boe! ibsetdbqfe!qfeftusjbo!xbmlxbz!boe!ufssbdf!po!uif!xftufsonptu!56!gu/!pg!Wbjm!IfbmuiÉt! fyjtujoh!qspqfsuz/!Bmtp!qvstvbou!up!uif!Mje!Fbtfnfou-!Wbjm!Ifbmui!bhsffe!up!opu!pqqptf!Uif! FwfshsffoÉt!sfrvftu!gps!b!{fsp!tfucbdl!mjof!bmpoh!uif!fbtufsonptu!fehf!pg!Uif!FwfshsffoÉt! qspqfsuz!boe!up!qfsnju!uif!fodspbdinfou!joup!Wbjm!IfbmuiÉt!21!gu/!tfucbdl!bsfb!po!uif! xftufso!fehf!pg!jut!qspqfsuz!pg!boz!boe!bmm!jnqspwfnfout!uibu!bsf!qfsnjuufe!cz!uif!Upxo!up! cf!dpotusvdufe!jo!uif!tfucbdl!bsfb/!Bt!bo!bmufsobujwf!up!uif!{fsp!tfucbdl!mjof-!Wbjm!Ifbmui-! qvstvbou!up!b!tfqbsbuf!bhsffnfou!xjui!Uif!Fwfshsffo-!bhsffe!up-!bu!Uif!FwfshsffoÉt! pqujpo-!dpowfz!uif!xftufsonptu!21!gu/!pg!uif!mboetdbqf!mje!tvsgbdf!pg!Wbjm!IfbmuiÉt!qspqfsuz! )dpnqsjtjoh!b!qpsujpo!pg!uif!bgpsftbje!56!gu/!fbtfnfou!bsfb*!up!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jo!uif!gpsn!pg! b!uisff.ejnfotjpobm!Æftubuf!bcpwf!tvsgbdfÇ/! Voefshspvoe!Qbsljoh!Gbdjmjuz!Fbtfnfou!Bhsffnfou/!Qvstvbou!up!uibu!dfsubjo! Voefshspvoe!Qbsljoh!Gbdjmjuz!Fbtfnfou!Bhsffnfou!ebufe!Efdfncfs!38-!3128-!cz!boe! cfuxffo!Uif!Fwfshsffo!boe!Wbjm!Ifbmui-!sfdpsefe!po!Efdfncfs!3:-!3128!bu!Sfdfqujpo!Op/! 3128356:8-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!ibt!uif!sjhiu!up!dpotusvdu!dfsubjo!qbsljoh!gbdjmjuz!boe!puifs! jnqspwfnfout!po!bo!fbtfnfou!bsfb!fyufoejoh!37gu/!joup!Wbjm!IfbmuiÉt!qspqfsuz/!! Tipsjoh!Fbtfnfou!boe!Dpotusvdujpo!Dppqfsbujpo!Bhsffnfou/!Qvstvbou!up!uibu! dfsubjo!Tipsjoh!Fbtfnfou!boe!Dpotusvdujpo!Dppqfsbujpo!Bhsffnfou!ebufe!Efdfncfs!38-! 3128-!cz!boe!cfuxffo!Uif!Fwfshsffo!boe!Wbjm!Ifbmui-!sfdpsefe!po!Efdfncfs!3:-!3128!bu! Sfdfqujpo!Op/!3128356:-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!boe!Wbjm!Ifbmui!hsboufe!up!fbdi!puifs!nvuvbm! tipsjoh!boe!dsbof!fbtfnfout!up!qfsnju!uifjs!sftqfdujwf!efwfmpqnfout/! Qfeftusjbo!Bddftt!Fbtfnfou!Bhsffnfou/!Qvstvbou!up!uibu!dfsubjo!Qfeftusjbo!Bddftt! Fbtfnfou!Bhsffnfou!ebufe!Bqsjm!8-!3132-!cz!boe!cfuxffo!uif!Upxo!boe!Uif!Fwfshsffo-! uif!Upxo!hsboufe!bo!fbtfnfou!up!Uif!Fwfshsffo!bdsptt!b!qpsujpo!pg!uif!Upxo.pxofe!Mpu! 21!gps!uif!dpotusvdujpo!boe!pqfsbujpo!pg!bo!pvuepps!ibsetdbqfe!boe!mboetdbqfe!qfeftusjbo! xbmlxbz!dpoofdujoh!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!up!Uif!FwfshsffoÉt!qspqfsuz! Qbhf!9!pg!84 Wjfx!gspn!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo!)qspqptfe* Wbjm!Ifbmui Uif!Eftjho!Ufbn!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo!ibt!sfmjfe!po!uijt!dppqfsbujwf!qsjps!qmboojoh!xpsl!boe bhsffnfout-!boe!bmm!qmbot!sfÒfdu!uif!tujqvmbujpot!boe!sfrvjsfnfout/!!Bt!b!sftvmu!pg!uijt!xpsl-!uif! gpmmpxjoh!bqqmjdbujpot!bsf!jodmvefe!xjui!uijt!tvcnjuubm!gps!uif!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo; Nbkps!Fyufsjps!Bmufsbujpo;!!Uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!b!ofx!cvjmejoh!jt!dpotjefsfe!b!Nbkps!Fyufsjps! Bmufsbujpo!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Njyfe.Vtf!2!{pof!ejtusjdu/!! Dpoejujpobm!Vtf!Qfsnju;!!Nvmujqmf.gbnjmz!sftjefoujbm!exfmmjoh!vojut!boe!buubdife! bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!bsf!dpoejujpobm!vtft!bu!cbtfnfou!ps!hbsefo!mfwfm-!boe!Ñstu!Òpps!ps! tusffu!mfwfm!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Njyfe.Vtf!2!{pof!ejtusjdu/!! Wbsjbodft;!!Evf!up!cfmpx.hsbef!qbsljoh!jnqspwfnfout-!b!wbsjbodf!jt!sfrvjsfe!gps!tjuf! dpwfsbhf/!!Beejujpobmmz-!b!wbsjbodf!jt!sfrvjsfe!gps!tfucbdlt!bmpoh!uif!tibsfe!qspqfsuz!mjof! xjui!Wbjm!Ifbmui/!!Uijt!xbt!beesfttfe!bt!qbsu!pg!uif!mboe!fydibohf!boe!jt!pvumjofe!jo! bhsffnfout!qspwjefe!xjui!uijt!tvcnjuubm/!!Cpui!pg!uiftf!wbsjbodft!xfsf!dpoufnqmbufe!cz! uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo/ Eftjho!Hvjefmjof!Efwjbujpo;!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!eftjhofe!xjui!hsffo!Òbu!sppgt!bt!bo! jnqpsubou!btqfdu!pg!uif!tvtubjobcjmjuz!hpbmt!pg!uif!qspkfdu-!boe!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!dibsbdufs! pg!uif!ofjhicpsippe!boe!sfmbujoh!up!uif!sppg!gpsnt!pg!Wbjm!Ifbmui/!!B!efwjbujpo!gspn!uif! Qbhf!:!pg!84 Mjpotifbe!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft!up!qspwjef!gps!tpnf!Òfyjcjmjuz!jo!uif!sppg!eftjho!jt!sfrvftufe! xjui!uijt!tvcnjuubm/!!Uijt!qspdftt!jt!eftdsjcfe!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo! jo!Tfdujpo!9/4/4/B/!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!dpnqmjft!xjui!bmm!puifs!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft!pg!uif! Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo/! !!!! Qbhf!21!pg!84 JJJ/TVTUBJOBCMF!EFTJHO Xjui!b!hpbm!pg!dsfbujoh!b!qspkfdu!uibu!dbo!cf!bo!fybnqmf!pg!tvtubjobcmf!dpotusvdujpo!jo!uif! Upxo!pg!Wbjm-!uif!Tpmbsjt!Hspvq!jt!bdujwfmz!qvstvjoh!pqqpsuvojujft!gps!tvtubjobcmf!hsffo!cvjmejoh! dfsujÑdbujpot!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo-!tvdi!bt!MFFE!dfsujÑdbujpo/!!Up!uibu!foe-!uif!Eftjho!Ufbn!xbt! ubtlfe!xjui!b!tjnqmf!wjtjpo; Up!eftjho!bo!fdpmphjdbmmz!tfotjujwf!fyqfsjfodf!dsfbufe!gps!uiptf!xip!fncsbdf!uif! pvueppst!boe!eftjhofe!up!jnnfstf!uif!hvftut!jo!uif!obuvsbm!cfbvuz!pg!uif!wbmmfz!boe! uif!nbkftujd!npvoubjot!pg!Wbjm/ Uif!Fwfshsffo!xjmm!sftqpoe!up!jut!tvsspvoejoh!dpoufyu!jo!jut!tdbmf!boe!nbttjoh-!uispvhi! uipvhiugvm!dpotjefsbujpo!pg!uif!nbufsjbmt!boe!dpmps!qbmfuuf-!boe!cz!sftqpoejoh!up!uif! bsdijufduvsbm!tuzmft!bt!pvumjofe!cz!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!boe!uif!dibsbdufs Qbhf!22!pg!84 dsfbufe!cz!uif!tvsspvoejoh!vtft!pg!uif!Djwjd!Dfoufs-!jodmvejoh!Wbjm!Ifbmui-!Epctpo!Jdf!Bsfob-! boe!uif!Wbjm!Qvcmjd!Mjcsbsz/! Uif!Fwfshsffo!tusjwft!up!cf!b!hppe!tufxbse!gps!uif!dpnnvojuz/!Tfswjoh!bt!b!hbufxbz!cfuxffo! Mjpotifbe!boe!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm-!uif!qspkfdu!bjnt!up!nbyjnj{f!pqfo!tqbdf!boe!gbdjmjubuf!qvcmjd! dpoofdujpo!cfuxffo!obuvsf!boe!uif!cvjmu!fowjsponfou/ Uif!cvjmejoh!jutfmg!ejsfdumz!sftqpoet!up!uif!ofjhicpsjoh!qspqfsujft!cz!nbjoubjojoh!jut!hsfbuftu! ifjhiu!boe!nbttjoh!xifo!bekbdfou!up!boe!jo!qspqpsujpo!xjui!Wbjm!Ifbmui/!Uif!cvjmejoh!uifo! tufqt!epxo!jo!nbttjoh!bt!uif!tjuf!espqt!jo!upqphsbqiz!boe!bt!uif!cvjmejoh!bqqspbdift!Njeemf! Dsffl!boe!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf/!!Uifsf!bsf!tjy!tupsjft!fyqsfttfe!po!uif!opsuifso!gbŽbef!xijdi! bggspout!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!boe!J.81-!xijmf!pomz!gpvs!tupsjft!fyqsfttfe!po!uif!tpvui!gbŽbef! bmpoh!Nfbepx!Esjwf/!Bt!b!sftvmu-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!bqqspqsjbufmz!tdbmfe!gps!uif!qfeftusjbo-! fnqibtj{joh!xbmlbcmf!boe!ivnbo.tdbmfe!fyqfsjfodft!boe!qspnpujoh!uif!dpoofdujpo!cfuxffo Wbjm!boe!Mjpotifbe!Wjmmbhft/ Mboetdbqf!dpodfqu!jnbhft-!sfÒfdujoh!uif!eftjho!hpbmt!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo Up!qspufdu!jut!obuvsbm!tvsspvoejoht-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!qsjpsjuj{ft!uif!ifbmui!pg!Hpsf!Dsffl!boe! Njeemf!Dsffl/!Jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!Hpsf!Dsffl!Tusbufhjd!Bdujpo!Qmbo-!uif!qspkfdu!bjnt!up! ubshfu!uif!uisff!lopxo!dbvtft!pg!xbufs!rvbmjuz!efhsbebujpo;! qpmmvubout!gspn!mboe!vtf!bdujwjujft esbjobhf!gspn!jnqfswjpvt!tvsgbdft mptt!pg!sjqbsjbo!boe!tusfbntjef!wfhfubujpo/! Cz!sfevdjoh!fyjtujoh!ibsetdbqf!boe!nbyjnj{joh!pqfo!mboetdbqfe!bsfbt!boe!hsffo!sppgt-!uif! tjuf!jnqspwfnfout!bttpdjbufe!xjui!Uif!Fwfshsffo!xpsl!up!obuvsbmmz!Ñmufs!boe!tmpx!uif!Òpx!pg! Qbhf!23!pg!84 tupsnxbufs!gspn!uif!tjuf/!!Uif!sftupsbujpo!pg!uif!obujwf!wfhfubujpo!bmpoh!Njeemf!Dsffl!bmtp! tvqqpsut!uif!ifbmui!pg!uif!sjqbsjbo!{pof!bekbdfou!up!uif!tjuf/! Uif!tjufxpsl!dibsbdufs!boe!gvodujpo!esbxt!jotqjsbujpo!gspn!uif!ofbscz!Hpsf!Dsffl!boe!gspn! uif!mboetdbqf!uzqft!xjuijo!uif!wbmmfz/!Uif!tjuf!xjmm!cf!qmboufe!xjui!b!ejwfstf!sbohf!pg!obujwf!boe! dmjnbuf!bebqufe!usfft-!tisvct!boe!qfsfoojbmt!jo!bnfoefe!tpjmt!uibu!xjmm!ftubcmjti!effq!sppu! tztufnt!fodpvsbhjoh!xbufs!joÑmusbujpo/!Uijt!tusbufhz!bmtp!qspwjeft!bo!fyqboefe!ibcjubu!gps cjset!boe!qpmmjobupst/ Cjpdmjnbujd!bsdijufduvsf!jt!b!nfuipe!pg!eftjhojoh!cvjmejoht!cbtfe!po!uif!mpdbm!dmjnbuf-!xjui!uif! bjn!pg!fotvsjoh!uifsnbm!dpngpsu!vtjoh!fowjsponfoubm!sftpvsdft/!Uifz!nvtu!bmtp!cmfoe!joup!uifjs! obuvsbm!tvsspvoejoht/!Bt!b!mpdbm!qsfdfefou-!xifo!uif!Wbjm!Qvcmjd!Mjcsbsz!xbt!cvjmu!jo!2:94-!ju!ibe! uif!mbshftu!hsffo!sppg!xftu!pg!uif!Njttjttjqqj!Sjwfs!boe!fnqmpzfe!nboz!pg!uif!cftu.qsbdujdf! hsffo!eftjho!qsjodjqmft!pg!uif!ujnf-!tvdi!bt!ebzmjhiujoh-!bo!fbsui.tifmufsfe!sppg!xjui!b!uifsnbmmz! fgÑdjfou!tusvduvsf-!boe!gboubtujd!joufhsbujpo!xjui!boe!wjtvbm!dpoofdujpo!up!uif!tvsspvoejoh!tjuf/ Qbhf!24!pg!84 Tjnjmbsmz!uif!qspqptfe!cvjmejoh!eftjho!fnqmpzt!uijt!Æfdpmphjdbm!dbnpvÒbhf/Ç!Uif!qmboufe!sppg! tdbqf!sfevdft!tpmbs!hbjo!xijmf!bmtp!bmmpxjoh!uif!cvjmejoh!up!cmfoe!npsf!tfbnmfttmz!xjui!jut! obuvsbm!tvsspvoejoht/!Uiftf!sppgtdbqft!bsf!bmtp!pddvqjbcmf!cz!cpui!hvftut!boe!mpdbm!Òpsb!boe! gbvob/! Qbttjwf!eftjho!gfbuvsft!jodmvef!vujmj{bujpo!pg!qmboufe!sppgtdbqft!up!sfevdf!pwfsbmm!ifbu!hbjo/!Bt! b!qbsu!pg!uif!gbŽbef!eftjho-!b!tfsjft!pg!ipsj{poubm!boe!wfsujdbm!bsdijufduvsbm!qspkfdujpot!nbz!cf! uvofe!bdsptt!fbdi!fmfwbujpo!up!qspwjef!tpmbs!tibejoh!xifsf!bqqspqsjbuf/! Uif!qspkfdu!qmbot!up!nbyjnj{f!b!qipupwpmubjd!bssbz!po!uif!vqqfs!nptu!sppg!up!qspwjef! sfofxbcmf!fofshz!po!tjuf/!Uif!bsfb!bwbjmbcmf!gps!uijt!tpmbs!bssbz!jt!bqqspyjnbufmz!:-111!tr/!gu/! boe!ibt!fydfmmfou!fyqptvsf/!!Xijmf!b!dfsujÑdbujpo!cfodinbsl!ibt!opu!zfu!cffo!jefoujÑfe-!bmm!uif! qspqptfe!nfdibojdbm!tztufnt!dvssfoumz!voefs!fwbmvbujpo!xjmm!tvqqpsu!MFFE!hpbmt/!! Uif!eftjho!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo!joufsjpst!qsjpsjuj{ft!ifbmuiz!mjwjoh/!B!qbmfuuf!pg!obuvsbm!boe! tvtubjobcmf!nbufsjbmt!xjmm!efÑof!uif!joufsjps!tqbdft!hvjejoh!uif!cjpqijmjd!bftuifujd-!xjui!uif!hpbm! pg!dpoofdujoh!hvftut!up!obuvsf!xjuijo!uif!cvjmu!fowjsponfou/!Bnfojuz!tqbdft!jodmvef!b!sppgupq! qppm!boe!mpvohf-!boe!b!qmfuipsb!pg!pvuepps!hbuifsjoh!bsfbt!up!qspnpuf!rvbmjuz!pg!mjgf!boe! dpoofdujpo!up!uif!tvsspvoejoh!mboetdbqf/! Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!bmtp!eftjhofe!xjui!fdpmphjdbmmz!dpotdjpvt!dpotusvdujpo!jo!njoe/!Uif!hfofsbm! dpousbdups!xjmm!dpotjefs!efnpmjujpo!boe!dpotusvdujpo!xbtuf!nbobhfnfou!cz!sfevdjoh!uif!pwfsbmm! bnpvou!pg!xbtuf!nbufsjbm!po!tjuf-!gpdvtjoh!po!sf.vtf-!boe!xpsljoh!up!ejwfsu!nbufsjbm!tusfbnt!up! sfdzdmjoh!gbdjmjujft!xifsf!qpttjcmf/!! Qbhf!25!pg!84 JW/!FYJTUJOH!'!QSPQPTFE!EFWFMPQNFOU VtfFyjtujohQspqptfe Bddpnnpebujpo!Vojut 239!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut239!buubdife!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut! jo!tipsu!ufsn!sfoubm!qsphsbn Exfmmjoh!Vojut 2:!exfmmjoh!vojut!jo!tipsu!ufsn!sfoubm!246!exfmmjoh!vojut!jo!tipsu!ufsn! qsphsbnsfoubm!qsphsbn Fbujoh!boe!Esjoljoh! 2-923!tr/!gu/!,!4-354!tr/!gu/Opof!qspqptfe Ftubcmjtinfout Dpogfsfodf!Tqbdf!)voefs! 4-711!tr/!gu/Opof!qspqptfe vujmj{fe* Ipufm!Sfubjm!jo!Mpccz 836!tr/!gu/Opof!qspqptfe Qbsljoh!Tqbdft 248!tqbdft!)fodmptfe!boe!tvsgbdf*314!)fodmptfe* Fnqmpzff!Ipvtjoh!Vojut 1!FIV24!po.tjuf!FIVt!)27-891!tr/!gu/* Fyjtujoh!efwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf Qbhf!26!pg!84 W/!\[POJOH!'!QBSLJOH!BOBMZTJT! Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!{pofe!Mjpotifbe!Njyfe!Vtf.2!)MNV.2*/!!Sfdphoj{joh!uif!dibmmfohft!jo! Mjpotifbe-!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!dsfbufe!uif!MNV.2!ejtusjdu!jo!2:::!tqfdjÑdbmmz!up!fodpvsbhf! qspqfsujft!xjuijo!Mjpotifbe!up!sfefwfmpq/!!Uif!gpmmpxjoh!ubcmf!qspwjeft!b!{pojoh!bobmztjt!pg!uif! qspqptfe!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf/!!Bt!joejdbufe!cz!uif!ubcmf!jo!sfe-!wbsjbodft!bsf! ofdfttbsz!gps!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!boe!tfucbdlt!gps!jnqspwfnfout!xjui!uif!qspqptfe!qspkfdu-!tjnjmbs! up!sfdfou!wbsjbodft!hsboufe!gps!puifs!qspkfdut!xjuijo!Mjpotifbe/!!! \[POJOH!BOBMZTJT MNV.2!TuboebseBmmpxfeQspqptfe Mpu!Bsfb!boe!Tjuf!Ejnfotjpo 21-111!tr/!gu/!pg!cvjmebcmf!bsfb3/56!bdsft!0!217-947!tr/!gu/ Tfucbdlt 21!gu/!vomftt!puifsxjtf!opufe!jo!MSNQ41!gu/!bmpoh!Gspoubhf!Se/! 21!gu/!bcpwf!hsbef!! 1!gu/!bekbdfou!up!Wbjm!Ifbmui Tusfbn!Tfucbdl 41!gu/!gspn!dfoufsmjof?41!gu/!gspn!dfoufsmjof Ifjhiu 82!gu/!bwfsbhf-!93/6!gu/!nbyjnvn!93/6!gu/!nbyjnvn! )beejujpobm!ifjhiu!mjnjut!evf!up!ifmjqbe*78/9!gu/!bwfsbhf Efotjuz Op!mjnju246!EV!xjui!239!BBV! 24!FIVt!)5!pggtjuf!FIVt* HSGB 361!tr/!gu/!qfs!211!tr/!gu/!pg!cvjmebcmf!344-995!tr/!gu/ tjuf!bsfb!>!378-:1:!tr/!gu/ Tjuf!Dpwfsbhf 81&!pg!upubm!tjuf!bsfb!vomftt!puifsxjtf!Pwfsbmm;!!96-817!tr/!gu/!)91/3&*! opufe!jo!MSNQ!>!85-896/3!tr/!gu/Bcpwf!Hsbef!>!78-:57!tr/!gu/! )74/6&* Mboetdbqjoh!boe!Tjuf! 31&!pg!upubm!tjuf!bsfb!vomftt!puifsxjtf!Tpgutdbqf;!!35-518!tr/!gu/! Efwfmpqnfou opufe!jo!MSNQ!>!32-478/3!tr/!gu/Ibsetdbqf;!!24-262!tr/!gu/! Upubm;!!48-669!tr/!gu/ Cbtfe!po!Dibqufs!23.21;!Pgg.Tusffu!Qbsljoh!boe!Mpbejoh-!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qspqfsuz!jt! xjuijo!uif!Dpnnfsdjbm!Dpsf!Bsfb!gps!qbsljoh!sfrvjsfnfout/! QBSLJOH!BOBMZTJT VtfVtfQbsljoh!SfrvjsfnfouOvncfs!pg!VojutTqbdft!Sfrvjsfe Exfmmjoh!Voju 2/5!tqbdft!qfs!voju24629: Fnqmpzff!Ipvtjoh!Voju 2/5!tqbdft!qfs!voju2429/3 Qbhf!27!pg!84 VtfQbsljoh!SfrvjsfnfouOvncfs!pg!VojutTqbdft!Sfrvjsfe Upubm!Sfrvjsfe; 318/3 Njyfe!Vtf!Sfevdujpo!pg!6& 2:7/9 Upubm!Qspwjefe 314 Up!nbyjnj{f!uif!qbsljoh-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!xjmm!cf!vujmj{joh!b!wbmfu!qbsljoh!qsphsbn-!xjui!91!wbmfu! qbsljoh!tqbdft/!!Uiftf!bsf!dpnnpo!xjuijo!mpehf!qspqfsujft!uispvhipvu!Wbjm!boe!Mjpotifbe/!! Uifz!bsf!qfsnjuufe!cz!Tfdujpo!25.6.3;!PUIFS!SFRVJSFNFOUT-!xijdi!tubuft; L/Wbmfu!Qbsljoh;!Wbmfu!qbsljoh!tibmm!cf!bmmpxfe-!cvu!tibmm!opu!fydffe!Ñguz!qfsdfou! )61&*!pg!uif!sfrvjsfe!qbsljoh!po!tjuf/!Wbmfu!qbsljoh!tibmm!cf!dbmdvmbufe!vujmj{joh!bo!fjhiu! gppu!cz!fjhiuffo!gppu!)9(!y!29(*!qbsljoh!tqbdf!gps!fbdi!dbs!)qbsbmmfm!tqbdft!nvtu!cf!:! gffu!y!31!gffu*/!Dbst!nbz!cf!qbslfe!vq!up!gpvs!)5*!dbst!effq!jo!b!wbmfu!mpu!tubdlfe!jo!b! nboofs!jo!xijdi!boz!wfijdmft!uibu!nbz!ibwf!up!cf!ufnqpsbsjmz!npwfe!cz!b!wbmfu!up!hbjo! bddftt!up!bopuifs!wfijdmf!dbo!cf!ufnqpsbsjmz!qbslfe!jo!b!mpdbujpo!uibu!epft!opu!cmpdl! qvcmjd!esjwf0qfeftusjbo!bjtmft!ps!b!eftjhobufe!qbsljoh!tqbdf/ Uif!qbsljoh!mbzpvu!jt!qspwjefe!cfmpx!xjui!ÆWÇ!joejdbujoh!uif!wbmfu!tqbdft/!!Bt!tipxo!po!uif! qmbo-!uif!mbzpvu!dpnqmjft!xjui!uif!sfrvjsfnfout!pvumjofe!jo!uif!tfdujpo!bcpwf/!! Qbsljoh!Upubmt!Mfwfmt! C3,C2 Sfhvmbs;!!58,!48!>!95 Dpnqbdu;!!38,!6!>!43 Wbmfu;!!91 BEB;!6!,!3>!8 UPUBM;!314!tqbdft Wbmfu!Qbsljoh!po!C3! Qbhf!28!pg!84 WJ/FNQMPZFF!IPVTJOH!QMBO Tfdujpo!23.34.9;!Benjojtusbujpo-!pg!uif!Wbjm!Upxo!Dpef!sfrvjsft!uif!tvcnjuubm!pg!bo!Fnqmpzff! Ipvtjoh!Qmbo!gps!bmm!qspkfdut!tvckfdu!up!efwfmpqnfou!sfwjfx-!xijdi!jt!qspwjefe!cfmpx; B/Dbmdvmbujpo!Nfuipe;!Uif!dbmdvmbujpo!pg!fnqmpzff!hfofsbujpo-!jodmvejoh!dsfejut!jg! bqqmjdbcmf-!boe!uif!njujhbujpo!nfuipe!cz!xijdi!uif!bqqmjdbou!qspqptft!up!nffu!uif! sfrvjsfnfout!pg!uijt!dibqufs<! Bqqmjdbou!Bobmztjt;!!Uifsf!bsf!uxp!dbmdvmbujpo!nfuipet!up!hfofsbuf!uif!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh! sfrvjsfnfout/!!Uif!Ñstu-!Dpnnfsdjbm!Mjolbhf-!jt!cbtfe!po!uif!dpnnfsdjbm!vtft!qspqptfe!gps! uif!qspqfsuz/!!Uif!Wbjm!Upxo!Dpef!sfrvjsft!njujhbujpo!gps!uif!ofu!jodsfbtf!jo!fnqmpzff! hfofsbujpo/!!Uif!qsfwjpvt!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!dpotjtufe!pg!239!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut-!uxp!fbujoh! boe!esjoljoh!ftubcmjtinfout-!b!tnbmm!sfubjm!tqbdf-!boe!b!4-711!tr/!gu/!dpogfsfodf!vtf/!!Uif! gpmmpxjoh!ubcmf!dbmdvmbuft!uif!Dpnnfsdjbm!Mjolbhf!sfrvjsfnfout!pg!uif!psjhjobm!Fwfshsffo! Mpehf; DPNNFSDJBM!MJOLBHF!DBMDVMBUJPO;!!FYJTUJOH!FWFSHSFFO!MPEHF VtfDbmdvmbujpoOvncfs!ps!Upubm!Fnqmpzfft! Tr/!GuHfofsbufe 1/7!fnqmpzfft!qfs!ofx!voju Bddpnnpebujpo!23987/9 vojut 1/9!fnqmpzfft!qfs!2-111!tr/!gu/!ofu!Òpps!bsfb Dpogfsfodf4-7113/99 21/3!fnqmpzfft!qfs!2-111!tr!gu/!ofu!Òpps!bsfb Fbujoh!boe!Esjoljoh!6-17162/723 Ftubcmjtinfou 3/5!fnqmpzfft!qfs!2-111!tr/!gu/!ofu!Òpps!bsfb Sfubjm8362/85 Fnqmpzfft!Hfofsbufe244/143 Njujhbujpo!Sbuf31& Upubm!Dpnnfsdjbm!Mjolbhf!Sfrvjsfnfou37/7 Uif!tfdpoe!nfuipe!up!dbmdvmbuf!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!sfrvjsfnfout!jt!Jodmvtjpobsz!\[pojoh-!xijdi! jt!cbtfe!po!HSGB/!!Uif!Wbjm!Upxo!Dpef!sfrvjsft!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!jo!uif!bnpvou!pg!21&!pg! uif!ofu!jodsfbtf!jo!HSGB/!!Uif!fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!jodmveft!2:!exfmmjoh!vojut/!!Uiftf! Qbhf!29!pg!84 vojut!sbohf!jo!tj{f!gspn!881!tr/!gu/!up!2-551!tr/!gu/-!upubmjoh!33-:22!tr/!gu/!!Uif!gpmmpxjoh!ubcmf! dbmdvmbuft!uif!Jodmvtjpobsz!\[pojoh!sfrvjsfnfout!pg!uif!psjhjobm!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf; JODMVTJPOBSZ!\[POJOH!DBMDVMBUJPO;!!FYJTUJOH!FWFSHSFFO!MPEHF VtfHSGBDbmdvmbujpoJodmvtjpobsz Exfmmjoh!Vojut!)2:*33-:2221&!pg!HSGB3-3:2/2 Bt!joejdbufe!jo!uif!bcpwf!ubcmft!gps!uif!fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf-!uif!qspkfdu!dbssjft!bo!fyjtujoh! dsfeju!pg!37/7!vojut!gspn!uif!Dpnnfsdjbm!Mjolbhf!dbmdvmbujpo-!boe!pg!3-3:2/2!tr/!gu/!gspn!uif! Jodmvtjpobsz!\[pojoh!dbmdvmbujpo/!Uif!gpmmpxjoh!jt!uif!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!sfrvjsfnfou!gps!Uif! Fwfshsffo; JODMVTJPOBSZ!\[POJOH!DBMDVMBUJPO;!!QSPQPTFE!FWFSHSFFO!MPEHF VtfHSGBDbmdvmbujpoJodmvtjpobsz EV!boe!BBV344-99521&!pg!HSGB34-499/5 J\[!dsfeju!gspn!Fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo.3-3:2/2 DM!dsfeju!gspn!Fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!)37/7+361*.7-761 Upubm!Sfrvjsfnfou25-558/4 FNQMPZFF!IPVTJOH!NFUIPE!PG!NJUJHBUJPO FIV!QSPWJTJPOUPUBM!TR/!GU/! UPUBM!SFRVJSFNFOU 25-558/4 UPUBM!QSPWJEFE 27-891 FYDFTT!PG!SFRVJSFNFOU 3-443/8 Bt!joejdbufe!jo!uif!dbmdvmbujpo-!uifsf!jt!b!dsfeju!pg!9-:52!tr/!gu/!mfbwjoh!b!sfrvjsfnfou!pg!25-558! tr/!gu/!!Bt!qspqptfe-!uif!eftjho!pg!uif!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!vojut!upubm!24!vojut!xjui!b!upubm!pg! 27-891!tr/!gu/!pg!HSGB/!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!qspwjeft!bo!fydftt!pg!3-443/8!tr/!gu/!pg!fnqmpzff! ipvtjoh!xijdi!nbz!cf!jodmvefe!jo!bo!Fnqmpzff!Ipvtjoh!Njujhbujpo!Cbol/! C/Qmbot;!B!ejnfotjpofe!tjuf!qmbo!boe!bsdijufduvsbm!Òpps!qmbo!uibu!efnpotusbuft! dpnqmjbodf!xjui!tfdujpo!23.34.4-!#Tj{f!Boe!Cvjmejoh!Sfrvjsfnfout#-!pg!uijt! dibqufs<! Qbhf!2:!pg!84 Bqqmjdbou!Bobmztjt;!!B!ejnfotjpofe!tjuf!qmbo!boe!bsdijufduvsbm!Òpps!qmbo!ibt!cffo!qspwjefe!xjui! uijt!tvcnjuubm/!!Uif!FIVt!bsf!po!mfwfmt!C2-!2-!3-!4-!boe!5-!boe!bsf!b!njy!pg!tj{ft!boe!voju!uzqft/!!! D/Mpu!Tj{f;!Uif!bwfsbhf!mpu!tj{f!pg!uif!qspqptfe!FIVt!boe!uif!bwfsbhf!mpu!tj{f!pg! puifs!exfmmjoh!vojut!jo!uif!dpnnfsdjbm!efwfmpqnfou!ps!sfefwfmpqnfou-!jg!boz<! Bqqmjdbou!Bobmztjt;!!!Uijt!jt!opu!bqqmjdbcmf!up!uijt!bqqmjdbujpo/!!! E/Tdifevmft;!!B!ujnf!mjof!gps!uif!qspwjtjpo!pg!boz!p!tjuf!FIVt<! Bqqmjdbou!Bobmztjt;!!!Uijt!jt!opu!bqqmjdbcmf!up!uijt!bqqmjdbujpo/! F/P!Tjuf!Vojut;!B!qspqptbm!gps!uif!qspwjtjpo!pg!boz!p!tjuf!FIVt!tibmm!jodmvef!b!csjfg! tubufnfou!fyqmbjojoh!uif!cbtjt!pg!uif!qspqptbm<! Bqqmjdbou!Bobmztjt;!!!Uijt!jt!opu!bqqmjdbcmf!up!uijt!bqqmjdbujpo/!!!! G/P!Tjuf!Dpowfzbodf!Sfrvftu;!B!sfrvftu!gps!bo!p!tjuf!dpowfzbodf!tibmm!jodmvef!b! csjfg!tubufnfou!fyqmbjojoh!uif!cbtjt!gps!uif!sfrvftu<! Bqqmjdbou!Bobmztjt;!!Uijt!jt!opu!bqqmjdbcmf!up!uijt!bqqmjdbujpo/! H/Gfft!Jo!Mjfv;!B!qspqptbm!up!qbz!gfft!jo!mjfv!tibmm!jodmvef!b!csjfg!tubufnfou! fyqmbjojoh!uif!cbtjt!pg!uif!qspqptbm<!boe! Bqqmjdbou!Bobmztjt;!!Uijt!jt!opu!bqqmjdbcmf!up!uijt!bqqmjdbujpo/! I/Xsjuufo!Obssbujwf;!B!xsjuufo!obssbujwf!fyqmbjojoh!ipx!uif!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!qmbo! nffut!uif!qvsqptft!pg!uijt!dibqufs!boe!dpnqmjft!xjui!uif!upxo(t!dpnqsfifotjwf! qmbo/! Bqqmjdbou!Bobmztjt;!!Tfdujpo!23.34.2;!Qvsqptf!boe!Bqqmjdbcjmjuz-!pg!uif!Wbjm!Upxo!Dpef!qspwjeft! uif!qvsqptf!pg!uif!Dpnnfsdjbm!Mjolbhf!Sfrvjsfnfout;! Uif!qvsqptf!pg!uijt!dibqufs!jt!up!fotvsf!uibu!ofx!dpnnfsdjbm!efwfmpqnfou!boe! sfefwfmpqnfou!jo!uif!upxo!qspwjef!gps!b!sfbtpobcmf!bnpvou!pg!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!up! njujhbuf!uif!jnqbdu!po!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!dbvtfe!cz!tvdi!dpnnfsdjbm!efwfmpqnfou!boe! sfefwfmpqnfou/! Uif!njujhbujpo!sbuft!xfsf!ftubcmjtife!cz!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!Fnqmpzff!Ipvtjoh!Ofyvt!tuvez/!! Uiftf!sbuft!bsf!cbtfe!po!b!tvswfz!pg!wbsjpvt!qspqfsujft!jo!npvoubjo!dpnnvojujft/!! Uif!Upxo!Wbjm!Mboe!Vtf!Qmbo!pggfst!uif!gpmmpxjoh!hpbmt!xjui!sfhbse!up!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh;! Qbhf!31!pg!84 6/4Bggpsebcmf!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!tipvme!cf!nbef!bwbjmbcmf!uispvhi!qsjwbuf!fggpsut-! bttjtufe!cz!mjnjufe!jodfoujwft-!qspwjefe!cz!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm-!xjui!bqqspqsjbuf!sftusjdujpot/! 6/6!Uif!fyjtujoh!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!cbtf!tipvme!cf!qsftfswfe!boe!vqhsbefe/!Beejujpobm! fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!offet!tipvme!cf!bddpnnpebufe!bu!wbsjfe!tjuft!uispvhipvu!uif! dpnnvojuz/!! Jo!3119-!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!ftubcmjtife!uif!Fnqmpzff!Ipvtjoh!Tusbufhjd!Qmbo-!xijdi!cspvhiu! uphfuifs!bmm!pg!uif!UpxoÉt!hpbmt!po!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!joup!b!tjohmf!qmbo/!!Ju!qspwjeft!uif! gpmmpxjoh;! Jo!3117-!uispvhi!uif!Wbjm!31031!Gpdvt!po!uif!Gvuvsf!qspdftt!uif!dpnnvojuz!ftubcmjtife!b! ipvtjoh!hpbm/!!Ju!jt!bt!gpmmpxt;! ÆUif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!sfdphoj{ft!uif!offe!gps!ipvtjoh!bt!jogsbtusvduvsf!uibu!qspnpuft! dpnnvojuz-!sfevdft!usbotju!offet!boe!lffqt!npsf!fnqmpzfft!mjwjoh!jo!uif!upxo-!boe!xjmm! qspwjef!fopvhi!effe.sftusjdufe!ipvtjoh!gps!bu!mfbtu!41!qfsdfou!pg!uif!xpslgpsdf!uispvhi! qpmjdjft-!sfhvmbujpot!boe!qvcmjdmz!jojujbufe!efwfmpqnfou/Ç! Cbtfe!vqpo!uif!dpnnvojuzÉt!xpsl-!uif!Wbjm!Upxo!Dpvodjm!ibt!dpoÑsnfe!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm! sfdphoj{ft!effe!sftusjdufe!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!bt!cbtjd!jogsbtusvduvsf/!Uijt!uzqf!pg!ipvtjoh! bmmpxt!fnqmpzfft!up!mjwf!xjuijo!uif!upxo-!qspnpujoh!dpnnvojuz-!boe!jnqspwjoh!uif!rvbmjuz!pg! pvs!mpdbm!xpslgpsdf-!uifsfcz!tvqqpsujoh!uif!mpdbm!fdpopnz-!boe!sfevdjoh!sfhjpobm!usbotju!offet/!! Uif!Fnqmpzff!Ipvtjoh!Tusbufhjd!Qmbo!)FITQ*!tfflt!up!nffu!uif!fyqfdubujpot!ftubcmjtife!cz! uif!dpnnvojuz!boe!dpoÑsnfe!cz!uif!Upxo!Dpvodjm!boe!qspwjef!fopvhi!effe.sftusjdufe! ipvtjoh!gps!bu!mfbtu!41!qfsdfou!pg!uif!dpnnvojuzÉt!xpslgpsdf!up!mjwf!jo!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!uispvhi! b!wbsjfuz!pg!qpmjdjft-!sfhvmbujpot!boe!qvcmjdmz!jojujbufe!efwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut/!!Bt!joejdbufe!jo!uijt! tvcnjuubm-!uif!qspqptbm!dpnqmjft!xjui!boe!gvsuifst!uif!qvsqptft!boe!hpbmt!pg!uif!UpxoÉt! fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!sfrvjsfnfout!boe!nbtufs!qmbot/! Qbhf!32!pg!84 JY/DSJUFSJB!GPS!SFWJFX;!NBKPS!FYUFSJPS! BMUFSBUJPO! Tfdujpo!23.8I.9;!DPNQMJBODF!CVSEFO-!qspwjeft!uif!dsjufsjb!gps!sfwjfx!gps!b!nbkps!fyufsjps! bmufsbujpo/!!Ju!tubuft;! Ju!tibmm!cf!uif!cvsefo!pg!uif!bqqmjdbou!up!qspwf!cz!b!qsfqpoefsbodf!pg!uif!fwjefodf! cfgpsf!uif!qmboojoh!boe!fowjsponfoubm!dpnnjttjpo!boe!uif!eftjho!sfwjfx!cpbse!uibu! uif!qspqptfe!fyufsjps!bmufsbujpo!ps!ofx!efwfmpqnfou!jt!jo!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif! qvsqptft!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!njyfe!vtf!2!ejtusjdu-!uibu!uif!qspqptbm!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui! bqqmjdbcmf!fmfnfout!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!sfefwfmpqnfou!nbtufs!qmbo!boe!uibu!uif! qspqptbm!epft!opu!puifsxjtf!ibwf!b!tjhojÑdbou!ofhbujwf!fggfdu!po!uif!dibsbdufs!pg!uif! ofjhicpsippe-!boe!uibu!uif!qspqptbm!tvctuboujbmmz!dpnqmjft!xjui!puifs!bqqmjdbcmf! fmfnfout!pg!uif!Wbjm!dpnqsfifotjwf!qmbo/! Beejujpobmmz-!Tfdujpo!23.8I.29;!NJUJHBUJPO!PG!EFWFMPQNFOU!JNQBDUT!eftdsjcft!uif! sfrvjsfnfou!uibu!qspkfdut!xjuijo!Mjpotifbe!njujhbuf!uif!ejsfdu!jnqbdut!pg!efwfmpqnfou-!tubujoh;! Qspqfsuz!pxofst0efwfmpqfst!tibmm!bmtp!cf!sftqpotjcmf!gps!njujhbujoh!ejsfdu!jnqbdut!pg! uifjs!efwfmpqnfou!po!qvcmjd!jogsbtusvduvsf!boe!jo!bmm!dbtft!njujhbujpo!tibmm!cfbs!b! sfbtpobcmf!sfmbujpo!up!uif!efwfmpqnfou!jnqbdut/!Jnqbdut!nbz!cf!efufsnjofe!cbtfe!po! sfqpsut!qsfqbsfe!cz!rvbmjÑfe!dpotvmubout/!Uif!fyufou!pg!njujhbujpo!boe!qvcmjd!bnfojuz! jnqspwfnfout!tibmm!cf!cbmbodfe!xjui!uif!hpbmt!pg!sfefwfmpqnfou!boe!xjmm!cf! efufsnjofe!cz!uif!qmboojoh!boe!fowjsponfoubm!dpnnjttjpo!jo!sfwjfx!pg!efwfmpqnfou! qspkfdut!boe!dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnjut/!Njujhbujpo!pg!jnqbdut!nbz!jodmvef-!cvu!jt!opu! mjnjufe!up-!uif!gpmmpxjoh;!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!qfs!uif!upxo(t!dvssfou!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh! qpmjdz-!spbexbz!jnqspwfnfout-!qfeftusjbo!xbmlxbz!jnqspwfnfout-!tusffutdbqf! jnqspwfnfout-!tusfbn!usbdu0cbol!jnqspwfnfout-!qvcmjd!bsu!jnqspwfnfout-!boe!tjnjmbs! jnqspwfnfout/!Uif!joufou!pg!uijt!tfdujpo!jt!up!pomz!sfrvjsf!njujhbujpo!gps!mbshf!tdbmf! sfefwfmpqnfou0efwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut!xijdi!qspevdf!tvctuboujbm!pgg!tjuf!jnqbdut/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qspwjeft!uif!bqqmjdbouÉt!bobmztjt!up!uif!bcpwf!dsjufsjb;! 2/Uif!qspqptfe!fyufsjps!bmufsbujpo!ps!ofx!efwfmpqnfou!jt!jo!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif! qvsqptft!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!njyfe!vtf!2!ejtusjdu/! Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!Uif!qvsqptft!pg!uif!MNV.2!{pof!ejtusjdu!bsf!qspwjefe!jo!Tfdujpo!23.8I.2! pg!uif!Wbjm!Upxo!Dpef-!xijdi!tubuft;! Qbhf!33!pg!84 Uif!Mjpotifbe!njyfe!vtf!2!ejtusjdu!jt!joufoefe!up!qspwjef!tjuft!gps!b!njyuvsf!pg! nvmujqmf.gbnjmz!exfmmjoht-!mpehft-!ipufmt-!gsbdujpobm!gff!dmvct-!ujnftibsft-!mpehf! exfmmjoh!vojut-!sftubvsbout-!pgÑdft-!tljfs!tfswjdft-!boe!dpnnfsdjbm!ftubcmjtinfout!jo!b! dmvtufsfe-!vojÑfe!efwfmpqnfou/!Mjpotifbe!njyfe!vtf!2!ejtusjdu-!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif! Mjpotifbe!sfefwfmpqnfou!nbtufs!qmbo-!jt!joufoefe!up!fotvsf!befrvbuf!mjhiu-!bjs-!pqfo! tqbdf!boe!puifs!bnfojujft!bqqspqsjbuf!up!uif!qfsnjuufe!uzqft!pg!cvjmejoht!boe!vtft! boe!up!nbjoubjo!uif!eftjsbcmf!rvbmjujft!pg!uif!{pof!ejtusjdu!cz!ftubcmjtijoh!bqqspqsjbuf! tjuf!efwfmpqnfou!tuboebset/!Uijt!{pof!ejtusjdu!jt!nfbou!up!fodpvsbhf!boe!qspwjef! jodfoujwft!gps!sfefwfmpqnfou!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!Mjpotifbe!sfefwfmpqnfou!nbtufs! qmbo/! Uijt!{pof!ejtusjdu!xbt!tqfdjÑdbmmz!efwfmpqfe!up!qspwjef!jodfoujwft!gps!qspqfsujft!up! sfefwfmpq/!Uif!vmujnbuf!hpbm!pg!uiftf!jodfoujwft!jt!up!dsfbuf!bo!fdpopnjdbmmz!wjcsbou! mpehjoh-!ipvtjoh-!boe!dpnnfsdjbm!dpsf!bsfb/!Uif!jodfoujwft!jo!uijt!{pof!ejtusjdu!jodmvef! jodsfbtft!jo!bmmpxbcmf!hsptt!sftjefoujbm!Òpps!bsfb-!cvjmejoh!ifjhiu-!boe!efotjuz!pwfs!uif! qsfwjpvtmz!ftubcmjtife!{pojoh!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!sfefwfmpqnfou!nbtufs!qmbo!tuvez!bsfb/! Uif!qsjnbsz!hpbm!pg!uif!jodfoujwft!jt!up!dsfbuf!fdpopnjd!dpoejujpot!gbwpsbcmf!up! joevdjoh!qsjwbuf!sfefwfmpqnfou!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!Mjpotifbe!sfefwfmpqnfou!nbtufs! qmbo/!Beejujpobmmz-!uif!jodfoujwft!bsf!dsfbufe!up!ifmq!Ñobodf!qvcmjd!pgg!tjuf! jnqspwfnfout!bekbdfou!up!sfefwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut/!Xjui!boz!efwfmpqnfou0 sfefwfmpqnfou!qspqptbm!ubljoh!bewboubhf!pg!uif!jodfoujwft!dsfbufe!ifsfjo-!uif! gpmmpxjoh!bnfojujft!xjmm!cf!fwbmvbufe;!tusffutdbqf!jnqspwfnfout-!qfeftusjbo0cjdzdmf! bddftt-!qvcmjd!qmb{b!sfefwfmpqnfou-!qvcmjd!bsu-!spbexbz!jnqspwfnfout-!boe!tjnjmbs! jnqspwfnfout/!! Bt!tubufe!bcpwf-!uif!MNV.2!{pof!ejtusjdu!jt!joufoefe!up!qspwjef!jodfoujwft!gps!qspqfsujft!up! sfefwfmpq-!sfdphoj{joh!uif!offe!up!dsfbuf!fdpopnjd!dpoejujpot!up!fodpvsbhf!qsjwbuf!qspqfsujft! up!sfefwfmpq/!!Uif!MNV.2!{pof!ejtusjdu!bmmpxt!gps!b!wbsjfuz!pg!vtft!up!gvsuifs!uijt!qvsqptf-! jodmvejoh!nvmujqmf.gbnjmz!exfmmjoht-!mpehft-!ipufmt-!gsbdujpobm!gff!dmvct-!ujnftibsft-!mpehf! exfmmjoh!vojut-!sftubvsbout-!pgÑdft-!tljfs!tfswjdft-!boe!dpnnfsdjbm!ftubcmjtinfout/!!Uif! Fwfshsffo!dpnqmjft!xjui!uif!qvsqptft!pg!uif!MNV.2!{pof!ejtusjdu/!!Cvjmu!jo!uif!2:81t!boe!xjui! votjhiumz!boe!qpmmvubou.dbsszjoh!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh-!gbjmjoh!nfdibojdbm!tztufnt-!pvuebufe! Qbhf!34!pg!84 Pvuebufe!mpccz!bsfb!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf bsdijufduvsf-!boe!pme.gbtijpofe!joufsjpst-!uif!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!qspqfsuz!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui! uif!qvsqptf!pg!MNV.2!up!fodpvsbhf!sfefwfmpqnfou/!! 3/Uif!qspqptbm!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui!bqqmjdbcmf!fmfnfout!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe! sfefwfmpqnfou!nbtufs!qmbo/! Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;Uif!MSNQ!qspwjeft!cpui!hfofsbm!boe!tqfdjÑd!hpbmt!boe! sfdpnnfoebujpot!uibu!bsf!bqqmjdbcmf!up!uif!sfwjfx!pg!uif!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo qspqfsuz/!! Uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!bepqufe!wbsjpvt!qpmjdz!pckfdujwft!up!qspwjef!uif!gsbnfxpsl!gps!uif!Mjpotifbe! nbtufs!qmboojoh!qspdftt/!!Uiftf!jodmvefe!)qh/!3.3!up!3.4*; 3/4/2!Sfofxbm!boe!Sfefwfmpqnfou Mjpotifbe!dbo!boe!tipvme!cf!sfofxfe!boe!sfefwfmpqfe!up!cfdpnf!b!xbsnfs-!npsf! wjcsbou!fowjsponfou!gps!hvftut!boe!sftjefout/!!Mjpotifbe!offet!bo!bqqfbmjoh!boe! dpifsfou!jefoujuz-!b!tfotf!pg!qmbdf-!b!qfstpobmjuz-!b!qvsqptf-!boe!bo!jnqspwfe!bftuifujd! dibsbdufs/! Sfdphoj{joh!uibu!Mjpotifbe!xbt!jo!offe!pg!sfefwfmpqnfou-!uif!Upxo!bepqufe!uif!Mjpotifbe! Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!up!fodpvsbhf!qsjwbuf!qspqfsuz!pxofst!up!dsfbuf!b!ofx!Mjpotifbe/!! Uif!Fwfshsffo!jnqmfnfout!uijt!pckfdujwf!xjui!bo!jnqspwfe!bsdijufduvsbm!dibsbdufs!sfÒfdujoh!uijt! jefbm/!! 3/4/4!Tuspohfs!Fdpopnjd!Cbtf!Uispvhi!Jodsfbtfe!Mjwf!Cfet Jo!psefs!up!foibodf!uif!wjubmjuz!boe!wjbcjmjuz!pg!Wbjm-!sfofxbm!boe!sfefwfmpqnfou!jo! Mjpotifbe!nvtu!qspnpuf!jnqspwfe!pddvqbodz!sbuft!boe!uif!dsfbujpo!pg!beejujpobm!cfe! Qbhf!35!pg!84 cbtf!)Æmjwf!cfetÇ!ps!Æxbsn!cfetÇ*!uispvhi!ofx!mpehjoh!qspevdut/!!Mjwf!cfet!boe!xbsn! cfet!bsf!cftu!eftdsjcfe!bt!sftjefoujbm!ps!mpehjoh!sppnt!ps!vojut!uibu!bsf!eftjhofe!gps! pddvqbodz!cz!wjtjupst-!hvftut-!joejwjevbmt-!ps!gbnjmjft!po!b!tipsu!ufsn!sfoubm!cbtjt/!!Jo! psefs!up!jnqspwf!pddvqbodz!sbuft!boe!dsfbuf!beejujpobm!cfe!cbtf!jo!Mjpotifbe-! bqqmjdbujpot!gps!ofx!efwfmpqnfou!boe!sfefwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut!xijdi!jodmvef!b! sftjefoujbm!dpnqpofou!tibmm!qspwjef!mjwf!cfet!jo!uif!gpsn!pg!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut-! gsbdujpobm!gff!dmvc!vojut-!mpehf!exfmmjoh!vojut-!ujnftibsf!vojut-!buubdife! bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!)j/f-!mpdl.pgg!vojut*-!ps!exfmmjoh!vojut!xijdi!bsf!jodmvefe!jo!b! wpmvoubsz!sfoubm!nbobhfnfou!qsphsbn!boe!bwbjmbcmf!gps!tipsu!ufsn!sfoubm/!!Gvsuifs-!ju!jt! uif!fyqsfttfe!hpbm!pg!uijt!Qmbo!uibu!jo!beejujpo!up!dsfbujoh!beejujpobm!cfe!cbtf!uispvhi! ofx!mpehjoh!qspevdut-!uifsf!tibmm!cf!op!ofu!mptt!pg!fyjtujoh!mjwf!cfet!xjuijo!uif! Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!tuvez!bsfb/!! Beejujpobmmz-!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!qspwjeft!beejujpobm!dmbsjÑdbujpo!pg!uif! ÆMjwf!CfeÇ!qpmjdz!jo!Tfdujpo!5/24-!xijdi!tubuft!uif!gpmmpxjoh;! 5/24!Mjwf!Cfet! Uif!nbjoufobodf-!qsftfswbujpo-!boe!foibodfnfou!pg!uif!mjwf!cfe!cbtf!bsf!dsjujdbm!up! uif!gvuvsf!tvddftt!pg!Mjpotifbe!boe!bt!tvdi-!tqfdjbm!fnqibtjt!tipvme!cf!qmbdfe!po! jodsfbtjoh!uif!ovncfs!pg!mjwf!cfet!jo!Mjpotifbe!bt!uif!bsfb!voefshpft!sfefwfmpqnfou/! Uif!Mjpotifbe!bsfb!dvssfoumz!dpoubjot!b!mbshf!qfsdfoubhf!pg!uif!UpxoÉt!pwfsbmm!mpehjoh! cfe!cbtf/!Uif!cfe!cbtf!jo!MjpotifbeÉt!dpotjtut!pg!b!wbsjfuz!pg!sftjefoujbm!boe!mpehjoh! qspevdut!jodmvejoh!ipufmt-!dpoepnjojvnt-!ujnftibsft!boe!izcsjet!pg!bmm!uisff/!Uif!wbtu! nbkpsjuz!pg!mjwf!cfet!jo!Mjpotifbe!bsf!opu!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!jo!ipufmt-!cvu!jotufbe-! jo!exfmmjoh!vojut!jo!sftjefoujbm!dpoepnjojvnt!tvdi!bt!uif!Wbjm!32-!Usffupqt-!Boumfst! Mpehf-!Mjpo!Trvbsf!Mpehf-!Mjguipvtf!Mpehf-!Mboenbsl!Upxfs!boe!Upxoipnft-! Mjpotifbe!Bsdbef-!boe!Npoubofspt-!bmm!pg!xijdi!ibwf!tpnf!gpsn!pg!sfoubm0qspqfsuz! nbobhfnfou!qsphsbn!uibu!fodpvsbhft!tipsu!ufsn!sfoubm!pg!exfmmjoh!vojut!xifo!uif! pxofst!bsf!opu!jo!sftjefodf/!Ju!ibt!cffo!uif!fyqfsjfodf!jo!Mjpotifbe!uibu! dpoepnjojvn!qspkfdut!xijdi!jodmvef!b!wpmvoubsz!sfoubm!nbobhfnfou!qsphsbn!ibwf! pddvqbodz!sbuft!xijdi!fydffe!uif!pddvqbodz!sbuf!pg!ipufm!qspevdut-!boe!uifsfgpsf! ufoe!up!qspwjef!npsf!mjwf!cfet!boe!qspevdf!npsf!mpehjoh!uby!sfwfovft!up!uif!Upxo/! Bqqmjdbujpot!gps!ofx!efwfmpqnfou!ps!sfefwfmpqnfou!xijdi!nbjoubjo-!qsftfswf-!boe! foibodf!uif!mjwf!cfe!cbtf!jo!Mjpotifbe!ibwf!b!tjhojÑdboumz!hsfbufs!dibodf!pg!bqqspwbm! jo!uif!efwfmpqnfou!sfwjfx!qspdftt!uibo!uiptf!xijdi!ep!opu/! 5/24/2!Mjwf!Cfe!EfÑojujpo! Qbhf!36!pg!84 Qvstvbou!up!Qpmjdz!Pckfdujwf!3/4/4-!mjwf!cfet!)boe!xbsn!cfet*!bsf!efÑofe!bt!sftjefoujbm! ps!mpehjoh!sppnt!ps!vojut!uibu!bsf!eftjhofe!gps!pddvqbodz!cz!wjtjupst-!hvftut-! joejwjevbmt-!ps!gbnjmjft-!po!b!tipsu!ufsn!sfoubm!cbtjt/!B!mjwf!cfe!nbz!jodmvef!uif! gpmmpxjoh!sftjefoujbm!qspevdut;!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut-!gsbdujpobm!gff!dmvc!vojut-!mpehf! exfmmjoh!vojut-!ujnftibsf!vojut-!buubdife!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!)j/f/-!mpdl.pgg!vojut*-!boe! exfmmjoh!vojut!xijdi!bsf!jodmvefe!jo!b!wpmvoubsz!sfoubm!nbobhfnfou!qsphsbn!boe! bwbjmbcmf!gps!tipsu!ufsn!sfoubm/! 5/24/3!Mpdbujpo!pg!Mjwf!Cfet! Mjwf!cfet!tipvme!cf!mpdbufe!jo!Mjpotifbe!qvstvbou!up!uif!Mjpotifbe!Njyfe!Vtf!2!boe! 3!{pof!ejtusjdut/!Bmm!qspqfsujft!xjuijo!Mjpotifbe-!xifo!efwfmpqjoh!ps!sfefwfmpqjoh!boe! qspwjejoh!ofx!sftjefoujbm!ps!mpehjoh!qspevdut-!tipvme!qspwjef!mjwf!cfet!bt!efÑofe! ifsfjo/! 5/24/4!Ipufm.uzqft!pg!Tfswjdft!boe!Bnfojujft! Up!bje!jo!uif!gvsuifsbodf!pg!Qpmjdz!Pckfdujwf!3/4/4!pg!uif!Qmbo-!uif!dsfbujpo!pg!beejujpobm! mjwf!cfet!tipvme!jodmvef!ipufm.uzqft!pg!tfswjdft!boe!bnfojujft/!Tvdi!tfswjdft!boe! bnfojujft!nbz!jodmvef-!cvu!opu!cf!mjnjufe!up-!uif!pqfsbujpo!pg!b!gspou!eftl-!sfhjtusbujpo0 sftfswbujpo!dbqbcjmjujft-!sfdsfbujpobm!bnfojujft-!hvftu!espq.pgg-!po.tjuf!nbobhfnfou-! fud/!Uiftf!uzqft!pg!tfswjdft!boe!bnfojujft!jo!nvmujqmf!gbnjmz!sftjefoujbm!exfmmjoht!xjmm! jodsfbtf!uif!mjlfmjippe!uibu!uif!exfmmjoh!vojut!xjmm!cf!nbef!bwbjmbcmf!gps!tipsu!ufsn! pddvqbodz!boe!ifmq!up!qspnpuf!jnqspwfe!pddvqbodz!sbuft/! 5/24/5!Sfwjfx!pg!Ofx!Efwfmpqnfou!boe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Qspkfdut! Uif!Qmboojoh!boe!Fowjsponfoubm!Dpnnjttjpo!tibmm!dpotjefs!uif!qpmjdjft!boe!ejsfdujpo! hjwfo!cz!uijt!Qmbo!xjui!sftqfdu!up!mjwf!cfet!xifo!sfwjfxjoh!ofx!efwfmpqnfou!boe! sfefwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut!jo!Mjpotifbe/!Bqqmjdbujpot!gps!ofx!efwfmpqnfou!ps! sfefwfmpqnfou!tibmm!nbjoubjo!uif!mjwf!cfe!cbtf!jo!Mjpotifbe/!Bqqmjdbujpot!gps!ofx! efwfmpqnfou!boe!sfefwfmpqnfou!xijdi!foibodf!uif!mjwf!cfe!cbtf!ibwf!b!tjhojÑdboumz! hsfbufs!dibodf!pg!bqqspwbm!jo!uif!efwfmpqnfou!sfwjfx!qspdftt!uibo!uiptf!xijdi!ep! opu/!B!qspqptbmÉt!beifsfodf!up!uif!qpmjdjft!dpoubjofe!jo!uif!bepqufe!nbtufs!qmbo!xjmm! cf!pof!pg!uif!gbdupst!bobmz{fe!cz!tubgg-!uif!Qmboojoh!boe!Fowjsponfoubm!Dpnnjttjpo! )QFD*-!uif!Eftjho!Sfwjfx!Cpbse!)ESC*-!boe!uif!Upxo!Dpvodjm!)bt!bqqmjdbcmf*!jo! efufsnjojoh!xifuifs!up!bqqspwf!ps!ejtbqqspwf!uif!tqfdjÑd!qspqptbm/! Uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!sfÒfdut!uif!UpxoÉt!hpbmt!pg!qsftfswjoh!boe! fodiboujoh!Æmjwf!cfet-Ç!xijdi!jodmvef!bmm!uif!gpmmpxjoh!vtft;! Qbhf!37!pg!84 bddpnnpebujpo!vojut-! gsbdujpobm!gff!dmvc!vojut-! mpehf!exfmmjoh!vojut-! ujnftibsf!vojut buubdife!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!)j/f-!mpdl.pgg!vojut*- exfmmjoh!vojut!xijdi!bsf!jodmvefe!jo!b!wpmvoubsz!sfoubm!nbobhfnfou!qsphsbn!boe bwbjmbcmf!gps!tipsu!ufsn!sfoubm/ Uif!Fwfshsffo!jnqmfnfout!uijt!qpmjdz!cz! Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!)Fyjtujoh* Uif!Fwfshsffo!)Qspqptfe* jodsfbtjoh!uif!ovncfs!pg!mjwf!cfet!gspn!uif! 451 fyjtujoh!258!vojut!)239!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!boe! 432 2:!exfmmjoh!vojut*!up!374!vojut!)239!buubdife! 366 bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!boe!246!exfmmjoh!vojut/*!! 374 Uijt!jodsfbtf!pg!vojut!dpoubjojoh!mjwf!cfet!gvsuifst! 281 uif!hpbm!pg!jodsfbtjoh!mjwf!cfet!boe!dpogpsnt! 274 xjui!uif!Æop!ofu!mptt!pg!fyjtujoh!mjwf!cfeÇ!qpmjdz! 258 pvumjofe!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs! 96 Qmbo/!!Uif!njy!pg!voju!uzqft!xjui!374!lfzt!dsfbuft! pqqpsuvojujft!gps!Òfyjcjmjuz!gps!sfoubm!qspevdu-! 1 LfztCfesppnt nbyjnj{joh!pddvqbodz!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo/ Bt!mjtufe!jo!Tfdujpo!5/24/4-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jodmveft!hvftu!bnfojujft!boe!gbdjmjujft!bttpdjbufe! xjui!mpehjoh!qspqfsujft-!jodmvejoh!b!hsboe!mpccz!boe!mpvohf!pg!bqqspyjnbufmz!:-581!tr/!gu/!xjui! b!gspou.eftl!boe!dpodjfshf-!po.tjuf!nbobhfnfou-!b!mpxfs!mpccz!boe!bnfojuz!tqbdf!pg! bqqspyjnbufmz!5-211!tr/!gu/-!wbmfu!qbsljoh!boe!hvftu!espq.pgg-!tlj!wbmfu-!xpslpvu!gbdjmjujft-!bmpoh! xjui!pvuepps!bnfojujft!jodmvejoh!!b!qppm-!ipu!uvc-!Ñsf!qjut-!fud/!! Jo!beejujpo!up!uif!bcpwf!qpmjdz!pckfdujwft-!uif!MSNQ!bmtp!qspwjeft!tqfdjÑd!sfdpnnfoebujpot! gps!tjuft!boe!qspqfsujft!uispvhipvu!Mjpotifbe/!!Uif!MSNQ!qspwjeft!uif!gpmmpxjoh!gps!uif! Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qspqfsuz; 6/2:!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!bu!Wbjm! Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!bu!Wbjm!jt!mpdbufe!ejsfdumz!fbtu!pg!uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!Tusfbn!Usbdu! boe!jt!cpsefsfe!up!uif!opsui!cz!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!boe!up!uif!fbtu!cz!uif!Wbjm! Wbmmfz!Nfejdbm!Dfoufs/!!Uif!mpu!bsfb!jt!bqqspyjnbufmz!215-219!trvbsf!gffu!jo!tj{f!ps! Qbhf!38!pg!84 spvhimz!3/4:!bdsft/!!Tjodf!uif!psjhjobm!jodmvtjpo!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou! Nbtufs!Qmbo-!b!qpsujpo!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qbsdfm-!bekbdfou!up!uif!fyjtujoh!WWND! qbsljoh!hbsbhf-!xbt!tpme!jo!3125!up!uif!Wbjm!Wbmmfz!Nfejdbm!Dfoufs!)WWND*/!! Beejujpobmmz-!jo!3126-!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!boe!uif!Wbjm!Wbmmfz!Nfejdbm!Dfoufs-!foufsfe! joup!bo!bhsffnfou!up!fydibohf!mboe!uibu!sftvmufe!jo!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!bdrvjsjoh!b! qpsujpo!pg!uif!WWND!qspqfsuz!tpvui!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!boe!WWND!bdrvjsjoh!b! qpsujpo!pg!Fwfshsffo! Mpehf!mboe!fbtu!pg! uif!Mpehf/!!)Tff! Ñhvsf!2*!Uif! bhsffnfou!xbt! sfbdife!cbtfe!po uif!dpodmvtjpo!pg!b! uxp.ebz!dibssfuuf! cfuxffo!WWND-! Upxo!pg!Wbjm-!boe! uif!Fwfshsffo! Mpehf! sfqsftfoubujwft-! xijdi!bt!dpoevdufe! jo!Efdfncfs!pg! 3125!xifsf!uif!qbsujft!efwfmpqfe!bo!pwfsbmm!dpodfquvbm!sfefwfmpqnfou!tdifnf! cfofÑujoh!bmm!qbsujft/!!Uif!sftvmujoh!mboe!bsfb!gps!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!jt!bqqspyjnbufmz! 3/61!bdsft!bgufs!uif!mboe!usbef/!Qiztjdbm!jnqspwfnfout!uibu!dvssfoumz!fyjtu!po!uif!tjuf! bsf!b!ojof.tupsz!ubmm!ipufm0dpoepnjojvn!tusvduvsf!dpoubjojoh!2:!exfmmjoh!vojut!boe!239! bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!xjui!bo!bekpjojoh!uxp.tupsz!ubmm!ipufm!bnfojujft!xjoh!dpoubjojoh!b! sftubvsbou-!dpdlubjm!mpvohf!boe!cbs-!nffujoh!sppnt!boe!dpogfsfodf!gbdjmjujft-!pof! cfmpx.hsbef!tusvduvsfe!qbsljoh!hbsbhf!dpoubjojoh!63!qbsljoh!tqbdft-!boe!qbwfe! tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!dpnqsjtfe!pg!96!qbsljoh!tqbdft/!Uif!ojof.tupsz!ubmm!tusvduvsf!ibt!b! qsfepnjobou!fbtu.xftu!psjfoubujpo!bmpoh!uif!tpvuifsmz!fehf!pg!uif!tjuf!xijmf!uif! gbdjmjujft!xjoh!ibt!b!opsui.tpvui!psjfoubujpo!bmpoh!uif!xftufsmz!fehf!pg!uif!tjuf/!!! Wfijdmf!bddftt!up!uif!tjuf!jt!qspwjefe!cz!uxp!fyjtujoh!dvsc!dvut!bmpoh!uif!Tpvui! Gspoubhf!Spbe/!!Op!efejdbufe!mpbejoh!boe!efmjwfsz!cfsuit!dvssfoumz!fyjtu!po!uif!tjuf/!! Efmjwfsz!wfijdmft!pgufo!bsf!sfrvjsfe!up!nbofvwfs!poup!uif!tjuf!cz!cbdljoh!jo!gspn!uif! Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe/!Pqqpsuvojujft!gps!gvuvsf!jnqspwfnfout!boe!vqhsbeft!jodmvef;!! ¦Fmjnjobujpo!pg!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!boe!dsfbujpo!pg!npsf!voefshspvoe!qbsljoh< Qbhf!39!pg!84 ¦Fodmptfe!Mpbejoh!boe!Efmjwfsz<! ¦Bsdijufduvsbm!foibodfnfout!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!Mjpotifbe!Bsdijufduvsbm!Eftjho! Hvjefmjoft<! ¦Jnqspwfe!fyufsjps!mjhiujoh<! ¦Dppsejobufe!wfijdvmbs!bddftt!boe!jnqmfnfoubujpo!pg!uif!Wbjm!Tusffutdbqf!Nbtufs! Qmbo!sfdpnnfoebujpot<! ¦Dsffl!jnqspwfnfout!up!jnqspwf!ifbmui!boe!bddftt!cz!uif!qvcmjd<! ¦Jnqspwfe!tusffutdbqf!boe!mboetdbqjoh!bmpoh!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe<! ¦Jnqspwfe!qfeftusjbo!djsdvmbujpo!bmpoh!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!boe!dpoofdujpo!up! Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf<!boe! ¦Vqhsbefe!boe!fyqboefe!ipufm!bddpnnpebujpot!boe!bnfojujft-!boe!jodmvtjpo!pg!b! Òbu!Òpps!dpogfsfodf!bsfb/! Uif!Eftjho!Ufbn!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo!ibt!jnqmfnfoufe!bmnptu!fwfsz!jufn!po!uijt!mjtu!pg!qpufoujbm! pqqpsuvojujft/!!Uif!fyjtujoh!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!xjmm!cf!fmjnjobufe!boe!bmm!qbsljoh!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo! xjmm!cf!mpdbufe!xjuijo!b!cfmpx.hsbef!tusvduvsf/!!Uif!mpbejoh!boe!efmjwfsz!tfswjdf!bsfb!xjmm!cf! fodmptfe!boe!bddfttfe!wjb!b!efejdbufe!tfdpoebsz!bddftt!qpjou!kvtu!up!uif!xftu!pg!uif! spvoebcpvu/!!Uif!bsdijufduvsbm!eftjho!jnqmfnfout!uif!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft-!xijmf!sfdphoj{joh!uif! npsf!npefso!bsdijufduvsbm!bftuifujd!pg!Wbjm!Ifbmui!boe!uif!Djwjd!Dfoufs!bsfb/!!Fyufsjps!mjhiujoh! xjmm!cf!ebsl.tlz!dpnqmjbou!boe!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!UpxoÉt!mjhiujoh!sfhvmbujpot/!!Bt!bmm!wfijdvmbs! bddftt!jt!wjb!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!boe!uif!ofx!spvoebcpvu-!op!wfijdvmbs!usbgÑd!bttpdjbufe! xjui!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jnqbdut!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf-!bmmpxjoh!gps!uif!jnqmfnfoubujpo!pg!uif!Wbjm! Tusffutdbqf!Nbtufs!Qmbo!boe!uif!npsf!sfdfou!Djwjd!Qmbo/!!Uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!uif!ofx! spvoebcpvu!jnqmfnfoufe!nboz!pg!uif!tusffutdbqf!jnqspwfnfout!bmpoh!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe-! xijdi!xjmm!cf!foibodfe!xjui!beejujpobm!mboetdbqjoh!jnqspwfnfout!bt!qbsu!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo/!! Mbtumz-!uif!pvuebufe!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!xjmm!cf!sfqmbdfe!xjui!Uif!Fwfshsffo-!pggfsjoh!vqhsbefe! bddpnnpebujpot!boe!bnfojujft!gps!hvftut/! 6/2:/2!Qfeftusjbo!Bddftt!! Qfeftusjbo!bddftt!tipvme!cf!vqhsbefe!up!qspwjef!b!tbgf!boe!buusbdujwf!qfeftusjbo dpoofdujpo!gspn!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe-!uispvhi!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!efwfmpqnfou! tjuf!boe0ps!uif!bekbdfou!usbdut!pg!mboe!pxofe!cz!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!boe!uif!Fbhmf!Sjwfs! Xbufs!boe!Tbojubujpo!Ejtusjdu-!up!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!boe!xjui!b!dpoujovpvt! qfeftusjbo0cjdzdmf!qbui!bmpoh!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe-!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!UpxoÉt! qspqptfe!qmbot!gps!b!spvoebcpvu!bmpoh!uif!gspoubhf!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qspqfsuz! )tff!Ñhvsf!3*!!B!hsbwfm!qbui!dpoofdujoh!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!up!uif!qbwfe! Qbhf!3:!pg!84 qfeftusjbo!qbui!mpdbufe!po! uif!fbtu!tjef!pg!uif! Epctpo!Jdf!Bsfob! qsftfoumz!fyjtut!bmpoh!uif! tpvui!tjef!pg!uif!qspqfsuz/! Uijt!qbui-!xijmf!gvodujpobm-! sfdfjwft!mjuumf-!jg!boz-!sfhvmbs! nbjoufobodf!boe!jodmveft! b!sbjmspbe!ujf!tfu!pg!tubjst! uibu!jt!votbgf!boe!jo! ejtsfqbjs/!Uifsf!bsf! dvssfoumz!op!qfeftusjbo! jnqspwfnfout!mpdbufe! bmpoh!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf! Spbe!bmpoh!uif!Fwfshsffo! Mpehf!gspoubhf/!Uipvhi!op!jnqspwfnfout!fyjtu-!b!gbjs!ovncfs!pg!qfeftusjbot!vtf!uif! tpvuifsmz!fehf!pg!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!xifo!foufsjoh!ps!fyjujoh!uif!tjuf!ps!xijmf! usbwfmjoh!qbtu!uif!qspqfsuz/!Jo!psefs!up!jnqspwf!qfeftusjbo!bddftt!boe!tbgfuz-!ju!jt! sfdpnnfoefe!uibu!gvuvsf!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!tjuf!jodmveft!uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!b! dpoujovpvt!qfeftusjbo0cjdzdmf!qbui!bmpoh!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!boe!uibu!uif! fyjtujoh!hsbwfm!qbui!bmpoh!uif!tpvuifsmz!fehf!pg!uif!tjuf!cf!jnqspwfe!boe!sfhvmbsmz! nbjoubjofe/!Cbtfe!po!uif!sftvmut!pg!uif!uxp.ebz!dibssfuuf-!uif!mboe!usbef!qspwjeft!bo! pqqpsuvojuz!up!dsfbuf!b!qfeftusjbo!xbmlxbz!gspn!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!up!Xftu Nfbepx!Esjwf!bt!hfofsbmmz! efqjdufe!jo!Gjhvsf!3!)tff! Ñhvsf!3*/!!Dpodfquvbmmz-!uif! ofx!xbmlxbz!dpvme!cfofÑu! vtfst!pg!cpui!uif!WWND!boe! uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf! qspqfsujft!xijmf!bmtp!bmmpxjoh! gps!bddftt!cz!uif!qvcmjd/!!! Uif!qfeftusjbo!bddftt!uispvhi!uif! tjuf-!dpoofdujoh!uif!Upxo!Nvojdjqbm! Dfoufs!boe!puifs!qfeftusjbot!epxo! Fyjtujoh!qfeftusjbo!qbui!cfuxffo!Wbjm!Ifbmui! up!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!jt!b!lfz! boe!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf Qbhf!41!pg!84 dpnqpofou!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo/!!Uijt!bddftt-!xijdi!jt!dvssfoumz!b!hsbwfm!qbui-!xjmm!cf!b!npsf! gpsnbm!qfeftusjbo!dpoofdujpo/!!Ju!ibt!cffo!eftjhofe!bt!b!7!gu/!)njojnvn*!bddftt!spvuf-!boe! jodmveft!mboetdbqf!jnqspwfnfout!boe!efdpsbujwf!gfbuvsft!up!nblf!uif!xbmlxbz!b!npsf! xfmdpnjoh!fyqfsjfodf/!!Uif!xbmlxbz!dpoofdut!epxo!up!Mpu!21!boe!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf-!pwfs! uif!qspqptfe!mboetdbqf!mje!xijdi!xjmm!dpwfs!b!qpsujpo!pg!uif!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!bu!Wbjm!Ifbmui/!!! 6/2:/3!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!Jnqspwfnfout!boe!Wfijdvmbs!Bddftt!! Uif!tjuf!jt!dvssfoumz!bddfttfe!cz!wfijdmft!gspn!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!xjui!uxp-!gvmm! npwfnfou-!bddftt!qpjout/!Uif!dvssfou!mpdbujpo!pg!uiftf!bddftt!qpjout!sfmbujwf!up!uif! fyjtujoh!bddftt!qpjout!gps!uif!VT!Cbol!Cvjmejoh-!Wbjm!Wbmmfz!Nfejdbm!Dfoufs!qbsljoh! tusvduvsf-!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!Nvojdjqbm!Cvjmejoht-!boe!qpufoujbm!gvuvsf!bddftt!qpjout!up!uif! Wbjm!Wbmmfz!Nfejdbm!Dfoufs!boe!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!Cvjmejoh!sftvmut!jo!voeftjsbcmf!usbgÑd! Òpx!boe!uvsojoh!npwfnfout!dsfbujoh!usbgÑd!tbgfuz-!dbqbdjuz-!boe!mfwfm!pg!tfswjdf! dpodfsot/!!Jo!lffqjoh!xjui!Qpmjdz!Pckfdujwf!3/4/5-!Jnqspwfe!Bddftt!boe!Djsdvmbujpo-!pg! uif!Qmbo-!pqqpsuvojujft!gps!qvcmjd!usbotqpsubujpo!boe!wfijdvmbs!djsdvmbujpo!jnqspwfnfout! tipvme!cf!fyqmpsfe!jo!dpokvodujpo!xjui!boz!gvuvsf!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!tjuf/!!Qpttjcmf! pqqpsuvojujft!gps!jnqspwfnfout!nbz!jodmvef-!bo!jnqspwfe!nbtt!usbotju!tupq-!sfmpdbufe0 sfevdfe0tibsfe!qpjout!pg!fousz0fyjujoh-!sftusjdufe!bddftt!qpjout-!bddfmfsbujpo0! efdfmfsbujpo!mboft-!hsfbufs!tjhiu!ejtubodft-!efejdbufe!uvsojoh!mboft!boe!mboetdbqfe! nfejbot-!boe!uif!fwbmvbujpo!boe!qpttjcmf!jnqmfnfoubujpo!pg!bo!joufstfdujpo!tpmvujpo-! tvdi!bt!b!spvoebcpvu/!!Jg!dpotusvdufe-!b!gvmm-!uxp!mbof!spvoebcpvu!dpvme!cf!mpdbufe! bmpoh!uif!gspoubhf!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!boe!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!Nvojdjqbm!tjuf!uibu!ublft!joup! bddpvou!uif!beejujpobm!uispvhi.usbgÑd!offet!pg!uif!dpnnvojuz!cvu!bmtp!uif!gvuvsf! sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!UpxoÉt!nvojdjqbm!tjuf-!WWND-!boe!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf! qspqfsujft/!!Beejujpobm!tuvez!pg!uif!spvoebcpvu!eftjho!jt!ofdfttbsz/!!Bt!fowjtjpofe-!uif! spvoebcpvu!boe!spbexbz!jnqspwfnfout!xpvme!bmmpx!gps!b!qsjnbsz!sjhiu!jo-!sjhiu!pvu! wfijdvmbs!bddftt!boe!b!tfqbsbuf!sjhiu!jo-!sjhiu!pvu!tfswjdf!wfijdmf!bddftt!up!uif! Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qspqfsuz/!Uif!qspqptfe!spvoebcpvu!bt!fowjtjpofe!fodspbdift!joup! uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qspqfsuz!boe!uif!UpxoÉt!nvojdjqbm!tjuf!xijdi!jnqbdut!uif!gvuvsf! efwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!qspqfsujft/!!! Jo!bo!fggpsu!up!jnqspwf!uif!qfeftusjbo!fowjsponfou!bmpoh!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!boe! gvsuifs!sfevdf!uif!upubm!ovncfs!pg!wfijdmf!usjqt!po!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf-!wfijdvmbs! bddftt!up!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!gspn!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!tibmm!cf!qspijcjufe/!!!!! Uif!spvoebcpvu!jnqspwfnfout!ibwf!cffo!jnqmfnfoufe!cz!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm-!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui! uif!sfdpnnfoebujpot!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo/!!Xjui!uif!wfijdvmbs! Qbhf!42!pg!84 bddftt!gspn!uif!spvoebcpvu!boe!b!tfdpoebsz!tfswjdf!bddftt!gspn!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe-! uif!eftjho!jt!dpoujovft!up!jnqmfnfou!uiftf!sfdpnnfoebujpot/!Fbtfnfout!gps!uif!spbexbz!boe! tjefxbml!jnqspwfnfout!po!Uif!Fwfshsffo!qspqfsuz!xfsf!hsboufe!cz!uif!pxofs!up!gbdjmjubuf!uif! ofx!spvoebcpvu/!! 6/2:/4!Qsftfswbujpo!pg!Fyjtujoh!Bddpnnpebujpo!Vojut!! Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qsftfoumz!dpoubjot!239!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut/!Jo!beejujpo-!uif! Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!bmtp!dpoubjot!b!sftubvsbou-!dpdlubjm!mpvohf!boe!cbs!boe!nffujoh! sppnt!jodjefoubm!up!uif!pqfsbujpo!pg!uif!Mpehf/!Psjhjobmmz!cvjmu!jo!2:85-!uif!fyjtujoh! bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!boe!ipufm!bnfojujft!bsf!pme!boe!pvuebufe/!Uif!Mpehf!xbt! efwfmpqfe!up!uif!tuboebset!eftjsfe!npsf!uibo!gpvs!efdbeft!bhp!boe!mjlfmz!op!mpohfs! qspwjeft!hvftut!xjui!bddpnnpebujpot!nffujoh!npsf!npefso!tuboebset!boe! fyqfdubujpot/!!Hjwfo!uif!jnqpsubodf!boe!offe!gps!tipsu.ufsn!bddpnnpebujpot!up!uif! wjubmjuz!boe!tvddftt!pg!uif!dpnnvojuz-!boz!gvuvsf!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!tjuf!tibmm! fotvsf-!bu!b!njojnvn-!!uif!qsftfswbujpo!ps!sfqmbdfnfou!pg!uif!239!tipsu.ufsn! bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!po!uif!tjuf-!jo!lffqjoh!xjui!uif!mjwf!cfe!qpmjdz!jo!Tfdujpo!5/24/! Uif!qsftfswbujpo!pg!tipsu!ufsn!bddpnnpebujpot!tipvme!gpdvt!po!nbjoubjojoh!uif! ovncfs!pg!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut/!Xijmf!uif!efwfmpqnfou!usfoe!jo!Wbjm!tjodf!uif!mbuf! 2::1Ét!ibt!cffo!up!gpdvt!po!ijhi.foe-!mvyvsz!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!vujmj{joh!npsf!Òpps! bsfb!qfs!voju-!bo!pqqpsuvojuz!fyjtut!up!dsfbuf!ijhi!rvbmjuz!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!uibu!bsf! tnbmmfs!jo!tj{f-!boe!qpufoujbmmz!hsfbufs!jo!ovncfs-!boe!mjlfmz!up!cf!npsf!bggpsebcmf-!zfu! bdijfwf!uif!hpbmt!pg!qsftfswjoh!uif!fyjtujoh!ovncfs!pg!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut-! nbjoubjojoh!mjwf!cfet!po!uif!tjuf-!boe!jodsfbtjoh!uif!sfwfovft!boe!wjubmjuz!pg!uif!Upxo/! Pqqpsuvojujft!gps!jodsfbtjoh!uif!ovncfs!pg!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!cfzpoe!uif!fyjtujoh! 239!vojut!bmsfbez!po.tjuf!tipvme!cf!fwbmvbufe!evsjoh!uif!efwfmpqnfou!sfwjfx!qspdftt/! Gps!fybnqmf-!uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!Æbuubdife!bddpnnpebujpo!vojutÇ-!ps!uif!qspwjtjpo!pg!b! sfoubm!nbobhfnfou!qsphsbn-!dpvme!tjhojÑdboumz!jodsfbtf!uif!bwbjmbcjmjuz!pg!tipsu.ufsn! sfoubm!pqqpsuvojujft!uispvhi!sfefwfmpqnfou/!!! Uif!fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf-!dpotusvdufe!jo!uif!2:81t-!pggfst!bo!pvuebufe!mpehjoh!qspevdu! uibu!epft!opu!nffu!uif!offet!boe!eftjsft!pg!uif!hvftut!pg!Wbjm/!!Sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!qspqfsuz! qspwjeft!bo!pqqpsuvojuz!up!jnqspwf!uif!qspevdu!pggfsjoh!xijmf!vqhsbejoh!uif!wjtvbm!bqqfbsbodf! pg!uif!bsfb-!ftqfdjbmmz!bekbdfou!up!uif!ofxmz!dpnqmfufe!Wbjm!Ifbmui/!!Jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!ÆOp! Ofu!Mptt!pg!Mjwf!Cfet-Ç!Uif!Fwfshsffo!xjmm!jodsfbtf!uif!ovncfs!pg!vojut!xjui!mjwf!cfe!dpvou! gspn!258!up!374-!qspwjejoh!b!njy!pg!voju!uzqft!uispvhi!uif!qspwjtjpo!pg!b!sfoubm!nbobhfnfou! qsphsbn!gps!uif!246!vojut!boe!239!buubdife!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut/!!Uijt!qspevdu!njy!bmmpxt!gps! Qbhf!43!pg!84 hvftut!up!ibwf!uif!pqujpo!pg!b!npsf!usbejujpobm!ipufm!sppn!ps!mbshfs-!nvmuj.sppn!tvjuft!uibu!dbo! tfswf!mbshfs!gbnjmjft/!!Uijt!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!up! qspwjef!b!wbsjfuz!pg!mjwf!cfet!uispvhipvu!Mjpotifbe/!!! 6/2:/5!Jnqbdut!po!Njeemf!Dsffl!Tusfbn!Usbdu!! Uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!Tusfbn!Usbdu!mjft!up!uif!xftu!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf/!!Uif!Usbdu!jt! nbef!vq!pg!uxp!qbsdfmt/!Pof!pxofe!cz!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!boe!uif!puifs!cz!uif!Fbhmf! Sjwfs!Xbufs!boe!Tbojubujpo!Ejtusjdu/!!Uif!Usbdu!jt!ifbwjmz!wfhfubufe!xjui!efdjevpvt! usfft-!b!tjhojÑdbou!mpxfs!mbzfs!pg!sjqbsjbo!voefscsvti!boe!bmtp!jodmveft!b!qfeftusjbo! qbui!boe!b!qfeftusjbo!csjehf/!Hjwfo!uif!jnqpsubodf!pg!xbufs!rvbmjuz-!ju!jt!jnqfsbujwf! uibu!boz!gvuvsf!efwfmpqnfou!po!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!tjuf!epft!opu!ofhbujwfmz!jnqbdu!ps! fodspbdi!vqpo!uif!fyjtujoh!sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps!pg!Njeemf!Dsffl!boe!uibu!ju!dpnqmz!xjui! boz!tusfbn!ifbmui!jojujbujwft-!jodmvejoh!boz!bnfoenfout!up!uif!xbufsdpvstf!tfucbdl! sfrvjsfnfout!uibu!nbz!cf!bepqufe!upxo!xjef/!Bmuipvhi!uif!tjuf!cpsefst!uif!Njeemf! Dsffl!Tusfbn!Usbdu-!uifsf!jt!op!tjhojÑdbou!bnpvou!pg!rvbmjuz!wfhfubujpo!po!uif!tjuf!boe! uif!qbsdfm!mjft!pvu!pg!uif!211.zfbs!Òppe!qmbjo/!Bt!dvssfoumz!dpoÑhvsfe-!pqqpsuvojujft! fyjtu!up!cfuufs!sfdphoj{f!uif!cfofÑut!pg!dsffl!tjef!efwfmpqnfou!boe!up!jnqspwf!boe! foibodf!uif!sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps!up!beesftt!uif!pwfsbmm!ifbmui!pg!uif!Dsffl/!Gps!qvsqptft! pg!uijt!nbtufs!qmbo!sfdpnnfoebujpo-!uif!sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps!tibmm!cf!efÑofe!bt!uif! Njeemf!Dsffl!Tusfbn!Usbdu/!Xijmf!uif!sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps!pg!Njeemf!Dsffl!tibmm!sfnbjo! qspufdufe!boe!qsftfswfe-!uif!qiztjdbm!boe!wjtvbm!sfmbujpotijqt!boe!sfgfsfodft!cfuxffo! bekbdfou!efwfmpqnfou!boe!uif!Usbdu!tipvme!cf!tusfohuifofe/!Dbsfgvm!dpotjefsbujpo! tipvme!cf!ublfo!xifo!bqqspwjoh!boz!bqqmjdbujpo!gps!efwfmpqnfou!bekbdfou!up!Njeemf! Dsffl/!Boz!gvuvsf!efwfmpqnfou!bqqmjdbujpo!gps!uif!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo! Mpehf!tjuf!tibmm!cf!bddpnqbojfe!cz!bo!fowjsponfoubm!jnqbdu!sfqpsu!dpotjtufou!xjui! uif!sfrvjsfnfout!qsftdsjcfe!jo!Dibqufs!23-!Fowjsponfoubm!Jnqbdu!Sfqpsut-!Ujumf!23-! \[pojoh!Sfhvmbujpot-!Wbjm!Upxo!Dpef/!Bo!pqqpsuvojuz!fyjtut!up!dsfbuf!b!tjhojÑdbou! dpoofdujpo!cfuxffo!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!boe!Njeemf!Dsffl/!Boz!vtf!pg!Njeemf!Dsffl! gps!bftuifujd!ps!sfdsfbujpobm!qvsqptft-!ipxfwfs-!tipvme!cf!tvcpsejobuf!up!uif! qsftfswbujpo!pg!uif!obuvsbm!sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps!boe!jut!joifsfou!obuvsbm!dibsbdufs/!Uif! Njeemf!Dsffl!Tusfbn!Usbdu!qspwjeft!bo!pqqpsuvojuz!gps!uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!b! sfdsfbujpobm!qbui!dpoofdujoh!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!boe!vtft!po!uif!Fwfshsffo! Mpehf!qspqfsuz!up!uif!fyjtujoh!qfeftusjbo!qbuit!bu!uif!Epctpo!Jdf!Bsfob!qspwjejoh!b! tuspoh!qfeftusjbo!dpoofdujpo!up!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf/!!! Qbhf!44!pg!84 Uif!Fwfshsffo!Eftjho!Ufbn!ibt! Njeemf!Dsffl!jt!xjuijo!usbdut!pxofe!cz! uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!boe!FSXTE xpslfe!up!fotvsf!uibu!uif!eftjho!pg! Uif!Fwfshsffo!bmpoh!Njeemf!Dsffl! jt!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif sfdpnnfoebujpo!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe! Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo-!xijdi! gpdvtft!po!qspufdujpo!boe! qsftfswbujpo!pg!uif!sjqbsjbo!bsfb/!! Ifbuifs!Ipvtupo-!Qsftjefou!pg! Cjsdi!Fdpmphz-!jt!bo!joufhsbm!qbsu!pg! uif!Eftjho!Ufbn!boe!cbtfe!po!ifs! fyqfsujtf!bt!b!qspgfttjpobm! fdpmphjtu-!ibt!qspwjefe!ejsfdujpo!po! uif!qsftfswbujpo!boe!foibodfnfou!pg!uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!sjqbsjbo!{pof/!!Cjsdi!Fdpmphz! dpnqmfufe!uif!Fowjsponfoubm!Jnqbdu!Sfqpsu!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo-!xijdi!ibt!cffo!jodmvefe!xjui! uijt!tvcnjuubm/!!!Bt!Njeemf!Dsffl!jt!mpdbufe!po!b!usbdu!pg!mboe!pxofe!cz!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!boe! FSXTE-!boz!sftupsbujpo!bdujwjujft!xjmm!sfrvjsf!dppsejobujpo!boe!bqqspwbm!pg!uif!Upxo!boe! FSXTE/ 6/2:/6!Sfmbujpotijq!up!uif!Wbjm!Wbmmfz!Nfejdbm!Dfoufs!boe!uif!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!! Qfsibqt!uif!nptu!dsjujdbm!gvodujpobm!sfmbujpotijq!jt!uif!offe!up!dppsejobuf!boz!gvuvsf! efwfmpqnfou!po!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!tjuf!xjui!uif!Wbjm!Wbmmfz!Nfejdbm!Dfoufs/!Gps! fybnqmf-!pqqpsuvojujft!gps!dppsejobujpo!nbz!jodmvef-!tibsfe!tfswjdf!boe!efmjwfsz! gbdjmjujft-!hsbejoh!boe!tjuf!jnqspwfnfout-!tibsfe!qbsljoh-!boe!qfeftusjbo!qbuixbz! dpoofdujpot/!Cpui!qbsujft!ibwf!ublfo!tufqt!up!fotvsf!uif!qspqfsujft!dbo!cf! sfefwfmpqfe!jo!b!npsf!dppsejobufe!nboofs!cz!fyfdvujoh!uif!mboe!fydibohf/!!Uif!mboe! fydibohf!qspwjeft!cfuufs!bddftt!mfohui-!gspoubhf-!boe!sfefwfmpqnfou!pqqpsuvojujft!up! uif!Wbjm!Wbmmfz!Nfejdbm!Dfoufs!cz!tfdvsjoh!beejujpobm!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!bddftt!boe! qspwjejoh!npsf!Òfyjcjmjuz!jo!uif!eftjho!pg!b!qpttjcmf!Fbtu!Xjoh!pg!uif!WWND/!!Uif! fydibohf!pg!mboe!bggpset!bo!pqqpsuvojuz!up!bddpnnpebuf!bo!jnqpsubou!qfeftusjbo! dpoofdujpo!gspn!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!up!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf-!uifsfcz! tusfohuifojoh!uif!qfeftusjbo!dpoofdujpo!joup!Mjpotifbe!boe!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf/!!Uif!mboe! fydibohf!bmtp!bmmpxt!gps!jnqspwfe!wfijdvmbs!bddftt!cz!qspwjejoh!b!sfbtpobcmf!mpdbujpo! gps!b!spvoebcpvu!mpdbufe!jo!gspou!pg!boe!po!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qspqfsuz!jnqspwjoh! bddftt!up!cpui!qspqfsujft/!Uijt!qfeftusjbo!dpoofdujpo!dpvme!qpufoujbmmz!vujmj{f!b!pof. Qbhf!45!pg!84 tupsz!efdl!uibu!dpvme!dpwfs!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!po!uif!WWND!dbnqvt/!!Xijmf!b!efdl! qspwjeft!dpwfsfe!qbsljoh!tdsffofe!gspn!qvcmjd!wjfx-!ju!bmtp!jouspevdft!b!mboetdbqf! fmfnfou!boe!qmb{b!cfofÑujoh!uif!wjfxt!boe!vtf!cz!qbuspot!gspn!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf-! WWND-!boe!uif!dpnnvojuz!bu!mbshf/!!Jo!psefs!gps!b!dpoofdujpo!boe!mboetdbqf! foibodfnfou!up!cf!tvddfttgvm-!ju!nbz!sfrvjsf!uibu!ju!up!cf!efwfmpqfe!xjui!sfevdfe!ps! {fsp!tfucbdlt!cfuxffo!uif!qspqfsujft/!!!! Uif!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!jt!mpdbufe!bdsptt!gspn!up!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!tjuf!po!uif!xftu! tjef!pg!uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!Tusfbn!Usbdu/!Cvjmejoh!cvml-!nbtt!boe!tdbmf!po!uif!Fwfshsffo! Mpehf!tjuf!jt!bggfdufe!cz!uif!offe!gps!uif!fnfshfodz!ifmjqbe!mpdbufe!po!uif!Wbjm!Wbmmfz! Nfejdbm!Dfoufs!qspqfsuz!boe!uif!sfrvjsfnfou!uibu!boz!gvuvsf!cvjmejoh!po!uif!fydibohf! qbsdfm!tufqt!epxo!upxbset!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!up!dsfbuf!bo!bqqspqsjbuf!qfeftusjbo! tdbmf/!!Uiftf!uxp!eftjho!dpotjefsbujpot!sftvmu!jo!uif!hsfbuftu!cvjmejoh!cvml-!nbtt!boe! tdbmf!cfjoh!mpdbufe!jo!uif!opsuixftu!dpsofs!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!efwfmpqnfou!tjuf/!! Evsjoh!uif!efwfmpqnfou!sfwjfx!qspdftt-!uif!ESC!boe!uif!QFD!tibmm!qbz!tqfdjbm! buufoujpo!up!uif!xftufso!gbdbef!pg!boz!ofx!ps!sfefwfmpqfe!tusvduvsf!up!fotvsf!ju!jt! bqqspqsjbufmz!bsujdvmbufe!up!qspwjef!wjtvbm!joufsftu-!tibepx!mjoft!boe!bwpjet!mbshf! vocsplfo!xbmm!qmboft/!!! Gps!uif!qpsujpo!pg!uif!efwfmpqnfou!bmpoh!uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!Tusfbn!Usbdu!cvjmejoh! gbdbeft!gbdjoh!xftu!upxbset!uif!tusfbn!dpssjeps!tipvme!tufq!cbdl!gspn!uif!Dsffl!up! fotvsf!befrvbuf!tvomjhiu!sfbdift!uif!hspvoe!boe!uifsf!tipvme!cf!b!dmfbs!tfqbsbujpo-! nptu!mjlfmz!b!obujwf!mboetdbqf!cvggfs-!cfuxffo!uif!qvcmjd!boe!uif!qsjwbuf!tqbdft/!!! Nboz!pg!uif!sfdpnnfoebujpot!sfmbufe!up!uif!sfmbujpotijq!gps!dppsejobufe!efwfmpqnfou!cfuxffo! Uif!Fwfshsffo!boe!Wbjm!Ifbmui!ibwf!bmsfbez!cffo!jnqmfnfoufe!boe!ftubcmjtife!jo!bhsffnfout! cfuxffo!uif!qbsujft/!!Uiftf!xfsf!epof!jo!dpokvodujpo!xjui!uif!gpsnbm!sfqmbuujoh!pg!Uif! Fwfshsffo!boe!Wbjm!Ifbmui!qspqfsujft!jo!3128/!!Uif!qspqptfe!mboetdbqf!mje!pwfs!b!qpsujpo!pg!uif! tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!jt!jodmvefe!jo!uif!efwfmpqnfou!qmbot!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo-!boe!b!mfuufs!gspn!Wbjm! Ifbmui!sfdphoj{joh!uif!dppqfsbujpo!bnpohtu!uif!qbsujft!jt!jodmvefe!xjui!uijt!tvcnjuubm/!!Uif! mboetdbqf!mje!xbt!bhsffe!up!cz!Wbjm!Ifbmui!boe!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jo!bo!fbtfnfou!bhsffnfou!bmtp! fyfdvufe!bu!uif!ujnf!uif!ofx!qbsdfmt!xfsf!qmbuufe/!Uif!mboetdbqf!mje!dpoofdut!up!uif! mboetdbqf!qmb{b!bu!Uif!Fwfshsffo-!dsfbujoh!b!tfbnmftt!opsui.tpvui!qfeftusjbo!dpoofdujpo! uispvhi!uif!tjuft-!boe!nbyjnj{joh!uif!hsffo.tqbdf!tfswjoh!cpui!tjuft!xijmf!bmtp!tdsffojoh! tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!bsfbt!vtfe!cz!Wbjm!Ifbmui/!! Qbhf!46!pg!84 Opujoh!uibu!uif!hsfbuftu!nbtt!gps!Uif! Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm-!mpdbufe!bdsptt!uif! Njeemf!Dsffl!tusfbn!usbdu Fwfshsffo!xjmm!cf!bu!uif!opsuixftu!dpsofs!pg! uif!qspqfsuz-!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou! Nbtufs!Qmbo!sfdpnnfoet!uibu!bo!bsujdvmbufe xftufso!gbdbef/!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!Eftjho! Ufbn!ibt!ublfo!uijt!ejsfdujpo!boe!dsfbufe!b! gbdbef!uibu!jodmveft!cbmdpojft!boe! bsujdvmbujpo!up!fotvsf!tibepx!mjoft!boe! csfblt!uif!xbmm!qmboft!jo!bqqspqsjbuf! mpdbujpot/!!Uif!qspqptfe!cvjmejoh!bmtp!tufqt! epxo!gspn!opsui!up!tpvui!bmpoh!uijt!gbdbef/! Uif!Fwfshsffo!sfÒfdut!uif!UpxoÉt!hpbmt!up!qspufdu-!qsftfswf-!boe!foibodf!uif!Njeemf!Dsffl! sjqbsjbo!bsfb-!boe!uif!mboetdbqf!bmpoh!uijt!dpssjeps!ibt!cffo!eftjhofe!up!qspwjef!befrvbuf! tfqbsbujpo!cfuxffo!uif!qvcmjd!boe!qsjwbuf!tqbdft/ 6/2:/7!Tfswjdf!boe!Efmjwfsz! Tfswjdf!boe!efmjwfsz!gvodujpot!gps!uif!ipufm!bsf!dvssfoumz!bddpnnpebufe!po!hsbef!gspn! uif!xftufsmz!fousbodf!up!uif!qspqfsuz/!Tfswjdf!boe!efmjwfsz!gps!uif!sfefwfmpqfe! Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!tibmm!pddvs!xjuijo!uif!tusvduvsft!ps!boe!puifsxjtf!cf!befrvbufmz! tdsffofe!gspn!qvcmjd!wjfx/!Tfswjdf!boe!efmjwfsz!usvdl!uvsojoh!nbofvwfsjoh!tibmm!opu! ofhbujwfmz!jnqbdu!usbgÑd!Òpx!po!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!boe!b!tfqbsbuf!mpbejoh!boe! tfswjdf!fousz!nbz!cf!bmmpxfe!jo!dpokvodujpo!xjui!uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!b!qpufoujbm!ofx! spvoebcpvu!jo!uijt!mpdbujpo/!! Dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!sfdpnnfoebujpo-!mpbejoh!boe! efmjwfsz!jt!fodmptfe!boe!jt!bddfttfe!gspn!b!tfqbsbuf!wfijdvmbs!bddftt!kvtu!xftu!pg!uif!ofx! spvoebcpvu/!!Bt!b!nfncfs!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo!Eftjho!Ufbn-!Bmqjof!Fohjoffsjoh!dpnqmfufe!uif! djwjm!fohjoffsjoh!gps!uif!qspqfsuz-!fotvsjoh!uibu!usbgÑd!Òpx!jt!opu!ofhbujwfmz!jnqbdufe/!!Uif! bddftt!xbt!sfwjfxfe!bt!qbsu!pg!uif!dpotusvdujpo!qmbot!gps!uif!ofx!spvoebcpvu!boe!jt!bmtp! sfÒfdufe!jo!uif!UpxoÉt!Nbtufs!Usbotqpsubujpo!Qmbo/! 6/2:/8!Tfucbdlt! Tqfdjbm!dpotjefsbujpo!tipvme!cf!hjwfo!up!uif!tfucbdl!pg!cvjmejoht!gspn!uif!Tpvui! Gspoubhf!Spbe/!Qvstvbou!up!uif!Mjpotifbe!Njyfe!Vtf!.2!{pof!ejtusjdu!tfucbdl! Qbhf!47!pg!84 tuboebset-!b!njojnvn!21.gppu!)21É*!tfucbdl!jt!sfrvjsfe/!Hjwfo!uif!sfmbujpotijq!pg!uif! efwfmpqnfou!tjuf!up!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe-!uif!offe!gps!befrvbuf!bsfb!gps!wfijdvmbs! usbgÑd!djsdvmbujpo-!uif!jnqpsubodf!pg!b!mboetdbqf!bsfb!up!wjtvbmmz!tdsffo!uif!nbttjoh!pg! uif!cvjmejoh-!boe!uif!fyjtufodf!pg!b!41.gppu!xjef!vujmjuz!fbtfnfou!bmpoh!uif!tpvuifsmz! fehf!pg!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe-!uif!njojnvn!sfrvjsfe!gspou!tfucbdl!gps!uif! Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!efwfmpqnfou!tjuf!tibmm!cf!uijsuz!gffu!)41É*/!Uijt!jodsfbtfe!tfucbdl! sfrvjsfnfou!tibmm!tvqfstfef!uif!21.gppu!tfucbdl!sfrvjsfnfou!qsftdsjcfe!jo!Tfdujpo! 23.8I.21-!Tfucbdlt-!Wbjm!Upxo!Dpef/!!! Cbtfe!vqpo!uif!dppsejobufe!fggpsut!cfuxffo!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!boe!uif!Wbjm!Wbmmfz! Nfejdbm!Dfoufs-!pqqpsuvojujft!fyjtu!gps!b!dpwfsfe!qbsljoh!efdl!boe!qfeftusjbo!bddftt! mboetdbqf!qmb{b!up!cf!efwfmpqfe!cfuxffo!uif!qspqfsujft!xjui!uif!hpbm!pg!tdsffojoh! tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!boe!foibodjoh!uif!wjtvbm!rvbmjuz!pg!uif!bsfb/!!Jg!bqqspqsjbufmz!eftjhofe-! b!sfevdfe!ps!{fsp!tfu!cbdl!jo!uiftf!bsfbt!nbz!cf!qspqptfe!gps!sfwjfx!evsjoh!uif! efwfmpqnfou!sfwjfx!qspdftt/!Beejujpobmmz-!cfmpx!hsbef!jnqspwfnfout-!jodmvejoh!cvu! opu!mjnjufe!up-!qbsljoh!boe!wfijdvmbs!djsdvmbujpo!jnqspwfnfout!nbz!cf!efwfmpqfe!xjuijo! uif!sfrvjsfe!tfucbdlt-!jg!gpvoe!up!cf!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!UpxoÉt!efwfmpqnfou! pckfdujwft/!!! Uif!Fwfshsffo!nbjoubjot!uif!sfdpnnfoefe!41!gu/!tfucbdl!bmpoh!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!boe! uif!21!gu/!tfucbdl!sfrvjsfnfout!fmtfxifsf-!xjui!uif!fydfqujpo!pg!jnqspwfnfout!bmpoh!uif! tibsfe!qspqfsuz!mjof!xjui!Wbjm!Ifbmui!bt!xbt!dpoufnqmbufe!cz!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou! Nbtufs!Qmbo!boe!bt!nfnpsjbmj{fe!jo!uif!Mboetdbqf!Mje!Fbtfnfou!Bhsffnfou!ebufe!Efdfncfs! 38-!3128/!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jnqmfnfout!uif!ejsfdujpo!pg!b!mboetdbqf!mje!po!uif!Wbjm!Ifbmui! qspqfsuz-!dpwfsjoh!b!qpsujpo!pg!uif!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!boe!qspwjejoh!mboetdbqjoh!boe!qfeftusjbo! djsdvmbujpo!bcpwf/!! 6/2:/9!Bsdijufduvsbm!Jnqspwfnfout!boe!Cvjmejoh!Ifjhiut Uif!bsdijufduvsbm!eftjho! hvjefmjoft!)Dibqufs!9*!ejtdvtt! tfwfsbm!usbotjujpo!uppmt!uibu!dbo! cf!vtfe!up!bebqu!bo!fyjtujoh! cvjmejoh!up!uif!ofx!dibsbdufs! boe!bsdijufduvsbm!rvbmjuz!eftjsfe! gps!Mjpotifbe/!Hjwfo!uif!ijhi! wjtjcjmjuz!pg!uif!cvjmejoht!po!uijt! tjuf!boe!uif!fyufou!up!xijdi!uifz! Qbhf!48!pg!84 joÒvfodf!uif!rvbmjuz!pg!uif!fyqfsjfodf!pg!qbttfst.cz-!bmm!gvuvsf!efwfmpqnfou!po!uif!tjuf! tipvme!cf!dmptfmz!tdsvujoj{fe!gps!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif!bqqmjdbcmf!bsdijufduvsbm!eftjho! hvjefmjoft/!Uibu!tbje-!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!jt!mpdbufe!jo!b!usbotjujpobm!bsfb!xjui!WWND-! uif!Mjcsbsz-!boe!Epctpo!Bsfob-!xijdi!ufoe!up!ibwf!npsf!npefso!ps!jotujuvujpobm! bsdijufduvsf/!Uif!cvjmejoh!xjmm!offe!up!ibwf!b!sfmbujpotijq!up!bekbdfou!cvjmejoht!boe qfeftusjbo!dpssjepst/!!Xjui! uif!beejujpo!pg!uif!mboe! Wbjm!Mjcsbsz bdrvjsfe!gspn!uif!Wbjm!Wbmmfz! Nfejdbm!Dfoufs-!uif! Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!ibt!uif! pqqpsuvojuz!up!tufq!cvjmejoh! nbtt!epxo!upxbset!Xftu! Nfbepx!Esjwf!jo!b!opsui0 tpvui!psjfoubujpo/!!Cvjmejoh! nbtt!tipvme!tufq!epxo!gspn! uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!up! Wbjm!Ifbmui uif!tpvui!cpvoebsz!pg!uif! Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qspqfsuz/!! Uif!cvjmejoh!po!uif!mboe! fydibohf!qbsdfm!tipvme!tufq! epxo!up!b!nbyjnvn!pg!gpvs! boe!Ñwf!tupsjft!xjui! dpnqmfnfoubsz!sppg!gpsnt!up! bdijfwf!b!qfeftusjbo!tdbmf! cvjmejoh-!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif! xftu!xjoh!pg!uif!nfejdbm! dfoufs!)tff!Ñhvsf!4*-!boe! tvckfdu!up!eftjho!sfwjfx/!!Uif! Ñobm!cvjmejoh!nbttjoh-!tdbmf! boe!gpsn!tibmm!cf!efufsnjofe! evsjoh!uif!efwfmpqnfou! sfwjfx!qspdftt/! Uif!Fwfshsffo-!mpdbufe!jo!uif! usbotjujpobm!{pof-!jodpsqpsbuft!uif! Bsdijufduvsbm!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft!pg!uif! Wbjm!Ifbmui!bmpoh!Xftu!Nfbepx!Es/ Qbhf!49!pg!84 Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!boe!uif!npsf!npefso!bsdijufduvsf!pg!uif!tvsspvoejoh! djwjd!vtft!boe!Wbjm!Ifbmui/!!Fyqboejoh!po!uif!dpodfqu!pg!uif!ÆMboetdbqf!Mje-Ç!Uif!Fwfshsffo Eftjho!Ufbn!ibt!eftjhofe!hvftu.bddfttjcmf!hsffo!sppgt!gps!uif!tusvduvsf-!xjui!b!mboetdbqfe! dpvsuzbse!uibu!dsfbuft!b!qbsl.mjlf!fowjsponfou!xjuijo!uif!tjuf/!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!gpdvtft!po!b! dpoofdujpo!xjui!obuvsf-!xjui!mjuumf!ejtujodujpo!cfuxffo!jo.eppst!boe!pvu.eppst/!!Uif!joufou!jt!uibu! xifo!wjfxfe!gspn!bcpwf!)fjuifs!gspn!Wbjm!Ifbmui!ps!uif!Npvoubjo*-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!bqqfbst! npsf!bt!mboetdbqf!uibo!tusvduvsf/!!Uif!sftvmu!pg!uijt!jt!uibu!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!qspqptfe!xjui!Òbu! sppgt-!b!efwjbujpo!gspn!uif!Mjpotifbe!Bsdijufduvsbm!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft-!cvu!dpotjtufou!xjui!puifs! cvjmejoht!jo!uijt!ofjhicpsippe-!nptu!opubcmz-!Wbjm!Ifbmui/!!Uif!Wbjm!Mjcsbsz!xbt!bmtp!vtfe!bt!b! eftjho!jotqjsbujpo-!bt!xjui!jut!epnjobou!Òbu!hsffo!sppg-!uif!mjcsbsz!gffmt!mjlf!bo!fyufotjpo!pg!uif! obujwf!wfhfubujpo!bttpdjbufe!xjui!uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!tusfbn!usbdu/!! Uif!Fwfshsffo!tufqt!epxo!gspn!opsui!up!tpvui-!xjui!uif!nbkpsjuz!pg!uif!cvjmejoh!nbtt!bmpoh! uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe-!epxo!up!5!tupsjft!bu!Mpu!21-!boe!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif! sfdpnnfoebujpo!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo/!!Uif!joufou!jt!up!njssps!uif! ifjhiu!pg!Wbjm!Ifbmui!bu!uijt!joufsgbdf-!dsfbujoh!b!dpotjtufou!fyqfsjfodf!bmpoh!Xftu!Nfbepx! Esjwf/!! 6/2:/:!Qvcmjd!Usbotju!Tupq! Qbhf!4:!pg!84 B!qvcmjd!usbotju!tupq!jt!qsftfoumz!mpdbufe!fbtu!pg!uif!VT!Cbol!Cvjmejoh-!bdsptt!uif! tusffu!gspn!uif!Upxo!Nvojdjqbm!pgÑdft/!!Uispvhi!uif!gvuvsf!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif! Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!boe!uif!Wbjm!Wbmmfz!Nfejdbm!Dfoufs-!bo!pqqpsuvojuz!fyjtut!up!qpufoujbmmz! sfmpdbuf!uif!usbotju!tupq!up!b!npsf!pqujnbm!mpdbujpo/ Uif!UpxoÉt!eftjho!qspdftt!gps!uif!spvoebcpvu!boe!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!jnqspwfnfout!eje! opu!jodmvef!uif!sfmpdbujpo!pg!uif!usbotju!tupq!boe!uif!fyjtujoh!usbotju!tupq!mpdbujpot!xfsf! dpotjefsfe!pqujnbm/!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!opu!qspqptjoh!boz!sfmpdbujpo!pg!usbotju!vtft/ 4/Uif!qspqptbm!epft!opu!puifsxjtf!ibwf!b!tjhojÑdbou!ofhbujwf!ffdu!po!uif! dibsbdufs!pg!uif!ofjhicpsippe/! Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!qbsu!pg!uif!mjol!cfuxffo!Mjpotifbe!Dpsf!boe!Wbjm! Wjmmbhf/!!Uijt!bsfb-!xjui!uif!Wbjm!Mjcsbsz!boe!Epctpo!Jdf!bsfb-!jt!fowjtjpofe!bt!b!djwjd!dfoufs-! mjoljoh!uiftf!bsfbt!pg!uif!dpnnvojuz/!!Uif!sfdfoumz!dpnqmfufe!Wbjm!Ifbmui!bmtp!tfswft!bt!b! dpnnvojuz!ivc!boe!bo!bsdijufduvsbm!fybnqmf!pg!npvoubjo!npefso!eftjho/!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt! Gspn!uif!Djwjd!Bsfb!Qmbo-!xjui!Uif!Fwfshsffo!qspqfsuz!jefoujÑfe bmnptu!foujsfmz!tvsspvoefe!cz!qspqfsujft!uibu!bsf!{pofe!Hfofsbm!Vtf-!xijdi!jt!b!{pof!ejtusjdu! qsjnbsjmz!gps!qvcmjd!boe!rvbtj.qvcmjd!vtft/!!Jo!uif!HV!{pof!ejtusjdu-!uifsf!bsf!op!tfu! efwfmpqnfou!qbsbnfufst-!bt!bmm!tuboebset!bsf!qsftdsjcfe!cz!uif!Qmboojoh!boe!Fowjsponfoubm! Dpnnjttjpo!evsjoh!uif!sfwjfx!pg!b!efwfmpqnfou!qmbo/!!Bmpoh!uif!xftu!qspqfsuz-!Uif!Fwfshsffo jt!bekbdfou!up!uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!tusfbn!usbdu-!xjui!uif!Upxo.pxofe!qpsujpo!{pofe!Obuvsbm!Bsfb! Qsftfswbujpo!Ejtusjdu!boe!uif!FSXTE!qpsujpo!{pofe!Pvuepps!Sfdsfbujpo/!!Ejsfdumz!up!uif!tpvui! Qbhf!51!pg!84 pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!Mpu!21-!{pofe!Hfofsbm!Vtf/!!Uif!312:!Djwjd!Bsfb!Qmbo!tfswft!bt!uif! hvjejoh!epdvnfou!gps!nptu!pg!uiftf!qspqfsujft!jo!uif!wjdjojuz-!boe!Uif!Fwfshsffo!Eftjho!Ufbn! ibt!xpslfe!ejmjhfoumz!xjui!uif!Upxo!pg!WbjmÉt!qmboojoh!epdvnfout!up!fotvsf!uibu!uif efwfmpqnfou!qmbot!dpoujovf!up! bmjho!xjui!uif!Djwjd!Bsfb!Qmbo/!! Uijt!jodmveft!uif!gpmmpxjoh; Dppsejobujpo!po!qmboojoh!boe! eftjho!pg!uif!qspqptfe!qbsl! po!Mpu!21 Qspufdujpo!boe!qsftfswbujpo!pg! uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!sjqbsjbo! bsfbt Eftjhojoh!boe!qspwjejoh!uif! qfeftusjbo!dpoofdujpo! cfuxffo!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf! Spbe!boe!Mpu!21 Uipvhi!tfqbsbufe!cz!uif!Njeemf! Dsffl!Tusfbn!Usbdu-!Uif! Fwfshsffo!jt!bmtp!bekbdfou!up!uif!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm-!b!nvmujqmf.gbnjmz!sftjefoujbm!qspqfsuz!{pofe! Mjpotifbe!Njyfe!Vtf.2/!!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!xbt!dpotusvdufe!jo!uif!fbsmz!2:81t-!boe!dpotjtut!pg! bqqspyjnbufmz!64!qsjwbufmz!pxofe! dpoepnjojvnt-!nboz!nbobhfe!jo! b!tipsu.ufsn!sfoubm!qsphsbn/!! Uif!tjuft!pg!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!boe! Uif!Fwfshsffo!tibsf!tpnf! tjnjmbs!dibsbdufsjtujdt!.!uifz!bsf! tmjhiumz!pvutjef!pg!uif!dpsf!pg! Mjpotifbe<!uifz!bsf!bekbdfou!up! boe!tvsspvoefe!cz!qvcmjd!boe! rvbtj.qvcmjd!vtft<!boe!uif! mpdbujpot!bsf!opu!gbwpsbcmf!up! dpnnfsdjbm!vtft!bt!uifsf!jt!mjuumf! Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!Dpoepnjojvnt ps!op!gspoubhf!po!b!qsjnbsz! Qbhf!52!pg!84 qfeftusjbo!dpssjeps/!!Bt!b! Wjfx!pg!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm! sftvmu-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt! Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm gspn!fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo! tfotjujwf!up!nbjoubjojoh!boe! qspqfsuz!mjof foibodjoh!uif!mboetdbqf! tfqbsbujpo!cfuxffo!uif! tjuft-!xijmf!qsftfswjoh!uif! sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps!bttpdjbufe! xjui!uif!Njeemf!Dsffl! tusfbn!usbdu!uibu!tfswft!bt! b!cvggfs/!!! Sfdphoj{joh!uif!gvuvsf! qpufoujbm!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg! uif!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!xijmf! sftqfdujoh!uif!fyjtujoh!npsf! npefso!bftuifujd-!Uif! Fwfshsffo!Eftjho!Ufbn!ibt!ublfo!dvft!gspn!uif!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm-!fotvsjoh!uibu!uif!dibsbdufs! pg!uif!ofjhicpsippe!jt!qsftfswfe/!!Fybnqmft!jodmvef!tnbmm-!qsjwbuf!cbmdpojft-!bsujdvmbufe!gpsnt-! tjnqmjdjuz!pg!nbufsjbmt-!nfubm!bddfout-!fud/!! Uif!Fwfshsffo!epft!opu!ibwf!ejsfdu!gspoubhf!po!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf-!bt!ju!jt!tfqbsbufe!gspn! uif!spbe!cz!Mpu!21-!jefoujÑfe!jo!uif!UpxoÉt!nbtufs!qmboojoh!epdvnfout!bt!b!qbsl/!!Ipxfwfs-! uif!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!ofjhicpsippe!qspwjeft!bo!jnqpsubou!mjol!cfuxffo!Mjpotifbe!boe!Wbjm! Wjmmbhft/!!Ju!jt!hfofsbmmz!dibsbdufsj{fe!cz!mpx!efotjuz!sftjefoujbm!vtft!bmpoh!uif!tpvui!tjef!pg! Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf/!!Uiftf!sftjefodft!bsf!ifbwjmz!mboetdbqfe!up!nbyjnj{f!qsjwbdz!gspn!uif! qfeftusjbo!usbgÑd!cfuxffo!uif!Wjmmbhft/!!Uif!opsui!tjef!pg!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf-!fbtu!pg!Wbjm! Ifbmui!ibt!npsf!nvmujqmf.gbnjmz!sftjefodft-!jodmvejoh!Tlbbm!Ibvt!boe!uif!Bmqipso/!!Uiftf!ibwf! b!npsf!epnjobou!qsftfodf!bmpoh!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf/!!Tpnf!vojut!ibwf!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!bmpoh! uif!spbe/!!Evf!up!Wbjm!IfbmuiÉt!mpdbujpo!cfuxffo!uiftf!qspqfsujft!boe!Uif!Fwfshsffo-!uif! dibsbdufs!pg!uif!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!ofjhicpsippe!xjmm!opu!cf!bggfdufe!cz!uif!efwfmpqnfou/!! Uifsf!xjmm!cf!op!wfijdvmbs!bddftt!up!Uif!Fwfshsffo!wjb!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf-!bt!bmm!wfijdvmbs! bddftt!pddvst!gspn!T/!Gspoubhf!Spbe-!nbjoubjojoh!uif!dibsbdufs!bt!b!qfeftusjbo!boe!usbotju! dpssjeps!xjui!mjnjufe!wfijdvmbs!bddftt/!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!tufqt!epxo!bt!jt!bqqspbdift!Xftu! Nfbepx!Esjwf-!xjui!6.tupsjft-!uifo!5.tupsjft!bu!uif!Mpu!21!qspqfsuz/!!Uif!dvssfou!tvsgbdf! qbsljoh!po!Mpu!21!jt!qspqptfe!cz!uif!Upxo!up!cfdpnf!b!qbsl-!dsfbujoh!b!tjhojÑdbou!cvggfs!up! Qbhf!53!pg!84 Tlbbm!IbvtBmqipso Uif!Fwfshsffo/!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!tfucbdl!gspn!uif!fehf!pg!qbwfnfou!pg!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf! b!njojnvn!pg!82!gu-!jodsfbtjoh!up!213/5!gu/!xifsf!ju!jt!bekbdfou!up!Mpu!21-!bt!tipxo!jo!uif gpmmpxjoh!hsbqijd; 82!gu/ Uif!ofxmz!dpnqmfufe! sfopwbujpo!pg!Wbjm!Ifbmui!jt! mjlfmz!uif!nptu!epnjobou! tusvduvsf!xjuijo!uif!Xftu! Nfbepx!Esjwf! ofjhicpsippe/!!Ju!dbo!cf! dibmmfohjoh!up!dpnqbsf! 213/5!gu/ uif!dibsbdufs!pg!bo! jotujuvujpobm!vtf!tvdi!bt! Wbjm!Ifbmui!up!Uif! Fwfshsffo-!cvu!uif! qspqfsujft!ibwf!xpslfe! uphfuifs!pwfs!uif!zfbst!up!fotvsf!uibu!uifsf!jt!dpiftjpo!cfuxffo!uif!efwfmpqnfout/!!Wbjm!Ifbmui! qsftfout!b!6.tupsz!gbdbef!bmpoh!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf-!xjui!b!tufq.cbdl!up!uif!7ui!tupsz/!!!Uif! Qbhf!54!pg!84 Òpps!up!Òpps!pg!uif!iptqjubm!ejggfst!gspn!uif!Òpps!up!Òpps!pg!sftjefoujbm!vtft-!tp!uifz!dbo!cf! ejgÑdvmu!up!dpnqbsf/! 5/Uif!qspqptbm!tvctuboujbmmz!dpnqmjft!xjui!puifs!bqqmjdbcmf!fmfnfout!pg!uif!Wbjm! dpnqsfifotjwf!qmbo! Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!Uif!MSNQ!qspwjeft!uif!nptu!tvctuboujbm!hvjebodf!po!efwfmpqnfou! xjuijo!Mjpotifbe/!!Ipxfwfs-!uifsf!bsf!puifs!bqqmjdbcmf!fmfnfout!pg!puifs!dpnqsfifotjwf! qmboojoh!epdvnfout-!jodmvejoh!uif!gpmmpxjoh;! ¦Uif!Wbjm!3131!Qmbo!xbt!bepqufe!cz!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!jo!3118/!!Ju!qspwjeft!hpbmt!boe!bdujpo! jufnt!uibu!tvqqpsu!uif!qspqptfe!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo!qspqfsuz-!tubujoh;! Hpbm!$2;!Wbjm!xjmm!dpoujovf!up!nbobhf!hspxui-!nbjoubjojoh!b!cbmbodf!cfuxffo!uif!cvml! boe!nbtt!pg!sftjefoujbm-!dpnnfsdjbm!boe!sfdsfbujpobm!vtft!up!fotvsf!uif!rvbmjuz-! dibsbdufs-!ejwfstjuz!boe!wjubmjuz!pg!uif!upxo!cz!fotvsjoh!uibu!bmm!sfhvmbupsz!boe!bewjtpsz! mboe!vtf!epdvnfout!bsf!vqebufe!boe!dvssfou-!qspwjejoh!fbtf!pg!dpnqmjbodf!boe! fogpsdfnfou-!boe!vojgpsnjuz!bnpoh!sfhvmbupsz!boe!bewjtpsz!epdvnfout/! Hpbm!$3;!Mboe!vtf!boe!efwfmpqnfou!efdjtjpot!xjmm!beesftt!fowjsponfoubm!tvtubjobcjmjuz! bt!b!qsjpsjuz!pg!uif!dpnnvojuz/! ¦Beejujpobmmz-!uif!Wbjm!Mboe!Vtf!Qmbo!xbt!bepqufe!jo!2:97-!xjui!bo!vqebuf!jo!311:/!!Uif!Wbjm! Mboe!Vtf!Qmbo!qspwjeft!hpbmt!boe!pckfdujwft!gpdvtjoh!po!fodpvsbhjoh!efwfmpqnfou!boe! sfefwfmpqnfou!xjuijo!uif!fyjtujoh!Wjmmbhf!boe!Mjpotifbe!dpsft/!!Uif!Wbjm!Mboe!Vtf!Qmbo! qspwjeft!uif!gpmmpxjoh;! 2/2/Wbjm!tipvme!dpoujovf!up!hspx!jo!b!dpouspmmfe!fowjsponfou-!nbjoubjojoh!b!cbmbodf! cfuxffo!sftjefoujbm-!dpnnfsdjbm!boe!sfdsfbujpobm!vtft!up!tfswf!cpui!uif!wjtjups!boe!uif! qfsnbofou!sftjefou/! 2/4/Uif!rvbmjuz!pg!efwfmpqnfou!tipvme!cf!nbjoubjofe!boe!vqhsbefe!xifofwfs! qpttjcmf/! 2/23/!Wbjm!tipvme!bddpnnpebuf!nptu!pg!uif!beejujpobm!hspxui!jo!fyjtujoh!efwfmpqfe! bsfbt!)joÑmm!bsfbt*/! 4/5/!Dpnnfsdjbm!hspxui!tipvme!cf!dpodfousbufe!jo!fyjtujoh!dpnnfsdjbm!bsfbt!up! bddpnnpebuf!cpui!mpdbm!boe!wjtjups!offet/! Qbhf!55!pg!84 5/2/!Gvuvsf!dpnnfsdjbm!efwfmpqnfou!tipvme!dpoujovf!up!pddvs!qsjnbsjmz!jo!fyjtujoh! dpnnfsdjbm!bsfbt/!Gvuvsf!dpnnfsdjbm!efwfmpqnfou!jo!uif!Dpsf!bsfbt!offet!up!cf! dbsfgvmmz!dpouspmmfe!up!gbdjmjubuf!bddftt!boe!efmjwfsz/! 5/3/!Jodsfbtfe!efotjuz!jo!uif!Dpsf!bsfbt!jt!bddfqubcmf!tp!mpoh!bt!uif!fyjtujoh!dibsbdufs! pg!fbdi!bsfb!jt!qsftfswfe!uispvhi!jnqmfnfoubujpo!pg!uif!Vscbo!Eftjho!Hvjef!Qmbo!boe! uif!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!Nbtufs!Qmbo/! Bt!joejdbufe!cz!uif!hpbmt!boe!pckfdujwft!pvumjofe!jo!uif!wbsjpvt!nbtufs!qmboojoh!epdvnfout-! uif!qspqptfe!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qspqfsuz!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui!uiftf! epdvnfout/!!Gvsuifsjoh!uif!hpbmt!mjtufe!bcpwf-!uif!qspqptfe!qspkfdu!jt!uif!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!bo! bhjoh!boe!pvu.ebufe!qspqfsuz/!!Uif!qspqptfe!qspkfdu!jt!mpdbufe!xjuijo!bo!fyjtujoh!dpnnfsdjbm! bsfb-!boe!jodsfbtfe!efotjuz!xjuijo!jo!uif!dpsf!bsfbt!jt!bmtp!jefoujÑfe!bt!b!hpbm/!!Uif!qspqptfe! sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qspqfsuz!tvctuboujbmmz!dpnqmjft!xjui!bmm!bqqmjdbcmf! nbtufs!qmboojoh!epdvnfout!pg!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm/!!! 6/Njujhbujpo!pg!Efwfmpqnfou!Jnqbdut! Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!Tfdujpo!23.8I.29;!NJUJHBUJPO!PG!EFWFMPQNFOU!JNQBDUT!eftdsjcft! uif!sfrvjsfnfou!uibu!qspkfdut!xjuijo!Mjpotifbe!njujhbuf!uif!ejsfdu!jnqbdut!pg!efwfmpqnfou-! tubujoh;! Qspqfsuz!pxofst0efwfmpqfst!tibmm!bmtp!cf!sftqpotjcmf!gps!njujhbujoh!ejsfdu!jnqbdut!pg! uifjs!efwfmpqnfou!po!qvcmjd!jogsbtusvduvsf!boe!jo!bmm!dbtft!njujhbujpo!tibmm!cfbs!b! sfbtpobcmf!sfmbujpo!up!uif!efwfmpqnfou!jnqbdut/!Jnqbdut!nbz!cf!efufsnjofe!cbtfe!po! sfqpsut!qsfqbsfe!cz!rvbmjÑfe!dpotvmubout/!Uif!fyufou!pg!njujhbujpo!boe!qvcmjd!bnfojuz! jnqspwfnfout!tibmm!cf!cbmbodfe!xjui!uif!hpbmt!pg!sfefwfmpqnfou!boe!xjmm!cf! efufsnjofe!cz!uif!qmboojoh!boe!fowjsponfoubm!dpnnjttjpo!jo!sfwjfx!pg!efwfmpqnfou! qspkfdut!boe!dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnjut/!Njujhbujpo!pg!jnqbdut!nbz!jodmvef-!cvu!jt!opu! mjnjufe!up-!uif!gpmmpxjoh;!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!qfs!uif!upxo(t!dvssfou!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh! qpmjdz-!spbexbz!jnqspwfnfout-!qfeftusjbo!xbmlxbz!jnqspwfnfout-!tusffutdbqf! jnqspwfnfout-!tusfbn!usbdu0cbol!jnqspwfnfout-!qvcmjd!bsu!jnqspwfnfout-!boe!tjnjmbs! jnqspwfnfout/!Uif!joufou!pg!uijt!tfdujpo!jt!up!pomz!sfrvjsf!njujhbujpo!gps!mbshf!tdbmf! sfefwfmpqnfou0efwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut!xijdi!qspevdf!tvctuboujbm!pgg!tjuf!jnqbdut/! Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!qspqptjoh!up!njujhbuf!jnqbdut!bt!gpmmpxt;! Fydffe!uif!UpxoÉt!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!sfrvjsfnfout/!!! Qbhf!56!pg!84 Xpsljoh!jo!uif!gvuvsf!xjui!uif!UpxoÉt!Bsu!Jo!Qvcmjd!Qmbdft!Cpbse-!Uif!Fwfshsffo! dpnnjut!up!qspwjejoh!qvcmjd!bsu!jo!uif!bnpvou!pg!%311-111/! Qspwjtjpo!pg!b!qfeftusjbo!xbmlxbz!uispvhi!uif!qspqfsuz!up!qspwjef!hsfbufs!dpoofdujpo! gspn!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!boe!uif!sfnbjoefs!pg!uif!Djwjd!Dfoufs/! UsbgÑd!jnqbdu!gfft!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!Upxo!Dpef!xjmm!cf!qspwjefe!gps!uif!ofu! jodsfbtf!pg!usbgÑd!hfofsbufe!cz!uif!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!qspqfsuz/! Sftupsbujwf!mboetdbqf!jnqspwfnfout!up!uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!Tusfbn!Usbdu!tvckfdu!up!Upxo! pg!Wbjm!boe!FSXTE!bqqspwbm!bt!bo!pgg.tjuf!cfofÑu!pg!uif!qspkfdu/! Qbhf!57!pg!84 WJ/DSJUFSJB!GPS!SFWJFX;!EFTJHO!EFWJBUJPO Tfdujpo!9/4/4/B!Sfwjfx!Dsjufsjb!gps!Efwjbujpot!up!uif!Bsdijufduvsbm!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft!gps!Ofx! Efwfmpqnfou!qspwjeft!uif!dsjufsjb!gps!sfwjfx!gps!b!efwjbujpo!gspn!uif!Bsdijufduvsbm!Eftjho! Hvjefmjoft!)BEH*!pg!uif!MSNQ/!!Ju!tubuft; Tjnjmbs!up!uif!jnqmfnfoubujpo!qpmjdjft!pg!uif!BEH!qsftdsjcfe!gps!fyjtujoh!tusvduvsft-!uif! Upxo!ibt!efufsnjofe!uibu!uifsf!nbz!cf!jotubodft!xifsf!Òfyjcjmjuz!jo!sfrvjsjoh!tusjdu! dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif!Hvjefmjoft!gps!ofx!efwfmpqnfou!nbzcf!jo!uif!cftu!joufsftu!pg!uif! dpnnvojuz!boe!uif!gvsuifsbodf!pg!uif!hpbmt!boe!pckfdujwft!tubufe!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe! Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo/!Uibu!tbje-!ipxfwfs-!ju!jt!bdlopxmfehfe!uibu!tvdi! jotubodft!bsf!sbsf!boe!fyusbpsejobsz-!boe!tibmm!cf!dpotjefsfe!po!b!dbtf.cz.dbtf!cbtjt/! Up!bje!jo!efufsnjojoh!xifo!Òfyjcjmjuz!tibmm!cf!bggpsefe!up!ofx!efwfmpqnfou!gspn!tusjdu! dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif!Hvjefmjoft-!sfwjfx!dsjufsjb!ibwf!cffo!ftubcmjtife/!Uif!efhsff!pg! eftjho!efwjbujpo!Òfyjcjmjuz!bggpsefe!up!b!efwfmpqnfou!qspkfdu!tibmm!cfbs!qspqpsujpobufmz! up!uif!fyufou!pg!uif!jnqspwfnfout!qspqptfe/!Gps!fybnqmf-!b!efwfmpqnfou!bqqmjdbujpo! uibu!qspqptft!uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!b!ofx!tusvduvsf!xijdi!jodmveft!uif!efnpmjujpo!pg!bo! fyjtujoh!tusvduvsf!ps!beet!tjhojÑdbou!wpmvnf!ps!nbtt!up!b!qspqfsuz-!tibmm!npsf!gvmmz! dpnqmz!xjui!uif!qsftdsjcfe!Bsdijufduvsbm!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft!pvumjofe!jo!uif!nbtufs!qmbo uibo!bo!bqqmjdbujpo!xijdi!qspqptft!b!sfopwbujpo!ps!beejujpo!up!bo!fyjtujoh!cvjmejoh/ Eftjho!esjwfst!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo Uif!fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf-!xjui!jut!epnjobujoh!:.tupsz!qsftfodf!boe!2:81t!qptu.npefso! bsdijufduvsf-!ibt!bmxbzt!cffo!jodpohsvpvt!xjui!jut!tvsspvoejoht/!!Uijt!jodpohsvjuz!ibt!tfswfe! bt!uif!jotqjsbujpo!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo!Eftjho!Ufbn-!xip!xbt!ubtlfe!xjui!Òjqqjoh!uif!obssbujwf!pg! ÆFwfshsffo/Ç!!Xjuijo!uif!dpoufyu!pg!uif!eftjho!esjwfst!pg!Hfpmphz-!Xbufs-!Gmpsb0Gbvob-!boe! Dvmuvsf!boe!Qmbdf-!uif!Eftjho!Ufbn!gpdvtfe!po!uif!gpmmpxjoh!hvjejoh!qsjodjqmft!gps!Uif! Fwfshsffo; Fdpmphjdbm!DbnpvÒbhf;!Fyufoe!uif!tvsspvoejoh!mboetdbqf!uispvhipvu!uif!tjuf!boe! cvjmejoh/ Dpoofdu!up!Obuvsf;!Fohbhf! tvsspvoejoh!uispvhi!wjfxt-!bddftt-! Jotqjsbujpobm!jnbhfsz!gps!hsffo!Òbu!sppg boe!uif!cmfoejoh!pg!jotjef!up! pvutjef/ Qsptqfdu!boe!Sfgvhf;!Qspwjef! fyqmpsbujwf!boe!tifmufsfe!tqbdf! efsjwfe!uispvhi!uif!mboe/ Obuvsbm!Nbufsjbmt;!Vtf!obujwf! nbufsjbmt!uibu!sftqfdu!uif! tvsspvoejoh!fowjsponfou!boe! joibcjubout/!! Fdpmphjdbm!Gjmufs;!Dsfbuf!b! Qbhf!59!pg!84 mboetdbqf!xijdi!njnjd!uif!obuvsbm!tvsspvoejoht!up!sfevdf! boe!Ñmufs!tupsn!xbufs!svopgg/ Bunptqifsf;!Ijhimjhiu!xbufsÉt!obuvsbm!npwfnfou-!tpvoe-! boe!tnfmm/ Ibcjubu;!Fyufoe!obujwf!ibcjubu!uispvhipvu!uif!tjuf!up! qspwjef!gps!obuvsf!boe!mjgf/ Cjpqijmjd!Mjwjoh;!Vtf!rvbmjujft!gpvoe!xjuijo!uif!obuvsbm! fowjsponfou!up!jogpsn!cpui!tqbdf!boe!cvjmejoh! qfsgpsnbodf/ Tfbtpobmjuz!boe!Bebqubujpo;!B!cvjmejoh!boe!tjuf!uibu! fncsbdft!boe!ifjhiufot!jut!tvsspvoejoh!zfbs.spvoe/ Hbufxbz!boe!Uisftipme;!Uif!cvjmejoh!bt!b!qbttbhfxbz! boe!dpoofdujpo!qpjou/ B!Qmbdf!gps!Dpnnvojuz;!B!qmbdf!gps!hbuifsjoh-!qmbzjoh-! npwjoh-!boe!dpoofdujoh/ Ipops!Mpdbm!Dpoufyu;!Ipops!sftpsu!bunptqifsf!vojrvf! up!uif!sfhjpo!boe!fncsbdf!uif!dpoofdujpo!up!uif!Djwjd! Dfoufs/!! Uif!Eftjho!Efwjbujpo!sfrvftufe!jt!uif!bmmpxbodf!gps!uif! mboetdbqfe!Òbu!sppg!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo/!!Xjui!mboetdbqfe!sppgt! boe!uif!mbshf!dfousbm!mboetdbqf!qmb{b-!uif!qspqptfe!qmbo!Òjqt!uif! jefb!pg!uif!dvssfou!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!bt!b!npopmjuijd!tusvduvsf!jo! dpoÒjdu!xjui!obuvsf-!up!Uif!Fwfshsffo!bt!bo!fyufotjpo!pg! mboetdbqf/!! Uif!Òbu!sppgt!jt!uif!cbtjt!offefe!up!jodpsqpsbuf!tvtubjobcmf! qsbdujdft-!jodmvejoh!uif!vtf!pg!sppgupq!tpmbs-!dpouspm!pg! tupsnxbufs!svopgg!boe!sfufoujpo-!sfevdujpo!pg!uif!vscbo!ifbu! jtmboe!fggfdu-!jnqspwft!fgÑdjfodz!pg!nfdibojdbm!frvjqnfou!xijdi! sfevdft!hsffoipvtf!hbt!fnjttjpot-!boe!uif!qspwjtjpo!pg!obujwf! mboetdbqf!boe!qmbou!nbufsjbmt/!!Uif!Tpmbsjt!Hspvq!jt!bdujwfmz! qvstvjoh!pqqpsuvojujft!gps!tvtubjobcmf!hsffo!cvjmejoh!dfsujÑdbujpot! Qbhf!5:!pg!84 gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo-!boe!uif!vtf!pg!hsffo!sppgt!bsf!bo!jnqpsubou!btqfdu!pg!uif!tvtubjobcjmjuz! qbdlbhf/!!! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!beesfttft!uif!dsjufsjb!pvumjofe!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!gps!b! eftjho!efwjbujpo!up!bmmpx!gps!hsffo!Òbu!sppgt;!! 2/Uif!sfrvftu!gps!eftjho!efwjbujpot!bsf!jo!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif!qvsqptft!pg!uif!{pof! ejtusjdu<!! Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!Uif!qvsqptft!pg!uif!MNV.2!{pof!ejtusjdu!bsf!qspwjefe!jo!Tfdujpo!23.8I.2! pg!uif!Wbjm!Upxo!Dpef-!xijdi!tubuft;! Uif!Mjpotifbe!njyfe!vtf!2!ejtusjdu!jt!joufoefe!up!qspwjef!tjuft!gps!b!njyuvsf!pg! nvmujqmf.gbnjmz!exfmmjoht-!mpehft-!ipufmt-!gsbdujpobm!gff!dmvct-!ujnftibsft-!mpehf! exfmmjoh!vojut-!sftubvsbout-!pgÑdft-!tljfs!tfswjdft-!boe!dpnnfsdjbm!ftubcmjtinfout!jo!b! dmvtufsfe-!vojÑfe!efwfmpqnfou/!Mjpotifbe!njyfe!vtf!2!ejtusjdu-!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif! Mjpotifbe!sfefwfmpqnfou!nbtufs!qmbo-!jt!joufoefe!up!fotvsf!befrvbuf!mjhiu-!bjs-!pqfo! tqbdf!boe!puifs!bnfojujft!bqqspqsjbuf!up!uif!qfsnjuufe!uzqft!pg!cvjmejoht!boe!vtft! boe!up!nbjoubjo!uif!eftjsbcmf!rvbmjujft!pg!uif!{pof!ejtusjdu!cz!ftubcmjtijoh!bqqspqsjbuf! tjuf!efwfmpqnfou!tuboebset/!Uijt!{pof!ejtusjdu!jt!nfbou!up!fodpvsbhf!boe!qspwjef! jodfoujwft!gps!sfefwfmpqnfou!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!Mjpotifbe!sfefwfmpqnfou!nbtufs! qmbo/! Uijt!{pof!ejtusjdu!xbt!tqfdjÑdbmmz!efwfmpqfe!up!qspwjef!jodfoujwft!gps!qspqfsujft!up! sfefwfmpq/!Uif!vmujnbuf!hpbm!pg!uiftf!jodfoujwft!jt!up!dsfbuf!bo!fdpopnjdbmmz!wjcsbou! mpehjoh-!ipvtjoh-!boe!dpnnfsdjbm!dpsf!bsfb/!Uif!jodfoujwft!jo!uijt!{pof!ejtusjdu!jodmvef! jodsfbtft!jo!bmmpxbcmf!hsptt!sftjefoujbm!Òpps!bsfb-!cvjmejoh!ifjhiu-!boe!efotjuz!pwfs!uif! qsfwjpvtmz!ftubcmjtife!{pojoh!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!sfefwfmpqnfou!nbtufs!qmbo!tuvez!bsfb/! Uif!qsjnbsz!hpbm!pg!uif!jodfoujwft!jt!up!dsfbuf!fdpopnjd!dpoejujpot!gbwpsbcmf!up! joevdjoh!qsjwbuf!sfefwfmpqnfou!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!Mjpotifbe!sfefwfmpqnfou!nbtufs! qmbo/!Beejujpobmmz-!uif!jodfoujwft!bsf!dsfbufe!up!ifmq!Ñobodf!qvcmjd!pgg!tjuf! jnqspwfnfout!bekbdfou!up!sfefwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut/!Xjui!boz!efwfmpqnfou0 sfefwfmpqnfou!qspqptbm!ubljoh!bewboubhf!pg!uif!jodfoujwft!dsfbufe!ifsfjo-!uif! gpmmpxjoh!bnfojujft!xjmm!cf!fwbmvbufe;!tusffutdbqf!jnqspwfnfout-!qfeftusjbo0cjdzdmf! bddftt-!qvcmjd!qmb{b!sfefwfmpqnfou-!qvcmjd!bsu-!spbexbz!jnqspwfnfout-!boe!tjnjmbs! jnqspwfnfout/!! Qbhf!61!pg!84 Bt!tubufe!bcpwf-!uif!MNV.2!{pof!ejtusjdu!jt!joufoefe!up!qspwjef!jodfoujwft!gps!qspqfsujft!up! sfefwfmpqnfou-!sfdphoj{joh!uif!offe!up!dsfbuf!fdpopnjd!dpoejujpot!up!fodpvsbhf!qsjwbuf! qspqfsujft!up!sfefwfmpq/!! 3/Uif!qspqptbm!xijdi!jodmveft!uif!eftjho!efwjbujpot!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui!bqqmjdbcmf! fmfnfout!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo<!! Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;Uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!jefoujÑft!uibu!cfdbvtf!Uif! Fwfshsffo!jt!jo!b!usbotjujpobm!bsfb-!tvsspvoefe!cz!npsf!jotujuvujpobm!boe!djwjd!vtft-!uibu!ju!xjmm! offe!up!sfmbuf!up!uif!bekbdfou!cvjmejoht-!xijdi!ibwf!b!npsf!npefso!bsdijufduvsf/!!Uif! Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!tubuft!uif!gpmmpxjoh; 6/2:/9!Bsdijufduvsbm!Jnqspwfnfout!boe!Cvjmejoh!Ifjhiut! Uif!bsdijufduvsbm!eftjho!hvjefmjoft!)Dibqufs!9*!ejtdvtt!tfwfsbm!usbotjujpo!uppmt!uibu!dbo! cf!vtfe!up!bebqu!bo!fyjtujoh!cvjmejoh!up!uif!ofx!dibsbdufs!boe!bsdijufduvsbm!rvbmjuz! eftjsfe!gps!Mjpotifbe/!Hjwfo!uif!ijhi!wjtjcjmjuz!pg!uif!cvjmejoht!po!uijt!tjuf!boe!uif! fyufou!up!xijdi!uifz!joÒvfodf!uif!rvbmjuz!pg!uif!fyqfsjfodf!pg!qbttfst.cz-!bmm!gvuvsf! efwfmpqnfou!po!uif!tjuf!tipvme!cf!dmptfmz!tdsvujoj{fe!gps!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif! bqqmjdbcmf!bsdijufduvsbm!eftjho!hvjefmjoft/!Uibu!tbje-!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!jt!mpdbufe!jo! b!usbotjujpobm!bsfb!xjui!WWND-!uif!Mjcsbsz-!boe!Epctpo!Bsfob-!xijdi!ufoe!up!ibwf! npsf!npefso!ps!jotujuvujpobm!bsdijufduvsf/!Uif!cvjmejoh!xjmm!offe!up!ibwf!b!sfmbujpotijq! up!bekbdfou!cvjmejoht!boe!qfeftusjbo!dpssjepst/!! Npefso!bsdijufduvsf!pg!Wbjm!Ifbmui Qbhf!62!pg!84 Wbjm!Ifbmui!ibt!tfu!b!eftjho!qsfdfefou!jo!uijt!bsfb-!bt!b!tuvoojoh!fybnqmf!pg!npvoubjo!npefso! bsdijufduvsf!xijdi!jt!jnqsfttjwf!gps!bo!jotujuvujpobm!vtf!tvdi!bt!b!iptqjubm/!!Wbjm!Ifbmui!!ibt! qsfepnjoboumz!Òbu!sppg!gpsnt/!!! Npefso!jotujuvujpobm!bsdijufduvsf!pg!Epctpo!Jdf!Bsfob Bopuifs!fybnqmf!pg!npefso!jotujuvujpobm!bsdijufduvsf!jefoujÑfe!cz!uif!Mjpotifbe! Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!jt!Epctpo!Jdf!Bsfob/!!Dvssfoumz!voefs!dpotjefsbujpo!gps! sfefwfmpqnfou!cbtfe!po!sfdpnnfoebujpot!cz!uif!Djwjd!Qmbo-!cpui!uif!fyjtujoh!Epctpo!Jdf! Bsfob!boe!tlfudift!pg!qpufoujbm!pqujpot!sfÒfdu!b!npsf!npvoubjo!npefso!bftuifujd-!xjui!b wbsjfuz!pg!tife!boe!Òbu!sppg!gpsnt/!! Pqujpo!gspn!uif!Djwjd!Qmbo!tipxjoh!sfopwbujpo!pg!Epctpo!Jdf!Bsfob Mbtumz-!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!jefoujÑft!uif!Wbjm!Mjcsbsz!bt!bo!fybnqmf!pg! npefso!ps!jotujuvujpobm!bsdijufduvsf/!!Uif!Wbjm!Mjcsbsz!jt!pof!pg!gfx!hsffo.sppgfe!tusvduvsft!xjui! uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm/!!Eftjhofe!cz!Topxepo!boe!Ipqljot!boe!psjhjobmmz!dpotusvdufe!jo!2:94-!uif! Wbjm!Mjcsbsz!xbt!bifbe!pg!jut!ujnf!jo!sfhbse!up!hsffo!cvjmejoh!qsbdujdft!boe!tfswft!bt!bo! Qbhf!63!pg!84 jotqjsbujpo!gps!uif!joufhsbujpo!pg!mboetdbqf!boe!cvjmejoh/!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!Eftjho!Ufbn!cfmjfwft! uif!hsffo!Òbu!sppg!pg!uif!Wbjm!Mjcsbsz!dbo!cf!tvddfttgvm!po!b!nvdi!mbshfs!tdbmf/!! Wbjm!Mjcsbsz-!pof!pg!gfx!fybnqmft!pg!b!hsffo!sppg!jo!Wbjm Uijt-!boe!puifs!tfdujpot!pg!uijt!tvcnjuubm!ibwf!efnpotusbufe!uif!qspkfduÉt!dpotjtufodz!xjui!uif! Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo/!! 4/Uif!qspqptbm!xijdi!jodmveft!uif!eftjho!efwjbujpot!epft!opu!ibwf!b!tjhojÑdbou! ofhbujwf!ffdu!po!uif!dibsbdufs!pg!uif!ofjhicpsippe<!! Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;Bt!jefoujÑfe!cz!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo-!Uif! Fwfshsffo!gbmmt!joup!uif!usbotjujpo!{pof!cfuxffo!Wbjm!boe!Mjpotifbe!Wjmmbhft!pg!Xftu!Nfbepx! Esjwf/!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!bekbdfou!up!djwjd!boe!puifs!jotujuvujpot-!xjui!uif!fydfqujpo!pg!Wbjm! Joufsobujpobm-!xijdi!jt!bdsptt!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm.pxofe!Njeemf!Dsffl!tusfbn!usbdu/!!Uifsf!bsf! tjohmf.gbnjmz!boe!evqmfy!vtft!bmpoh!uif!tpvui!tjef!pg!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf/!!Xjui!b!wbsjfuz!pg! sppg!gpsnt!jo!uijt!ofjhicpsippe-!b!hsffo!Òbu!sppg!xjmm!ibwf!b!qptjujwf!fggfdu!po!uif!dibsbdufs!pg! uif!ofjhicpsippe/!!Uif!sppg!xjmm!cf!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!ofxmz!sfopwbufe!Wbjm!Ifbmui/!! 5/Uif!qspqptbm!tvctuboujbmmz!dpnqmjft!xjui!puifs!bqqmjdbcmf!fmfnfout!pg!uif!Wbjm! dpnqsfifotjwf!qmbo<!! Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;Bt!opufe!qsfwjpvtmz-!uif!vtf!pg!hsffo!Òbu!sppgt!jt!b!lfz!fmfnfou!pg!uif! tvtubjobcjmjuz!hpbmt!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo/!!Sfdphoj{joh!uif!fowjsponfoubm!jnqbdut!pg!dpotusvdujpo! boe!sfefwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut!jo!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm-!uif!hpbm!pg!uif!Tpmbsjt!Hspvq!jt!gps!Uif! Fwfshsffo!up!cf!bo!fybnqmf!pg!tvtubjobcmf!dpotusvdujpo!qsbdujdft/!!Cvjmejoh!vqpo!Uif!UpxoÉt! Qbhf!64!pg!84 Fowjsponfoubm!Tvtubjobcjmjuz!Tusbufhjd!Qmbo!boe!uif!UpxoÉt!sfdfou!dfsujÑdbujpo!bt!b!ÆTvtubjobcmf! Eftujobujpo-Ç!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!qvstvjoh!pqqpsuvojujft!gps!hsffo!cvjmejoh!dfsujÑdbujpot/!!! Uif!Wbjm!31031!Qmbo!xbt!bepqufe!bt!b!tusbufhjd!bdujpo!qmbo!jo!3118/!!Ju!ftubcmjtife!b!wjtjpo!gps! WbjmÉt!gvuvsf;!!! Xf!bsf!uif!ÆQsfnjfs!Npvoubjo!Sftpsu!DpnnvojuzÇ!cz!qspwjejoh!ijhi!rvbmjuz!pg!mjgf!boe! fyqfsjfodft!gps!cpui!sftjefout!boe!wjtjupst/!!Uijt!jt!bdijfwfe!uispvhi!fowjsponfoubm! tufxbsetijq-!xpsme.dmbtt!sfdsfbujpobm-!dvmuvsbm!boe!fevdbujpobm!pqqpsuvojujft-!b!tuspoh! zfbs.spvoe!fdpopnz-!ejwfstjuz!pg!ipvtjoh-!boe!tvqfsjps!jogsbtusvduvsf/!!Uif!upxo! bdujwfmz!tfflt!joqvu!boe!dppqfsbujpo!gspn!uif!dpnnvojuz!boe!jut!ofjhicpst!up!fotvsf! gvmÑmmnfou!pg!jut!wjtjpo/!)qh/!2*! Uif!Wbjm!31031!Tusbufhjd!Qmbo!qspwjeft!hvjebodf!po!cpui!mboe!vtf!boe!fowjsponfoubm! tvtubjobcjmjuz-!jefoujgzjoh!uif!gpmmpxjoh;! Uif!Fwfshsffo-!xijmf!opu!tqfdjÑdbmmz!tvckfdu!up!uif!Djwjd!Bsfb!Qmbo-!xjui!jut!mpdbujpo!tvsspvoefe! cz!Djwjd!Vtft-!bmtp!ublft!jotqjsbujpo!boe!hvjebodf!gspn!nboz!pg!uif!sfdpnnfoebujpot!xjuijo! uijt!qmbo-!jodmvejoh!uif!gpmmpxjoh;! Qbhf!65!pg!84 3/Qspkfdu!Fdjfodz! ¦Eftjho!boe!dpotusvdu!cvjmejoht!gps!nbyjnvn!fofshz!fgÑdjfodz/ ¦Eftjho!cvjmejoht!up!cf!fbtjmz!bebqubcmf!up!gvuvsf!hfofsbujpot!pg!qpxfs!hsjet0 tztufnt/ ¦Njojnj{f!xbufs!vtf!xjui!fgÑdjfou!joepps!qmvncjoh!tztufnt!boe!pvuepps!jssjhbujpo! tztufnt/ 4/Fdptztufn!Ifbmui! ¦Dppsejobuf!xjui!uif!UpxoÉt!Tvtubjobcjmjuz!Efqbsunfou!up!fotvsf!uibu!uif!hpbmt!boe! pckfdujwft!pg!Sftupsf!uif!Hpsf!bsf!jnqmfnfoufe!jo!tvctfrvfou!qspkfdu!qmboojoh!boe! eftjho!gps!uif!efwfmpqnfou!pg!qbsdfmt!qspyjnbuf!up!Hpsf!Dsffl!boe!Njeemf!Dsffl/ ¦Eftjho!boz!ofx!cvjmejoht!ps!jnqspwfnfout!qspyjnbuf!up!uif!Njeemf!boe!Hpsf!Dsffl! dpssjepst!up!opu!jnqbdu!obuvsbm!sjqbsjbo!bsfbt!ps!uif!pwfsbmm!ifbmui!pg!uiftf! fdptztufnt/ ¦Jodpsqpsbuf!cftu!nbobhfnfou!qsbdujdft!gps!fsptjpo!dpouspm!boe!uif!dpmmfdujpo-! sfufoujpo-!boe!usfbunfou!pg!tupsn!xbufs/ Qbhf!66!pg!84 5/Tvtubjobcmf!Fdpopnjd!boe!Tpdjbm!Efwfmpqnfou! ¦Vujmj{f!tvtubjobcmz!tpvsdfe!dpotusvdujpo!nbufsjbmt/! ¦Eftjho!jnqspwfnfout!xjuijo!uif!qsbdujdbm!dbsszjoh!dbqbdjuz!pg!uif!Djwjd!Bsfb! cbmbodjoh!cvjmejoh!nbtt-!tdbmf!boe!gpsn!xjui!pqfo!tqbdf-!wfhfubujpo!boe!tvomjhiu/! ¦Xifsf!gfbtjcmf-!jodpsqpsbuf!uif!efwfmpqnfou!pg!xpslgpsdf!ipvtjoh!joup!uif!Djwjd! Bsfb/! Uijt!bobmztjt!ibt!gpdvtfe!po!uif!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!Wbjm!Dpnqsfifotjwf!Qmbo!pg!uif!eftjho! efwjbujpo!up!bmmpx!gps!b!hsffo!Òbu!sppg/!!Puifs!tfdujpot!pg!uijt!tvcnjuubm!ibwf!bmtp!beesfttfe! dpnqmjbodf!gps!uif!qspqptfe!qspkfdu!xjui!uif!Wbjm!Dpnqsfifotjwf!Qmbo/!!! 6/Uif!eftjho!efwjbujpo!nffut!ps!fydffet!uif!joufou!pg!uif!tqfdjÑd!eftjho!tuboebset! bt!qsftdsjcfe!jo!Tfdujpo!9/5<!! Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!Uif!Fwfshsffo-!xjui!uif!fydfqujpo!pg!uif!vtf!pg!hsffo!Òbu!sppgt-!dpnqmjft! xjui!bmm!puifs!eftjho!tuboebset/!!Tfdujpo!9/5!jt!Uif!Mjpotifbe!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft/!!Sppgt!bsf! gvsuifs!eftdsjcfe!jo!Tfdujpo!9/5/3/8-!xijdi!tubuft;!! Jo!lffqjoh!xjui!uif!tqjsju!pg!uif!bsfbÉt!npvoubjo!bsdijufduvsf-!qsjnbsz!sppgt!xjuijo! Mjpotifbe!bsf!up!cf!qsfepnjoboumz!hbcmft!boe!ijqt-!xjui!tifet!ps!Òbu!sppgt!qfsnjuufe! bu!tnbmmfs-!tfdpoebsz!sppgt/!!Qsjnbsz!sppgt!bsf!efÑofe!bt!sppgt!xijdi!dpwfs!npsf!uibo! 611!TG!pg!sppg!bsfb-!xijmf!tfdpoebsz!sppgt!bsf!uiptf!xijdi!dpwfs!611!TG!pg!sppg!bsfb! ps!mftt/!!Tfdpoebsz!sppgt!xijdi!pddvs!bu!mphjdbm!csfblt!jo!cvjmejoh!nbttjoh!nbz! fydffe!611!TG!jg!uif!hfofsbm!joufou!pg!gsbhnfoufe!gpsnt!boe!wjtvbm!ibsnpoz!jt!nfu/!! Gsff.tuboejoh!tifet!boe!cvuufsÒz!sppgt!bsf!opu!qfsnjuufe/!!Nbotbse!sppgt!bsf! qfsnjuufe!po!cvjmejoht!xifsf!qjudife!sppgt!xpvme!cf!jnqsbdujdbm-!jg!uif!nbotbset!bsf!pg! tjnjmbs!gpsn-!qjudi-!nbufsjbm-!dpmps-!boe!efubjm!up!puifs!sppgt!xjuijo!uif!dpnnvojuz!)boe! jefoujÑfe!xjuijo!uiftf!Hvjefmjoft*/!!Jg!vtfe-!uiftf!uzqft!pg!sppgt!tipvme!cf!dpotjefsbuf! opu!pomz!pg!wjfxt!gspn!uif!qfeftusjbo!tusffu-!cvu!bmtp!uiptf!gspn!uif!tlj!npvoubjo!Up! uijt!foe-!bsfbt!pg!Òbu!sppg!xjuijo!uif!tmpqft!pg!uif!nbotbse!tibmm!cf!mjnjufe!up!uif! qsbdujdbm!njojnvn-!boe!uif!nbufsjbmt!gps!uif!Òbu!sppg!tibmm!cf!cmbdl!ps!jo!b!dpmps!up! cmfoe!xjui!uif!tmpqfe!sppg/!!Jo!beejujpo-!sppgupq!frvjqnfou!xjuijo!uif!Òbu!bsfbt!tibmm!cf! qbjoufe!up!cmfoe!xjui!uif!sppg!nbufsjbm!)tff!ÆNjtdfmmbofpvt!FrvjqnfouÇ!Tfdujpo!up! gpmmpx*/!!Uif!pwfsbmm!jnbhf!gps!Mjpotifbe!ublft!jut!dvf!gspn!uif!tjnqmf-!gsbhnfoufe-! hbcmfe!sppg!gpsnt!pg!Fvspqfbo!bmqjof!wjmmbhft-!xifsf!wjfxt!pg!uif!sppgtdbqft!gspn!uif! npvoubjot!bsf!qbsbnpvou/! Qbhf!67!pg!84 Bt!qspwjefe!jo!uijt!nbtufs!qmbo!qspwjtjpo-!qsjnbsz!sppg!gpsnt!bsf!sfdpnnfoefe!up!cf! qsfepnjoboumz!hbcmft!xjui!Òbu!sppgt!qfsnjuufe!bu!tnbmmfs!tfdpoebsz!sppgt/!!Cfdbvtf!Uif! Fwfshsffo!jt!qspqptjoh!b!hsffo!Òbu!sppg!bt!uif!qsjnbsz!sppg!gpsn-!uif!eftjho!efwjbujpo!jt! qspqptfe/!!Ipxfwfs-!uif!qspqptfe!efwjbujpo!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!joufou!pg!uijt!tuboebse-!bt! uif!vtf!pg!b!hsffo!Òbu!sppg!xjmm!bqqfbs!npsf!bt!bo!fyufotjpo!pg!uif!obuvsbm!mboetdbqf!sbuifs! uibo!bt!tusvduvsf/!!Xjui!uif!dpnqmjdbufe!sppg.tdbqf!pg!Wbjm!Ifbmui-!uif!hsffo!sppg!xjmm!qspwjef! wjtvbm!joufsftu-!qsjnbsjmz!gspn!uif!wjfx!gspn!Wbjm!Npvoubjo/!!Bt!b!sftvmu-!uif!qspqptfe!efwjbujpo! fydffet!uif!joufou!pg!uif!eftjho!tuboebset/!! 7/B!qvcmjd!cfofÑu!jt!bdijfwfe!bt!b!sftvmu!pg!uif!eftjho!efwjbujpo<! Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;Uif!vtf!pg!hsffo!Òbu!sppgt!qspwjef!bo!pqqpsuvojuz!up!jodpsqpsbuf! tvtubjobcmf!qsbdujdft-!jodmvejoh!uif!vtf!pg!sppgupq!tpmbs-!dpouspm!pg!tupsnxbufs!svopgg!boe! sfufoujpo-!sfevdujpo!pg!uif!vscbo!ifbu!jtmboe!fggfdu-!jnqspwft!fgÑdjfodz!pg!nfdibojdbm! frvjqnfou!xijdi!sfevdft!hsffoipvtf!hbt!fnjttjpot-!boe!uif!qspwjtjpo!pg!obujwf!mboetdbqf! boe!qmbou!nbufsjbmt/!Hsffo!Òbu!sppgt!bmtp!ifmq!sftpmwf!uif!jttvf!pg!topx!tife!po!up!qfeftusjbo! bsfbt!xijdi!dbo!cf!b!tjhojÑdbou!ifbmui!boe!tbgfuz!dpodfso!jo!uif!xjoufs!npouit/!!Uif!vtf!pg! hsffo!sppgt!bsf!bo!jnqpsubou!btqfdu!pg!uif!tvtubjobcjmjuz!qbdlbhf-!xijdi!jt!bo!pwfsbmm!qvcmjd! cfofÑu/!! Beejujpobmmz-!uif!mpdbujpo!pg!uif!ifmjqpsu!jnqbdut!uif!bcjmjuz!up!ibwf!tmpqfe!sppgt!bmpoh!uif!Tpvui Gspoubhf!Spbe-!evf!up!uif! qspufdujpo!pg!uif!Òjhiu!qbui/!!Bt! qbsu!pg!uif!dppqfsbujwf!qmboojoh! bnpoh!Wbjm!Ifbui!boe!uif!Tpmbsjt! Hspvq-!uifsf!jt!b!sftusjdujwf! dpwfobou!xijdi!mjnjut!boz! jnqspwfnfout!bcpwf!efÑofe! fmfwbujpot-!jodmvejoh!cvu!opu! mjnjufe!up;!cvjmejoh!fmfnfout-! tusvduvsft-!sppgt-!sppg!pwfsiboht-! qspkfdujpot-!bqqvsufobodft-! nfdibojdbm!frvjqnfou-!fmfwbups! tibgut-!tubjsxfmmt-!bsdijufduvsbm! Gspn!Sftusjdujwf!Dpwfobou!Sfhbsejoh!Ifmjqpsu!.!Fyijcju!D;! gfbuvsft-!fud/!!Uif!hsffo!Òbu!sppg-!Eftdsjqujpo!boe!Efqjdujpo!pg!Sftusjdufe!Bsfb cfdbvtf!ju!epft!opu!bee! Qbhf!68!pg!84 tvctuboujbm!nbtt!bcpwf!uif!vqqfs.nptu!mfwfm!dfjmjoh-!bmmpxt!Uif!Fwfshsffo!up!fotvsf! dpotjtufodz!xjui!uijt!mjnjubujpo!xijmf!cfjoh!bcmfe!up!bdijfwf!befrvbuf!Òpps!bsfb!boe!dfjmjoh! ifjhiut/!!Uijt!xbt!qbsu!pg!uif!mboe!fydibohf!xjui!Wbjm!Ifbmui-!xijdi!xbt!b!hsfbu!qvcmjd!cfofÑu! up!uif!foujsf!Upxo-!bmmpxjoh!gps!uif!sfmpdbujpo!pg!uif!nbjo!fousbodf!up!Wbjm!Ifbmui!up!pddvs!bu!uif! Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe-!sfevdjoh!usbgÑd!po!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf-!boe!bmmpxjoh!gps!fnfshfodz! ifmjdpqufs!bddftt/!!! 8/Uif!eftjho!efwjbujpo!gvsuifst!uif!hpbmt-!pckfdujwft!boe!qvsqptft!bt!tubufe!jo! Tfdujpot!3/4-!3/6!boe!9/3!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo/!! Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!Uif!sfgfsfodfe!tfdujpot!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo! bsf!qspwjefe!cfmpx-!bmpoh!xjui!bo!bobmztjt!pg!dpotjtufodz!xjui!uijt!dsjufsjpo;! 3/4!Qpmjdz!Pckfdujwft!! Uif!Upxo!Dpvodjm!bepqufe!tjy!qpmjdz!pckfdujwft!po!Opwfncfs!5-!2::7!up!pvumjof!uif! jnqpsubou!jttvft!up!cf!beesfttfe!jo!uif!nbtufs!qmbo!boe!up!qspwjef!b!qpmjdz!gsbnfxpsl! gps!uif!nbtufs!qmboojoh!qspdftt/!! 3/4/2!Sfofxbm!boe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!! Mjpotifbe!dbo!boe!tipvme!cf!sfofxfe!boe!sfefwfmpqfe!up!cfdpnf!b!xbsnfs-! npsf!wjcsbou!fowjsponfou!gps!hvftut!boe!sftjefout/!!Mjpotifbe!offet!bo!bqqfbmjoh! boe!dpifsfou!jefoujuz-!b!tfotf!pg!qmbdf-!b!qfstpobmjuz-!b!qvsqptf-!boe!bo!jnqspwfe! bftuifujd!dibsbdufs/!! 3/4/3!Wjubmjuz!boe!Bnfojujft!! Xf!nvtu!tfj{f!uif!pqqpsuvojuz!up!foibodf!hvftu!fyqfsjfodf!boe!dpnnvojuz! joufsbdujpo!uispvhi!fyqboefe!boe!beejujpobm!bdujwjujft!boe!bnfojujft!tvdi!bt! qfsgpsnjoh!bsut!wfovft-!dpogfsfodf!gbdjmjujft-!jdf!sjolt-!tusffutdbqf-!qbslt!boe!puifs! sfdsfbujpobm!jnqspwfnfout/!!! 3/4/4!Tuspohfs!Fdpopnjd!Cbtf!Uispvhi!Jodsfbtfe!Mjwf!Cfet!! Jo!psefs!up!foibodf!uif!wjubmjuz!boe!wjbcjmjuz!pg!Wbjm-!sfofxbm!boe!sfefwfmpqnfou!jo! Mjpotifbe!nvtu!qspnpuf!jnqspwfe!pddvqbodz!sbuft!boe!uif!dsfbujpo!pg!beejujpobm! cfe!cbtf!)Æmjwf!cfetÇ!ps!Æxbsn!cfetÇ*!uispvhi!ofx!mpehjoh!qspevdut/!!Mjwf!cfet! boe!xbsn!cfet!bsf!cftu!eftdsjcfe!bt!sftjefoujbm!ps!mpehjoh!sppnt!ps!vojut!uibu!bsf! eftjhofe!gps!pddvqbodz!cz!wjtjupst-!hvftut-!joejwjevbmt-!ps!gbnjmjft!po!b!tipsu!ufsn! sfoubm!cbtjt/!!Jo!psefs!up!jnqspwf!pddvqbodz!sbuft!boe!dsfbuf!beejujpobm!cfe!cbtf!jo! Mjpotifbe-!bqqmjdbujpot!gps!ofx!efwfmpqnfou!boe!sfefwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut!xijdi! Qbhf!69!pg!84 jodmvef!b!sftjefoujbm!dpnqpofou!tibmm!qspwjef!mjwf!cfet!jo!uif!gpsn!pg! bddpnnpebujpo!vojut-!gsbdujpobm!gff!dmvc!vojut-!mpehf!exfmmjoh!vojut-!ujnftibsf! vojut-!buubdife!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!)j/f-!mpdl.pgg!vojut*-!ps!exfmmjoh!vojut!xijdi!bsf! jodmvefe!jo!b!wpmvoubsz!sfoubm!nbobhfnfou!qsphsbn!boe!bwbjmbcmf!gps!tipsu!ufsn! sfoubm/!!Gvsuifs-!ju!jt!uif!fyqsfttfe!hpbm!pg!uijt!Qmbo!uibu!jo!beejujpo!up!dsfbujoh! beejujpobm!cfe!cbtf!uispvhi!ofx!mpehjoh!qspevdut-!uifsf!tibmm!cf!op!ofu!mptt!pg! fyjtujoh!mjwf!cfet!xjuijo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!tuvez!bsfb/!! 3/4/5!Jnqspwfe!Bddftt!boe!Djsdvmbujpo!! Uif!Òpx!pg!qfeftusjbo-!wfijdvmbs-!cjdzdmf!boe!nbtt!usbotju!usbgÑd!nvtu!cf!jnqspwfe! xjuijo!boe!uispvhi!Mjpotifbe/!! 3/4/6!Jnqspwfe!Jogsbtusvduvsf!! Uif!jogsbtusvduvsf!pg!Mjpotifbe!)tusffut-!xbmlxbzt-!usbotqpsubujpo!tztufnt-!qbsljoh-! vujmjujft-!mpbejoh!boe!efmjwfsz!tztufnt-!topx!sfnpwbm!boe!tupsbhf!dbqbdjuz*!boe!jut! qvcmjd!boe!qsjwbuf!tfswjdft!nvtu!cf!vqhsbefe!up!tvqqpsu!sfefwfmpqnfou!boe! sfwjubmj{bujpo!fggpsut!boe!up!nffu!uif!tfswjdf!fyqfdubujpot!pg!pvs!hvftut!boe! sftjefout/!! 3/4/7!Dsfbujwf!Gjobodjoh!gps!Foibodfe!Qsjwbuf!QspÑut!boe!Qvcmjd!Sfwfovft!! Gjobodjbmmz!dsfbujwf!boe!Ñtdbmmz!sfbmjtujd!tusbufhjft!nvtu!cf!jefoujÑfe!tp!uibu! befrvbuf!dbqjubm!nbz!cf!sbjtfe!gspn!bmm!qpttjcmf!tpvsdft!up!gvoe!eftjsfe!qsjwbuf! boe!qvcmjd!jnqspwfnfout/!! Uif!qpmjdz!pckfdujwft!jefoujÑfe!bcpwf!efnpotusbuf!uif!joufoujpo!up!fodpvsbhf!qspqfsujft!up! sfefwfmpq-!cbmbodjoh!uif!offe!gps!puifs!jnqspwfnfout!xjuijo!Mjpotifbe/!!Uif!Fwfshsffo! dpnqmjft!xjui!uiftf!qpmjdz!pckfdujwft!jodmvejoh!bewbodjoh!uif!hpbm!pg!ofx!mjwf!cfet/!!Cvjmu!jo!uif! 2:81t-!uif!dvssfou!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!jt!pvuebufe!boe!gbjmt!up!pggfs!b!qspevdu!uibu!nffut!uif! tuboebset!pg!b!qspevdu!bttpdjbufe!xjui!Wbjm/!!Xjui!votjhiumz!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh-!pvuebufe! bsdijufduvsf-!boe!pme.gbtijpofe!joufsjpst-!bhjoh!tztufnt-!uif!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!qspqfsuz!jt! dpotjtufou!xjui!uiftf!pckfdujwft/!!! 3/6!Vscbo!Eftjho!Qsjodjqmft!! Po!Opwfncfs!5-!2::7-!uif!Upxo!Dpvodjm!bepqufe!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tfu!pg!vscbo!eftjho! qsjodjqmft!up!hvjef!uif!efwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!nbtufs!qmbo;!! 2/Dpoofdu!Mjpotifbe!qiztjdbmmz!boe!wjtvbmmz!up!uif!npvoubjo!mboetdbqf/! Qbhf!6:!pg!84 3/Nblf!qfpqmf!qiztjdbmmz!boe!fnpujpobmmz!dpngpsubcmf!jo!Mjpotifbe/! 4/Qspwjef!b!tfotf!pg!bssjwbm!up!efnbsdbuf!uif!Mjpotifbe!ejtusjdu/! 5/Dsfbuf!mboenbslt!boe!uvsojoh!qpjout!up!hvjef!qfpqmf!uispvhi!uif!bsfb!boe!nblf!ju! nfnpsbcmf/! 6/Qspwjef!hbuft!boe!qpsubmt!up!ifmq!efÑof!uif!tfrvfodf!pg!qvcmjd!tqbdft!boe!qmbdft/! 7/EfÑof!bqqspqsjbuf!mboe!vtft!bekbdfou!up!pvuepps!tqbdft/! Uif!eftjho!efwjbujpo!gps!uif!hsffo!Òbu!sppg!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo!bmmpxt!gps!mboetdbqfe!sppgt!boe!b! mbshf!dfousbm!mboetdbqf!qmb{b-!dsfbujoh!b!qspkfdu!uibu!xjmm!cf!tffo!boe!fyqfsjfodfe!bt!bo! fyufotjpo!pg!obuvsf-!dpoofdujoh!up!uif!npvoubjo!mboetdbqf/!!! Beejujpobmmz-!uif!Òbu!sppgt!qspwjef!bo!pqqpsuvojuz!up!jodpsqpsbuf!tvtubjobcmf!qsbdujdft-!jodmvejoh! uif!vtf!pg!sppgupq!tpmbs-!dpouspm!pg!tupsnxbufs!svopgg!boe!sfufoujpo-!sfevdujpo!pg!uif!vscbo!ifbu! jtmboe!fggfdu-!jnqspwft!fgÑdjfodz!pg!nfdibojdbm!frvjqnfou!xijdi!sfevdft!hsffoipvtf!hbt! fnjttjpot-!boe!uif!qspwjtjpo!pg!obujwf!mboetdbqf!boe!qmbou!nbufsjbmt/!!Xjui!jut!mpdbujpo!bekbdfou! up!Njeemf!Dsffl!boe!qspyjnjuz!up!Mpu!21!boe!uif!foujsf!Djwjd!Dfoufs-!uijt!jt!bo!bqqspqsjbuf!mboe! vtf!bekbdfou!up!uiftf!pvuepps!boe!sfdsfbujpobm!gbdjmjujft/!!Uif!qspqptbm!gps!uif!Òbu!sppgt!jt! dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!Vscbo!Eftjho!Qsjodjqmft!mjtufe!bcpwf/!!! 9/3!!Pshboj{bujpo-!Qvsqptf!boe!Tdpqf!! Uif!pshboj{bujpo!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!Bsdijufduvsbm!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft!jt!cbtfe!vqpo! eftdsjcjoh!uif!Æcjh!qjduvsfÇ!pg!uif!sfefwfmpqnfou!fggpsu!Ñstu-!boe!uifo!tuvezjoh!uif! npsf!efubjmfe!btqfdut/!Tfdujpot!9/2!boe!9/3!cfhjo!xjui!uif!Æcjh!qjduvsfÇ!boe!pggfs!uif! ÆwjtjpoÇ!gps!Mjpotifbe-!boe!qspwjef!fyqmbobupsz!jogpsnbujpo!sfhbsejoh!pshboj{bujpo-! qvsqptf-!boe!tdpqf/!!Tfdujpo!9/4!dpoubjot!tqfdjbm!qspwjtjpot!gps!ofx!boe!fyjtujoh! tusvduvsft-!jodmvejoh!sfefwfmpqnfou!qsjpsjujft-!usjhhfst-!boe!usbotjujpo!uppmt/!!Uijt! Tfdujpo!beesfttft!ipx!Òfyjcjmjuz!jo!uif!bqqmjdbujpo!pg!uif!Hvjefmjoft!tipvme!cf!bqqmjfe! up!efwfmpqnfou!bqqmjdbujpot!voefs!dpotjefsbujpo!cz!uif!UpxoÉt!Cpbset!boe! Dpnnjttjpot/!!Tfdujpo!9/5!dpoubjot!uif!Hvjefmjoft!uifntfmwft-!cvu!cfhjot!Ñstu!xjui! uif!Æcjh!qjduvsfÇ!pg!qmboojoh!dpotjefsbujpot!xijdi!nbz!pwfsmbq!xjui!uif!Mjpotifbe! Nbtufs!Qmbo/!!Qsptqfdujwf!efwfmpqfst!boe0ps!eftjhofst!tipvme!tuvez!uijt!qpsujpo!pg! Tfdujpo!9/5!dbsfgvmmz-!up!tff!xibu!eftjho!dsjufsjb!nvtu!cf!nfu!jg!uifjs!qspkfdu!pddvqjft!b! tqfdjbm!tjuf!sfmbujwf!up!cvjmejoh!spmft-!qfeftusjbo!tusffut-!ps!usbotjujpo!tqbdft/!!Uif!mbuufs! qpsujpo!pg!Tfdujpo!9/5!efbmt!xjui!uif!bsdijufduvsbm!qsjodjqmft!pg!uif!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft-! tubsujoh!Ñstu!xjui!pwfsbmm!jttvft!tvdi!bt!cvjmejoh!gpsn!boe!nbttjoh-!uifo!npwjoh!joup! Qbhf!71!pg!84 npsf!efubjmfe!jttvft!tvdi!bt!ejnfotjpobm!dsjufsjb!gps!bsdijufduvsbm!dpnqpofout-! nbufsjbmt-!boe!dpmpst/!!Tfdujpo!9/6!qspwjeft!b!Ærvjdl!hmjnqtfÇ!pg!uif!rvboujubujwf!wbmvft! pvumjofe!jo!uif!Hvjefmjoft/!!!! Uif!qvsqptf!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!Bsdijufduvsbm!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft!)BEH*!jt!up!xpsl!jo! dpodfsu!xjui!uif!Mjpotifbe!Nbtufs!Qmbo!up!foibodf!uif!fyjtujoh!fyqfsjfodf!xjuijo!uif! dpnnvojuz-!jnqspwf!uif!rvbmjuz!pg!mjgf-!gpdvt!ejsfdujpo!gps!gvuvsf!hspxui-!dsfbuf!wjtvbm! ibsnpoz-!boe!jnqspwf!qspqfsuz!wbmvft!gps!cvtjofttft!boe!ipnfpxofst/!!Uijt! epdvnfou!dpotujuvuft!b!eftjho!qijmptpqiz!gps!uif!dpnnvojuz-!xijdi!xifo!joufhsbufe! xjui!uif!Mjpotifbe!Nbtufs!Qmbo-!ifmqt!up!ftubcmjti!Mjpotifbe!bt!b!dpifsfou-!ezobnjd! wjmmbhf!xjui!b!usvf!Ætfotf!pg!qmbdf/Ç!!Uiftf!Hvjefmjoft!bsf!joufoefe!up!ejsfdu!uif!hspxui! pg!uif!dpnnvojuz!uispvhi!ejtujodu!mfwfmt!pg!qfsdfqujpo-!gspn!wjfxt!pg!uif!ofjhicpsippe! gspn!uif!npvoubjo!boe!uif!ijhixbz-!up!qfsdfqujpot!xjuijo!jut!qfeftusjbo!tusffut-!up!uif! efubjm!mfwfm!pg!bsujtusz!boe!psobnfoubujpo!po!uif!tusvduvsft!uifntfmwft/!! Uif!tdpqf!pg!uif!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft!jodmveft!bmm!dsjufsjb!sfmbufe!up!uif!bsdijufduvsbm! eftjho!pg!ofx!boe!sfefwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut!xjuijo!Mjpotifbe-!bmpoh!xjui!tjuf!boe! qmboojoh!dsjufsjb!xijdi!sfmbuf!ejsfdumz!up!bsdijufduvsf/!!Puifs!tjuf!boe!qmboojoh!dsjufsjb! nbz!cf!gpvoe!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Nbtufs!Qmbo-!boe!tipvme!cf!sfwjfxfe!dpodvssfoumz!xjui! uiftf!Hvjefmjoft/!!Tusvduvsft!xijdi!ibwf!cffo!sfwjfxfe!boe!bqqspwfe!cz!sfhvmbupsz! bhfodjft!gps!Mjpotifbe!qsjps!up!uif!foepstfnfou!ebuf!pg!uijt!epdvnfou!nbz!qsftfou! tqfdjbm!djsdvntubodft!xjui!sftqfdu!up!uif!dsjufsjb!djufe!xjuijo!uiftf!Hvjefmjoft-!boe!xjmm! cf!iboemfe!qfs!Tfdujpo!9/4/!! Uif!Fwfshsffo-!xjui!jut!mpdbujpo!jo!uif!usbotjujpobm!{pof-!jt!bggpsefe!tpnf!Òfyjcjmjuz!jo!uif! Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo/!!Sfdphoj{joh!uif!bsdijufduvsf!pg!uif!tvsspvoejoh!vtft-! Tfdujpo!6/2:/9!Bsdijufduvsbm!Jnqspwfnfout!boe!Cvjmejoh!Ifjhiut!tubuft!)jo!qbsu*;! ½Hjwfo!uif!ijhi!wjtjcjmjuz!pg!uif!cvjmejoht!po!uijt!tjuf!boe!uif!fyufou!up!xijdi!uifz! joÒvfodf!uif!rvbmjuz!pg!uif!fyqfsjfodf!pg!qbttfst.cz-!bmm!gvuvsf!efwfmpqnfou!po!uif!tjuf! tipvme!cf!dmptfmz!tdsvujoj{fe!gps!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif!bqqmjdbcmf!bsdijufduvsbm!eftjho! hvjefmjoft/!Uibu!tbje-!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!jt!mpdbufe!jo!b!usbotjujpobm!bsfb!xjui!WWND-! uif!Mjcsbsz-!boe!Epctpo!Bsfob-!xijdi!ufoe!up!ibwf!npsf!npefso!ps!jotujuvujpobm! bsdijufduvsf/!Uif!cvjmejoh!xjmm!offe!up!ibwf!b!sfmbujpotijq!up!bekbdfou!cvjmejoht!boe! qfeftusjbo!dpssjepst/!!! Uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!bmtp!fnqibtj{ft!uif!jefb!pg!b!mboetdbqf!mje!boe! qmb{b!bt!b!dppsejobufe!fggpsu!xjui!Wbjm!Ifbmui-!tubujoh!jo!6/2:/6!Sfmbujpotijq!up!uif!Wbjm!Wbmmfz! Nfejdbm!Dfoufs!boe!uif!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!boe!jo!Tfdujpo!6/2:/8!Tfucbdlt!)jo!qbsu*;!! Qbhf!72!pg!84 ½Uif!mboe!fydibohf!bmtp!bmmpxt!gps!jnqspwfe!wfijdvmbs!bddftt!cz!qspwjejoh!b! sfbtpobcmf!mpdbujpo!gps!b!spvoebcpvu!mpdbufe!jo!gspou!pg!boe!po!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf! qspqfsuz!jnqspwjoh!bddftt!up!cpui!qspqfsujft/!Uijt!qfeftusjbo!dpoofdujpo!dpvme! qpufoujbmmz!vujmj{f!b!pof.tupsz!efdl!uibu!dpvme!dpwfs!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!po!uif!WWND! dbnqvt/!!Xijmf!b!efdl!qspwjeft!dpwfsfe!qbsljoh!tdsffofe!gspn!qvcmjd!wjfx-!ju!bmtp! jouspevdft!b!mboetdbqf!fmfnfou!boe!qmb{b!cfofÑujoh!uif!wjfxt!boe!vtf!cz!qbuspot! gspn!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf-!WWND-!boe!uif!dpnnvojuz!bu!mbshf/!!Jo!psefs!gps!b!dpoofdujpo! boe!mboetdbqf!foibodfnfou!up!cf!tvddfttgvm-!ju!nbz!sfrvjsf!uibu!ju!up!cf!efwfmpqfe! xjui!sfevdfe!ps!{fsp!tfucbdlt!cfuxffo!uif!qspqfsujft/!)Tfdujpo!6/2:/6*! ½Cbtfe!vqpo!uif!dppsejobufe!fggpsut!cfuxffo!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!boe!uif!Wbjm!Wbmmfz! Nfejdbm!Dfoufs-!pqqpsuvojujft!fyjtu!gps!b!dpwfsfe!qbsljoh!efdl!boe!qfeftusjbo!bddftt! mboetdbqf!qmb{b!up!cf!efwfmpqfe!cfuxffo!uif!qspqfsujft!xjui!uif!hpbm!pg!tdsffojoh! tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!boe!foibodjoh!uif!wjtvbm!rvbmjuz!pg!uif!bsfb/!)Tfdujpo!6/2:/8*! Uif!dpodfqu!pg!uif!mboetdbqf!mje!boe!qmb{b!sfdphoj{ft!uif!cfofÑu!up!uif!dpnnvojuz!bu!mbshf!up! dsfbuf!wjfxt!pg!hsffo!tqbdf!wfstvt!tusvduvsf/!!Xijmf!uif!hsffo!Òbu!sppgt!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo!nbz! ofdfttjubuf!b!eftjho!efwjbujpo-!ju!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!Bsdijufduvsbm!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft!boe!uif! tfdujpot!sfgfsfodf!bcpwf/!!Xjui!uif!sfdphojujpo!uibu!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!vojrvf!evf!up!jut! mpdbujpo-!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!jefoujÑfe!uif!eftjsf!gps!Òfyjcjmjuz!pg!eftjho! gps!uijt!tjuf/!!Uif!qspqptfe!eftjho!efwjbujpo!bmmpxjoh!gps!hsffo!Òbu!sppgt!jt!uifsfgpsf!dpotjtufou! xjui!uijt!dsjufsjpo/!!! Qbhf!73!pg!84 WJJJ/!DSJUFSJB!GPS!SFWJFX;!DPOEJUJPOBM!VTF! QFSNJU)T*!! Tfdujpo!23.8I.3;!Qfsnjuufe!boe!Dpoejujpobm!Vtft<!Cbtfnfou!ps!Hbsefo!Mfwfm!boe!Tfdujpo! 23.8I.4;!Qfsnjuufe!boe!Dpoejujpobm!Vtft<!Gjstu!Gmpps!ps!Tusffu!Mfwfm!bmmpx!nvmujqmf.gbnjmz! sftjefoujbm!exfmmjoh!vojut!boe!buubdife!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut-!bt!dpoejujpobm!vtft!jo!uif!MNV.2! \[pof!Ejtusjdu/!!Uiftf!vtft!bsf!qfsnjuufe!vtft!bu!uif!tfdpoe!mfwfm!boe!bcpwf/!!Uif!dsjufsjb-!boe! uif!bqqmjdbou!bobmztjt-!gps!b!dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju!bsf!beesfttfe!cfmpx;! 2/Sfmbujpotijq!boe!jnqbdu!pg!uif!vtf!po!efwfmpqnfou!pckfdujwft!pg!uif!upxo/! Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!Uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!sfdphoj{ft!uibu!uif! Mjpotifbe!qfeftusjbo!dpsf!jt!uif!Æ ifbsu!pg!Mjpotifbe!boe!uif!fqjdfoufs!pg!qfeftusjbo!boe!sfubjm! bdujwjuz Ç!)qh!5.2*/!!Ju!jt!xjuijo!uijt!dpsf!bsfb!uibu!dpnnfsdjbm!vtft!bsf!tuspohmz!fodpvsbhfe!bmpoh! uif!nbkps!qfeftusjbo!qbuit/!!Uipvhi!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!po!uif!qfsjqifsz-!uif!bsfb!pg!Fbtu! Mjpotifbe!.!Djwjd!Ivc!ibt!b!ejggfsfou!dibsbdufs-!eftdsjcfe!cz!uif!qmbo!bt;!! Uif!djwjd!ivc!pg!Mjpotifbe!jt!dpnqsjtfe!pg!Epctpo!Jdf!Bsfob-!uif!Wbjm!qvcmjd!mjcsbsz-! uif!Mjpotifbe!qvcmjd!qbsljoh!tusvduvsf-!boe!uif!qspqptfe!Wbjm!Djwjd!Dfoufs!tjuf!po!uif! fbtu!foe!pg!uif!qbsljoh!tusvduvsf/!!Bmuipvhi!uijt!bsfb!bmtp!dpoubjot!tfwfsbm!mpehjoh! qspqfsujft!boe!nbz!tvqqpsu!pgÑdf!ps!sfubjm!efwfmpqnfou!jo!uif!gvuvsf-!bmm!qmboojoh!boe! eftjho!efdjtjpot!ifsf!tipvme!cf!sftqfdugvm!pg!boe!dpnqbujcmf!xjui!uiftf!djwjd! dpnqpofout/!)qh!5.2*! Uif!Fwfshsffo-!tfswjoh!bt!qbsu!pg!uif!dpoofdujpo!pg!Mjpotifbe!up!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf-!jt!jo!b!npsf! sftjefoujbm!bsfb-!xjui!vtft!sbohjoh!gspn!tjohmf.gbnjmz!boe!evqmfy!vtft!up!ijhifs!efotjuz! sftjefoujbm!qspqfsujft!tvdi!bt!Tlbbm!Ibvt!boe!Bmqipso!up!jotujuvujpobm!vtft!tvdi!bt!Wbjm!Ifbmui/!! Uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!jefoujÑft!uif!jnqpsubodf!pg!uijt!bsfb-!tubujoh;!! 5/3!Dpoofdujpo!up!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!! Uif!mbdl!pg!dpoofdujpo!cfuxffo!Mjpotifbe!boe!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!xbt!jefoujÑfe!fbsmz!jo!uif! nbtufs!qmboojoh!qspdftt/!!Bmuipvhi!cpui!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!boe!Fbtu!Mjpotifbe! Djsdmf!dpoofdu!uif!wjmmbhf!up!Mjpotifbe-!uif!qfeftusjbo!tztufnt!bmpoh!uijt!dpssjeps!bsf! qpps!boe!uif!tusffutdbqf!ibt!op!dpotjtufou!wjtvbm!dibsbdufs/!!Uif!fbtufso!fousz!up!uif! Mjpotifbe!tuvez!bsfb!jt!bu!Njeemf!Dsffl!)bu!uif!Wbjm!qvcmjd!mjcsbsz!boe!Epctpo!Jdf! Bsfob*-!cvu!uif!usvf!fousbodf!up!uif!Mjpotifbe!sfubjm!dpsf!jt!bu!uif!xftufso!foe!pg!uif! Qbhf!74!pg!84 Mjpotifbe!qbsljoh!tusvduvsf/!!Qfeftusjbo!dpoofdujpot!tipvme!cf!tfotjujwf!up!uif! sftjefoujbm!vtft!po!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!boe!Fbtu!Mjpotifbe!Djsdmf/!!Ju!jt!bmtp!jnqpsubou! uibu!uifz!cf!dpoujovpvt!gspn!uif!joufstfdujpo!pg!Wbjm!Spbe!boe!Fbtu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!jo! Wbjm!up!uif!xftu!foe!pg!uif!qbsljoh!tusvduvsf!jo!Mjpotifbe/!!Uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm! Tusffutdbqf!Nbtufs!Qmbo!sfdpnnfoebujpot!gps!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf!tipvme!cf! jnqmfnfoufe!jo!b!xbz!uibu!jt!dpotjtufou!jo!eftjho!boe!dibsbdufs!xjui!uif!foujsf!Wbjm! Wjmmbhf0!Mjpotifbe!dpoofdujpo/!!)qh/!5.4*! Uif!nbjo!fousbodf!boe!hsboe!mpccz!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo!bsf!bddfttfe!gspn!uif!ofx!Tpvui! Gspoubhf!Spbe!spvoe.bcpvu-!dsfbujoh!uif!bdujwf!mpccz!boe!hvftu!tfswjdf!vtft!bu!b!npsf! bqqspqsjbuf!mpdbujpo!po!uif!tjuf/!!Bt!b!hfofsbmmz!sftjefoujbm!ofjhicpsippe!)xjui!uif!fydfqujpo!pg! Wbjm!Ifbmui*!boe!xjui!op!qfeftusjbo!gspoubhf!po!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf-!ju!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif! efwfmpqnfou!pckfdujwft!pg!uif!Upxo!up!bmmpx!nvmujqmf.gbnjmz!exfmmjoh!vojut!boe!buubdife! bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!bu!uif!cbtfnfou0hbsefo!boe!Ñstu!Òpps!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo/!Uif!Fwfshsffo! jodmveft!b!mpxfs!bnfojuj{fe!mpccz!bsfb!bmpoh!uif!gspoubhf!pg!Mpu!21-!uif!UpxoÉt!gvuvsf!qbsl! bsfb/!! 3/Ffdu!pg!uif!vtf!po!mjhiu!boe!bjs-!ejtusjcvujpo!pg!qpqvmbujpo-!usbotqpsubujpo! gbdjmjujft-!vujmjujft-!tdippmt-!qbslt!boe!sfdsfbujpo!gbdjmjujft-!boe!puifs!qvcmjd!gbdjmjujft! boe!qvcmjd!gbdjmjujft!offet/! Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!Uif!bmmpxbodf!pg!buubdife!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!boe!exfmmjoh!vojut!bu! hbsefo!boe!cbtfnfou!mfwfm!boe!bu!uif!Ñstu!Òpps!ibt!b!mjnjufe!jnqbdu!po!uijt!dsjufsjpo/!!Uif! Fwfshsffo-!jt!mpdbufe!xjuijo!uif!usbotjujpo!{pof-!cfuxffo!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!boe!Mjpotifbe-!xijdi!jt! dibsbdufsj{fe!cz!sftjefoujbm!boe!mpehjoh!vtft!xjui!mjnjufe!dpnnfsdjbm!dpnqpofout/!!Uif! Fwfshsffo!ibt!cffo!eftjhofe!up!dpnqmz!xjui!uif!efwfmpqnfou!tuboebset!pg!uif!MNV.2!{pof! ejtusjdu-!xjui!uif!fydfqujpo!pg!uif!offe!gps!wbsjbodft!gps!voefshspvoe!jnqspwfnfout!xijdi!xfsf! dpoufnqmbufe!cz!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo/!!Uiftf!efwfmpqnfou!tuboebset!pg! uif!MNV.2!{pof!ejtusjdu-!jo!dpncjobujpo!xjui!uif!Mjpotifbe!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft-!qspufdu!uif!mjhiu! boe!bjs/!!Cfdbvtf!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!xjuijo!uif!npsf!efotf!qpqvmbujpo!dfoufs!pg!Wbjm-! sfefwfmpqnfou!xjuijo!uijt!bsfb!jt!fodpvsbhfe/!!Uif!bsfb!jt!tfswfe!cz!qvcmjd!usbotqpsubujpo-!bt!ju! jt!po!uif!UpxoÉt!cvt!spvuf!cpui!bmpoh!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!boe!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf/!!Bt!b! qsfwjpvtmz!efwfmpqfe!tjuf-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!tfswfe!cz!bmm!vujmjujft/!!Uifsf!bsf!nvmujqmf!pvuepps! boe!joepps!sfdsfbujpo!gbdjmjujft!jo!uif!wjdjojuz/!!Cfdbvtf!uif!dpoejujpobm!vtf!gps!uiftf!vtft!jt!Æmjwf! cfet-Ç!uifsf!jt!b!mjnjufe!jnqbdu!po!uif!mpdbm!tdippmt/!!Uif!qspqptfe!dpoejujpobm!vtf!jt! dpotjtufou!xjui!uijt!dsjufsjpo/! Qbhf!75!pg!84 4/Ffdu!vqpo!usbd-!xjui!qbsujdvmbs!sfgfsfodf!up!dpohftujpo-!bvupnpujwf!boe! qfeftusjbo!tbgfuz!boe!dpowfojfodf-!usbd!Òpx!boe!dpouspm-!bddftt-! nbofvwfsbcjmjuz-!boe!sfnpwbm!pg!topx!gspn!uif!tusffut!boe!qbsljoh!bsfbt/! Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;Uif!Fwfshsffo!Eftjho!Ufbn!ibt!fnqibtj{fe!uif!dpoofdujwjuz!pg!uif! qspqfsuz!up!uif!sfnbjoefs!pg!Wbjm/!!Uif!fbtu.xftu!qfeftusjbo!dpoofdujpot!up!uif!Wbjm!boe! Mjpotifbe!dpsft!bsf!frvbmmz!jnqpsubou!up!uif!qfeftusjbo!dpoofdujpo!opsui.tpvui/!!Beejujpobmmz-!! Uif!Fwfshsffo!ibt!cffo!eftjhofe!xjui!bmm!wfijdvmbs!bddftt!up!pddvs!bmpoh!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf! Spbe/!!Hvftut!boe!wjtjupst!xjmm!bddftt!wjb!uif!ofxmz!dpotusvdufe!spvoebcpvu-!xijdi!xbt! eftjhofe!up!bddpnnpebuf!uijt!usbgÑd/!!Mpbejoh!boe!efmjwfsz!boe!puifs!tfswjdf!wfijdmft!vtf!b! tfdpoebsz!bddftt!kvtu!up!uif!xftu!pg!uif!spvoebcpvu/!!Uif!sftvmu!jt!uibu!uifsf!jt!op!wfijdvmbs! usbgÑd!bttpdjbufe!xjui!Uif!Fwfshsffo!up!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf-!boe!hvftut!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo!xjmm! qsjnbsjmz!bddftt!cpui!Mjpotifbe!boe!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!wjb!uif!qfeftusjbo!fousbodf!bekbdfou!up!Mpu!21/!! Uifsf!jt!bmtp!b!tjefxbml!qspwjefe!bmpoh!uif!tpvui!tjef!pg!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe- bddpnnpebujoh!qfeftusjbo!boe!cjdzdmft!bmpoh!uijt!ifbwjmz!usbwfmmfe!dpssjeps/!! Qbhf!76!pg!84 5/Ffdu!vqpo!uif!dibsbdufs!pg!uif!bsfb!jo!xijdi!uif!qspqptfe!vtf!jt!up!cf!mpdbufe-! jodmvejoh!uif!tdbmf!boe!cvml!pg!uif!qspqptfe!vtf!jo!sfmbujpo!up!tvsspvoejoh!vtft/! Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!Evf!up!uif!dibsbdufs!pg!uif!tvsspvoejoh!bsfb-!jouspevdjoh!dpnnfsdjbm! vtft!po!uif!cbtfnfou0hbsefo!mfwfmt!boe!Ñstu!Òpps!xpvme!ibwf!b!npsf!ofhbujwf!jnqbdu!uibo! buubdife!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!boe!sftjefoujbm!vojut/!!Uif!npsf!joufotf!vtft!po!uif!qspqfsuz!.! uif!wfijdvmbs!bddftt!boe!nbjo!mpccz!bsf!bu!uif!Ñstu!mfwfm!gspn!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe/!!Uijt!jt!uif! bqqspqsjbuf!mpdbujpo!gps!uiftf!vtft!up!njojnj{f!jnqbdut!up!bekbdfou!qspqfsujft/!!Xjui!op!ejsfdu! gspoubhf!po!Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf-!ibwjoh!dpnnfsdjbm!vtft!bmpoh!Mpu!21!xpvme!opu!cf! bqqspqsjbuf/!!Uif!qspqptfe!dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju!gps!sftjefoujbm!vtft!bu!cbtfnfou0hbsefo!boe! Ñstu!mfwfm!epft!opu!jnqbdu!uif!tdbmf!boe!cvml!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo/!!Tdbmf!boe!cvml!bsf!beesfttfe! npsf!cz!uif!mjnjubujpot!tfu!gpsui!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo-!xijdi!qspwjeft! beejujpobm!sftusjdujpot!cfzpoe!uif!MNV.2!{pof!ejtusjdu!tuboebset/!Bt!b!sftvmu-!uif!qspqptfe! dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui!uijt!dsjufsjpo/!!! 6/Tvdi!puifs!gbdupst!boe!dsjufsjb!bt!uif!dpnnjttjpo!effnt!bqqmjdbcmf!up!uif! qspqptfe!vtf/! Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!Eftjho!Ufbn!dbo!beesftt!boz!beejujpobm!jogpsnbujpo! sfrvftufe!cz!uif!Qmboojoh!boe!Fowjsponfoubm!Dpnnjttjpo/!!! 7/Uif!fowjsponfoubm!jnqbdu!sfqpsu!dpodfsojoh!uif!qspqptfe!vtf-!jg!bo!fowjsponfoubm! jnqbdu!sfqpsu!jt!sfrvjsfe!cz!dibqufs!23!pg!uijt!ujumf/! Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!!Bo!fowjsponfoubm!jnqbdu!sfqpsu!ibt!cffo!tvcnjuufe!gps!uif! sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo/!!Uif!sfqpsu!Ñoet!uibu!uif!fowjsponfoubm!jnqbdut!pg!uif! pwfsbmm!qspkfdu!bsf!ofhmjhjcmf!hjwfo!jut!dvssfou!efwfmpqfe!dibsbdufs!boe!xjui!uif!njujhbujpo! ufdiojrvft!cfjoh!fnqmpzfe!xjui!uijt!sfefwfmpqnfou/!! Qbhf!77!pg!84 WJJ/!DSJUFSJB!GPS!SFWJFX;!WBSJBODFT! Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!eftjhofe!xjui!fyufotjwf!voefshspvoe!qbsljoh-!fmjnjobujoh!bmm!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh! dvssfoumz!bttpdjbufe/!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!qbsljoh!jt!uifo!dbqqfe!xjui!b!mboetdbqf!mje-!dsfbujoh!uif! mbshf!dfousbm!qmb{b/!!Bt!b!sftvmu-!uif!bqqmjdbou!jt!sfrvftujoh!b!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!wbsjbodf!xijdi!jt! ofdfttbsz!evf!up!uif!cfmpx!hsbef!jnqspwfnfout/!!Uif!Mjpotifbe!Njyfe.Vtf!2!{pof!ejtusjdu! qspwjeft!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!mjnjubujpo;! 23.8I.25;!TJUF!DPWFSBHF;! Tjuf!dpwfsbhf!tibmm!opu!fydffe!tfwfouz!qfsdfou!)81&*!pg!uif!upubm!tjuf!bsfb-!vomftt! puifsxjtf!tqfdjÑfe!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!sfefwfmpqnfou!nbtufs!qmbo/! Bt!qspqptfe-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!ibt!91/3&!pg!tjuf!dpwfsbhf-!bt!upebz!bmm!voefshspvoe! jnqspwfnfout!bsf!dpvoufe!upxbset!uijt!tuboebse/!!Ipxfwfs-!bcpwf.hsbef!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!jt!pomz! 74/6&/!!Ju!jt!opufe-!ipxfwfs-!uibu!bu!uif!ujnf!pg!bepqujpo!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe!Efwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs! Qmbo-!voefshspvoe!jnqspwfnfout!eje!opu!dpvou!upxbset!tjuf!dpwfsbhf/!Uif!tjuf!dpwfsbhf! efÑojujpo!xbt!bnfoefe!jo!3117!up!jodmvef!cfmpx!hsbef!jnqspwfnfout!xijdi!sbo!dpousbsz!up! uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!boe!uif!hfofsbm!qpmjdz!upxbset!qmbdjoh!qbsljoh! voefshspvoe!jo!uif!dpnnfsdjbm!dpsft!pg!uif!Upxo/!!!Bt!b!sftvmu-!b!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!wbsjbodf!jt! qspqptfe!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo!xijdi!jt!tjnjmbs!up!wbsjbodft!bqqspwfe!gps!puifs!qspkfdut!xjuijo!uif! Mjpotifbe!bsfb!jodmvejoh!uif!Fmfwbujpo!qspkfdu/!!! Beejujpobmmz-!b!wbsjbodf!jt!sfrvftufe!up!bmmpx!gps!jnqspwfnfout!up!fodspbdi!joup!uif!21!gu/! tfucbdl!bmpoh!uif!qspqfsuz!mjof!tibsfe!xjui!Wbjm!Ifbmui/!!Uifsf!jt!b!{fsp!mpu!mjof!qspqptfe!bu!uif! mpdbujpo!pg!uif!cpvoebsz!cfuxffo!Mpu!G.2!boe!Wbjm!IfbmuiÉt!qspqfsuz/!Beejujpobmmz-!cbmdpojft!boe! bsdijufduvsbm!qspkfdujpot!fyufoe!cfzpoe!uif!dvssfou!qspqfsuz!mjof!boe!poup!Wbjm!Ifbmui!qspqfsuz/!! Uiftf!dpoejujpot!xfsf!dpoufnqmbufe!boe!beesfttfe!cz!bhsffnfout!cfuxffo!Uif!Fwfshsffo! boe!Wbjm!Ifbmui!bt!qbsu!pg!uif!mboe!fydibohf!tvnnbsj{fe!qsfwjpvtmz!jo!uijt!tvcnjuubm/! TqfdjÑdbmmz-!qvstvbou!up!b!Mboe!Dpowfzbodf!boe!Dppqfsbujpo!Bhsffnfou!cz!boe!cfuxffo!Uif! Fwfshsffo!boe!Wbjm!Ifbmui-!Wbjm!Ifbmui!bhsffe!up!opu!pqqptf!Uif!FwfshsffoÉt!sfrvftu!gps! bqqspwbm!gspn!uif!Upxo!pg!b!Æ{fsp!tfucbdl!mjofÇ!bmpoh!b!qpsujpo!pg!uif!cpvoebsz!pg!uif!uxp! qspqfsujft/!Beejujpobmmz-!qvstvbou!up!uif!Mje!Fbtfnfou!ejtdvttfe!bcpwf-!Wbjm!Ifbmui!hsboufe!up! Uif!Fwfshsffo!bo!fbtfnfou!gps!uif!dpotusvdujpo!jo!Wbjm!IfbmuiÉt!21!gu/!tfucbdl!bsfb!pg!!boz!boe! bmm!jnqspwfnfout!uibu!bsf!qfsnjuufe!cz!uif!Upxo!up!cf!dpotusvdufe!jo!tfucbdl!bsfbt/!Bmtp!bt! Qbhf!78!pg!84 Fyijcju!C.2!gspn!Mboetdbqf!Mje!Fbtfnfou!Bhsffnfou ejtdvttfe!bcpwf-!Wbjm!Ifbmui!ibt!bhsffe!up-!vqpo!Uif!FwfshsffoÉt!sfrvftu-!bekvtu!uif!qspqfsuz! mjof!cfuxffo!Uif!FwfshsffoÉt!Mpu!G.2!boe!Wbjm!IfbmuiÉt!qspqfsuz!cz!dsfbujoh!b!21!gu/!xjef!uisff. ejnfotjpobm!Æftubuf!bcpwf!tvsgbdfÇ!jo!uif!dvssfou!mpdbujpo!pg!Wbjm!IfbmuiÉt!21!gu/!tfucbdl!bsfb-! xijdi!xpvme!dbvtf!bo!beejujpobm!21!gu/!pg!tvsgbdf!bsfb!up!cf!jodpsqpsbufe!joup!Mpu!G.2/!Uif! dsfbujpo!pg!uif!Æftubuf!bcpwf!tvsgbdfÇ!nbz!pcwjbuf!uif!offe!gps!uif!wbsjbodf!sfrvftufe!jo!uijt! qbsbhsbqi/ Uif!Mjpotifbe!Njyfe.Vtf!2!{pof!ejtusjdu!qspwjeft!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tfucbdl!mjnjubujpot; 23.8I.21;!TFUCBDLT; Uif!njojnvn!cvjmejoh!tfucbdlt!tibmm!cf!ufo!gffu!)21(*!vomftt!puifsxjtf!tqfdjÑfe!jo!uif! Mjpotifbe!sfefwfmpqnfou!nbtufs!qmbo!bt!b!cvjme!up!mjof/ Uif!{fsp!mpu!mjof!bu!uif!tibsfe!qspqfsuz!mjof!xjui!Wbjm!Ifbmui!xbt!boujdjqbufe-!boe!fwfo! fodpvsbhfe-!cz!uif!tjuf!tqfdjÑd!mbohvbhf!xjuijo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo-! xijdi!jt!jodmvefe!jo!uif!bobmztjt!cfmpx/!! Qbhf!79!pg!84 Tfdujpo!23.28.7!pg!uif!Wbjm!Upxo!Dpef!qspwjeft!uif!dsjufsjb!gps!sfwjfx!gps!wbsjbodf!sfrvftut/!! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qspwjeft!uiftf!dsjufsjb!bmpoh!xjui!uif!bqqmjdbouÉt!bobmztjt!pg!dpogpsnbodf!xjui!uif! dsjufsjb/! 2/Uif!sfmbujpotijq!pg!uif!sfrvftufe!wbsjbodf!up!puifs!fyjtujoh!ps!qpufoujbm!vtft!boe! tusvduvsft!jo!uif!wjdjojuz/! Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!Bt!jefoujÑfe!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo-!uif! dppsejobufe!fggpsut!cfuxffo!cfuxffo!Uif!Fwfshsffo!boe!Wbjm!Ifbmui!dpvme!jodmvef!b!dpwfsfe! qbsljoh!efdl!xjui!b!mboetdbqf!qmb{b!bcpwf/!!!Uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!uifo! jefoujÑfe!uibu!b!sfevdfe!ps!{fsp!tfucbdl!jo!uijt!bsfb!xpvme!cf!mjlfmz-!boe!beejujpobmmz-!uibu!cfmpx! hsbef!jnqspwfnfout!nbz!cf!efwfmpqfe!xjuijo!uif!sfrvjsfe!tfucbdlt/!!! 6/2:/8!Tfucbdlt! ½Cbtfe!vqpo!uif!dppsejobufe!fggpsut!cfuxffo!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!boe!uif!Wbjm!Wbmmfz! Nfejdbm!Dfoufs-!pqqpsuvojujft!fyjtu!gps!b!dpwfsfe!qbsljoh!efdl!boe!qfeftusjbo!bddftt! mboetdbqf!qmb{b!up!cf!efwfmpqfe!cfuxffo!uif!qspqfsujft!xjui!uif!hpbm!pg!tdsffojoh! tvsgbdf!qbsljoh!boe!foibodjoh!uif!wjtvbm!rvbmjuz!pg!uif!bsfb/!!Jg!bqqspqsjbufmz!eftjhofe-! b!sfevdfe!ps!{fsp!tfu!cbdl!jo!uiftf!bsfbt!nbz!cf!qspqptfe!gps!sfwjfx!evsjoh!uif! efwfmpqnfou!sfwjfx!qspdftt/!Beejujpobmmz-!cfmpx!hsbef!jnqspwfnfout-!jodmvejoh!cvu! opu!mjnjufe!up-!qbsljoh!boe!wfijdvmbs!djsdvmbujpo!jnqspwfnfout!nbz!cf!efwfmpqfe!xjuijo! uif!sfrvjsfe!tfucbdlt-!jg!gpvoe!up!cf!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!UpxoÉt!efwfmpqnfou! pckfdujwft/!!!! Uif!sfrvftufe!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!wbsjbodf-!ofdfttbsz!gps!voefshspvoe!jnqspwfnfout!ibwf!pomz! qptjujwf!jnqbdut!po!puifs!vtft!boe!tusvduvsft!jo!uif!wjdjojuz/!!Uif!wbsjbodf!bmmpxt!gps! voefshspvoe-!tusvduvsfe!qbsljoh-!fmjnjobujoh!uif!offe!gps!votjhiumz!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh/!!Uif! usfbunfou!pg!uijt!bsfb!xjui!b!mboetdbqfe!mje!njujhbuft!uif!jnqbdut!pg!uif!wbsjbodft/!!! Uif!sfrvftufe!{fsp!mpu!mjof!boe!tfucbdl!wbsjbodf!xbt!dpoufnqmbufe!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe! Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!boe!bt!qbsu!pg!uif!dpnqmjdbufe!mboe!fydibohf!qspdftt!cfuxffo! Wbjm!Ifbmui-!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm-!boe!Uif!Fwfshsffo/!!Uif!mbohvbhf!jo!uif!Nbtufs!Qmbo!sfÒfdut!uijt! qspdftt-!boe!Wbjm!Ifbmui!ibt!qspwjefe!b!mfuufs!bhsffjoh!up!uif!qspqptbm/!!Uifsfgpsf!uif! sfrvftufe!wbsjbodft!bsf!dpotjtufou!xjui!uijt!dsjufsjpo/!!! 3/Uif!efhsff!up!xijdi!sfmjfg!gspn!uif!tusjdu!ps!mjufsbm!joufsqsfubujpo!boe!fogpsdfnfou! pg!b!tqfdjÑfe!sfhvmbujpo!jt!ofdfttbsz!up!bdijfwf!dpnqbujcjmjuz!boe!vojgpsnjuz!pg! Qbhf!7:!pg!84 usfbunfou!bnpoh!tjuft!jo!uif!wjdjojuz-!ps!up!buubjo!uif!pckfdujwft!pg!uijt!ujumf!xjuipvu! hsbou!pg!tqfdjbm!qsjwjmfhf/! Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;Jo!Mjpotifbe-!uif!Upxo!ibt!bggpsefe!tpnf!Òfyjcjmjuz!gps!wbsjbodft-! ftqfdjbmmz!gps!voefshspvoe!jnqspwfnfout-!boe!gps!dppsejobufe!efwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut!po! nvmujqmf!mput!xjui!ejggfsfou!pxofstijq/!!Qsjps!up!uif!dibohf!jo!uif!efÑojujpo!pg!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!jo! Kbovbsz!3117-!b!wbsjbodf!xbt!opu!sfrvjsfe!gps!voefshspvoe!jnqspwfnfout!boe!bt!b!sftvmu-! nboz!tusvduvsft!dvssfoumz!fydffe!uif!mjnjubujpo/!!Wbsjbodft!ibwf!cffo!hsboufe!npsf!sfdfoumz!gps! voefshspvoe!jnqspwfnfout!gps!sfefwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut/!!Fybnqmft!xjuijo!Mjpotifbe!jodmvef; ¦ QFD29.1129!.!Sfbs!tfucbdl!wbsjbodf!hsboufe!gps!1!gu/!tfucbdl!gps!Fmfwbujpo!bu!645!Fbtu! Mjpotifbe!Djsdmf!up!bddpnnpebuf!qbsljoh!cfofbui!)gvuvsf*!tibsfe!qmb{b!xjui!Mfhbdz/ ¦ QFD17.1185!.!Tfucbdl!boe!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!wbsjbodft!hsboufe!gps!uif!ofx!xjoh!pg!uif! Mboenbsl!bu!721!Xftu!Mjpotifbe!Qmbdf!gps!b!ofx!voefshspvoe!qbsljoh!tusvduvsf/ ¦ QFD29.1147!.!Tfucbdl!wbsjbodf!hsboufe!gps!b!1!gu/!tfucbdl!gps!Mfhbdz!bu!611!Fbtu! Mjpotifbe!Djsdmfgps!voefshspvoe!qbsljoh!cfofbui!)gvuvsf*!tibsfe!qmb{b!xjui!Fmfwbujpo/ Uif!bmufsobujwf!up!wbsjbodft!gps!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!up!bmmpx!gps!voefshspvoe!jnqspwfnfout!jt!tvsgbdf! qbsljoh!ps!qbsljoh!sfevdujpot-!xijdi!jt!xiz!uif!Upxo!ibt!pgufo!cffo!tvqqpsujwf!pg!uiftf! wbsjbodft!jo!sfdfou!sfefwfmpqnfou!qspkfdu/!!Uiftf!sfdfou!bqqspwbm!efnpotusbuf!uibu!ju!jt!opu!b! hsbou!pg!tqfdjbm!qsjwjmfhf!up!bmmpx!gps!voefshspvoe!jnqspwfnfout!uibu!fydffe!tjuf!dpwfsbhf! bmmpxbodft/!! Uif!mboe!fydibohf!boe!dppsejobujpo!cfuxffo!Wbjm!Ifbmui!boe!Uif!Fwfshsffo!xbt!gpsnbmj{fe!jo wbsjpvt!bhsffnfout!bnpohtu! uif!qbsujft/!!Uif!Mboetdbqf! Fyijcju!C.3!gspn!Mboetdbqf!Mje!Fbtfnfou!Bhsffnfou Mje!Fbtfnfou!Bhsffnfou!xbt! pof!pg!uif!bhsffnfout!uibu! gpsnbmmz!epdvnfoufe!uif! bmmpxbodf!gps!uif!{fsp!mpu!mjof! bmpoh!Mpu!G.2!boe!Mpu!G-!bt! joejdbufe!po!Fyijcju!C.3!pg! uif!bhsffnfou/!!Uif! Fwfshsffo!jt!qfsnjuufe!up! cvjme!up!uif!tibsfe!mpu!mjof-! Qbhf!81!pg!84 boe!jnqspwfnfout!tvdi!bt!efdlt!boe!cbmdpojft!uibu!dbo!fyufoe!joup!tfucbdlt!nbz!uifo! fyufoe!cfzpoe!uif!qspqfsuz!mjof!up!uif!fyufou!uifz!bsf!bmmpxfe!up!ep!tp!joup!qspqfsuz!tfucbdlt/!! Uijt!bsfb!xjmm!uifo!cf!fjuifs!dpowfzfe!up!Uif!Fwfshsffo!ps!uif!qspqfsuz!mjof!cfuxffo!Mpu!G.2! boe!Mpu!G!xjmm!cf!bekvtufe!up!bmmpx!uijt/!!! Uipvhi!uijt!jt!dpnqmjdbufe-!uif!efubjmt!xfsf!ftubcmjtife!bu!uif!ujnf!pg!uif!mboe!fydibohf!boe! dsfbuft!b!vojrvf!tjuvbujpo!uibu!jt!vomjlf!puifs!tjuvbujpot!uispvhipvu!uif!Upxo/!Uifsfgpsf-! hsboujoh!uif!wbsjbodft!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo!bmmpxt!gps!vojgpsnjuz!pg!usfbunfou!bnpoh!tjuft!jo!uif! wjdjojuz/!!! 4/Uif!ffdu!pg!uif!sfrvftufe!wbsjbodf!po!mjhiu!boe!bjs-!ejtusjcvujpo!pg!qpqvmbujpo-! usbotqpsubujpo!boe!usbd!gbdjmjujft-!qvcmjd!gbdjmjujft!boe!vujmjujft-!boe!qvcmjd!tbgfuz/! Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!Cfdbvtf!uif!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!wbsjbodf!jt!gps!jnqspwfnfout!uibu!bsf!mpdbufe! voefshspvoe-!uifsf!bsf!op!ofhbujwf!fggfdut!po!mjhiu!boe!bjs/!!Cfmpx.hsbef!jnqspwfnfout!ibwf!b! qptjujwf!fggfdu!po!mjhiu!boe!bjs-!bt!puifsxjtf!uiftf!jnqspwfnfout!xpvme!cf!fjuifs!jo!tvsgbdf! qbsljoh!mput-!ps!beejujpobm!cvml!boe!nbtt!xjuijo!uif!bcpwf.hsbef!gppuqsjou/!!Uif!tfucbdl! wbsjbodf-!xijdi!gbdjmjubuft!uif!mboetdbqf!mje!pwfs!Wbjm!IfbmuiÉt!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh-!nbjoubjot! tvctuboujbm!tfqbsbujpo!cfuxffo!uif!cvjmejoh/!!Uif!wbsjbodft!ibwf!op!fggfdu!po!uif!ejtusjcvujpo!pg! qpqvmbujpo/!!Cfdbvtf!uif!wbsjbodft!bsf!ofdfttbsz!up!nbyjnj{f!tusvduvsfe!qbsljoh-!dsfbuf!boe! mboetdbqf!mje!pwfs!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh-!boe!xfsf!dpoufnqmbufe!xjui!uif!mboe!fydibohf-!uifz!ibwf! b!qptjujwf!jnqbdu!po!usbotqpsubujpo!boe!usbgÑd!gbdjmjujft/!!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!gvmmz!nffujoh!uif! qbsljoh!sfrvjsfnfout-!dsfbujoh!op!jnqbdut!po!qvcmjd!qbsljoh!gbdjmjujft/!!Uifsf!jt!op!fggfdu!po! qvcmjd!tbgfuz/! 5/Tvdi!puifs!gbdupst!boe!dsjufsjb!bt!uif!dpnnjttjpo!effnt!bqqmjdbcmf!up!uif! qspqptfe!wbsjbodf/! Bqqmjdbou!Sftqpotf;!!Up!qspwjef!tpnf!cbdlhspvoe-!uif!2::9!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou! Nbtufs!Qmbo!jodmvefe!Dibqufs!8;!Efwfmpqnfou!Tuboebset-!xijdi!qspwjefe!ejsfdujpo!po!ipx!uif! gvuvsf!Mjpotifbe!Njyfe!Vtf!ejtusjdut!xpvme!cf!tusvduvsfe!cbtfe!po!uif!qsfwjpvt!{pof!ejtusjdut! xjuijo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Tuvez!Bsfb/!!Bu!uif!ujnf!boe!bt!uif!qmbo!opufe-!voefshspvoe! jnqspwfnfout!eje!opu!dpvou!upxbset!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!mjnjubujpot/!!Uijt!jt!cfdbvtf!uif!efÑojujpo!pg! tjuf!dpwfsbhf!bu!uif!ujnf!eje!opu!jodmvef!cfmpx.hsbef!jnqspwfnfout/!!B!tvctfrvfou! bnfoenfou!up!uif!efÑojujpo!pg!ÆTjuf!DpwfsbhfÇ!npejÑfe!uif!dbmdvmbujpo!up!jodmvef!cfmpx.hsbef! jnqspwfnfout-!cbtfe!po!b!sfbdujpo!up!uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!b!mbshf!tjohmf!gbnjmz!ipnf!xjui! Qbhf!82!pg!84 cfmpx.hsbef!jnqspwfnfout/!! Vogpsuvobufmz-!ju!xbt!opu!sfdphoj{fe!bu! uif!ujnf!uibu!uijt!xpvme!jnqbdu!uif!bcjmjuz! pg!mbshfs!efwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut!up! nbyjnj{f!cfmpx.hsbef!qbsljoh!tusvduvsft/!! Qsfwjpvt!efÑojujpo!pg!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!gspn! Dibqufs!23.3;!EfÑojujpot; TJUF!DPWFSBHF;!Uif!sbujp!pg! uif!upubm!cvjmejoh!bsfb!pg!b!tjuf!up! uif!upubm!bsfb!pg!b!tjuf-!fyqsfttfe! bt!b!qfsdfoubhf/!Gps!uif! qvsqptft!pg!dbmdvmbujoh!tjuf! dpwfsbhf-!#cvjmejoh!bsfbÇ!tibmm! nfbo!uif!upubm!ipsj{poubm!bsfb!pg! boz!cvjmejoh-!dbsqpsu-!qpsuf! dpifsf-!bsdbef-!boe!dpwfsfe!ps! sppgfe!xbmlxbz!bt!nfbtvsfe! gspn!uif!fyufsjps!gbdf!pg!qfsnjuufs! xbmmt!ps!tvqqpsujoh!dpmvnot! bcpwf!hsbef!ps!bu!bspvoe!mfwfm-! 2::9!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo xijdifwfs!jt!uif!hsfbufs!bsfb½ Bepqufe!jo!3117-!uif!dvssfou!efÑojujpo!pg!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!gspn!Dibqufs!23.3;!EfÑojujpot; TJUF!DPWFSBHF;!Uif!sbujp!pg!uif!upubm!cvjmejoh!bsfb!pg!b!tjuf!up!uif!upubm!bsfb!pg!b!tjuf-! fyqsfttfe!bt!b!qfsdfoubhf/!Gps!uif!qvsqptft!pg!dbmdvmbujoh!tjuf!dpwfsbhf-!#cvjmejoh! bsfb!pg!b!tjuf#!tibmm!nfbo!uibu!qpsujpo!pg!b!tjuf!pddvqjfe!cz!boz!cvjmejoh-!dbsqpsu-! qpsuf.dpdifsf-!bsdbef-!boe!dpwfsfe!ps!sppgfe!xbmlxbz!dpotusvdufe!bu-!cfmpx-!ps! bcpwf!hsbef!bt!nfbtvsfe!gspn!uif!fyufsjps!gbdf!pg!uif!tifbuijoh!pg!uif!qfsjnfufs!xbmmt! ps!tvqqpsujoh!dpmvnot½ Uijt!dibohf!jo!efÑojujpo!up!jodmvef!cfmpx.hsbef!jnqspwfnfout!eje!opu!jodmvef!b!dpssftqpoejoh! jodsfbtf!jo!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!up!pgg.tfu!uijt!dibohf!boe!ibt!mfbe!up!uif!offe!gps!wbsjbodf!gspn!tjuf! dpwfsbhf!gps!voefshspvoe!jnqspwfnfout!gps!qspkfdut!xip!puifsxjtf!xpvme!ibwf!dpnqmjfe!xjui! uif!qsfwjpvt!efÑojujpo/!! Qbhf!83!pg!84 Beejujpobmmz-!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!qmbo!sfdphoj{fe!uibu!uif!21!gu/!tfucbdl!mjof! tipvme!sfnbjo!bt!uif!sfrvjsfnfou!gps!tjuft!xjuijo!Mjpotifbe-!xjui!uif!fydfqujpo!uif!fydfqujpot! bt!opufe;! 8/4!Tfucbdlt! Uif!nbtufs!qmbo!epft!opu!sfdpnnfoe!dibohjoh!uijt!tuboebse/!Uif!dvssfou!tfucbdl! sfrvjsfnfou!po!uif!nbkpsjuz!pg!tjuft!jo!Mjpotifbe!jt!21!gffu!gspn!uif!qspqfsuz!mjof!po!bmm! tjeft/!Uijt!sfrvjsfnfou!tibmm!cf!xbjwfe!jo!bsfbt!xjui!eftjhobufe!cvjme.up!mjoft-!boe! mffxbz!tipvme!cf!dpotjefsfe!jo!bsfbt!pg!tjhojÑdbou!ibsetijq!uibu!puifsxjtf!nffu!uif! joufou!pg!uif!nbtufs!qmbo!boe!ep!opu!ofhbujwfmz!jnqbdu!bekbdfou!qspqfsujft/! Bt!opufe!jo!uif!npsf!efubjmfe!Dibqufs!6;!Efubjmfe!Qmbo!Sfdpnnfoebujpot!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo;! ½Beejujpobmmz-!cfmpx!hsbef!jnqspwfnfout-!jodmvejoh!cvu!opu!mjnjufe!up-!qbsljoh!boe! wfijdvmbs!djsdvmbujpo!jnqspwfnfout!nbz!cf!efwfmpqfe!xjuijo!uif!sfrvjsfe!tfucbdlt-!jg! gpvoe!up!cf!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!UpxoÉt!efwfmpqnfou!pckfdujwft/!!!)Tfdujpo!6/2:/8*! Qbhf!84!pg!84 F OWJSPONFOUBM J NQBDU!S FQPSU UIF!FWFSHSFFO WBJM-!DPMPSBEP qsfqbsfe!gps;! UIF!TPMBSJTHSPVQ 252!F/!NFBEPX!ES-!TVJUF!322-!WBJM-!DP!92768 qsfqbsfe!cz;! CJSDI!FDPMPHZ-!MMD 53:NBJO!TU-!MZPOT-DP!91651 C JSDI!F DPMPHZ! GFCSVBSZ!3133 UBCMF!PG!DPOUFOUT Tfdujpo!0!UjumfQbhf 2/1!JOUSPEVDUJPO/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!2 3/1!FOWJSPONFOUBM!TFUUJOH////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!2 4/1!FYJTUJOH!DPOEJUJPOT//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!3 4/2!Izespmphz///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!3 4/2/2!Tvsgbdf!Xbufs/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!3 4/2/3!Hspvoexbufs//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!3 4/2/4!211.Zfbs!Gmppeqmbjo///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!3 4/2/5!Tusfbn!Tfucbdl//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!4 4/3!Bunptqifsjd!Dpoejujpot//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!4 4/4!Cjpujd!Dpoejujpot///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!4 4/4/2!Wfhfubujpo//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!4 4/4/3!Xjmemjgf//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!4 4/5!Tpjmt/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!5 4/6!Hfpmphz/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!5 4/6/2!Hfpmphjd!Ib{bset//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!5 4/7!Opjtf!'!Pepst////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!5 4/8!Wjtvbm0Tdfojd!Sftpvsdft//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!6 4/9!Mboe!Vtft///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!6 4/:!Qpqvmbujpo/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!6 4/21!Usbggjd////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!6 4/22!Tvtubjobcjmjuz!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!7 5/1!QSPQPTFE!QSPKFDU////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!7 5/2!Ipufm!Vojut!boe!Tj{f///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!8 5/3!Fnqmpzff!Ipvtjoh////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!9 5/4!Bddftt!boe!Qbsljoh//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!9 5/5!Tupsnxbufs!Nbobhfnfou///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!9 5/6!Mboetdbqjoh!boe!Pqfo!Tqbdf/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!: 5/7!Vujmjujft///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////21 5/7/2!Tbojubsz!Tfxfs//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////21 5/7/3!Xbufs/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////21 5/7/4!Fmfdusjd!Tfswjdf/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////21 5/7/5!Hbt!Tfswjdf///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////21 5/7/6!Dpnnvojdbujpot//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////21 5/8!Tvtubjobcjmjuz////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////21 6/1!JNQBDUT!'!NJUJHBUJPO/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////22 6/2!Izespmphz/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////22 6/2/2!Tvsgbdf!Xbufs///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////22 6/2/3!Hspvoexbufs////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////22 6/2/4!211.Zfbs!Gmppeqmbjo/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!22 6/2/5!Tusfbn!Tfucbdl////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////23 6/3!Bunptqifsjd!Dpoejujpot////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////23 6/4!Cjpujd!Dpoejujpot/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////23 6/4/2!Wfhfubujpo////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////23 6/4/3!Xjmemjgf////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////23 6/5!Tpjmt///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////23 6/6!Hfpmphz!'!Ib{bset////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////24 6/7!Opjtf!'!Pepst//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////24 6/8!Wjtvbm!Jnqbdut/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////24 6/9!Mboe!Vtft/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////24 6/:!Qpqvmbujpo///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////24 6/21!Usbggjd//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////25 6/22!Qfsnjut!'!Dppsejobujoh!Bhfodjft//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////25 7/1!TVNNBSZ!PG!FOWJSPONFOUBM!JNQBDUT///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////26 7/1!GJHVSFT////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////28 8/1!UBCMFT//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////43 9/1!QIPUPT////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////45 :/1!SFGFSFODFT/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////53 BQQFOEJY!B/!!DEQIF!BJS!RVBMJUZ!EBUB///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////55 BQQFOEJY!C/!EPMB!DPNNVOJUZ!QSPGJMF!GPS!WBJM////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////58 MJTU!PG!GJHVSFT Ovncfs!0!Ujumf!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Qbhf Gjhvsf!2/!!Qspkfdu!Mpdbujpo!Nbq/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////29 Gjhvsf!3/!!Bfsjbm!Qipup//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////2: Gjhvsf!4/!Hfpufdiojdbm!Cpsjoht///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////31 Gjhvsf!5/!!211.Zfbs!Gmppeqmbjo/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////32 Gjhvsf!6/!!Fml!Xjoufs!Ibcjubu/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////33 Gjhvsf!7/!!Mzoy!Qpufoujbm!Ibcjubu/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////34 Gjhvsf!8/!!OSDT!Tpjm!Uzqft////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////35 Gjhvsf!9/!!Hfpmphz!Nbq///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////36 Gjhvsf!:/!!Bwbmbodif!Ib{bse!Nbq/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////37 Gjhvsf!21/!!Efcsjt!Gmpx!Ib{bse!Nbq///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////38 Gjhvsf!22/!!Spdlgbmm!Ib{bse!Nbq/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////39 Gjhvsf!23/!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!\[pojoh!Nbq///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////3: Gjhvsf!24/!Qspqptfe!Efwfmpqnfou!Qmbo////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////41 Gjhvsf!25/!Tupsn!Tfxfs!Qmbo////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////42 MJTU!PG!UBCMFT Ovncfs!0!UjumfQbhf Ubcmf!2/!Bncjfou!Bjs!Dpodfousbujpo!Ftujnbuft/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////44 MJTU!PG!QIPUPT Ovncfs!0!Ujumf!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Qbhf Qipup!2/!Fyufsjps!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!boe!qbwfe!qbsljoh!bsfb/!)2308032*///////////////46 Qipup!3/Mboetdbqfe!bsfb!po!uif!tpvui!tjef!pg!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf/!!):039032*///////////////46 Qipup!4/Sfdfoumz!qmbdfe!dpccmf!boe!ofx!dvmwfsu/!):039032*//////////////////////////////////////////47 Qipup!5/Cpvmefs!cbol!usfbunfout!bmpoh!uif!vqqfs!qbsu!pg!uif!sfbdi/!!):039032*/////////47 Qipup!6/Sfdfoumz!qmbdfe!dpccmfboesjqbsjbo!wfhfubujpo/!):039032*////////////////////////////48 Qipup!7/Xjmmpxt-!obsspxmfbg!dpuupoxppet-!boe!cbmtbn!qpqmbs/!!):039032*////////////////////48 Qipup!8/Sjqbsjbo!wfhfubujpo!xjui!b!dpuupoxppe!pwfstupsz/!):039032*////////////////////////////48 Qipup!9/Fspefe!tusfbncbol!bekbdfou!up!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf/!!):039032*///////////////////49 Qipup!:/Tuffq-!fspefe!tusfbncbol!bekbdfou!up!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf/!)2308032*///////49 Qipup!21/Dvmwfsut!bu!uif!Nfbepx!Esjwf!dspttjoh/!!):039032*////////////////////////////////////////////4: Qipup!22/Vousfbufe!svopgg!gspn!uif!qbsljoh!bsfb!gmpxt!joup!Njeemf!Dsffl/!)2308032*/!/!51 Qipup!23/Tbuvsbufe!tpjmt!pddvs!xjuijo!b!tnbmm-!dpotusvdufe!txbmf/)2308032*////////////////51 Qipup!24/Ejtuvscfe!bsfb!bmpoh!uif!vqqfs!sfbdi/!):039032*/////////////////////////////////////////////52 Qipup!25/Dbobeb!uijtumf!boe!puifs!xffet!bmpoh!uif!vqqfs!sfbdi/!!):039032*/////////////52 2/1!JOUSPEVDUJPO!! Uif!Tpmbsjt!Hspvqjt!qmboojoh!up!sfefwfmpq!uif!fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf-!xijdi!xbt! dpotusvdufe!jo!2:85-joup!b!npefso-!tvtubjobcjmjuz.gpdvtfe!ipufmlopxo!bt!Uif!Fwfshsffo/ Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!jt!mpdbufe!bu!361!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!Xftu!jo!Wbjm-!Dpmpsbep/!! Tqfdjgjdbmmz-!jujt!jo!Tfdujpo!7!pg!Upxotijq!6!Tpvui!boe!Sbohf!91!Xftujo!Fbhmf!Dpvouz! )Gjhvsft!2!'!3*/ Up!bje!jo!qspkfdu!qmboojoh-!bo!Fowjsponfoubm!Jnqbdu!Sfqpsu!xbt!qsfqbsfe!gps!uif! Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qspkfdu!tjufboe!uxp!bekbdfou!qbsdfmtuibu!cpsefs!uif!qspqfsuz!po!jut! xftufso!tjef-!fodpnqbttjohuif!Njeemf!Dsffl!sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps/!Uijt!sfqpsu!ejtdvttft!uif! fyjtujoh!boe!qspqptfe!dpoejujpot!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qbsdfm!boe!bekbdfou!Njeemf! Dsffl!qbsdfmtjobddpsebodf!xjui!uif!FJS!hvjefmjoftpvumjofe!jo!Dibqufs!23!pg!Wbjm“t!Upxo! Dpef<ju!ejtdvttft!puifs!sfrvjsfe!qfsnjut!boe!dppsejobujoh!bhfodjft<!boe!qspwjeft!b! tvnnbsz!boe!bobmztjt!pg!jnqbdut/Qmfbtf!opuf-!bmm!Gjhvsft!bsf!jodmvefe!jo!Tfdujpo!7/1-! Ubcmft!bsf!jo!Tfdujpo!8/1-!boe!Qipupt!bsf!jo!Tfdujpo!9/1/!Bqqfoejy!B!dpoubjot!b! ejtdvttjpo!pg!bjs!rvbmjuz!qsfqbsfe!cz!uif!Dpmpsbep!Efqbsunfou!pg!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!boe! Fowjsponfou!)DEQIF*/!! 3/1FOWJSPONFOUBM!TFUUJOH Uif!FJS!tuvez!bsfbdpotjtut!pg!uisff!qbsdfmt!mpdbufe!jo!Fbhmf!Dpvouz!jo!uif!upxo!pg!Wbjm )Gjhvsft!2!'3*/!Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qbsdfm!dpwfst!bqqspyjnbufmz!3/56bdsft/!Uif! hspvoet!tvsspvoejoh!uiffyjtujoh!ipufmcvjmejoh!bsf!qsfepnjobufmz!qbwfe!xjui!tnbmm! bsfbt!pg!psobnfoubm!mboetdbqjohboe!b!qppm!po!uif!xftufso!tjef)Qipupt!2!'!3*/! Njeemf!Dsffl-!b!qfsfoojbm! tusfbn-!jt!mpdbufe! jnnfejbufmz!xftu!pg!uif! Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!boe! gmpxt!uispvhi!uxp! bekbdfou!qbsdfmt!pxofe! cz!uif!upxo!pg!Wbjm!boe! uif!Fbhmf!Sjwfs!Xbufs!boe! Tbojubujpo!Ejtusjdu/Njeemf! Dsffl!gmpxt!joup!Hpsf! Dsffl!bqqspyjnbufmz!861! gffu!up!uif!tpvuipg!uif! qspkfdu!bsfb/ Uif!tvsspvoejoh!bsfb!jo! Wbjm!jt!efwfmpqfe!xjui!cvtjofttft-!ipufmt-!boe!sfdsfbujpobm!bnfojujft/!Uif!qspkfdu!tjufjt! mpdbufe!kvtu!tpvui!pg!J.81-!pouif!tpvui!tjef!pg!uif!J.81!gspoubhf!spbe/!Uif!sfdfoumz! vqebufe!Wbjm!Ifbmui!cvjmejoh!bcvut!uif!qspqfsuz!up!uif!tpvui!boe!fbtu<!uif!Epctpo!Jdf! Bsfob-!Wbjm!Qvcmjd!Mjcsbsz-!boe!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!Dpoepnjojvntbsf!up!uif!xftu!bdsptt! Njeemf!Dsffl/ 2! Fmfwbujpot!pg!uif!qspkfdu!bsfbsbohf!gspn!b!ijhi!pg!bqqspyjnbufmz!9-2:6!gffu!bu!uif! opsuifso!qpsujpo!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!qbsdfm!up!b!mpx!pg!9-269!gffu!bu!uif!tpvuifsonptu fyufou!pg!uiftuvez!bsfb!po!uif!Fbhmf!Sjwfs!Xbufs!boe!Tbojubujpo!Ejtusjdu)FSXTE*!qbsdfm/! 4/1!FYJTUJOH!DPOEJUJPOT 4/2!Izespmphz 4/2/2!Tvsgbdf!Xbufs Uif!FJS!tuvez!bsfb!jodmveft!bqqspyjnbufmz!871!mjofbs!gffu!pg!Njeemf!Dsffl-!b!qfsfoojbm! tusfbn!mpdbufe!jo!uif!FSXTE!boe!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!qbsdfmt!xftu!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf )Gjhvsf!3*/!!Njeemf!Dsffl!foufst!uif!opsuifso!foe!pg!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!qbsdfm!uispvhi!b!7. gppudvmwfsu!cfofbui!Joufstubuf!81!boe!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe)Qipup!4*/Bmpoh!uif! vqqfs!qpsujpo-!uif!dsffl!jt!bsnpsfe!xjui!mbshf!cpvmefst!boe!dpccmfxijdi!xbtsfdfoumz! qmbdfe!bt!b!qbsu!pg!esbjobhf!jnqspwfnfout!)Qipupt!5!'!6*/!Bt!judpoujovft!tpvuixbse-! uif!tusfbn!cbolt!bsf!npsf!efotfmz!wfhfubufexjui!sjqbsjbo!wfhfubujpo)Qipupt!7!'!8*/ Jo!b!gfx!mpdbujpot!bekbdfou!up!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf-uif!cbolt!bsf!tuffq!boe!bdujwfmz! fspejoh!)Qipupt!9!'!:*/ Bcpy!dvmwfsujt!mpdbufe!jo!uif!tpvuifso!qpsujpo!pg!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!qbsdfm!gps!b!qfeftusjbo! dspttjoh/!!Uxp!beejujpobm!dvmwfsut!bsf!mpdbufe!bu!uifNfbepx!Esjwf!dspttjohbu!uif!tpvui! foe!pg!uif!tuvez!bsfb)Qipup!21*/Njeemf!Dsffl!kpjot!Hpsf!Dsfflbqqspyjnbufmz!861!gffu! tpvui!pg!uif!qspkfdu!tjuf/ Tupsnxbufs!gspn!uif!qspkfdu!tjuf!jt!dvssfoumz!ejtdibshfe!up!Njeemf!Dsffl!xjui!op!xbufs! rvbmjuz!usfbunfou/!Xbufs!gspn!uif!xftufso!ibmg!pg!uif!tjuf!qsjnbsjmz!tiffu!gmpxt!joup!Njeemf! Dsffl)Qipup!22*/!!Svopgg!gspn!uif!fbtufso!ibmg!jt!dpmmfdufe!jo!bsfb!jomfut-!dpowfzfe bspvoe!uif!fbtufso!tjef!boe!uifoup!uif!tpvui!pg!uif!fyjtujoh!cvjmejoh-!uifo!jt!ejtdibshfe! up!Njeemf!Dsffl!kvtu!epxotusfbn!pg!uif!cpy!dvmwfsu!boe!qfeftusjbo!dspttjoh/!B!tnbmm ejtdibshf!jt!bmtp!mpdbufe!opsui!pg!uif!qppm!bsfb-!xifsf!b!gpvoebujpo!esbjo!dsfbuft! tbuvsbufe!tpjm!dpoejujpot!uibu!dpoofdu!cbdl!up!uif!dsffl)Qipup!23*/! 4/2/3!Hspvoexbufs B!hfpufdiojdbm!tuvez!xbt!qfsgpsnfe!cz!Dftbsf-!Jodpo!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qbsdfm )Efdfncfs!24-!3132*/!Gjwf!cpsjoht!xfsf!esjmmfe!boe!dpnqmfufe!bt!hspvoexbufs! npojupsjoh!xfmmt!bu!wbsjpvt!mpdbujpot!uispvhipvu!uifqbsdfm)Gjhvsf!4*/!Hspvoexbufs!xbt! fodpvoufsfe!bu!efquit!pg!cfuxffo!bqqspyjnbufmz!23!up!26!gffu!cfmpx!hsbef!jo!cpsjoht! C.2-!C.3-!boe!C.6!bu!uif!ujnf!pg!esjmmjoh/!Hspvoexbufs!xbt!sfnfbtvsfe!bu!efquit!pg! cfuxffo!27/6!boe5:/8gffu!cfmpx!hsbef!jo!cpsjoht!C.2-!C.3-!C.4-!boe!C.6!cfuxffo!2!boe! 54!ebzt!bgufs!esjmmjoh/!Hspvoexbufs!xbt!opu!fodpvoufsfe!jo!C.5!evsjoh!ps!bgufs!esjmmjoh/! 4/2/4!211.Zfbs!Gmppeqmbjo Gjhvsf!5!jmmvtusbuft!uif!fyufou!pg!uif!211.zfbs!gmppeqmbjo/!Uif!211.zfbs!gmppe!fwfou!jt dpoubjofe!xjuijo!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!boe!Fbhmf!Sjwfs!Xbufs!boe!Tbojubujpo!Ejtusjdu!qbsdfmt/! Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehfjt!pvutjef!pg!uif!GFNB!211.zfbs!gmppeqmbjo!gps!Njeemf!Dsffl/!!! 3! 4/2/5!Tusfbn!Tfucbdl Dvssfou!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!sfhvmbujpot!tqfdjgz!b!41.gppu!tfucbdl!gspn!uif!dfoufsmjof!pg!Njeemf! Dsffl-!boe!Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!jt!jo!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uijt!tfucbdl/ 4/3!Bunptqifsjd!Dpoejujpot!! Uif!Dpmpsbep!Efqbsunfou!pg!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!boe!Fowjsponfou!)DEQIF*!qspwjefe!ebub!po! uif!ftujnbufe!bncjfou!bjs!dpodfousbujpot!pg!tjy!bjs!qpmmvubout!gps!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf! qspkfdu!tjuf!)Ubcmf!2*/!Qmfbtf!opuf-!mpdbm!bjs!npojupsjoh!ebub!ep!opu!fyjtu!gps!Wbjm- Dpmpsbep<!uifsfgpsf-!DEQIFefwfmpqfe!cftu!ftujnbuft!gps!uif!hfofsbm!hfphsbqijd!bsfb! vtjoh!bwbjmbcmf!DEQIF!ebub/Fbhmf!Dpvouz!jt!jo!bo!buubjonfou!bsfb!bt!tvnnbsj{fe!cz! Ubcmf!2/!Gps!gvsuifs!efubjmt-!qmfbtf!sfgfs!up!DEQIF“t!dpssftqpoefodf!jo!Bqqfoejy!B/!! 4/4!Cjpujd!Dpoejujpot 4/4/2!Wfhfubujpo Bt!eftdsjcfe!bcpwf-!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qbsdfm!jt!efwfmpqfe!xjui!uif!cvjmejoh! gppuqsjou!boe!qbwfe!qbsljoh!bsfbt!dpwfsjoh!nptu!pg!uif!mpu!)Qipup!2<!Gjhvsf!3*/Tnbmm! bsfbt!pg!psobnfoubm!mboetdbqjoh!pddvs!bspvoe!uif!cvjmejoht-!tpnf!pg!xijdi! jodpsqpsbuf!obujwf!usfft!jodmvejoh!cmvf!tqsvdf!)Qjdfb!qvohfot*boe!btqfo!)Qpqvmvt! usfnvmpjeft*)Qipup!3*/!!Po!uif!xftu!tjef!pg!uif!cvjmejoh!ofbs!uif!qppm!bsfb-!b!qjqf! ejtdibshf!gspn!b!gpvoebujpo!esbjo!dsfbuft!tbuvsbufe!tpjm!dpoejujpot!uibu!tvqqpsu!b! obsspx!xfumboe!bsfb!fyufoejoh!epxo!up!uif!dsffl)Qipup!23*/! Uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps!jt!mjofe!cz!obujwf!usfft!boe!tisvct!jodmvejoh! obsspxmfbg!dpuupoxppe!)Qpqvmvt!bohvtujgpmjb*-!cbmtbn!qpqmbs!)Qpqvmvt!cbmtbnjgfsb*- uijomfbg!bmefs!)Bmovt!ufovjgpmjb!ttq/!jodbob*-!Fohfmnboo!tqsvdf!)Qjdfb!fohfmnbojj*-!boe! tfwfsbm!tqfdjft!pg!xjmmpxt!)Tbmjy!hfzfsjbob<!T/!npoujdpmb<!T/!esvnnpoejbob*)Qipupt!7!'! 8*/!!Uif!ifscbdfpvt!voefstupsz!jt!b!njyuvsf!pg!b!gfx!xffet!hspxjoh!xjui!eftjsbcmf!obujwf! tqfdjft!tvdi!bt!gjsfxffe!)Fqjmpcjvn!bohvtujgpmjvn*-!dpx!qbstojq!)Ifsbdmfvn! tqizpoezmjvn*-!boe!dijnjoh!cfmmt!)Nfsufotjb!djmjbub*/Opyjpvt!xffet!bmtp!pddvs- qbsujdvmbsmz!jo!uif!npsf!ejtuvscfe!bsfbt!jo!uif!opsui-!cvu!ep!opu!gpsn!boz!mbshf!tuboet )Qipupt!24!'!25*/!!Uiftf!jodmvef!qmvnfmftt!uijtumf!)Dbsevvt!bdbouipjeft*-!pyfzf!ebjtz! )Mfvdbouifnvnwvmhbsf*-!boe!Dbobeb!uijtumf!)Djstjvn!bswfotf*/!Tuffq-!bdujwfmz!fspejoh! bsfbt!bsf!dibsbdufsj{fe!cz!mpx!wfhfubujpo!dpwfs)Qipupt!9!'!:*/ 4/4/3!Xjmemjgf Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qbsdfm!dpotjtut!pg!bo!fyjtujoh!efwfmpqnfou!uibu!epft!opu!qspwjef! tjhojgjdbou!xjmemjgf!ibcjubu/!Npsfpwfs-!uif!FSXTE!boe!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!qbsdfmt!bsf! tvsspvoefe!cz!efwfmpqnfou-!uifNjeemf!Dsfflsjqbsjbo!dpssjeps!jt!obsspx-!boe!ju!jt! dspttfe!cz!nvmujqmf!spbet!boe!usbjmt!cfuxffo!J.81!boe!Hpsf!Dsffl/!!Uijtmjnjut!uif!xjmemjgf! ibcjubuwbmvfpg!uijt!bsfb/ Bt!tipxo!cz!Gjhvsf!6-!uif!qspkfdu!tjuf!jt!pvutjef!Bnfsjdbo!Fml!xjoufs!sbohf!nbqqfe!cz! DQX/Jo!beejujpo-!ju!jt!opu!jodmvefe!jo!uif!bsfbt!uibu!ibwf!cffo!nbqqfebt!qpufoujbm! ibcjubu!gps!mzoy!)Gjhvsf!7*/! 4! 4/5Tpjmt! Gjhvsf!8!jmmvtusbuft!uif!OSDTtpjm!uzqft!gps!uif!qspkfdu!bsfb/!!Uif!foujsf!tuvez!bsfbjt nbqqfe!btIbqmpdszpmmt.Dszprvpmmtdpnqmfy!bu!1!up!26!qfsdfou!tmpqft/!Uif!Ibqmpdszpmmt. Dszprvpmmt!dpnqmfy!psjhjobufe!jo!qbsfou!nbufsjbmt!dpotjtujoh!pg!bmmvwjvn!efsjwfe!gspn! jhofpvt!boe!tfejnfoubsz!spdl/!Uif!Ibqmpdszpmmt!tpjm!uzqf!jt!opu!sbufe!bt!b!izesjd!tpjmxijmf! uif!Dszprvpmmt!qpsujpo!jt!sbufe!bt!b!izesjd!tpjm!uzqf!cz!uif!OSDT/! Cpsjoht!gspn!uif!Dftbsf!hfpufdiojdbm!tuvez!sfwfbmfe!uibu!uif!tpjm!uzqft!qsftfou!potjuf! dmbttjgz!bt!Uzqf!E-!bddpsejoh!up!uif!3126!JCD/!Btqibmu!qbwfnfou!bcpvu!6!up!23!jodift! uijdl!xbt!fodpvoufsfe!jo!bmm!cpsjoht/!Tboe!boe!hsbwfm!gjmm!xjui!dpccmft!boe!pddbtjpobm! cpvmefst!xbt!jefoujgjfe!up!efquit!pg!cfuxffo!bcpvu!4!boe!26!gffu!jo!bmm!cpsjoht-!fydfqu! Cpsjoh!C.4<!ipxfwfs-!ejtujohvjtijoh!gjmm!gspn!obujwf!hsbovmbs!nbufsjbm!xjui!uif!PEFY! nfuipe!pg!esjmmjoh!xbt!dibmmfohjoh/!Gjmm!nbz!cf!qsftfou!jo!uif!mpdbujpo!pg!Cpsjoh!C.4/ Pwfscvsefo!tpjm!dpotjtujoh!pg!tboe!boe!hsbwfm!xjui!cpvmefst!boe!dpccmft!xbt! fodpvoufsfeup!uif!nbyjnvn!efquit!pg!fbdi!cpsjoh-!xijdi!xbt!cfuxffo!bcpvu!32!boe! 74!gffu!effq/!Cpvmefst!vq!up!4!gffu!jo!ejnfotjpo!xfsf!fodpvoufsfe!jo!tpnf!mpdbujpot/ Gmpxjoh!tboet!xfsf!pctfswfe!jo!uif!pwfscvsefo!tpjm!bu!bcpvu6!up!36!gffu!effq!jo!Cpsjoh! C.3-23!up!2:!gffu!effq!jo!Cpsjoh!C.6-!boe4:!up!58!gffu!effq!jo!Cpsjoh!C.6/Cfespdl!xbt! opu!fodpvoufsfe!jo!boz!pg!uif!cpsjoht/ 4/6!Hfpmphz Uif!hfpmphz!pg!uif!tjuf!jt!eftdsjcfe!jo!Gjhvsf!9-!xijdi!xbt!jodmvefe!jo!uif!Dftbsf! Hfpufdiojdbm!Sfqpsu!)3132*/Uif!#Hfpmphjd!Nbq!pg!uif!Fbtufso!Ibmg!pg!uif!Wbjm!41(!y!71(! Rvbesbohmf-!Fbhmf-!Tvnnju-!boe!Hsboe!Dpvoujft-!Dpmpsbep#!cz!Lbsm!T/!Lfmmphh-!Sbmqi!S/! Tispcb-!Xbzof!S/!Qsfnp-!boe!Csvdf!Cszbou-!)3122*-!joejdbuft!uibu!tvsgjdjbm!efqptjut!potjuf! mjlfmz!dpotjtu!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!voju;!#Ruq;!Ujmm!pg!Qjofebmf!bhf!)mbuf!Qmfjtupdfof*/!Gps!gvsuifs! efubjmt!po!uif!hfpmphz!pg!uif!tvsspvoejoh!bsfbt-!qmfbtf!sfgfs!up!uif!hfpufdiojdbm!sfqpsu! cz!Dftbsf!Jod/! 4/6/2!Hfpmphjd!Ib{bset Jo!psefs!up!beesftt!qpufoujbm!hfpmphjd!ib{bset!up!uif!qspqptfe!qspkfdu-!Upxo!pg!Wbjm“t! Hfpmphjd!Ib{bse!Nbqqjoh!qpsubm!xbt!bddfttfe/!Gjhvsft!:.22jmmvtusbuf!uif!hfpmphjdbmmz! tfotjujwf!bsfbt!xjuijo!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!bt!uifz!sfmbuf!up!efcsjt!gmpxt-!bwbmbodift-!boe! spdl!gbmmt/!Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qbsdfm!jt!pvutjef!uiftf!hfpmphjd!ib{bse!bsfbt!jefoujgjfe! cz!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm/Uif!Hfpufdiojdbm!Sfqpsu!qsfqbsfe!cz!Dftbsf-!Jod/!)3132*!tubuft! uibu!uif!qpufoujbm!gps!sbepo!hbt!jt!mjlfmz!boe!sfdpnnfoet!uif!tjuf!boe0ps!qmboofe! tusvduvsf!cffwbmvbufe!cz!tqfdjbmjtut!jo!sbepo!hbt!efufdujpo!boe!nbobhfnfou/ 4/7!Opjtf!'!Pepst Uif!tjuf!jt!jouif!efwfmpqfe!epxoupxo!pg!Wbjm-!Dpmpsbep!boe!jt!ejsfdumz!bekbdfou!up!uif! Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!bt!xfmm!bt!uif!Joufstubuf!81!dpssjeps/!Cpui!spbe!tztufnt!hfofsbuf! opjtf!boe!pepst!gspn!usbggjd/!Uifsf!bsf!op!tjhojgjdbou!tpvsdft!pg!opjtf!ps!pepst!gspn!uif! fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!Mpehfqbsdfm/ 5! 4/8!Wjtvbm0TdfojdSftpvsdft Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!dpotjtut!pg!b!:.tupsz!cvjmejoh!cbtfe!po!b!2:81“t!qptu.npefso! bsdijufduvsf/Uif!dvssfou!tusvduvsf!pggfst!bo!pvuebufe!mpehjoh!qspevdu!boe!ibt!cffo! eftdsjcfe!btmbshfmz!jodpohsvpvt!xjui!jut!tvsspvoejoht/! 4/9!Mboe!Vtft Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!xbt!psjhjobmmz!dpotusvdufe!jo!2:85/!Xjui!uif!fydfqujpo!pgb!mpccz! xijdi!xbt!beefe!jo!uif!2:91“t-!mjuumf!ibt!dibohfe!tjodf!jut!psjhjobm!dpotusvdujpo/!Uif! Fwfshsffo!tjuf!xbt!jodpsqpsbufe!joup!uif!Mjpotifbe!Nbtufs!Qmbo!)MINQ*!boe!{pofe! Mjpotifbe!Njyfe!Vtf.2!jo!3116)Gjhvsf23*/ Uif!dvssfou!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!jodmveft!uif!gpmmpxjoh!vtft;! 239BddpnnpebujpoVojut 2:!Dpoepnjojvn!Exfmmjoh!Vojut Uif!Bmujuvef!Dmvc!Sftubvsbou Boobqvsob!Sftubvsbou Ipufm!Mpccz!boe!pggjdft 3 4-711!gupg!Dpogfsfodf!tqbdf Ipufm!bnfojujft!tvdi!bt!txjnnjoh!qppm-!ipu!uvc-!tipxfst-!boe!tbvob Wfouvsf!Tqpsut!Sfubjm 4/:!Qpqvmbujpo Bddpsejoh!up!uif!EPMB!Qspgjmf!gps!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!)Bqqfoejy!C*-!uif!Upxo“t!qpqvmbujpo! jo!3131!xbt!5-914/!Uif!upubm!ovncfs!pg!ipvtjoh!vojut!jt!8-414!boe!pddvqjfe!ipvtjoh!vojut! jo!3131!xfsf!3-483/!Uif!3131!qfstpot!qfs!ipvtfipme!xbt!3/19!qfs!pxofs.pddvqjfe!voju! boe!4/25!qfs!sfoubm!voju/!Uif!fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!dpoubjot!2:!exfmmjoh!vojut!boe! 239!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut/!Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!ftujnbuft!jut!bwfsbhf!pddvqbodz!qfs! bddpnnpebujpo!voju!bu!2/6!qfstpot!qfs!voju/!Uif!nbyjnvn!qpttjcmf!qpqvmbujpo!gps! fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf-!jt!ftujnbufe!bu!362/77!qfstpot!)bttvnfe!uif!2:!exfmmjoh!vojut! xfsf!sfoubm!vojut*!bttvnjoh!211&!pddvqbodz/!Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!ftujnbuft!jut!boovbm! pddvqbodz!sbuf!up!cf!71&/!Uifsfgpsf-uif!ftujnbufe!bduvbm!qpqvmbujpo!pg!uif! Fwfshsffo!jt!262-!dpnqsjtfe!nptumz!pg!b!usbotjfou-!mpehjoh!qpqvmbujpo/ 4/21Usbggjd NdEpxfmm!Fohjoffsjoh-!MMD!pg!Fbhmf-!Dpmpsbep!qsfqbsfe!b!UsbggjdJnqbdu!Tuvez!up! bobmz{fuif!usbggjd!hfofsbufe!gspn!uif!fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf/!Xfflebz!usbggjd!dpvout! xfsf!pcubjofe!po!Uivstebz-!Efdfncfs!41-!3132-po!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!bu!uif!tjuf! bddftt!cfuxffo!8;11!BN!boe!7;11!QN/!Uif!npsojoh!qfbl!ipvs!pddvssfe!cfuxffo!21;26! BN!boe!22;26!BN/!Uif!fwfojoh!qfbl!ipvs!pddvssfe!cfuxffo!5;11!QN!boe!6;11!QN/ Tbuvsebz!usbggjd!dpvout!xfsf!pcubjofe!po!Tbuvsebz-!Kbovbsz!2-!3133-cfuxffo!8;11!BN boe!7;11!QN/!Uif!Tbuvsebz!qfbl!ipvs!pddvssfe!cfuxffo!4;41!QN!boe!5;41!QN/! 6! Usbggjd!dpvout!xfsf!pcubjofe!uif!xffl!cfuxffo!uif!Disjtunbt!boe!Ofx!Zfbs“tipmjebzt! pg!Efdfncfs!3132!boe!Kbovbsz!3133/!Uijt!jt!b!qfbl!usbggjd!xffl!evf!up!tljfsusbggjd!pwfs! uif!ipmjebz!tfbtpo/ Vtjoh!uif!Jotujuvuf!pg!Usbotqpsubujpo!Fohjoffst“!Usjq!Hfofsbujpo!Nbovbm-!po!uif!bwfsbhf! xfflebz-!uif!fyjtujoh!tjuf!jt!fyqfdufe!up!hfofsbuf!2-1:9!wfijdmf!usjqt!qfs!ebz!)wqe*/! Qfbl!ipvs!usbggjd!po!b!xfflebz!hfofsbuft!bqqspyjnbufmz!::wqievsjoh!uif!npsojoh! qfbl!ipvs-!21:wqi!evsjoh!uif!fwfojoh!qfbl!ipvs-!boe!238!wqi!evsjoh!uif!Tbuvsebz! qfbl!ipvs/ Ipxfwfs-!pctfswfe!usbggjd!dpvout!joejdbuf!xifo!uif!ipufm!jt!bu!ps!ofbs!dbqbdjuz-!uif! fyjtujoh!tjuf!hfofsbuft!49!wfijdmf!usjqt!qfs!ipvs!)wqi*!jo!uif!npsojoh!qfbl!ipvs-!75wqi!jo! fwfojoh!qfbl!ipvs-!boe!46wqi!jo!uif!Tbuvsebz!qfbl!ipvs/!Ju!tipvme!cf!opufe!uibu! pctfswfe!usbggjd!xbtbqqspyjnbufmz!41!—71&!pg!JUF“t!boujdjqbufe!usbggjd!wpmvnft!gps!uif fyjtujoh!mboe!vtft/!!Uif!sfqpsu!joejdbuft!uijt!nbz!cf!evf-!jo!qbsu-!up!jodsfbtfe!vtf!pg! nvmujnpebm!usbotqpsubujpo/!! 4/22!Tvtubjobcjmjuz Uif!dvssfou!Fwfshsffo!Mpehfjt!pvuebufe-boe!uiftusvduvsf!pggfst!mjuumf!jo!uif!xbz! tvtubjobcjmjuz/!Uif!nfdibojdbm!tztufnt!bsf!gbjmjoh-!boe!uifz!mbdl!dvssfou!ufdiopmphz/Uif! tusvduvsf!tuboet!bu!:.tupsjftboe!sfnbjot!ejtdpoofdufe!wjtvbmmz!boe!fdpmphjdbmmz!gspn!jut! tvsspvoejohtxjui!pvuebufe!bsdijufduvsf!boe!tvsgbdf!qbsljoh/Uif!fyufotjwf! ibsetdbqjoh!tvsspvoejoh!uif!qspqfsuz!jnqfeft!jogjmusbujpo!boe!hspvoexbufs!sfdibshf! xijmf!bmtp!dbvtjoh!qpufoujbm!jnqbjsnfout!up!xbufs!rvbmjuz!jo!uif!bekbdfou!Njeemf!Dsffl/! Tvsgbdf!svopgg!gspn!qbsljoh!boe!mpbejoh!bsfbt!dvssfoumz!esbjot!joup!Njeemf!Dsffl!xjuipvu! gjmusbujpo-!puifs!uibo!b!obsspx!sjqbsjbo!cvggfs/!!Uif!tjuf!epft!opu!dvssfoumz!vtf!sfofxbcmf! fofshz/ 5/1!QSPQPTFE!QSPKFDU Uif!qspqptfe!qspkfdu!xjmm!cfuif!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qspqfsuz!xjui! qmbot!upfoibodf!uif!tjuf!cz!beifsjoh!up!b!tfu!pg!fdpmphjdbmmz!tvtubjobcmf!wbmvft!tfu! gpsui!cz!uif!Bnfsjdbo!Jotujuvuf!pg!Bsdijufdut!Dpnnjuuff!po!uif!Fowjsponfou/!Gvsuifs-!uif! sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!xjmm!cf!hvjefe!cz!uif!bsdijufduvsbm!tuzmft!pg!uif! 7! tvsspvoejoh!cvjmejoht!bt!pvumjofe!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo/!Uif! gvuvsf!Fwfshsffo!gbdjmjuz!xjmmgfbuvsf!b!tjhojgjdbou!ovncfs!pg!vqhsbeft!up!uif! dvssfouFwfshsffo!Mpehf!)Gjhvsf!2*/Uif!sfoefsjohtjo!uijt!tfdujpo!xfsfqspevdfe cz!Topx!Lsfjmdi!Bsdijufdut!pg!Njoofbqpmjt-!Njooftpub/ 5/2!Ipufm!Vojut!boe!Tj{f Uifcvjmejoh!xjmm!gfbuvsf!344-995!tr/!gu/!pg!Hsptt!Sftjefoujbm!Gmpps!Bsfb!)HSGB*!dpotjtujoh! pg239!buubdife!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!boe!246!exfmmjoh!vojut/Uif!pwfsbmm!tjuf!dpwfsbhf! xjmm!cf!96-817!tr/!gu/!)91/3&*/!Uif!bcpwf!hsbef!qpsujpo!upubmt!78-:57!tr/!gu/!)46&*/! Cvjmejoh!ifjhiu!boe!nbttjoh!xjmm!sftqpoe!up!uif!qbsdfm!upqphsbqiz!bt!xfmm!bt!sfgmfdu!uif! qspqpsujpot!pg!bekbdfou!cvjmejoht/!Uif!qspqptfe!sfdpotusvdujpo!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf! xjmm!dpotjtu!pg!b!7.tupsz!opsuifso!gbèbef!xijdi!gbdft!uif!gspoubhf!spbe!boe!J.81xijmf!up! 8! uif!tpvui-!uif!cvjmejoh!xjmm!gfbuvsf!b!5.tupsz!gbèbef!bmpoh!Nfbepx!Esjwf/!Nbttjoh!xjmm! efdsfbtf!jo!uif!xftu!bt!uif!upqphsbqiz!espqt!upxbset!Njeemf!Dsffl/! 5/3!Fnqmpzff!Ipvtjoh Uif!tjuf!xjmm!jodmvef!24!po.tjuf!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!vojut!bt!xfmm!bt!bo!beejujpobm!5!pgg.tjuf! fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!vojut/ 5/4!Bddftt!boe!Qbsljoh Tjuf!bddfttxjmm!cf!qspwjefe!cz!b!ofx!spvoebcpvu!dpotusvdufe!cz!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!bu! uif!J.81!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe/!!B!uxp.xbz!qbwfe!spbe!xjmm!qspwjef!ejsfdu!bddftt!up!uif! sfdfoumz!dpotusvdufe!spvoebcpvu/!!Qbsljoh!xjmm!cf!npwfe!up!b!cfmpx.hspvoe!hbsbhf! xjui!314qbsljoh!tqbdft/ B!tjefxbml!ibt!cffo!jotubmmfe!bmpoh!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!dpoofdujoh!up!uif!ofbscz! bnfojujft/!Uif!qbui!jt!dpoujhvpvt!bdsptt!uif!gspoubhf!pg!uif!qspkfdu!tjuf!boe!dpotjtut!pg! b!dpodsfuf!qbui!xjui!dvsc!boe!hvuufs/!!Sftjefout!boe!wjtjupst!pg!Uif!Fwfshsffo!xjmm!ibwf! fbtz!bddftt!up!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!Usbotju!Tztufn/!Uif!Xftu!Wbjm!Sfe!boe!Hsffo-!uif!Xftu! Wbjm!Fyqsftt!boe!uif!Mjpotifbe!Mppq!cvt!spvuft!usbwfm!bmpoh!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe! bekbdfou!up!uif!qspkfdu!tjuf/!Uifsf!jt!b!cvt!tupq!mpdbufe!ejsfdumz!bekbdfou!up!uif!ofx! spvoebcpvu!bu!uif!tjuf!bddftt/)NdEpxfmm!Fohjoffsjoh-!3133*/ 5/5!Tupsnxbufs!Nbobhfnfou Bmm!svopgg!gspn!uif!Fwfshsffo!tjuf!xjmm!cf!usfbufe!gps!xbufs!rvbmjuz!cfgpsf!ju!jt!ejtdibshfe! up!Njeemf!Dsffl/!Gjhvsf!25!jt!uif!TupsnTfxfsQmbo!qsfqbsfe!cz!Bmqjof!Fohjoffsjoh/!Uif! qspqptfe!efwfmpqnfou!xjmm!jnqspwf!uif!fyjtujoh!dpoejujpot!gps!tupsnxbufs!cz!dbquvsjoh! svopgg!boe!gjmufsjoh!ju!xjui!izespezobnjd!tfqbsbupst!up!sfnpwf!tfejnfout-!pjm!boe!usbti! cfgpsf!xbufs!jt!ejtdibshfe!up!Njeemf!Dsffl/Jo!beejujpo-!uif!tjuf!xjmm!jodpsqpsbuf!hsffo! 9! sppgjoh!boe!sfqmbdf!ibsetdbqjohxjui!hsffo!tqbdft!upqspnpuf!obuvsbm!gjmufsjoh!boe! tmpx!uif!gmpx!pg!tupsnxbufs!gspn!uif!tjuf/!Uijt!xjmm!ibwf!b!qptjujwf!jnqbdu!po!xbufs!rvbmjuz! boe!gbdjmjubuf!obuvsbm!sfdibshf!pg!hspvoexbufs/! 5/6!Mboetdbqjoh!boe!Pqfo!Tqbdf Uif!dfousbm!qpsujpo!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qbsdfm!jt!qmboofe!bt!b!Mboetdbqf!Qmb{b! xijdi!xjmm!cf!pqfo!up!uif!qvcmjd!xjui!uif!joufoujpo!pg!qspnpujoh!xbmlbcjmjuz!cfuxffo! ofjhicpsjoh!qbsdfmt/B!qpsujpo!pg!uif!qbsljoh!bsfb!pg!uif!Wbjm!Ifbmui!iptqjubm!xjmm!cf! dpwfsfe!cz!b!”mboetdbqf!mje•!boe!uif!tjuf!xjmm!ibwf!b!hsffo!sppg/!!Uif!mboetdbqf!qmbo! gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo!xjmm!jodpsqpsbuf!obujwf!tqfdjft!joup!uif!qmboujoh!qmbo!boe!xjmm!cf! eftjhofe!up!cmfoe!joup!uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!Sjqbsjbo!Dpssjeps/ Uif!tjufxpsl!dibsbdufs!boe!gvodujpo!esbxt!jotqjsbujpo!gspn!uif!bekbdfou!Hpsf!Dsffl! boe!gspn!uif!mboetdbqf!uzqft!xjuijo!uif!wbmmfz/!Uif!tjuf!xjmm!cf!qmboufe!xjui!b!ejwfstf! sbohf!pg!obujwf!boe!dmjnbuf!bebqufe!usfft-!tisvct!boe!qfsfoojbmt!jo!bnfoefe!tpjmt!uibu xjmm!ftubcmjti!effq!sppu!tztufnt!fodpvsbhjoh!xbufs!jogjmusbujpo/!Uijt!tusbufhz!bmtp!qspwjeft! bo!fyqboefe!ibcjubu!gps!cjset!boe!qpmmjobupst/ Uif!mboetdbqjoh!boe!tjuf!efwfmpqnfou!xpvme!dpotjtu!pg!35-518!tr/!gu/!pg!tpgutdbqf!boe! 24-262!tr/!gu/!pg!ibsetdbqfgps!b!upubm!bsfb!pg!48-669!tr/!gu/!)46&*/!Qmfbtf!opuf!uibu!uiftf! gjhvsft!ep!opu!bddpvougps!uifhsffo!sppgt/ :! 5/7!Vujmjujft 5/7/2!Tbojubsz!Tfxfs Uif!fyjtujoh!tfxfs!nbjo!cfijoe!uif!fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!cvjmejoh!xjmm!cf!sfnpwfe!cbdl!up! Xftu!Nfbepx!Esjwf/!!Uif!nbjo!mjft!voefs!uif!gppuqsjou!pg!uif!qspqptfe!cvjmejoh/!!B!ofx! efbe.foe!nboipmf!xjmm!cf!qmbdfe!po!uif!fyjtujoh!9•!QWD!nbjo!pxofe!cz!FSXTE/!!B!7•! QWD!dpnnfsdjbm!tfxfs!tfswjdf!xjmm!fyufoe!gspn!uif!efbe.foe!nbjo!boe!foufs!uif! cvjmejoh!bu!uif!tjuft!mpx!qpjou!jo!uif!tpvuixftu!dpsofs!pg!Mpu!21/ 5/7/3!Xbufs Uif!fyjtujoh!FSXTE!tfxfs!tfswjdf!jt!b!mbshf!23•!EJQ!xbufs!tfswjdf!cfijoe!uif!fyjtujoh! Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!boe!voefs!uif!gppuqsjou!pg!uif!qspqptfe!cvjmejoh/!!Uijt!tfswjdf!xjmm!cf! sfnpwfe!cbdl!up!uif!xftu!bmpoh!Njeemf!Dsffl!xifsf!ju!gpsnt!b!mppq!bspvoe!Epctpo! Jdf!Bsfob/!!Uif!xbufs!tfswjdf!gps!uif!qspqptfe!cvjmejoh!xjmm!cf!gspn!uif!opsui!bmpoh!Tpvui! Gspoubhf!Spbe-!xifsf!bo!fyjtujoh!23•!EJQ!tuvc!jt!bmsfbez!jo!qmbdf!boe!jotubmmfe!evsjoh! uif!spvoebcpvu!jnqspwfnfout/ 5/7/4!Fmfdusjd!Tfswjdf Fmfdusjd!xjmm!cf!qspwjefe!cz!Ipmz!Dsptt!Fofshz/!!Uifsf!jt!fyjtujoh!jogsbtusvduvsf!bmpoh!uif! opsuifso!qspqfsuz!mjof!cfuxffo!uif!qspqptfe!cvjmejoh!boe!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe/!! Dpoofdujpo!xjmm!cf!nbef!gspn!bo!fyjtujoh!fmfdusjd!tqmjdf!wbvmu!boe!fyufoe!up!b!ofxmz! qmbdfe!boe!qspqfsmz!tj{fe!4.qibtf!usbotgpsnfs/Uifsf!jt!bo!fyjtujoh!usbotgpsnfs!jo!uif! sfbs!pg!uif!fyjtujoh!cvjmejoh!uibu!xjmm!cf!sfnpwfe!evsjoh!efnpmjujpo/ 5/7/5!Hbt!Tfswjdf Hbt!xjmm!cf!qspwjefe!cz!Ydfm!Fofshz/!!Uifsf!jt!b!hbt!nbjo!cfijoe!uif!fyjtujoh!cvjmejoh! uibu!xjmm!cf!sfnpwfe!cbdl!up!uif!fbtu!tjef!pg!Njeemf!Dsffl!up!cf!pvu!pg!uif!qspqptfe! cvjmejoh!gppuqsjou/!!Uif!hbt!tfswjdf!xjmm!fyufoe!joup!uif!cvjmejoh!gspn!uijt!mpdbujpo/ 5/7/6!Dpnnvojdbujpot Mvnfo!)Dfouvsz!Mjol*!boe!Dpndbtu!cpui!ibwf!gbdjmjujft!bmpoh!uif!foujsf!gspou!pg!uif! cvjmejoh!cfuxffo!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe!boe!uif!qspqptfe!tusvduvsf/!!Bo!fyjtujoh!Mvnfo! tqmjdf!wbvmu!dbo!cf!fbtjmz!bddfttfe!gps!dpoofdujpo!up!fyjtujoh!dbcmf!uw!boe!qipof/!! Uifsf!jt!b!Mvnfo!gjcfs!wbvmu!bu!uif!joufstfdujpo!pg!Njeemf!Dsffl!boe!Tpvui!Gspoubhf! Spbe-!ejsfdumz!bekbdfou!up!uif!tpvui!spbexbz!btqibmu/!!Gjcfs!dbo!cf!fyufoefe!gspn!uijt! wbvmu!up!uif!fbtu!bmpoh!uif!fyjtujoh!mboetdbqf!tusjq/!!Dpndbtu!gbdjmjujft!bsf!qsftfou!bmpoh! Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe-!ipxfwfs!uif!fybdu!mpdbujpo!ibt!opu!cffo!wfsjgjfe!xjui!uif! qspwjefs!zfu/ 5/8!Tvtubjobcjmjuz Uif!Tpmbsjt!Hspvq!jt!bdujwfmz!qvstvjoh!pqqpsuvojujft!gps!tvtubjobcmf!hsffo!cvjmejoh! dfsujgjdbujpot!gps!uif!Fwfshsffo/!Vq!up!:-111!trvbsf!gffu!pg!uif!sppg!bsfb!jt!bwbjmbcmf!gps! tpmbs!qbofmtup!hfofsbuf!sfofxbcmf!fofshz!potjuf/!!Jo!beejujpo-!uif!hsffo!sppgt!xjmm!ifmq! up!dpouspm!tupsnxbufs!svopggboe!uifz!qspwjef!bsfevdujpo!jouif!vscbo!ifbu!jtmboe! fggfdu-!xijdi!dbo!jnqspwfuiffggjdjfodz!pg!nfdibojdbm!frvjqnfou!qpufoujbmmzsfevdjoh 21 hsffoipvtf!hbt!fnjttjpot/Hsffo!tqbdft!xjui!obujwf!qmbou!nbufsjbmt!boe!jnqspwfe! wfhfubujpo!bmpoh!uif!cvggfs!pg!Njeemf!Dsffl!xjmm!jnqspwf!uif!tqbdf!gps!qfpqmf!boe! vscbo!bebqufe!xjmemjgf!uibu!vujmj{f!uif!bsfb/ 6/1!JNQBDUT!'!NJUJHBUJPO 6/2!Izespmphz 6/2/2!Tvsgbdf!Xbufs Uif!Fwfshsffo!tfflt!up!qsjpsjuj{f!uif!ifbmui!pg!Hpsf!Dsffl!boe!Njeemf!Dsffl!cz!xpsljoh! up!beesftt!uisff!lopxo!dbvtft!pg!xbufs!rvbmjuz!efhsbebujpo!jefoujgjfe!jo!uif!Hpsf!Dsffl! Tusbufhjd!Bdujpo!Qmbo;! 2*/!Qpmmvubout!gspn!Mboe!Vtf!Bdujwjujft;!Uif!tjuf!ibt!cffo!uipvhiugvmmz!sfeftjhofe!up! jodpsqpsbuf!dibohft!uibu!xjmm!jnqspwf!xbufs!rvbmjuz/!Qbsljoh!ibt!cffo!npwfe! voefshspvoe!boe!hsffo!tqbdft!xjmm!sfqmbdf!jnqfswjpvt!tvsgbdft!up!qspnpuf! jogjmusbujpo!pg!svopgg/!!Hsffo!sppgt!xjmm!bmtp!cf!vtfe!up!gjmufs!svopgg/ 3*/!Esbjobhf!gspnJnqfswjpvt!Tvsgbdft;Svopgg!uibu!dvssfoumz!gmpxt!gspn!qbsljoh!bsfbt boe!cvjmejoht!joup!Hpsf!Dsffl!xjmm!cf!dbquvsfe!boe!gjmufsfe!uispvhi!izespezobnjd! tfqbsbupst!up!sfnpwf!tfejnfout-!pjm-!boe!usbti/ 4*/!Mptt!pg!Sjqbsjbo!Tusfbntjef!Wfhfubujpo/Uif!Tpmbsjt!Hspvq!xjmmxpsl!xjui!uif!Upxo!pg! Wbjm!boe!FSXTE!up!jnqmfnfou!wfhfubujpo!jnqspwfnfout!boe!cjptubcjmj{bujpo!pg! fspejoh!cbolt!bmpoh!uif!cpsefsjoh!bsfb!pg!uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!Sjqbsjbo!Dpssjeps/!! Mboetdbqjoh!bmpoh!uif!dsffl!fehf!xjmm!cf!eftjhofe!up!cmfoe!joup!uif!obujwf!sjqbsjbo! qmbou!dpnnvojuz!xjui!bqqspqsjbuf!obujwf!tqfdjft/! 6/2/3!Hspvoexbufs Uif!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qbsdfm!jodmveft!b!tjhojgjdbou!sfevdujpo!pg! fyjtujoh!ibsetdbqf!xijmfnbyjnj{joh!pqfo!mboetdbqfbsfbtboe!jodpsqpsbujoh!hsffo! sppgt/!Uiftf!dibsbdufsjtujdt!xjmm!xpsl!up!tmpx!uif!gmpx!pg!xbufs!pwfs!uif!mboetdbqf!boe! xjmm!qspnpuf!jogjmusbujpo!boe!hspvoexbufs!sfdibshf-!boe!jnqspwfnfou!pwfs!uif!fyjtujoh! dpoejujpo/ Dftbsf!tubuft!uibu!hspvoexbufs!mfwfmt!xjmm!jnqbdu!eftjho!boe!dpotusvdujpo!pg!uif!cfmpx! hsbef!hbsbhf!boe!tipsjoh!tztufn!evsjoh!fydbwbujpot/!Dftbsf!boujdjqbuft!uibu! efxbufsjoh!xjmm!cf!sfrvjsfe!evsjoh!dpotusvdujpo!boe!gps!uif!qfsnbofou!dpoejujpo!vomftt! b!tvcnfshfe!dpoejujpo!jt!bddfqubcmf/!! 6/2/4!211.Zfbs!Gmppeqmbjo Gjhvsf!5!jmmvtusbuft!uif!fyufou!pg!uif!211.zfbs!gmppeqmbjo/!Uif!qspkfdu!xjmm!opu!jnqbdu!uif! 211.zfbs!gmppeqmbjo/ 22 6/2/5!Tusfbn!Tfucbdl Uif!Fwfshsffo!xpvme!cfjo!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm“tsfrvjsfnfou!gps!b!41.gppu! tfucbdl!gspn!uif!dfoufsmjof!pg!Njeemf!Dsffl-!bt!jmmvtusbufe!cz!uif!Qspqptfe! Efwfmpqnfou!Qmbo!po!Gjhvsf!24/ 6/3!Bunptqifsjd!Dpoejujpot!! Uifsf!xpvme!cfb!tipsu.ufsn!jodsfbtf!jo!izespdbscpo!qpmmvubout!boe!evtu!evsjoh!uif! dpotusvdujpo!qspdftt/!Pwfs!uif!mpoh.ufsn-!uif!qspqptfe!qspkfduxpvme!ibwf!b!tnbmm!boe! vonfbtvsbcmf!jnqbdu!po!bjs!rvbmjuzevf!up!b!qspkfdufe!jodsfbtf!jo!usbggjd-!boe!uif! jodsfbtfe!ovncfs!pg!sppnt!jo!uif!ipufm/!!Ipxfwfs-!ju!tipvme!cf!opufe!uibu!uif!eftjho!jt! qmboofe!up!nbyjnj{f!b!qipupwpmubjd!bssbzxjuijo!b!:-111!trvbsf!gppu!bsfb!po!uif!sppg-! xijdi!xjmm!qspwjef!sfofxbcmf!fofshz!potjuf!boe!sfevdf!bunptqifsjd!fnjttjpot/Pwfs! ujnf-!jodsfbtfe!vtf!pg!nvmujnpebm!usbotqpsubujpo!dpvme!sfevdf!uif!fggfdut!pg!jodsfbtfe! usbggjd/!! 6/4!Cjpujd!Dpoejujpot 6/4/2!Wfhfubujpo Uif!qspkfdu!xjmm!ibwf!op!jnqbdu!po!obujwf!qmbou!dpnnvojujft!cfdbvtf!opof!pddvs!xjuijo! uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qbsdfm/!Uif!mboetdbqf!qmbo!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo!xjmm!jodpsqpsbuf! obujwf!tqfdjft!joup!uif!qmboujoh!eftjho!boe!xjmm!jodmvef!npsf!dpoofdufe!hsffo!tqbdft/ Mboetdbqjoh!bmpoh!uif!dsffl!fehf!xjmm!cf!eftjhofe!up!cmfoe!joup!uif!obujwf!sjqbsjbo! qmbou!dpnnvojuz!xjui!bqqspqsjbuf!obujwf!tqfdjft/ Uif!sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps!bmpoh!Njeemf!Dsffl!qsftfout!tpnf!pqqpsuvojujft!gps!foibodfnfou! xjui!beejujpobm!obujwf!qmboujoht-!sftupsbujpo!pg!fspefe!tusfbncbolt-!boe!opyjpvt!xffe! nbobhfnfou/!!Uif!Tpmbsjt!Hspvq!xjmm!xpsl!xjui!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!boe!FSXTE!up!jnqmfnfou! wfhfubujpo!jnqspwfnfout!boe!cjptubcjmj{bujpo!pg!fspejoh!cbolt!bmpoh!uif!cpsefsjoh! bsfb!pg!uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!Sjqbsjbo!Dpssjeps/! 6/4/3!Xjmemjgf Uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!qbsdfm!dpotjtut!pg!bo!fyjtujoh!efwfmpqnfou!uibu!epft!opu!qspwjef! tjhojgjdbou!xjmemjgf!ibcjubu!)Gjhvsft!6!'!7*/!Uif!bekbdfou!qbsdfmt!up!uif!xftu!xijdi!dpoubjo! Njeemf!Dsffl-!bsftvsspvoefe!cz!beejujpobmefwfmpqnfout!uibu!mjnju!uifxjmemjgfibcjubu! qpufoujbm!jo!uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps/!Sfefwfmpqjoh!uif!tjuf!tipvme!opu!dbvtf! tjhojgjdbou!ofx!jnqbdut!up!xjmemjgf/!! Ju!tipvme!cf!opufe!uibu!Uif!Fwfshsffo!xjmm!jodpsqpsbuf!ebsl.tlz!mjhiujoh!xijdi!jt!lopxo! up!cf!mftt!ejtsvqujwf!up!xjmemjgf-!boe!uif!vtf!pg!obujwf!tqfdjft!jo!uif!mboetdbqf!xjui!bo! jodsfbtf!jo!hsffo!tqbdf-!xjmm!cf!bo!jnqspwfnfou!pwfs!uif!fyjtujoh!dpoejujpo/ 6/5!Tpjmt! Uif!tpjm!uzqft!pg!uif!qspkfdu!tjuf!dmbttjgz!bt!Uzqf!E/!!Cbtfe!po!uijt!dmbttjgjdbujpo-!uif! hfpufdiojdbm!sfqpsu!qsfqbsfe!cz!Dftbsf-!Jod/!)3132*jodmveft!efubjmfe! sfdpnnfoebujpot!gps!cvjmejoh!dpotusvdujpo/ 23 6/6!Hfpmphz'!Ib{bset Uif!qspkfdu!tjuf!jt!pvutjef!uif!hfpmphjd!ib{bse!bsfbt!jefoujgjfe!cz!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!boe! uif!qspqptfe!qspkfdu!tipvme!opu!cf!bggfdufe/Bqqspqsjbuf!nfbtvsft!xjmm!cf!ublfo!bt! ofdfttbsz!up!beesftt!qpufoujbm!jnqbdut!gspn!sbepo!hbt/ 6/7!Opjtf!'!Pepst Uif!qspqptfe!qspkfdu!dpotjtut!pg!uif!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!bo!fyjtujoh!mpehjoh!gbdjmjuz!jo!b! ifbwjmz!efwfmpqfe!bsfb/!Uifsf!xjmm!cf!b!tipsu.ufsn!jodsfbtf!jo!opjtf!boe!pepst!evsjoh! uif!dpotusvdujpo!qibtf!cvu!xjmm!tvctjef!gpmmpxjoh!uif!dpnqmfujpo!pg!uif!qspkfdu/! 6/8!Wjtvbm!Jnqbdut Uif!Fwfshsffojodpsqpsbuft!uif!Bsdijufduvsbm!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft!pg!uif!Mjpotifbe! Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!boe!uif!npsf!npefsobsdijufduvsf!pg!uif!tvsspvoejoh!djwjd! vtft!boe!Wbjm!Ifbmui/!!!Fyqboejoh!po!uif!dpodfqu!pg!uif!”Mboetdbqf!Mje-•!Uif!Fwfshsffo! Eftjho!Ufbn!ibt!eftjhofe!hvftu.bddfttjcmf!hsffo!sppgt!gps!uif!tusvduvsf-!xjui!b! mboetdbqfe!dpvsuzbse!uibu!dsfbuft!b!qbsl.mjlf!fowjsponfou!xjuijo!uif!tjuf/! Uif!Fwfshsffo!gpdvtft!po!b!dpoofdujpo!xjui!obuvsf-!xjui!mjuumf!ejtujodujpo!cfuxffo!jo. eppst!boe!pvu.!eppst/!Uif!joufou!jt!uibu!xifo!wjfxfe!gspn!bcpwf-!Uif!Fwfshsffo!bqqfbst! npsf!bt!mboetdbqf!uibo!tusvduvsf/!Uif!sftvmu!pg!uijt!jt!uibu!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!qspqptfe!xjui! gmbu!sppgt-!b!efwjbujpo!gspn!uif!Mjpotifbe!Bsdijufduvsbm!Eftjho!Hvjefmjoft-!cvu!dpotjtufou! xjui!puifs!cvjmejoht!jo!uijt!ofjhicpsippe-!nptu!opubcmz-!Wbjm!Ifbmui/!! Uif!Wbjm!Mjcsbsz!xbt!bmtp!vtfe!bt!b!eftjho!jotqjsbujpo-!bt!xjui!jut!epnjobou!gmbu!hsffo!sppg-! uif!mjcsbsz!gffmt!mjlf!bo!fyufotjpo!pg!uif!obujwf!wfhfubujpo!bttpdjbufe!xjui!uif!Njeemf Dsffl!tusfbn!usbdu/ 6/9!Mboe!Vtft Uif!Fwfshsffo!dpotjtut!pg!246!exfmmjoh!vojut!xjuijo!b!wpmvoubsz!tipsu.ufsn!sfoubm!qsphsbn-! xjui!239!buubdife!bddpnnpebujpo!vojut/!Uijt!jt!b!tjhojgjdbou!jodsfbtf!pg!uif!dvssfou!239! bddpnnpebujpo!vojut!boe!2:!exfmmjoh!vojut!xjuijo!uif!dvssfou!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf/!Uif! mpehf!qspqfsuz!hpft!gspn!258!lfzt!up!374!lfzt-!b!28:&!jodsfbtf/!Jo!ufsnt!pg!cfesppnt-! Uif!Fwfshsffo!hpft!gspn!b!upubm!pg!274!cfesppnt!upebz!up!b!upubm!pg!bqqspyjnbufmz!439! cfesppnt!xjui!uif!qspqptfe!sfefwfmpqnfou-!b!312&!jodsfbtf!jo!mjwf!cfet/!Uijt!cfesppn! dpvou!epft!opu!jodmvefuif!potjuf!fnqmpzff!ipvtjoh!cfjoh!qspwjefe/ 6/:!Qpqvmbujpo Vtjoh!uif!tbnf!bttvnqujpot!gspn!tfdujpo!4/:!gps!uif!fyjtujoh!ipufm-!uif!ftujnbufe! qpqvmbujpo!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!629!qfstpot!bu!211&!pddvqbodz/!Uif!ftujnbufe!bduvbm! qpqvmbujpo!jt!422!bttvnjoh!71&!boovbm!pddvqbodz-!xjui!b!qpsujpo!pg!uif!qpqvmbujpo!)52! qfstpot*!cfjoh!gvmm.ujnf!mpdbmt!pddvqzjoh!uif!xpslgpsdf!ipvtjoh!dpnqpofou/!Uijt! jodsfbtfe!mpdbm!qpqvmbujpo!xpvme!cfmpdbufe!jo!bo!bsfb!{pofe!gps!tvdi!qvsqptf-!xjui! fbtz!bddftt!up!usbotqpsubujpo-!jodmvejoh!nvmuj.npebm!usbotqpsubujpo-!dpnnvojuz! tfswjdft-!bnfojujft-!boe!dpnnfsdf!uibu!xjmm!tvqqpsu!tvdi!hspxui/! 24 6/21Usbggjd NdEpxfmm!Fohjoffsjoh-!MMD!pg!Fbhmf-!Dpmpsbep!qsfqbsfe!b!usbggjd!tuvez!up!bobmz{f! qpufoujbm!dibohft!jo!usbggjd!bt!b!sftvmu!pg!uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!uif!ofx!Fwfshsffo!gbdjmjuz/! Cfmpx!jt!bo!fydfsqu!gspn!uif!sfqpsu!xijdi!tvnnbsj{ft!uif!sftvmut!pg!uif!usbggjd!tuvez/! Uif!Fwfshsffo!jt!dpotfswbujwfmz!boujdjqbufe!up!hfofsbuf!2-7:5!wfijdmf!usjqt!qfs!ebz!)wqe*! po!uif!bwfsbhf!xfflebz/!Qfbl!ipvs!usbggjd!po!b!xfflebz!bu!qspkfdu!cvjmepvu!jt! boujdjqbufe!up!cf!239wqi!jo!uif!npsojoh!qfbl!ipvs-!252wqi!evsjoh!uif!fwfojoh!qfbl! ipvs-!boe!268!wqi!evsjoh!uif!Tbuvsebz!qfbl!ipvs/!Uijt!jt!bqqspyjnbufmz!b!65&!jodsfbtf! jo!ebjmz!usjqt!dpnqbsfe!up!uif!dvssfou!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!usbggjd/ Ju!tipvme!cf!opufe!uibu!uif!usjq!hfofsbujpo!bobmztjt!tvnnbsj{fe!bcpwf!jt!dpotjefsfe!wfsz! dpotfswbujwf/!Uifbduvbm!usbggjd!ebub!dpmmfdufe!bu!uif!fyjtujoh!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!tvhhftut! uibu!uifsf!jt!wfsz!ijhi!nvmujnpebm!vtf!gspn!uijt!tjuf!dpnqbsfe!up!uif!obujpobm!bwfsbhf! usjq!hfofsbujpo!sbuft!boe!31&!nvmujnpebm!sfevdujpo!uibu!xfsf!vtfe!gps!uijt!bobmztjt/ Uif!Upxo!pgWbjm!boe!DEPU!dpnqmfufe!uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!b!ofx!spvoebcpvu!bu!uif!tjuf! bddftt!jo!Zfbs!3132/!Uif!ofxmz!dpotusvdufe!spvoebcpvu!jt!dvssfoumz!pqfsbujoh!bu!b!MPT! B/!Ju!jt!boujdjqbufe!up!dpoujovf!pqfsbujoh!xfmm-!xjui!b!MPT!B!ps!cfuufs!uispvhi!Zfbs!3154! 8 xjui!qspkfdu!usbggjd/!Uif!bwbjmbcmf!tjhiu!ejtubodf!bu!uif!spvoebcpvu!fydffet!uif!GIXB sfrvjsfnfout/ Uif!tjuf!bddftt!xjmm!cf!eftjhofe!bt!b!uxp.xbz!qbwfe!bddftt!qfs!DEPU!boe!Upxo!pg!Wbjm! fohjoffsjoh!sfrvjsfnfout/! Uif!qspqptfe!qspkfdu!usbggjd!jt!boujdjqbufe!up!jodsfbtf!usbggjd!cz!npsf!uibo!31&!gspn! fyjtujoh!usbggjd!wpmvnft/!Uifsfgpsf-!b!Tubuf!Ijhixbz!Bddftt!Qfsnju!xjmm!offe!up!cf! pcubjofe!gps!uif!sfefwfmpqnfou!qspkfdu!poup!uif!gspoubhf!spbe!bu!uif!ofx!spvoebcpvu/! Uif!qfsnju!wpmvnf!tipvme!cf!268eiw!qfs!uijt!bobmztjt/ 6/22!Qfsnjut!'!Dppsejobujoh!Bhfodjft NdEpxfmm!Fohjoffsjoh“t!sfqpsu!tubuft!uibu!b!Tubuf!Ijhixbz!Bddftt!Qfsnju!cf!sfrvjsfe cf!pcubjofe!gps!uif!sfefwfmpqnfou!qspkfdu!poup!uif!gspoubhf!spbe!bu!uif!ofx! spvoebcpvu/! B!xfumboe!fwbmvbujpo!xjmm!cf!dpoevdufe!gps!uif!gpvoebujpo!esbjo!bsfb/!Jg!uijt!jt!b! kvsjtejdujpobm!xfumboe-boz!ofdfttbsz!qfsnjut!xpvme!cf!pcubjofe!gspn!uif!V/T/!Bsnz! Dpsqt!pg!Fohjoffst/!! Cfdbvtf!tjuf!hsbejoh!xjmm!ejtuvsc!npsf!uibo!pof!bdsf-!b!tupsnxbufsqfsnju!xjmm!mjlfmz!cf! sfrvjsfe!gspn!uif!Dpmpsbep!Efqbsunfou!pg!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!boe!Fowjsponfou!)DEQIF*/ Uif!ufbn!xjmm!dppsejobuf!xjui!FSXTE!sfhbsejoh!xbufs!sjhiut-!xbufs-!boe!tfxfs!tfswjdf! qfsnjut/ 25 7/1!TVNNBSZ!PG!FOWJSPONFOUBM!JNQBDUT Uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!uif!qspqptfe!qspkfdu!xjmm!mjlfmz!qspwjef!tjhojgjdbou!vqhsbeft!boe! cfofgjut!up!uif!dvssfou!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!tjuf/! Uif!qspqptfe!qspkfdu!qmbot!up!tjhojgjdboumz!sfevdf!jnqfswjpvt!tvsgbdft!xijmf! jodpsqpsbujoh!hsffo!tqbdft!xifsf!qpttjcmf/!Czhsfbumz!sfevdjohibsetdbqjoh- uif!gmpx!pg!tupsnxbufs!svopgg!foufsjoh!Njeemf!Dsffl!xjmm!cf!tmpxfe!boe!bmmpxfe! up!jogjmusbuf!joup!uif!tpjm/! Uif!Tupsnxbufs!Nbobhfnfou!Qmbo!jodpsqpsbuft!TdjDmpof!izespezobnjd! tfqbsbupst!up!sfnpwf!tfejnfout-!pjm!boe!usbti!gspn!svopgg!cfgpsf!ju!jt!ejtdibshfe! up!Njeemf!Dsffl/!!Uijt!jt!b!tjhojgjdbou!jnqspwfnfou!pwfs!uif!fyjtujoh!dpoejujpo/ Hsffo!sppgt!xjmm!ifmq!up!dpouspm!tupsnxbufs!svopgg/!Uifz!bmtp!qspwjef!bsfevdujpo! jouif!vscbo!ifbu!jtmboe!fggfdu-!xijdi!dbo!jnqspwfuiffggjdjfodz!pg!nfdibojdbm! frvjqnfou!qpufoujbmmzsfevdjohhsffoipvtf!hbt!fnjttjpot/ Sfofxbcmf!fofshz!xjmm!cf!hfofsbufe!potjuf!uispvhi!b!sppgupq!tpmbs!bssbz/ Uif!qspkfdu!jt!b!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!bo!fyjtujoh!qbsdfm!xjuijo!ifbwjmz!efwfmpqfe! boe!qpqvmbufe!bsfb!xijdi!mbdlt!obujwf!qmbou!dpnnvojujft!boe!xjmemjgf!ibcjubu/! Dpotusvdujpo!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!xjmm!opu!ibwf!boz!mpoh.ufsn!ofhbujwf!jnqbdut!po! obujwf!wfhfubujpo!ps!xjmemjgf!ibcjubu/! Hsffo!tqbdft!xjui!obujwf!qmbou!nbufsjbmt!boe!jnqspwfe!wfhfubujpo!bmpoh!uif! cvggfs!pg!Njeemf!Dsffl!xjmm!jnqspwf!uif!tqbdf!gps!qfpqmf!boe!vscbo!bebqufe! xjmemjgf!uibu!vujmj{f!uif!bsfb/ B!usbggjd!tuvez!qfsgpsnfe!cz!NdEpxfmm!Fohjoffsjoh-!MMD!joejdbuft!uibu!ebjmz!usjqt! bsf!fyqfdufe!up!jodsfbtf!cz!65&!bt!dpnqbsfe!up!uif!usbggjd!hfofsbufe!cz!uif! dvssfou!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!tjuf<!ipxfwfs-!pqqpsuvojujft!gps!jodsfbtfe!vtf!pg! nvmujnpebm!usbotqpsubujpo!dpvme!mfttfo!uijt!fggfdu!pwfs!ujnf/!!Uif!tjuf!jt!mpdbufe! xjuijo!uif!Mjpotifbe!bsfb!pg!Wbjm!xijdi!nblft!ju!npsf!bddfttjcmf!up!qfeftusjbot! boe!dzdmjtut!boejt!po!b!cvt!spvuf/!! B!tipsu.ufsn!jodsfbtf!jo!izespdbscpot!boe!evtu!jtfyqfdufe!evsjohdpotusvdujpo! bdujwjujft/Pwfs!uif!mpoh!ufsn-!uifsf!xjmm!cf!tpnf!Jnqbdu!gspn!jodsfbtfe!usbggjd/!! Uifsf!nbz!cf!tipsu.ufsn!jnqbdut!gspn!opjtf!boe!pepst!evsjoh!uif!dpotusvdujpo! qibtf!pg!uif!sfefwfmpqnfou/!Uifsf!tipvme!cfoptjhojgjdboumpoh.ufsn!jnqbdut! gspn!opjtf!ps!pepst!cbtfe!po!uif!qspqptfe!vtft/! Uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!xjmm!jodpsqpsbuf!fdpmphjdbmmz!tpvoe!cvjmejoh! qsbdujdft!boe!xjmm!sfgmfdu!uif!bsdijufduvsbm!tuzmft!pg!uif!tvsspvoejoh!cvjmejoht!bt! pvumjofe!jo!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo/!!Uif!dpodfqu!pg! 26 ”fdpmphjdbm!dbnpvgmbhf•!jt!cfjoh!vujmj{fe!up!njojnj{f!wjtvbm!jnqbdut!boe!cmfoe! xjui!uif!tvsspvoejoh!npvoubjo!mboetdbqf/ Uif!Fwfshsffo!xjmm!ibwf!b!312&!jodsfbtf!jo!mjwf!cfet-!xijdi!xjmm!csjoh!npsf!qfpqmf! up!uif!bsfb/!Ipxfwfs-!ju!xpvme!cf!mpdbufe!jo!bo!bsfb!uibu!jt!{pofe!gps!tvdi! qvsqptf-!xjui!fbtz!bddftt!up!usbotqpsubujpo-!ftqfdjbmmz!nvmujnpebm! usbotqpsubujpo-!dpnnvojuz!tfswjdft-!boe!sfubjm!bdujwjujft!uibu!tvqqpsu!tvdi!hspxui/ 27 7/1!GJHVSFT 28 4:±4:(21#O4:±49(31#O 4:±4:(21#O4:±49(31#O 8/1UBCMFT 43 Ubcmf!2/!DEQIF!Bncjfou!Bjs!Dpodfousbujpo!Ftujnbuft+! QpmmvubouBwfsbhjoh!UjnfTuboebseFtujnbufEbub!Tpvsdf Dbscpo!Npopyjef!)DP*2.Ipvs!Tfdpoe46!qqn2!qqnHsboe!Kvodujpo-! Nbyjnvn3127.3129 9.Ipvs!Tfdpoe:!qqn2!qqn Nbyjnvn P{pof!)P4*9.Ipvs!Gpvsui1/181!qqn1/175!qqnQbmjtbef-!3128.312: Nbyjnvn Tvmgvs!Ejpyjef!)TP3*2.Ipvs!::ui1/186!qqn1/123!qqnSN!Tuffm!Qsjou!Tipq-! QfsdfoujmfQvfcmp-!3124.3126 4.Ipvs!Tfdpoe1/6!qqn1/119!qqn Nbyjnvn 35.Ipvs!Tfdpoe1/114!qqn Nbyjnvn Boovbm!Nfbo1/112!qqn Ojusphfo!Ejpyjef!)OP3*Boovbm!Nfbo1/164!qqn1/11:!qqnSN!Tuffm-!Qvfcmp-! 3124.3126 2.Ipvs!:9ui1/211!qqn1/15!qqn Qfsdfoujmf QN2135.Ipvs!Tfdpoe261!)vh0n4*49!)vh0n4*Btqfo-!3128.312: Nbyjnvn QN3/6Boovbm!Nfbo23!)vh0n4*8!)vh0n4*Tufbncpbu-!3113. 3115 35.Ipvs!:9ui46!)vh0n4*28!)vh0n4* Qfsdfoujmf Mfbe!)Qc*4.Npoui1/26!)vh0n4*1/117!)vh0n4*Efowfs!Nvojdjqbm! BwfsbhfBojnbm!Tifmufs-!311: +Beejujpobm!efubjmt!bsf!jodmvefe!jo!Bqqfoejy!B/ 44 9/1!QIPUPT 45 Qipup!2/Wjfx!pg!uif!fyufsjps!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!boe!qbwfe!qbsljoh!bsfb!opsui!pg!uif! cvjmejoh/)2308032*/ Qipup!3/Mboetdbqfe!bsfb!po!uif!tpvui!tjef!pg!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf/!!):039032*/ 46 Qipup!4/Sfdfoumz!qmbdfe!dpccmf!boe!ofx!dvmwfsu!bu!uif!vqtusfbn!foe!pg!Njeemf!Dsffl-! xifsf!ju!gmpxt!gspn!cfmpx!uif!Tpvui!Gspoubhf!Spbe/!):039032*/ Qipup!5/Cpvmefs!cbol!usfbunfout!bmpoh!uif!vqqfs!qbsu!pg!uif!sfbdi!xjui!b!mpx!dpwfs!pg! eftjsbcmf!sjqbsjbo!qmbout/!!):039032*/ 47 Qipup!6/Sfdfoumz!qmbdfe!dpccmf!boe!sjqbsjbo!wfhfubujpo!bmpoh!uif!vqqfs!sfbdi/!):039032*/ Qipup!7/Xjmmpxt-!obsspxmfbg!dpuupoxppet-!boe!cbmtbn!qpqmbs!hspx!xjui!cmvf!tqsvdf!bmpoh! uif!Njeemf!Dsffl!sjqbsjbo!dpssjeps/!!):039032*/ 48 Qipup!8/Sjqbsjbo!wfhfubujpo!xjui!b!dpuupoxppe!pwfstupsz!bmpoh!Njeemf!Dsffl/!):039032*/ Qipup!9/Fspefe!tusfbncbol!bekbdfou!up!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf/!!):039032*/ 49 Qipup!:/Tuffq-!fspefe!tusfbncbol!bekbdfou!up!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf/!)2308032*/ Qipup!21/Dvmwfsut!bu!uif!Nfbepx!Esjwf!dspttjoh!bu!uif!cpuupn!foe!pg!uif!tuvez!bsfb/ ):039032*/ 4: Qipup!22/Vousfbufe!svopgg!gspn!uif!qbsljoh!bsfb!tiffu!gmpxt!joup!Njeemf!Dsffl/!)2308032*/ Qipup!23/Tbuvsbufe!tpjmt!pddvs!xjuijo!b!tnbmm-!dpotusvdufe!txbmf!fyufoejoh!gspn!uif! gpvoebujpo!efxbufsjoh!tztufn!up!uif!dsffl/!!)2308032*/ 51 Qipup!24/Ejtuvscfe!bsfb!bmpoh!uif!vqqfs!sfbdi!xjui!b!mbdl!pg!sjqbsjbo!usfft!boe!tisvct/! ):039032*/ Qipup!25/Dbobeb!uijtumf!boe!puifs!xffet!bsf!nptu!dpnnpo!bmpoh!uif!vqqfs!sfbdi/ ):039032*/ 52 :/1!SFGFSFODFT Bdlfsgjfme-!K/!!3126/!Uif!Gmpsb!pg!Dpmpsbep/!!CSJU!Qsftt-!Gu/!!Xpsui-!Ufybt/!929!q/ oe BsntuspohE/!N/Gju{hfsbmeK/!Q/NfbofzD/!B/3122/!!Nbnnbmt!pg!Dpmpsbep-!3Fejujpo/!! Efowfs!Nvtfvn!pg!Obuvsf!'!Tdjfodf!boe!Vojwfstjuz!Qsftt!pg!Dpmpsbep-!Cpvmefs/!! Dftbsf-!Jod/!3132/!Hfpufdiojdbm!Tuvez-!Fwfshsffo!Wbjm-!Wbjm-!Dpmpsbep/!98q/ Dpmpsbep!Obuvsbm!Ifsjubhf!Qsphsbn!)DOIQ*/!!3114/!!Gjfme!Hvjef!up!uif!Xfumboe!boe! Sjqbsjbo!Qmbou!Bttpdjbujpot!pg!Dpmpsbep/!!Dpmpsbep!Obuvsbm!Ifsjubhf!Qsphsbn-! Gpsu!Dpmmjot-!Dpmpsbep/ Dpxbsejo-!M/N/-!W/!Dbsufs-!G/D/!Hpmfu-!boe!F/U/!Mb!Spf/!2:8:/!Dmbttjgjdbujpo!pg!xfumboet! boe!effqxbufs!ibcjubut!pg!uif!Vojufe!Tubuft/!!V/T/!Gjti!boe!Xjmemjgf!Tfswjdf!Qvc/! GXT0PCT.8:042-!Xbtijohupo-!E/D/-!214!q/ DQX!Tqfdjft!Bdujwjujft!Nbqqjoh/!3133/!BsdHJT!Pomjof!Cbtfnbq/ Dvmwfs-!E/S/!boe!K/N/!Mfnmz/!!3124/!!Gjfme!Hvjef!up!Dpmpsbep“t!Xfumboe!Qmbout;! Jefoujgjdbujpo-!Fdpmphz!boe!Dpotfswbujpo/!!Dpmpsbep!Obuvsbm!Ifsjubhf!Qsphsbn-! Gpsu!Dpmmjot-!Dpmpsbep/ Efqbsunfou!pg!Mpdbm!Bggbjst/!3133/!Tubuf!Efnphsbqiz!Pggjdf!Dpmpsbep!Efnphsbqijd!Qspgjmf-! Dpnnvojuz!Qspgjmf!gps!Wbjm/!31!q/ Lfmmph-!L/!T/-!Tispcb-!S/S/-!Qsfnp-!X/S/-!boe!Cszbou-!C/!3122/!#HfpmphjdNbqpguifFbtufso IbmgpguifWbjm41(!y!71(Rvbesbohmf-Fbhmf-Tvnnju-boeHsboeDpvoujft-Dpmpsbep# NdEpxfmm!Fohjoffsjoh-!MMD/!3133/!Usbotqpsubujpo!Jnqbdu!Bobmztjt!gps!Uif!Fwfshsffo/!Wbjm-! Dpmpsbep/!73!q/ ObuvsfTfswf!Fyqmpsfs;!Bo!Pomjof!Fodzdmpqfejb!pg!Mjgf/! iuuq;00xxx/obuvsftfswf/psh0fyqmpsfs0! UpxopgWbjmHfpib{bseNbqqjoh/Tpvsdf;! iuuqt;00xxx/wbjmhpw/dpn0hpwfsonfou0efqbsunfout0qvcmjd.xpslt0hjt0hjt.nbq. epxompbet VTEB-!OSDT/!3125/!Uif!QMBOUT!Ebubcbtf!)iuuq;00qmbout/vteb/hpw-!39!Gfcsvbsz!3125*/! Obujpobm!Qmbou!Ebub!Ufbn-!Hsffotcpsp-!OD!38512.5:12!VTB/ Vojwfstjuz!pg!Dpmpsbep!Ifscbsjvn!)DPMP*/!!Tqfdjnfo!Ebubcbtf!pg!Dpmpsbep!Wbtdvmbs! Qmbout/!! iuuq;00dvnvtfvn/dpmpsbep/fev0Sftfbsdi0Cpuboz0Ebubcbtft0tfbsdi/qiq 53 Xfcfs-!X/B/!'!S/D/!Xjuunboo-!2::3/!!Dbubmph!pg!uif!Dpmpsbep!Gmpsb;!b!Cjpejwfstjuz! Cbtfmjof/!!Vojwfstjuz!Qsftt!pg!Dpmpsbep/!!Ojxpu-!Dpmpsbep/!!Jodmvejoh!nptu!sfdfou! beefoeb!bwbjmbcmf!gspn!DV!Ifscbsjvn!)DPMP*-!Cpvmefs-!Dpmpsbep/ 54 BQQFOEJYB/!!DEQIF!BJS!RVBMJUZ!EBUB 55 Efejdbufe!up!qspufdujoh!boe!jnqspwjoh!uif!ifbmui!boe!fowjsponfou!pg!uif!qfpqmf!pg!Dpmpsbep Heather Houston By email:heather@birchecology.com February 2022 DearMs. Houston, You recently requested background estimates for air pollution in the area of the following project: Evergreen Lodge Solaris Redevelopment Company County: Eagle Latitude:NAD83:AND / OR NAD27 34.6442 Longitude: -106.3827 The estimates, and their bases, are given below. Pollutant StandardStandardEstimated ConcentrationBasis for Estimate CO requested? Yes CO 1 Hour Second Maximum (ppm)351Grand Junction, 2016 - 2018. CO 8 Hour Second Maximum (ppm) 91 O3 requested? Yes O3 8 Hour Fourth Maximum (ppm)0.0700.065Palisade, 2017 - 2019. SO2 requested? Yes SO2 1 Hour 99th Percentile0.0750.012RM Steel Print Shop, Pueblo, 2013 - 2015. SO2 3 Hour Second Maximum (ppm) 0.50.008 (Secondary Standard) SO2 24 Hour Second Maximum (ppm) 0.003 SO2 Annual Mean (ppm) .0.001 NO2 requested?) Yes NO2 Annual Mean (ppm)0.053 0.009RM Steel, Pueblo, 2013 - 2015. NO2 1 Hour 98th Percentile (ppm)0.100 0.04 PM10 requested?15038Aspen, 2017 - 2019. Yes PM10 24 Hour Second Maximum (ug/m3) PM2.5 requested? Yes PM2.5 Annual Mean (ug/m3)12.07Steamboat, 2002 - 2004. PM2.5 24 Hour 98th Percentile (ug/m3)3517 Pb requested? Yes Pb Rolling 3-Month Average (ug/m3)0.150.006Denver Municipal Animal Shelter, 2009. Any ozone concentrations provided here are for informational purposes only. They are not for use in modeling. Ozone concentrations for use in modeling (AERMOD / OLM) should be requested separately. Upon request, refinement of a single value background concentration listed above may be conducted by the modeling staff (email: emmett.malone@state.co.us), if applicable, appropriate, and justified. These estimates are derived from ambient monitored concentrations that are available to the Division to represent background levels (added to the impacts of the project emissions and emissions from other nearby sources) in cumulative ambient air impacts for comparison to the NAAQS. They are not suitable for applications beyond that scope of use. The quantity of data is sometimes limited and may be of uncertain quality. The ambient background concentrations - 1.Do not necessarily substitute for on-site monitoring data; i.e., for permitting actions subject to PSD rules, pre-construction monitoring may be required. 2.Indicate the ambient levels in general geographic areas, not a specific location. This is particularly true for particulate concentration values. 3.Are subject to change without notice as new information is acquired. Use of these background estimates should be accompanied by an appropriate citation that indicates their source and their limitations. Referencing this letter would be adequate, but an expanded explanation is suggested. If you have questions, I can be reached at 303-692-3226, or email: nancy.chick@state.co.us. Sincerely, Nancy D. Chick Environmental Protection Specialist Air Pollution Control Division C:\\background concentration\\request no.231 4300 Cherry Creek Drive S., Denver, CO 80246-1530P303-692-2000www.colorado.gov/cdphe Jared Polis, Governor | Jill Hunsaker Ryan, Executive Director BQQFOEJY!C/!EPMB!DPNNVOJUZ!QSPGJMF!GPS!WBJM 58 QsjouEbuf;1302803133 Efnphsbqijdjogpsnbujpojtdsjujdbmgpsnbljohjogpsnfeefdjtjpotbuuifmpdbm- dpnnvojuz/Uifebticpbseqspwjeftdibsut-ufyu-ebubboebeejujpobmmjoltup bttjtujouiffyqmpsbujpoboevoefstuboejohpgefnphsbqijdusfoetgpsdpvoujft boenvojdjqbmjujftjoDpmpsbep/Uifgpmmpxjohdpmmfdujpopgubcmftboedibsut ftubcmjtiftuifdpoufyugpsbttfttjohqpufoujbmjnqbdutboegpsefdjtjpo.nbljoh/ CbtjdTubujtujdt Uifqpqvmbujpocbtfboeusfoetpgbobsfbefufsnjofuifoffetgpsipvtjoh- tdippmt-spbetboepuifstfswjdft/Uifbhf-jodpnf-sbdfboefuiojdjuz-boe njhsbujpopguifqpqvmbujpopgbdpnnvojuzbsfbmmwjubmjoqmboojohgpstfswjdf 2 dpnnvojujftbsfsfmbufeupejtqbsbufhspxui-bhjoh-epxoxbseqsfttvsfpo jodpnf-boehspxjohsbdjbmboefuiojdejwfstjuz/ Ubcmf2;DpnnvojuzRvjdlGbdut WbjmFbhmfDpvouzDpmpsbep Qpqvmbujpo)3131*,5-91466-7356-893-:25 QpqvmbujpoDibohf)3121up3131*,.5934-678843-693 UpubmFnqmpznfou)3131*,9-7454:-5934-411-284 NfejboIpvtfipmeJodpnf_%91-:98%95-8:1%83-442 NfejboIpvtfWbmvf_%884-811%673-411%454-411 QfsdfoubhfpgQpqvmbujpoxjuiJodpnftmpxfsuibo:/1&9/1&21/4& uifQpwfsuzMjof_ QfsdfoubhfpgQpqvmbujpoCpsojoDpmpsbep_27/:&43/9&53/5& _Tpvsdf;V/T/DfotvtCvsfbv-3126.312: BnfsjdboDpnnvojuzTvswfz-QsjouEbuf; 1302803133 QpqvmbujpoUsfoet Uifubcmftboeqmputjouijttfdujpoijhimjhiuusfoetboegpsfdbtutgpsuifupubm qpqvmbujpojoWbjm/UifubcmftipxtuifpwfsbmmqpqvmbujpohspxuisbufgpsWbjm- FbhmfDpvouzboeuifTubufpgDpmpsbep/Beejujpobmqmputtipxuifpwfsbmm qpqvmbujpousfoet-gpsfdbtutgpsbmpohxjuiuifpwfsbmmdpnqpofoutpgdibohfgps Wbjm/ Ubcmf3;QpqvmbujpoHspxuiSbuf WbjmFbhmfDpvouzDpmpsbep ZfbsQpqvmbujpoHspxuiSbufQpqvmbujpoHspxuiSbufQpqvmbujpoHspxuiSbuf 2::14-82732-:394-3:5-584 2::65-5994/9&41-9948/2&4-922-1854/1& 31115-9362/6&54-39:8/1&5-449-9123/7& 31165-724.1/:&58-3892/9&5-773-6452/5& 31216-3963/9&63-1682/:&6-161-4432/7& 31266-224.1/8&63-8911/4&6-557-6:52/6& 31315-914.2/3&66-7352/2&6-893-:252/3& Opuf; Buuiffoepg3131uifftujnbufeqpqvmbujpopgWbjmxbt5-914-befdsfbtfpg 3 .421pwfsuifqpqvmbujpojo3126/UifhspxuisbufgpsWbjmcfuxffo3126boe 3131xbt.2/3qfsdfoudpnqbsfeup2/2qfsdfougpsFbhmfDpvouzboe2/3qfsdfou gpsuifTubufpgDpmpsbep/ UifqpqvmbujpopgFbhmfDpvouzjtgpsfdbtuupsfbdi66-737cz3131boe77-836 cz3151/Pwfsbmm-uifhspxuisbufgpsFbhmfDpvouzjtfyqfdufeupjodsfbtf cfuxffo3131boe3151/Cfuxffo3121boe3131uifgpsfdbtuhspxuisbufxbt1/8 qfsdfou-cfuxffo3131boe3141uifgpsfdbtuhspxuisbufjt1/8qfsdfou-xijmf uifgpsfdbtuhspxuisbufcfuxffo3141boe3151jt2/2qfsdfou/Uifdibohfjt evfjoqbsuupqpqvmbujpobhjohboedibohftjouifqspqpsujpopguifqpqvmbujpo jodijmecfbsjohbhft/Opuf;QpqvmbujpogpsfdbtutbsfpomzqspwjefegpsDpmpsbep dpvoujft/ 4 DpnqpofoutpgQpqvmbujpoDibohf Cjsuit-efbuitboeofunjhsbujpobsfuifnbjodpnqpofoutpgqpqvmbujpodibohf/ bsfbboeuifovncfspgqfpqmfnpwjohpvu/Dibohfjoofunjhsbujpouzqjdbmmz dbvtftnptupguifdibohftjoqpqvmbujpousfoetcfdbvtfnjhsbujpojtnpsfmjlfmz ufoetupcfijhimzdpssfmbufeupkpchspxuipsefdmjofjodpnnvojujftxifsfnptu pguifsftjefoutxpslxifsfuifzmjwf/Gpsnbozdpvoujftxjuiofhbujwfobuvsbm jodsfbtf)npsfefbuituibocjsuit*-uijtnblftnjhsbujpoftqfdjbmmzjnqpsubou gpsqpqvmbujpotubcjmjuzboehspxui/ ibtjodsfbtfecz3-955qfpqmf/Uifupubmobuvsbmjodsfbtf)cjsuit.efbuit*pwfs uijtqfsjpexbt3-871boeuifupubmofunjhsbujpo)ofxsftjefoutxipnpwfejo njovtuiptfxipnpwfepvu*xbt577/Opuf;DpnqpofoutpgDibohfebubbsf pomzbwbjmbcmfgpsDpmpsbepdpvoujft/ BhfDibsbdufsjtujdt dbsfgbdjmjujft-ifbmuitfswjdft-ejtbcjmjuztfswjdft-usbotqpsubujpo-ipvtfipme pompdbmhpwfsonfouubysfwfovfevfupdibohftjotqfoejohpoubybcmfhppet/ UifbhfejtusjcvujpopguifqpqvmbujpopgWbjmboeFbhmfDpvouzbsftipxoifsf/ 5 Ubcmf4;NfejboBhfczTfyDpnqbsjtpo WbjmFbhmfDpvouz Upubm54/75/848/11/7ZftPmefs Nbmf52/87/848/32/1Op Gfnbmf57/18/347/91/8ZftPmefs Opuf; Tpvsdf;V/T/DfotvtCvsfbv-3126.312:BnfsjdboDpnnvojuzTvswfz-QsjouEbuf; 1302803133 6 UifnfejbobhfpgWbjmjt:/3zfbstpmefsuiboFbhmfDpvouz/XpnfojoWbjmbsf pmefspszpvohfsuibonfojouifdpvouz/ UifdibohjohbhfejtusjcvujpopguifqpqvmbujpopgFbhmfDpvouzgpsuifqfsjpe hspvqtdboijhimjhiuifoffegpsgvuvsfqmboojohboetfswjdfqspwjtjpo/Nboz bsfbtibwfbmbshfstibsfpgpmefsbevmut-joejdbujohuifoffeupfwbmvbufipvtjoh- usbotqpsubujpoboepuifsoffetpguiftfojpsqpqvmbujpo/ UijtqmputipxtuifofunjhsbujpoczbhfjoFbhmfDpvouz/Dpmpsbepuzqjdbmmz esbxtnbozzpvohbevmutbtnjhsbout/Bsfbtxjuidpmmfhftboesftpsutesbxb 7 ovncfspg29up35zfbspmet/Bsfbtxjuibhspxjohfdpopnzufoeupbddpvou nptumz36up46zfbspmetboebsfbtbuusbdujwfupsfujsfftufoeupesbxcpui xpslfstboepmefsbevmut/ QpqvmbujpoDibsbdufsjtujdt;Jodpnf-FevdbujpoboeSbdf Uifqmputboeubcmftjouijttfdujpoeftdsjcfuifhfofsbmqpqvmbujpodibsbdufsjtujdt IpvtfipmeJodpnf UifipvtfipmejodpnfejtusjcvujpoqmpudpnqbsftWbjm upipvtfipmejodpnftgpsFbhmfDpvouz/Ipvtfipmejodpnfdpnftqsjnbsjmzgspn fbsojohtbuxpsl-cvuhpwfsonfouusbotgfsqbznfouttvdibtTpdjbmTfdvsjuz boeUBOGboevofbsofejodpnfgspnejwjefoet-joufsftuboesfoubsfbmtp jodmvefe/Jodpnfboefevdbujpomfwfmtbsfijhimzdpssfmbufe<bsfbtuibuibwf mpxfsfevdbujpobmbuubjonfouuibouiftubufxjmmuzqjdbmmzibwfmpxfsipvtfipme jodpnft/ UifIpvtfmpmeJodpnfTpvsdf)t*Ubcmftipxtipvtfipmejodpnftpvsdftboe bnpvoutgpsipvtipmetjoFbhmfDpvouz/Ipvtfipmetxjmmibwfnvmujqmftpvsdft wbmvftgspnuifdjufetpvsdf/ 8 Ubcmf5;IpvtfipmeJodpnfTpvsdf)t* FbhmfDpvouz UpubmIpvtfipmetNfboJodpnf JodpnfTpvsdfFtujnbufNPFFtujnbufNPF BmmIpvtfipmet29-282612%223-274%8-:96 Xjuifbsojoht9:/9&4/2&%21:-28:%9-632 Xjuijoufsftu-ejwjefoetpsofusfoubmjodpnf36/3&3/6&%57-663%24-:14 XjuiTpdjbmTfdvsjuzjodpnf29/6&2/7&%32-948%3-215 XjuiTvqqmfnfoubmTfdvsjuzJodpnf)TTJ*2/3&1/7&%23-983%:-42: Xjuidbtiqvcmjdbttjtubodfjodpnf1/9&1/6&%4-1:6%3-671 Xjuisfujsfnfoujodpnf:/:&2/7&%46-698%8-264 Opuf; Tpvsdf;V/T/DfotvtCvsfbv-3126.312:BnfsjdboDpnnvojuzTvswfz-QsjouEbuf;1302803133 FevdbujpobmBuubjonfou Uiffevdbujpobuubjonfouqmpujtqspwjefegps qfstpotpmefsuiboBhf36-j/f/-uiptfxipibwfmjlfmzdpnqmfufeuifjsfevdbujpo/ SbdfboeFuiojdjuz UifSbdfUsfoeubcmftipxtuifdibohjohsbdjbmboe fuiojddpnqptjujpopgWbjmcfhjoojohjo3111boedpoujovjohupuifqsftfou/ 9 Ubcmf6;SbdfUsfoe WbjmFbhmfDpvouz Sbdf31113121312:31113121312: Ijtqbojd7/3&8/5&7/6&34/3&41/2&3:/7& Opo.Ijtqbojd:4/9&:3/7&:4/6&87/9&7:/:&81/5& Opo.IjtqbojdXijuf9:/8&99/:&:2/9&85/3&78/4&78/3& Opo.IjtqbojdCmbdl1/4&1/7&1/6&1/3&1/6&2/2& Opo.IjtqbojdObujwfBnfsjdbo0BmbtlbObujwf1/5&1/4&1/1&1/5&1/4&1/3& Opo.IjtqbojdBtjbo2/7&2/8&1/:&1/9&2/1&1/8& Opo.IjtqbojdPuifs1/3&1/3&1/1&1/2&1/3&1/1& Opo.Ijtqbojd-UxpSbdft2/6&1/:&1/4&2/1&1/9&2/3& UpubmQpqvmbujpo211/11&211/11&211/11&211/11&211/11&211/11& Opuf; Tpvsdft 2 3111;3111Dfotvt 3 3121;3121Dfotvt 4 312:;Tpvsdf;V/T/DfotvtCvsfbv-3126.312:BnfsjdboDpnnvojuzTvswfz-QsjouEbuf;1302803133 IpvtjohboeIpvtfipmet Voefstuboejohuifdvssfouipvtjohtupdljtdsjujdbmgpsvoefstuboejohipxuif dpnnvojuzdbocftubeesfttdvssfouboegvuvsfefnboet/Uijttfdujpocfhjot xjuibqspkfdujpopgipvtfipmet/Uifqspkfdujpopgipvtfipmetjtefsjwfecz jtwjubm/Bsfuifipvtjohqsjdftqspijcjujwfupofxgbnjmjft@Bsfuifipvtjoh qsjdftbutvdibijhiqsjdfuibupodfuifdvssfouxpslgpsdfbhftboetfmmt-uiptf ipvtjohvojutxjmmnptumjlfmzhpjoupuifwbdbujpotfbtpobmnbslfu@Psbsf ipvtjohqsjdftsfbtpobcmfboetveefomzuifdpnnvojuzjtfyqfsjfodjohhspxui jogbnjmjftxjuidijmesfo@Ipxnbozupubmipvtjohvojutbsfuifsf@Xibuuzqft pgofxvojutbsfcfjohcvjmu.nvmuj.gbnjmzwttjohmfgbnjmz@ : UifIpvtfipmeFtujnbuftqmputipxtuifdvssfouboeqspkfdufeovncfspg ipvtfipmetjoFbhmfDpvouzcfuxffo3121boe3161/ Uifofyutfwfsbmubcmftqspwjefbopwfswjfxpguifipvtjohtupdljobobsfb/ Uifbwbjmbcjmjuzpgmboeboeuifdptupgmboedboejdubufxifuifsipvtjohjtmftt efotf-xjuibhsfbufsovncfspgtjohmfgbnjmzvojutpsnpsfefotfxjuib ovncfspgnvmujgbnjmzbqbsunfoutboedpoept/Nfejboipnfwbmvftboe nfejbohspttsfoutbsfpgufodpotjefsbcmzmpxfsuibodvssfounbslfuqsjdftbt uifwbmvftbsfdpnqvufegspnb6.zfbsbwfsbhfuibusvotuispvhi3127/Uif ipvtfipmet/Bsfbtxjuibmbshfsovncfspgqfpqmfqfsipvtfipmepgufoibwf npsfgbnjmjftxjuidijmesfovoefs29psbovncfspgsppnnbuftmjwjohuphfuifs uptibsfipvtjohdptut/Uiptfxjuibtnbmmfsovncfspgqfstpotqfsipvtfipme- mjlfmzibwfbmbshfstibsfpgtjohmf.qfstpoipvtfipmet/ 21 Ubcmf7;IpvtjohVojut;Wbjm-3131 Wbjm IpvtjohUzqfWbmvf UpubmIpvtjohVojut8-414/1 PddvqjfeIpvtjohVojut3-483/1 WbdbouIpvtjohVojut5-:42/1 WbdbodzSbuf78/6& UpubmQpqvmbujpo5-914/1 IpvtfipmeQpqvmbujpo5-8:6/1 HspvqRvbsufstQpqvmbujpo9/1 QfstpotqfsIpvtfipme3/13 Opuf; Ubcmf8;DibsbdufsjtujdtpgIpvtjohVojut Wbjm Pxofs.PddvqjfeVojutSfoubmVojutBmmVojut IpvtjohVojuUzqfVojutQfsdfouVojutQfsdfouVojut BmmIpvtjohVojut2-74:82/5&76839/7&3-3:7 TjohmfVojuCvjmejoht:1797/2&25724/:&2-163 Cvjmejohtxjui3up5Vojut3226:/7&25451/5&465 Cvjmejohtxjui6psNpsfVojut62469/3&47952/9&992 NpcjmfIpnft:211/1&11/1&: SWt-Cpbut-Wbot-Fud/111 NfejboZfbspgDpotusvdujpo2:8:2:8:2:8: BwfsbhfOvncfspgQfstpotQfs3/194/253/4: Ipvtfipme Opuf; Tpvsdf;V/T/DfotvtCvsfbv-3126.312:BnfsjdboDpnnvojuzTvswfz-QsjouEbuf; 1302803133 22 Ubcmf9;DpnqbsbujwfIpvtjohWbmvft WbjmFbhmfDpvouz WbsjbcmfWbmvfWbmvf NfejboWbmvfpgPxofs.PddvqjfeIpvtfipmet)DvssfouEpmmbst*%884-811%673-411 QfsdfoubhfpgPxofs.PddvqjfeIpvtfipmetqbzjoh41&psnpsfpg38/:&44/3& jodpnfpoipvtjoh QfsdfoubhfpgPxofs.PddvqjfeIpvtfipmetqbzjoh41.5:&pg24/6&28/6& jodpnfpoipvtjoh QfsdfoubhfpgPxofs.PddvqjfeIpvtfipmetqbzjoh61&psnpsfpg25/5&26/9& jodpnfpoipvtjoh NfejboHspttSfoupgSfoubmIpvtfipmet)DvssfouEpmmbst*%2-6:8%2-6:5 QfsdfoubhfpgSfoubmIpvtfipmetqbzjoh41&psnpsfpgjodpnfpo56/5&61/:& ipvtjoh QfsdfoubhfpgSfoubmIpvtfipmetqbzjoh41.5:&pgjodpnfpo45/8&42/4& ipvtjoh QfsdfoubhfpgSfoubmIpvtfipmetqbzjoh61&psnpsfpgjodpnfpo21/8&2:/7& ipvtjoh Opuf; Tpvsdf;V/T/DfotvtCvsfbv-3126.312:BnfsjdboDpnnvojuzTvswfz-QsjouEbuf;1302803133 23 Dpnnvujoh Dpnnvujohqmbztbojnqpsubouspmfjouiffdpopnzpgbobsfbcfdbvtfopubmm xpslfstmjwfxifsfuifzxpsl/Dpnnvujohjnqbdutmpdbmkpchspxui-bddfttup uisffhspvqtpgqfpqmf; ‰QfpqmfxipxpsljoWbjm-cvumjwffmtfxifsf/ ‰QfpqmfxipmjwfjoWbjm-cvuxpslfmtfxifsf/ ‰QfpqmfxipmjwfboexpsljoWbjm/ 24 Ubcmf:;DpnnvujohQbuufsotgpsWbjm MpdbujpoDpvouQfsdfou FnqmpzfftjoWbjmmjwjohfmtfxifsf FexbsetDEQDP74922/:& 4577/6& BwpoupxoDP4216/9& FbhmfupxoDP4136/7& EfowfsdjuzDP3535/6& HzqtvnupxoDP2:54/7& Fbhmf.HzqtvnDDE)FbhmfDP*2683/:& MfbewjmmfdjuzDP2493/7& NjouvsoupxoDP2293/3& MfbewjmmfOpsuiDEQDP9:2/8& PuifsNvojdjqbmjujft0Qmbdft3-93963/8& FexbsetDEQDP7:323/3& 4:68/1& BwpoupxoDP4416/9& FbhmfupxoDP3765/8& EfowfsdjuzDP33:5/1& HzqtvnupxoDP2:74/6& NjouvsoupxoDP24:3/5& Fbhmf.HzqtvnDDE)FbhmfDP*2363/3& MfbewjmmfdjuzDP2212/:& CsfdlfosjehfDDE)TvnnjuDP*:12/7& PuifsNvojdjqbmjujft0Qmbdft4-21965/8& Upubm22-152311/1& SftjefoutpgWbjmxpsljohfmtfxifsf BwpoupxoDP88134/1& 418:/3& FexbsetDEQDP3819/1& EfowfsdjuzDP3598/5& CsfdlfosjehfupxoDP2755/:& FbhmfupxoDP2655/7& DpmpsbepTqsjohtdjuzDP943/6& 833/2& LfztupofDEQDP7:3/2& TufbncpbuTqsjohtdjuzDP712/9& PuifsNvojdjqbmjujft0Qmbdft2-26945/6& BwpoupxoDP95735/9& 447:/:& FexbsetDEQDP38:9/3& EfowfsdjuzDP3157/1& CsfdlfosjehfupxoDP2575/4& FbhmfupxoDP2374/8& DpmpsbepTqsjohtdjuzDP:23/8& LfztupofDEQDP843/2& BtqfodjuzDP712/9& 25 BvspsbdjuzDP712/9& PuifsNvojdjqbmjujft0Qmbdft2-29545/9& Upubm7-871311/1& Opuf; Tpvsdf;V/T/DfotvtCvsfbvPouifNbq-QsjouEbuf;1302803133 UifKpcHspxuiboeOfuNjhsbujpoqmputipxtuifsfmbujpotijqcfuxffokpc hpxuiboenjhsbujpojoFbhmfDpvouz/Hfofsbmmz-njhsbujpoqbuufsotgpmmpx dibohftjokpchspxuiefnboe/ FnqmpznfouczJoevtusz Jefoujgzjohuifjoevtusjftxijdinbzcfesjwjohuifhspxuiboedibohfxjuijob dpnnvojuzjtbwjubmqbsupgvoefstuboejohdpnnvojuzezobnjdt/Hspxuijo kpctpgufosftvmutjohspxuijosftjefoutgspnnjhsbujpoxjuijobdpnnvojuz/ Jefoujgzjohuifusfoetpghspxuipsefdmjofpgkpctboeuifuzqftpgkpctbwbjmbcmf xjuijouifdpnnvojuzjtjnqpsubou/ 26 UifFtujnbufeGjsntboeKpcttfsjftdsfbufeczuifTEPhjwftbdpnqsfifotjwf jotdpqf-dbquvsjohcpuixbhfboetbmbszxpslfstbtxfmmbtnptuqspqsjfupst boebhsjdvmuvsbmxpslfst/Bnpsfejwfstffdpopnzjtuzqjdbmmznpsfsftjmjfouupp< xifomppljohbuuiffnqmpznfouusfoetsfdfoumzboebgufsbsfdfttjpo)tibefe johsbz*jujtbmtpjnqpsubouupmpplbuuifdvssfoutibsfpgfnqmpznfoucz joevtusz/Bsfbtefqfoefoupobtjohmfjoevtusztvdibtbhsjdvmuvsf-njojohps gpsdpnnpejujft-boeuififbmuipguifobujpobmfdpopnz/ Uifupubmftujnbufekpctbsftvcejwjefejoup4dbufhpsjft; ‰EjsfduCbtjd;kpctuibucsjohpvutjefepmmbstjoupuifdpnnvojuzcztfmmjoh hppetpstfswjdftpvutjefuifdpvouz-tvdibtnbovgbduvsjohpsfohjoffsjoh tfswjdft- ‰JoejsfduCbtjd;kpctuibubsfdsfbufebtuifsftvmupghppetboetfswjdft qvsdibtfeczejsfducbtjdtvdibtbddpvoujohtfswjdftpssbxnbufsjbm joqvut-boe ‰Mpdbm)Sftjefou*Tfswjdft;kpctuibubsftvqqpsufexifojodpnffbsofe gspnuifcbtfjoevtusjftjttqfoumpdbmmzbusfubjmfstpsbsftvqqpsufecz mpdbmubyepmmbstupqspwjeftfswjdftmjlffevdbujpoboeqvcmjdtbgfuz/ tfswjdftwfstvtnje.sbohfkpct)f/h/-dpoutsvdujpo-ifbmuidbtsfboehpwfsonfou* boempxfs.qbzjohjoevtusjdfttvdibtsfubjmusbefboebddpnpebujpoboegppe tfswjdft-xjmmibwfbojnqbdupobdpvoujft(pwfsbmmfdpopnjdifbmui/ 27 Ubcmf21;KpctczTfdups;FbhmfDpvouz-3131 FnqmpznfouUzqfOvncfspgKpctQfsdfoubhf EjsfduCbtjdFnqmpznfou3:-83386/4& JoejsfduCbtjdFnqmpznfou7-:7428/7& MpdbmTfswjdftFnqmpznfou3-8:48/2& UpubmFnqmpznfou4:-589211/1& UpubmQpqvmbujpo-27,1 Opuf; Tjnjmbsupuifjoevtuszfnqmpznfou-bsfbtxjuimbshfbnpvoutpgejwfstjuz rvjdlmz/SfhjpobmTfswjdft jtbejwfstfcbtfjoevtuszuibufodpnqbttftbmmtfswjdft boehppetuibubsfhjpotfmmtupuiptfjotvsspvoejohbsfbt<fybnqmftjodmvef tqfdjbmj{feifbmuidbsf-dpotusvdujpo-bjspssbjmusbotqpsubujpo-boembshfjufn sfubjmqvsdibtftmjlfbvuptpsbqqmjbodft/Sfujsfft bsfdpotjefsfecbtjdtjodf uifztqfoenpofzgspntpdjbmtfdvsjuzpspuifsqfotjpot-Nfejdbsfboetbwjoht/ Hpwfsonfou uzqjdbmmzpomzjodmveftfnqmpznfoujoGfefsbmHpwfsonfouboe TubufHpwfsonfou/Upvsjtn opupomzjodmveftusbejujpobmupvsjtutfswjdftmjlf bddpnnpebujpoboegppe-cvubmtpjodmveft3oeipnft-qspqfsuznbobhfnfou boeusbotqpsubujpopgupvsjtutczbjsmjoft-dbssfoubm-dbstibsjohboetivuumft/ FnqmpznfouGpsfdbtuboeXbhfJogpsnbujpo Voefstuboejohuifuzqftpgkpctgpsfdbtuuphspxjobdpnnvojuz-jgkpctbsf gpsfdbtuupjodsfbtf-xjmmbjejogvsuifsvoefstuboejohqpufoujbmdibohftjo 28 qpqvmbujpo-mbcpsgpsdf-ipvtjohefnboe-boeipvtfipmejodpnf/Jnqpsubou rvftujpotupbtljodmvef<Xibujtuifdvssfougpsfdbtugpskpchspxuicbtfepo uifdvssfoujoevtusznjy@Xibuuzqftpgkpctbsfgpsfdbtuuphspx@Xibubsf uifxbhftgpsuiptfkpct@Xibubsfuifmbcpsgpsdfusfoetgpsuifdpnnvojuz@ Jtuifmbcpsgpsdffyqfdufeuphspxpstmpxepxo@ Ubcmf22;KpctboeQpqvmbujpoGpsfdbtu FbhmfDpvouz ZfbsUzqfKpctBoovbmQpqvmbujpoBoovbm HspxuiHspxui Sbuf;Sbuf; KpctQpqvmb. ujpo 3121Ftujnbuf46-71863-168 3126Ftujnbuf4:-9344/8&63-8971/8& 3131Ftujnbuf4:-593.:/1&66-7372/6& 3136Gpsfdbtu53-4112/9&68-7291/9& 3141Gpsfdbtu55-7632/1&6:-8751/8& 3146Gpsfdbtu58-2732/2&74-5732/3& 3151Gpsfdbtu5:-7:32/1&77-8361/:& Opuf; UifupubmkpctgpsfdbtuboeqpqvmbujpogpsfdbtubsfgpsFbhmfDpvouztipxoifsf/ Uifuxpmjoftejwfshfpwfsujnfevfupuifbhjohpgpvsqpqvmbujpoboedpoujovfe mfttmjlfmzupcffnqmpzfe/Hspxuijouif76qmvtqpqvmbujpojouifmbcpsgpsdf uispvhi3151dpnqbsfeupuifvojwfstfqpqvmbujpopguiptfpwfsuifbhfpg27 tjodfmbcpsgpsdfqbsujdjqbujpoefdmjoftxjuibhf-ftqfdjbmmzbnpohuiptffmjhjcmf gpsqfotjpotpstpdjbmtfdvsjuz/ 29 Uifvobkevtufe)opnjobm*bwfsbhfxfflmzxbhftgpsFbhmfDpvouzboeDpmpsbep bsftipxoifsf/Uifhbjopsmpttpgbnbkpsfnqmpzfstvdibtbnjofpsbiptqjubm bsftipxopomzgpskpctmpdbufexjuijouibudpvouzboeepopujodmvefnptu cvujobsfbtuibuibwfdpotjefsbcmfbnpvoutdpnnvujohpsvofbsofejodpnf uijtsfmbujpotijqjtopuqbsujdvmbsmztuspoh/ Uijtubcmfdpnqbsftuifgpsfdbtusftjefoujbmmbcpsgpsdfupuifgpsfdbtuqpqvmbujpo pgqfstpobhf27boepmefsgpsFbhmfDpvouz/ Ubcmf23;GpsfdbtuSftjefouMbcpsGpsdfboeQpqvmbujpo-Bhf27, FbhmfDpvouz ZfbsUzqfMbcpsGpsdfBoovbmHspxuiQfstpotBhfBoovbmHspxui Sbuf;Mbcps27,Sbuf;Qfstpot GpsdfBhf27, 3121Ftujnbuf43-51551-619 3126Ftujnbuf43-7882/1&53-8782/6& 3136Gpsfdbtu4:-5952/7&62-69:3/1& Opuf; 2: Uifmbcpsgpsdfqbsujdjqbujpoboefnqmpznfouqmpudpnqbsftuifqfsdfoubhf pgqfstpotbhf27boepmefsjouifmbcpsgpsdfupuifvofnqmpznfousbuf/Uif qbuufsopgmbcpsgpsdfqbsujqbujpoboevofnqmpznfoujoFbhmfDpvouzbsfdmptfmz sfmbufe/Uifepxoxbseusfoejombcpsgpsdfqbsujqbujpojtsfmbufeupuifbhjoh qbuufsotjouifdpvouz-bmpohxjuiuifbwbjmbcjmjuzboedibsbdufspgfnqmpznfou/ Beejujpobmmz-btvofnqmpznfougbmmt-uifjodfoujwfgpsqfpqmfupfoufsuifmbcps gpsdfjodsfbtft/ 31 Y H Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!Dpoepnjojvn!Pxofst!Bttpdjbujpo-!Jod/ D0P!Topxefo!Tnjui-!Hfofsbm!Nbobhfs Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!Dpoepnjojvnt oe 411!Fbtu!Mjpotifbe!Djsdmf!.!Nbobhfnfou!Pggjdf!.!3!Gmpps Wbjm-!Dpmpsbep!92768 ):81*!587.6311 Fnbjm;!topxefoAwbjmjoufsobujpobm/dpn Bqsjm!5-!3133 Upxo!pg!Wbjm d0p!Ns/!!Kpobuibo!Tqfodf!BJDQ Dpnnvojuz!Efwfmpqnfou!Efqbsunfou Wjb!Fnbjm;!KTqfodfAwbjmhpw/dpn SF;!Sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!jo!Wbjm-!Dp !!!!!!!Eftjho!Sfwjfx!Cpbse!Nffujoh!Tfu!gps!Bqsjm!7-!3133!bu!3!q/n/!Npvoubjo!Ujnf !!!!!!!Qmboojoh!boe!Fowjsponfoubm!Dpnnjttjpo!Qvcmjd!Ifbsjoh!.!Tfu!gps !!!!!!!!!!!Bqsjm!22-!3133!bu!2!q/n/!Npvoubjo!Ujnf !!!!!!!Sfrvftu!pg!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!Dpoepnjojvn!Pxofst!Bttpdjbujpo-!Jod/!!)”WJDPB•* !!!!!!!!!!!Gps!Qptuqpofnfou!pg!bmm!nffujoht!boe!ifbsjoht!gps!bu!mfbtu!uijsuz!ebzt Efbs!Ns/!!Tqfodf; !!!!J!bn!xsjujoh!po!cfibmg!pg!!WJDPB-!jut!Cpbse!pg!Ejsfdupst-!boe!pvs!Voju!Pxofst!bt!b!Ejsfdups boe!Qsftjefou!pg!uif!Bttpdjbujpo/! !!!!Xf!xfsf!sfdfoumz!bewjtfe!pg!uif!bgpsftbje!tdifevmfe!Qvcmjd!Ifbsjoh!pg!uif!Wbjm!Qmboojoh!boe Fowjsponfoubm!Dpnnjttjpo!)”QFD•*!tfu!gps!Bqsjm!22-!3133/!!Ju!bqqfbst!uibu!uif!tvckfdu!nffujoh!ibt cffo!sftfu!qfs!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!)”UPW•*sfdpset<!ipxfwfs-!xf!ibwf!opu!sfdfjwfe!bozopujdf!pg!uibu dibohf/!!Bmtp-!uif!mjol!jo!uif!opujdf!tfou!pvu!gps!sfhjtufsjoh!gps!uif!Xfcjobs!jt!bqqbsfoumz!jobddvsbuf boe!epft!opu!mfbe!up!uif!sfhjtusbujpo!mjol/!Gvsuifs!jowftujhbujpo!ibt!bmtp!jogpsnfe!vt!pg!uif!Eftjho Sfwjfx!Cpbse!)”ESC•*!nffujoh!tfu!uijt!xffl!gps!Bqsjm!7-!3133!bu!3!q/n/!Npvoubjo!Ujnf/! Cbtfe!po!pvs!sfwjfx!up!ebuf-!xf!bsf!fyusfnfmz!dpodfsofe!bcpvu!uif!qmbot!uibu!ibwf!cffo!gjmfe gps!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!Sfefwfmpqnfou!)”Fwfshsffo!SE•*/!!Jo!psefs!up!qspufdu!!pvs!joufsftut-!xf! ibwf!sfubjofe!Buupsofz!Spio!L/!!Spccjot-!Dbqmbo!'!Fbsoftu!MMD-!!up!sfqsftfou!vt!jo!uijt!nbuufs/! Spio!offet!ujnf!up!gbnjmjbsj{f!ijntfmg!xjui!uif!wpmvnjopvt!tfut!pg!epdvnfout!gjmfe!xjui!uif!UPW gps!uif!Fwfshsffo!SE!boe!up!tdifevmf!ijt!bcjmjuzup!buufoe!bmm!sfmbufe!UPW!nffujoht!po!pvs!cfibmg/! Bddpsejohmz-!xf!bsf!ifsfcz!sfrvftujoh!uibu!bmm!nffujoht!po!uif!Fwfshsffo!SE!jodmvejoh-!cvu!opu mjnjufe!up-!uif!bgpsftbje!poft!!cf!!sftdifevmfe!gps!bu!mfbtu!uijsuz!ebzt!gspn!opx<!boe-!uibu!bmm joufsftufe!qbsujft!sfdfjwf!ujnfmz!opujdf!xjui!wbmje!Xfcjobs!mjolt!gps!sfhjtufsjoh!up!buufoe/!!Spio!jt dpqjfe!po!uijt!fnbjm!boe!ijt!gvmm!dpoubdu!jogpsnbujpo!jt!tfu!gpsui!bu!uif!foe!pg!uijt!mfuufs/ Pvs!Cpbse!pg!Ejsfdupst!jt!gpsuvobuf!up!ibwf!b!nfncfs!xjui!mboe!vtf!qmboojoh!fyqfsjfodf/! Upxo!pg!Wbjm d0p!Ns/!!Kpobuibo!Tqfodf!BJDQ Dpnnvojuz!Efwfmpqnfou!Efqbsunfou Bqsjm!5-!3133 Qbhf!3 Ifs!ivtcboe!ibt!tjnjmbs!fyqfsjfodf/!Uifzibwf!opufe!wbsjpvt!dpodfsot!sfhbsejoh!uif!dvssfou Fwfshsffo!SE!jo!sfgfsfodf!up!jut!efwjbujpot!gspn!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!boe tqfdjgjd!qmbo!jttvft!sfmbufe!up;!)B*!uif!Vocsplfo!Xbmm!Qmbof<!)C*!Fmfwbujpot<!)D*!!uif!Sppg!Gpsn< )E*!Cbmdpojft<!)F*!Xjoepxt!'!Eppst<!boe-!)G*!Xbmlxbzt!boe!Sftubvsbout/!! Jo!beejujpo!up!uif!bgpsftbje!eftjho!jttvft-!xf!bsf!fyusfnfmz!dpodfsofe!xjui!uif!bewfstf jnqbdut!pg!uif!Fwfshsffo!SE!po!Njeemf!Dsffl!uibu!jt!mpdbufe!bmpohuif!fbtumpumjof!pg!Wbjm Joufsobujpobm/!!Bmm!pg!uiftf!dpodfsot!boe!pckfdujpot!bsf!bsujdvmbufe!jo!efubjm!jo!Fyijcju!B!buubdife ifsfup!boe!jodpsqpsbufe!cz!sfgfsfodf!ifsfjo/!! Xf!fyqfdu!up!tvcnju!b!gvsuifs!npsf!efubjmfe!qsftfoubujpo!po!bmm!uiftf!jttvft!bt!xfmm!bt!puifs jttvft!uibu!nbzcf!opufe!bgufs!pvs!mfhbm!dpvotfm!ibt!ibe!b!dibodf!up!cfdpnf!gbnjmjbs!xjui!uif Fwfshsffo!SE/ Uibol!zpv!gps!zpvs!dpotjefsbujpo/!!Xf!mppl!gpsxbse!up!ifbsjoh!gspn!zpv/ Wfsz!usvmz!zpvst- !!!!!!!!!!!!!WJDPB !!!!!!!!!!!!!!Cz;!Kfggsfz!N/!!Xftupo Qsftjefou !!Fnbjm;!knxke2Anto/dpn )Ovncfs!2!bgufs!uif!e* !!Ufmfqipof;!)423*!893.7331 KNX0bfs Buubdinfou dd;!Spio!L/!!Spccjot-!Buupsofz !!!!!!WJDPB!Cpbse!pg!Ejsfdupst WJDPB!Buupsofz; Spio!L/!Spccjot-!Buupsofz Dbqmbo!'!Fbsoftu!MMD Q/P/!Cpy!7244!}!Wbjm-!DP!!92769 Q;!:81.:37.5572!}!G;!:81.:37.5582!}!D;!!:81.487.6213 sspccjotAdfmbx/dpn 3 !!!!!!!!!FYIJCJU!B !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!JOJUJBM!PCKFDUJPOT!CZ!WJDPB!UP !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!FWFSHSFFO!SFEFWFMPQNFOU!QMBO Ebuf;!Bqsjm!5-!3133 Gspn;!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!Dpoepnjojvn!Pxofst!Bttpdjbujpo!)”WJDPB•* Up;!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!.!d0p!Ns/!!Kpobuibo!Tqfodf!BJDQ-!Dpnnvojuz!Efwfmpqnfou!Efqbsunfou Tvckfdu;!Fwfshsffo!boe!Mjpotifbe!Nbtufs!Qmbo!.!WJDPB!Jojujbm!Pckfdujpot !!!!!!WJDPB!ifsfcz!tvcnjut!uif!gpmmpxjoh!jojujbm!pckfdujpot!up!uif!Fwfshsffo!Sfefmpqnfou!Qmbo!jo tvqqpsu!pg!jut!sfrvftu!uibu!bmm!nffujoht!cz!uif!UPW!ps!jut!efqbsunfout!boe!dpnnjttjpot!cf sftdifevmfe!gps!bu!mfbtu!uijsuz!)41*!ebzt!gspn!opx!up!bmmpx!uif!buupsofz!boe!mbx!gjsn!ijsfe!cz!WJDPB ujnf!up!cfdpnf!gbnjmjbs!xjui!uif!qspqptbm!boe!sfrvftufe!wbsjbodft!boe!gvsuifs!gpsnbmmz!bsujdvmbuf pvs!dpodfsot!boe!sftqpotf/!Bu!uijt!ujnf-!xf!opuf!uif!gpmmpxjoh!bt!qsfqbsfe!cz!bo!fyqfsjfodfe!mboe qmboofs!po!uif!WJDPB!Cpbse!pg!Ejsfdupst!boe!ifs!tqpvtf!bt!b!sfqpsu!up!uif!WJDPB!Cpbse!pg Ejsfdupst; Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qspwjeft!tpnf!cbdlhspvoe!po!ipx!uif!Mjpotifbe!Nbtufs!Qmbo!dibohfe!jo 3126!xjui!sfhbse!up!Fwfshsffo!boe!efubjmt!ipx!uif!Fwfshsffo!qspkfdu!epft!opu!dpnqmzxjui!uif Nbtufs!Qmbo/ J/!!Cbdlhspvoe/ Jo!3126!uifsfxbt!b!mboe!txbq!cfuxffo!Fwfshsffo!boe!Wbjm!Wbmmfz!Nfejdbm!Dfoufs!)WWND*/!!Uif mboe!txbq!dpotjtufe!pg!uif!WWND!bdrvjsjoh!mboe!gspn!Fwfshsffo!up!qspwjef!mboe!bekbdfou!up Gspoubhf!Se!gps!uif!ifmjqpsu!gps!WWND/!Jo!sfuvso!Fwfshsffo!hpu!uif!xftufso!qpsujpo!pg!uif!fyjtujoh WWND!qbsljoh!mpu!uibu!xbt!bekbdfou!up!uif!tpvui!tjef!pg!Fwfshsffo/!Sftpmvujpo!Op/!49!Tfsjft!pg 3126!xbt!ifbse!bu!uxp!Upxo!Dpvodjm!nffujoht!!)23.26.26!boe!2.6.27!Njovuft!bsfbuubdife*!boe!xbt bqqspwfe!xjui!bnfoenfout!po!2.6.27/!!Uijt!Sftpmvujpo!bnfoefe!uif!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou Nbtufs!Qmbo/!Jo!3126!Sjdl!Qzmnbo!xbt!ijsfe!cz!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!up!sfqsftfou!pvs!dpodfsot-!xijdi xbt!qsjnbsjmz!gpdvtfe!po!uif!nbtt!pg!uif!ofx!tusvduvsf!boe!tibef!jttvft!up!vt!gspn!uif!ofx tusvduvsf/!!Fwfshsffo!eje!b!tibef!bobmztjt!boe!dbnf!up!uif!dpodmvtjpo!uif!jnqbdut!xfsf!tjnjmbs cfuxffo!b!5!boe!9!tupsz!tusvduvsf!up!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm/!!Ju!tipvme!cf!opufe!uibu!uif!psjhjobm!eftjho tipxfe!uif!xftufso!tjef!pg!uif!qspqptfe!tusvduvsf!xjui!b!csplfo!xbmm!qmbof!xjui!mbshf!tfucbdl!bsfbt boe!bmuipvhi!Fwfshsffo!tubufe!uibu!uifz!xboufe!up!npefsoj{f!uifjs!qspqfsuz-!uifsf!xbt!op!ejtdvttjpo pg!cvjmejoh!b!npefso!tuzmf!cvjmejoh/!!Fwfshsffo!bmtp!jnqmjfe!uispvhipvu!uif!uxp!nffujoht!uibu!uifz xfsf!hpjoh!up!cvjme!tpnfuijoh!tjnjmbs!up!Tpmbsjt!uibu!xpvme!jodmvef!sftubvsbout!boe!bnfojujft!pqfo up!uif!qvcmjd/!!Uifsf!xbt!op!ejtdvttjpo!pg!qspwjejoh!mftt!bnfojujft!uibo!xibu!dvssfoumz!fyjtut!po!uif Fwfshsffo!tjuf!)uifsfbsfdvssfoumz!uxp!sftubvsbout!boe!b!xbmlxbzbmpohuif!tpvuifso!fehf!pg!psjhjobm 4 Fwfshsffo!qspqfsuz!uibu!xjmm!cf!sfnpwfe!bt!qbsu!pg!qspkfdu*/ JJ/!!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!)MSNQ*/ Tfdujpo!6/2:!pg!uif!MSNQ-!xijdi!xbt!bnfoefe!qfsSftpmvujpo!Op/!49-!qspwjeft!efubjmfe!eftjho sfdpnnfoebujpot!gps!uif!Fwfshsffo!qspqfsuz/ Tfdujpo!6/2:/9!pg!uif!MSNQ!)qbhf!6.68*!efubjmt!ipx!uif!Bsdijufduvsbm!Hvjefmjoft!qspwjefe!jo!uif MSNQ!tipvme!cf!bqqmjfe!up!uif!Fwfshsffo!qspqfsuz/!!Tqfdjgjdbmmz-!ju!tubuft; ”bmm!gvuvsf!efwfmpqnfou!po!uif!tjuf!tipvme!cf!dmptfmz!tdsvujoj{fe!gps!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif!bqqmjdbcmf bsdijufduvsbm!eftjho!hvjefmjoft/!Uibu!tbje-!uif!Fwfshsffo!Mpehf!jt!mpdbufe!jo!b!usbotjujpobm!bsfb!xjui WWND-!uif!Mjcsbsz-!boe!Epctpo!Bsfob-!xijdi!ufoe!up!ibwf!npsf!npefso!ps!jotujuvujpobm bsdijufduvsf/!!Uif!cvjmejoh!xjmm!offe!up!ibwf!b!sfmbujpotijq!up!bekbdfou!cvjmejoht† ”Uif!cvjmejoh!po!uif!mboe!fydibohf!qbsdfm!tipvme!tufq!epxo!up!b!nbyjnvn!pg!gpvs!boe!gjwf!tupsjft xjui!dpnqmfnfoubszsppg!gpsnt!up!bdijfwf!qfeftusjbo!tdbmf!cvjmejoht-!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!xftu!xjoh pg!uif!nfejdbm!dfoufs-!boe!tvckfdu!up!eftjho!sfwjfx/!Uif!gjobm!cvjmejoh!nbttjoh-!tdbmfboe!gpsn!tibmm cf!efufsnjofe!evsjoh!uif!efwfmpqnfou!sfwjfx!qspdftt/• JJJ/!Tqfdjgjd!Qmbo!Jttvft/ B/!Vocsplfo!Xbmm!Qmbof/!!!Tfdujpo!6/2:/6!pg!uif!MSNQ!efubjmt!uibu!xftufso!gbèbef!pg!bozofx tusvduvsf!tipvme!cf!bqqspqsjbufmzbsujdvmbufe!up!qspwjef!wjtvbm!joufsftu-!tibepx!mjoft!boe!bwpjet!mbshf vocsplfo!xbmm!qmboft/!!Tfdujpo!9/5/3/4!)qbhf9.27*qspwjeft!npsf!tqfdjgjdt!gps!Xbmm!Tvsgbdf!Dsjufsjb- uibu!epft!opu!bmmpx!gps!b!”wfsujdbm!xbmm!gbdf!hsfbufs!uibo!46!gffu!po!b!cvjmejoh!xjuipvu!b!tfdpoebsz ipsj{poubm!tufq!jo!uif!cvjmejoh!gbdf!)uif!ipsj{poubm!tufq!nbz!cf!b!dboujmfwfs!ps!b!tfucbdl*†!b!ejtubodf pg!bu!mfbtu!35•!gps!uijt!npwfnfou•/ C/!Fmfwbujpot/!Uif!fmfwbujpot!gps!Fwfshsffo!tipx!uif!xftu!tjef!bt!b!gmbu!xbmm!xjuipvu!bipsj{poubm tufq!voujm!uif!7ui!boe!8ui!gmppst/!Uif!fmfwbujpo!cfuxffo!hspvoe!boe!cbtf!pg!7ui!gmpps!jt!58!gffu-!xijdi fydffet!uif!46!gffu!jo!Tfdujpo!9/5/3/4!boe!ju!tipvme!cf!opufe!uibu!uif!b!mbshf!qpsujpo!pg!uif!7ui!gmpps jt!bmtp!qbsu!pg!uif!vocsplfo!xbmm!qmbof/!Ju!tipvme!cf!opufe!uibu!nptu!pg!uif!3oe!gmpps!boe!bcpwf!ibwf cbmdpoz!pwfsiboht-!ipxfwfs!uifsf!jt!op!ipsj{poubm!tufq!jo!uif!xbmm!cfuxffo!uiftf!cbmdpojft-!bmtp!uif qspqptfe!bwfsbhf!3!cfesppn!voju!tj{f!jt!bspvoe!2-511!tr!gu-!tp!uifsf!jt!bcjmjuz!up!nblf!tpnf!vojut tnbmmfs!jo!psefs!up!qspwjef!b!csplfo!xbmm!qmbof/! D/!!Sppg!Gpsn!/!!Tfdujpo!6/2:/9!pg!uif!MSNQ!tubuft!uibu!uif!Fwfshsffo!tibmm!ibwf!”dpnqmjnfoubsz sppg!gpsnt•!up!uif!WWND-!Mjcsbsz!boe!Epctpo!Bsfob/!!Uif!qsjnbsz!sjehf!pg!uif!mjcsbsz!jt!b!qjudife sppg-!uif!Epctpo!Bsfob!ibt!b!qjudife!sppg!boe!fwfo!b!qpsujpo!pg!WWND!gbdjoh!uif!xftu!ibt!b!qjudife sppg!)Tufbenbo!Dmjojd*/!Tfdujpo!9/5/3/8!)qbhf!9.3:*!sfrvjsft!uibu!uif!qsjnbsz!sppg!up!cf 5 qsfepnjobufmzhbcmft!boe!ijqt/!Pomztfdpoebszsppgt!)mftt!uibo!611!tg*!dbo!cf!gmbu/!Qbhf!9.41!tubuft uibu!uif!sppg!qjudi!nvtu!cf!cfuxffo!7;23!up!23;23/ Uif!Fwfshsffo!qmbot!tipx!uif!foujsf!sppg!jt!gmbu!xjui!op!buufnqu!up!tipxbozqpsujpo!pg!uif!sppg!bt qjudife-!xibu!uif!ofbscz!sfgfsfodfe!qspqfsujft!ep/!!Uif!qmbot!bmtp!efubjm!uibu!po!uif!qspqptfe!gmbu sppgt-!uifsfxjmm!qvcmjd!bsfbt!jodmvejoh!b!qppm!bsfb!uibu!xpvme!dsfbuf!opjtf!jnqbdut!uibu!ibwf!opu!cffo bobmz{fe!jo!uif!FJS/!!Bmtp-!qbsu!pg!uif!gmbu!sppgt!xjmm!cf!mboetdbqfe-!boe!Fwfshsffo!jt!jnqspqfsmz bddpvoujoh!sppgupq!mboetdbqjoh!jo!uifjs!mboetdbqfe!bsfb!dbmdvmbujpot-!tjodf!mboetdbqfe!bsfb!jt tvqqptfe!up!cf!hspvoe!mfwfm/! E/!!Cbmdpojft/!!Tfdujpo!9/5/3/7!pg!uif!MSNQ!qspwjeft!eftjho!tqfdjgjdbujpot!gps!cbmdpojft!boe!po!qbhf 9.3:!ju!efubjmt!uifbmmpxfe!nbufsjbmt!gps!cbmdpojft!boe!tubuft!”Nbufsjbmt!tvdi!bt!hmbtt-!qmbtujd-!qjqf sbjmt-!boe!nfubm!qbofmt!bsf!tuspohmz!ejtdpvsbhfe/• Uif!fmfwbujpot!gps!Fwfshsffo!tipx!uibu!nptu!pg!uif!cbmdpojft!po!uif!xftu!tjef!xjmm!ibwf!hmbtt sbjmjoht-!xijdi!ep!opu!nffu!uif!MSNQ!eftjho!tqfdjgjdbujpot/!!Ju!tipvme!bmtp!cf!opufe!uibu!uif!FJS qsfqbsfe!gps!uif!qspkfdu!eje!opu!bobmz{f!hmbsf!jnqbdut!dsfbufe!gspn!uif!hmbtt!cbmdpojft/! F/!Xjoepxt!boe!Eppst/!Tfdujpo!9/5/3/6!pg!uif!MSNQ!qspwjeft!tqfdjgjdbujpot!gps!eppst!boe!xjoepxt boe!tubuft!uibu!fyufsjps!eppst!boe!xjoepxt!”tibmm!cf!usfbufe!bt!sfdfttfe!fmfnfout!jo!nbtt!xbmmt!pg tupof-!dpodsfuf-!ps!tuvddp-!sbuifs!uibo!gmvti!tvsgbdft!po!uifn/•!Po!qbhf!9.37!ju!efubjmt!uibu!xjoepxt tibmm!cf!”eftjhofe!xjui!efdpsbujwf!usjn!boe!tjmmt-!ps!ifbwz!tusvduvsbm!gsbnft-!tp!uifz!ep!opu!bqqfbs bt!”qvodi.pvut•!xjuijo!uiptf!nbufsjbmt/• Uif!fmfwbujpot!gps!Fwfshsffo!tipx!uibu!uif!nbkpsjuz!pg!uif!xftu!xbmm!xjmm!cf!hmbtt!xjui!nfubm!gsbnfe pggjdf.tuzmf!gmpps!up!dfjmjoh!xjoepxt!boe!eppst-!xjui!op!efdpsbujwf!usjn!ps!tjmmt!bspvoe!uif!xjoepxt boe!eppst-!xijdi!epft!opu!nffu!uif!MSNQ!eftjho!!tuboebset/!!Bmtp-!uif!FJS!eje!opu!bobmz{f!uif!hmbsf uibu!xpvme!cf!dsfbufe!gspn!uif!xftu!xbmm!uibu!jt!nptumz!hmbtt/ G/!Xbmlxbzboe!Sftubvsbout/!Tfdujpo!6/2:!pg!uif!MSNQ!)qbhf!6.64*!efubjmt!uibu!bsfuxp!fyjtujoh sftubvsbout!boe!uifo!efubjmt!pqqpsuvojujft!gps!gvuvsf!jnqspwfnfout/!!Uifsf!jt!op!sfgfsfodf!up sfnpwjoh!uif!uxp!sftubvsbout!jo!uijt!Tfdujpo/!!Tfdujpo!6/2:/2!efubjmt!uif!fyjtujoh!qbui!gspn!Epctpo Bsfob!uispvhi!uif!Fbtu!Wbjm!qspqfsuz!boe!po!upq!pg!qbhf!6.65!ju!tubuft!”uif!fyjtujoh!hsbwfm!qbui!bmpoh uif!tpvuifsmz!fehf!pg!uif!tjuf!cf!jnqspwfe!boe!sfhvmbsmz!nbjoubjofe/•! Uif!Fwfshsffo!qmbot!tipx!uibu!uifzbsf!sfnpwjoh!uif!uxp!sftubvsbout!boe!uifz!bsf!ibwjoh!uif!qbui foe!bu!uif!xftu!fehf!pg!uif!cvjmejoh/!!Tjodf!uif!qspqptfe!tusvduvsf!xpvme!opu!dpoubjo!bozsfubjm!ps sftubvsbout-!ju!dbo!sfbtpobcmz!cf!bttvnfe!uibu!uifsf!xjmm!cf!sftusjdufe!bddftt!up!uif!Fwfshsffo cvjmejoh-!xijdi!xjmm!opu!bmmpx!gps!uif!qvcmjd!up!xbml!uisv!uif!cvjmejoh/!!Uijt!xjmm!sftusjdu!uif!nptu ejsfdu!qbui!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!sftjefout!boe!hvftut!ibwf!up!WWND!boe!xjmm!bmtp!sfnpwf!uif!uxp ofbsftu!sftubvsbout!up!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm!boe!Epctpo!Jdf!Bsfob!)xf!pgufo!tff!ipdlfz!ufbnt-!fud//!hp up!uif!Fwfshsffo!sftubvsbout!bgufs!qsbdujdft!ps!hbnft*/!!Xjuipvu!qspwjejoh!qvcmjd!bddftt-!bu!mfbtu!up uif!hspvoe!gmpps!uif!ofx!Fwfshsffo!tusvduvsf-!xjmm!foe!vq!dsfbujohb!mbshf!cbssjfs!cfuxffo!Mjpotifbe 6 boe!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf-!xijdi!jt!uif!pqqptjuf!pg!uif!hpbmt!qspwjefe!jo!uif!MSNQ/ JW/!!Fowjsponfoubm!Jttvft/ Jo!beejujpo!up!uif!bgpsftbje!eftjho!jttvft-!xf!bsf!fyusfnfmzdpodfsofe!xjui!uifbewfstf!jnqbdut!pg uif!Fwfshsffo!SE!po!Njeemf!Dsffl!uibu!jt!mpdbufe!bmpoh!uif!fbtu!mpu!mjof!pg!Wbjm!Joufsobujpobm/!! W/!Upxo!pg!Wbjm!Sfgfsfodf!Nbufsjbmt!Sfmbufe!Up!WJDPB!Dpodfsot; !!!!!!!!!!!!B/!!Wbjm!Upxo!Dpvodjm!Nffujoh!Njovuft!.!Uvftebz-!Efdfncfs!26-!3126< C/!!Mboe!Usbef!Nbq!Ebufe!Efdfncfs!26-!3126< D/!!Wbjm!Upxo!Dpvodjm!Nffujoh!Njovuft!.!Uvftebz!Kbovbsz!6-!3127<!boe- E/!!Mjpotifbe!Sfefwfmpqnfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!Bepqufe!Efdfncfs!26-!2::9!boe !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Vqebufe!Efdfncfs!3:-!3128/ 7 TO: Planning and Environmental Commission FROM: Community Development Department DATE: April 11, 2022 SUBJECT: A request for an amendment to a Conditional Use Permit, pursuant to Section 12-16-10, Amendment Procedures, Vail Town Code, to allow for the enlargement of a second story outdoor dining deck, located at 298 Hanson Ranch Road/Lot C, Block 2, Vail Village Filing 1, and setting forth details in regard thereto. (PEC22-0011) Applicant: Vista Bahn Building LLC, represented by Mauriello Planning Group Planner: Jamie Leaman-Miller I. SUMMARY The applicant, Vista Bahn Building LLC, represented by Mauriello Planning Group, is requesting an amendment to an existing Conditional Use Permit, pursuant to Section 12-16-10, Amendment Procedures, Vail Town Code, to allow for the enlargement of the second story Almresi Restaurant outdoor dining deck. ined in Section VIII of this memorandum and the evidence and testimony presented, the Community Development Department recommends approval, with conditions of this application subject to the findings noted in Section VIII of this memorandum. For narrative (Attachment B), and the proposed plans (Attachment C). II. DESCRIPTION OF REQUEST The applicant, Vista Bahn Building LLC, represented by Mauriello Planning Group, is requesting an amendment to an existing Conditional Use Permit, pursuant to Section 12-16-10, Amendment Procedures, Vail Town Code, to allow for the enlargement of the second story Almresi Restaurant outdoor dining deck. The Almresi Restaurant is located on the second level of the Gondola Haus. The existing outdoor dining deck is 228 square feet, with 79 square feet located in the Hanson Ranch Road right-of-way. The applicant proposes enlarging this deck an additional 310 square feet around the northeast corner of the building, with an additional 44 square foot encroachment into the right-of-way. The expanded deck will accommodate 34 seats and provide additional year-round outdoor seating. III. BACKGROUND The Vista Bahn Building was constructed in 1997 and includes retail, restaurant and residential uses. According to the Official Zoning Map of the Town of Vail, the Vista Bahn Building parcel is located within the Commercial Core 1 (CC1) District. The existing deck 1995. Since then, multiple Conditional Use Permits for outdoor dining have been approved in the Gondola Haus, most recently in 2016 for a first level outdoor dining patio along Hanson Ranch Road. In September of 2021, the Vail Town Council approved the permission to proceed for this application. IV. APPLICABLE PLANNING DOCUMENTS SECTION 12-7B COMMERCIAL CORE 1 (CC1) (in part) SECTION 12-7B-1: PURPOSE: The commercial core 1 district is intended to provide sites and to maintain the unique character of the Vail Village commercial area, with its mixture of lodges and commercial establishments in a predominantly pedestrian environment. The commercial core 1 district is intended to ensure adequate light, air, open space, and other amenities appropriate to the permitted types of buildings and uses. The zoning regulations in accordance with the Vail Village urban design guide plan and design considerations prescribe site development standards that are intended to ensure the maintenance and preservation of the tightly clustered arrangements of buildings fronting on pedestrianways and public greenways, and to ensure continuation of the building scale and architectural qualities that distinguish the village. 12-7B-20: VAIL VILLAGE URBAN DESIGN PLAN: A. Adoption: The Vail Village urban design guide plan and design considerations are adopted for the purposes of maintaining and preserving the character and vitality of the Vail Village (CC1) and to guide the future alteration, change and improvement in the CC1 district. Copies of the Vail Village design guide plan and design considerations shall be on file in the department of community development. VAIL LAND USE PLAN (in part) KEY GOALS 1. General Growth / Development 1.3. The quality of development should be maintained and upgraded whenever possible. Town of Vail Page 2 3. Commercial 3.4. Commercial growth should be concentrated in existing commercial areas to accommodate both local and visitor needs 4. Village Core / Lionshead 4.1. Future commercial development should continue to occur primarily in existing commercial areas. Future commercial development in the Core areas needs to be carefully controlled to facilitate access and delivery. 4.3 The ambiance of the Village is important to the identity of Vail and should be preserved. (Scale, alpine character, small town feeling, mountains, natural settings, intimate size, cosmopolitan feeling, environmental quality.) VAIL VILLAGE MASTER PLAN (in part) GOAL #1 ENCOURAGE HIGH QUALITY, REDEVELOPMENT WHILE PRESERVING UNIQUE ARCHITECTURAL SCALE OF THE VILLAGE IN ORDER TO SUSTAIN ITS SENSE OF COMMUNITY AND IDENTITY. Objective 1.2: Encourage the upgrading and redevelopment of residential and commercial facilities. GOAL #2 TO FOSTER A STRONG TOURIST INDUSTRY AND PROMOTE YEAR-AROUND ECONOMIC HEALTH AND VIABILITY FOR THE VILLAGE AND FOR THE COMMUNITY AS A WHOLE. Objective 2.2: Recognize the importance of Vail Village as a mixed use center of activities for our guests, visitors and residents. Policy 2.2.1: The design criteria in the Vail Village Urban Design Guide Plan shall be the primary guiding document to preserve the existing architectural scale and character of the core area of Vail Village. Objective 2.4: Encourage the development of a variety of new commercial activity where compatible with existing land uses. GOAL #3 TO RECOGNIZE AS A TOP PRIORITY THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE WALKING EXPERIENCE THROUGHOUT THE VILLAGE Policy 3.1.1: Private development projects shall incorporate streetscape improvements (such as paver treatments, landscaping, lighting and seating areas), along adjacent pedestrian ways. Objective 3.3: Encourage a wide variety of activities, events, and street life along pedestrian ways and plazas. Town of Vail Page 3 Policy 3.3.2: Outdoor dining is an important streetscape feature and shall be encouraged in commercial infill or redevelopment projects. VAIL VILLAGE URBAN DESIGN GUIDE PLAN (in part) DECKS AND PATIOS Dining decks and patios, when properly designed and sited, bring people to the streets, opportunities to look and be looked at, and generally contribute to the liveliness of a busy street, making a richer pedestrian experience than if those streets were empty. A review of successful decks/patios in Vail reveals several common characteristics: - elevated feet to give views into the pedestrian walk (and not the reverse) - physical separation from pedestrian walk to (planter better than a wall) overhang gives pedestrian scale/ shelter. V. SITE ANALYSIS Address: 298 Hanson Ranch Rd Legal Description: Lot C, Block 2, Vail Village Filing 1 Zoning: Commercial Core 1 Land Use Plan Designation: Village Master Plan Current Land Use: Village Master Plan Hazards: N/A VI. SURROUNDING LAND USES AND ZONING Existing Land Use Zoning District North: Village Master Plan Commercial Core 1 South: Village Master Plan Agriculture and Open Space East: Village Master Plan Agriculture and Open Space West: Village Master Plan Commercial Core 1 VII.REVIEW CRITERIA Section 12-16-6: CRITERIA; FINDINGS Before acting on a Conditional Use Permit application, the Planning and Environmental Commission shall consider the following factors with respect to the proposed use: 1. Relationship and impact of the use on the development objectives of the Town. The Community Development Department finds the proposed use to be consistent with the development objectives of the town. This proposal furthers multiple Town goals and objectives as shown in Section IV of this memorandum. The Community Development Department finds this criterion to be met. Town of Vail Page 4 2. The effect of the use on light and air, distribution of population, transportation facilities, utilities, schools, parks and recreation facilities, and other public facilities needs. The proposed deck expansion will have no negative effects on distribution of population, transportation facilities, and utilities and schools. Additional noise generated by this proposal is subject to compliance with Title 5, Vail Town Code. The proposed encroachment of just under four feet into the right-of-way is not greater than the existing encroachment of the present deck. The proposed expansion may impact lighting in the pedestrian way but not to a significant degree from what is existing. The Community Development Department finds this criterion to be met. 3. Effect upon traffic with particular reference to congestion, automotive and pedestrian safety and convenience, traffic flow and control, access, maneuverability, and removal of snow from the street and parking areas. As the proposed deck is on the second story there will be minimal impact on pedestrian safety and convenience. The proposed new decking does not extend further into the right-of-way than what is existing and maintains space within the existing platted right-of-way- for emergency vehicles, pedestrians, bicyclists and other users. The Department of Public Works and the Fire Department has reviewed this application with these considerations in mind. The Community Development Department finds this criterion to be met. 4. Effect upon the character of the area in which the proposed use is to be located, including the scale and bulk of the proposed use in relation to surrounding uses. Staff finds the proposed outdoor patio will have a positive effect on the character of the area, furthering the outdoor dining culture that has been established within Vail Village. There are multiple outdoor dining opportunities in the immediate area, including previous Conditional Use approvals in the same building. Furthermore, the deck expansion does not involve an increase in site coverage or GRFA of the structure. The Community Development Department finds this criterion to be met. 5. Such other factors and criteria as the commission deems applicable to the proposed use. This proposal is also subject to Design Review Board approval to ensure compliance with Design Review Guidelines and relevant planning documents. The proposed acrylic winter enclosure is not an approved material and will be addressed in the design review process. 6. The environmental impact report concerning the proposed use, if an environmental impact report is required by Chapter 12 of this title. An environmental impact report is not required by Chapter 12. This project will not significantly change the environment in the surrounding area. Town of Vail Page 5 VIII.RECOMMENDATION The Community Development Department recommends the Planning and Environmental Commission approve, with conditions the Conditional Use Permit to allow for the enlargement of a second story dining deck. This recommendation is based upon the review of the criteria outlined in Section VII of this memorandum and the evidence and testimony presented. Should the Planning and Environmental Commission choose to approve this Conditional Use Permit request, the Community Development Department recommends the Commission passes the following motion: ission approves this request for a Conditional Use Permit, pursuant to Section 12-16-10, Amendment Procedures, Vail Town Code, to allow for the enlargement of a second story outdoor dining deck, located at 298 Hanson Ranch Road Lot C, Block 2, Vail Village Filing 1 (PEC22-0011). Should the Planning and Environmental Commission choose to approve, with conditions, this conditional use request, the Community Development Department recommends the Commission applies the following conditions: 1. Approval of this Conditional Use is contingent upon the applicant obtaining Town of Vail design review approval for this proposal. 2. The new structural column and foundation shall be placed fully on private property. Should the Planning and Environmental Commission choose to approve this Conditional Use Permit request, the Community Development Department recommends the Commission makes the following findings: the Planning and Environmental Commission dated April 11, 2022 and the evidence and testimony presented, the Planning and Environmental Commission finds: 1. The proposed Conditional Use Permit is in accordance with the purposes of the Commercial Core 1 District (CC1). 2. The proposed location of the use and the conditions under which it will be operated or maintained are not detrimental to the public health, safety, or welfare or materially injurious to properties or improvements in the vicinity. 3. The proposed Conditional Use Permit complies with each of the applicable provisions of Chapter 12-16, Conditional Use Permits IX. ATTACHMENTS A. Vicinity Map B. Applicant Narrative, 4-11-2022 C. Proposed Plans, 4-11-2022 Town of Vail Page 6 HPOEPMB!IBVT BNFOENFOUUPBDPOEJUJPOBMVTF QFSNJUGPSPVUEPPSEJOJOHEFDL FYQBOTJPO Tvcnjuufe!up!uif!Upxo!pg!Wbjm;!! Nbsdi!25-!3133 Jouspevdujpo Sfnpopw!boe!Dpnqboz!jt!sfrvftujoh!bo! bnfoenfou!up!bo!fyjtujoh!dpoejujpobm!vtf! qfsnju!up!bmmpx!gps!uif!fyqbotjpo!pg!uif! tfdpoe!gmpps!efdl!bu!uif!Hpoepmb!Ibvt! )gpsnfsmz!uif!Wjtub!Cbio!Cvjmejoh*-!mpdbufe! bu!3:9!Ibotpo!Sbodi!Spbe/!!Uif!tfdpoe! mfwfm!pg!uif!Hpoepmb!Ibvt!jt!pddvqjfe!cz! uif!sftubvsbou!Bmnsftj/!!Up!cvjme!vqpo!uif! tvddftt!pg!uif!sftubvsbou-!uif!bqqmjdbou!jt! mppljoh!up!fyqboe!uif!efdl!up! bddpnnpebuf!bqqspyjnbufmz!45!tfbut/!!B! qpsujpo!pg!uif!fyjtujoh!tfdpoe!gmpps!efdl!jt! mpdbufe!pwfs!Upxo!qspqfsuz!xijdi!xbt! psjhjobmmz!bqqspwfe!xjui!uif! sfefwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!cvjmejoh!jo!2::6/!! Bmpoh!xjui!fyqboejoh!uif!efdl-!uif! beejujpo!xpvme!qspwjef!bo!beejujpobm!tnbmm! bsfb!pg!bqqspyjnbufmz!55!tr/!gu/!pwfs!Upxo! qspqfsuz!)Ibotpo!Sbodi!Spbe!sjhiu.pg. Uif!tvckfdu!qspqfsuz!jt!mpdbufe!bu!3:9!Ibotpo!Sbodi!Spbe/!!Uif! xbz*/!!Uif!qspqptbm!puifsxjtf!dpnqmjft efdl!fyqbotjpo!jt!qspqptfe!gps!uif!Bmnsftj!Sftubvsbou/!! xjui!bmm!efwfmpqnfou!tuboebset!pg!uif! Upxo!Dpef!boe!uif!fyqbotjpo!xjmm!opu! joufsgfsf!xjui!qfeftusjbo!ps!wfijdvmbs!usbggjd! po!Ibotpo!Sbodi!Spbe/!! Uif!hpbm!pg!fyqboejoh!uif!efdl!jt!up! qspwjef!beejujpobm!pvuepps!tfbujoh!uibu! dbo!cf!vtfe!zfbs.spvoe/!!Xjui!uif! mjohfsjoh!dibmmfohft!boe!volopxot!pg!uif! DPWJE!qboefnjd-!nboz!sftubvsbou!qbuspot! qsfgfs!pvuepps!ejojoh!pqujpot/!!Uif! fyjtujoh!efdl!ibt!ibe!mjnjufe!tvddftt!evf! up!jut!tnbmm!tj{f!boe!gvodujpobmjuz/!!Uif! pxofst!pg!Bmnsftj!cfmjfwf!uijt!xjmm!gvsuifs!uifjs!tvddftt/!!Uif!jodsfbtfe!efdl!bsfb!xjmm!bee!up! uif!wjcsbodf!boe!fdpopnjd!tubcjmjuz!pg!uif!Upxo!xijmf!bmtp!bjejoh!jo!uif!tvddftt!pg!bo! ftubcmjtife!mpdbm!cvtjoftt/!Uif!qspqptfe!dpwfsjoh!pg!uif!efdl!bmmpxt!gps!hsfbufs!nvmuj. tfbtpobm!vtf/!!Beejujpobmmz-!uif!eftjho!bmmpxt!gps!sfnpwbcmf!bdszmjd!qbofmt!gps!xfbuifs! qspufdujpo!pg!uif!tfbujoh!bsfb/ Uif!sfwjfx!qspdftt!jodmveft!bo!bnfoenfou!up!uif!fyjtujoh!dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju!boe!b! Eftjho!Sfwjfx!Cpbse!bqqmjdbujpo!gps!uif!sfwjfx!pg!uif!eftjho!pg!uif!efdl!fyqbotjpo/! 1 Bsfb!pg!fyjtujoh!fodspbdinfou! joup!uif!Ibotpo!Sbodi!Spbe! Fyufout!pg!Fyjtujoh!Pvuepps! sjhiu.pg.xbz!)8:!tr/!gu/* Ejojoh!Efdl!)339!tr/!gu/* Beejujpobm!55!tr/!gu/!pg!qspqptfe! fodspbdinfou!joup!sjhiu.pg.xbz Qspqptfe!421!tr/!gu/!beejujpo!up! Pvuepps!Ejojoh!Efdl 2 Cbdlhspvoe Uif!fyjtujoh!pvuepps!ejojoh!efdl!po!uif!Ibotpo!Sbodi!Spbe!gspoubhf!xbt!qbsu!pg!uif!psjhjobm! Qmboojoh!boe!Fowjsponfoubm!Dpnnjttjpo!bqqspwbm!pg!uif!Hpoepmb!Ibvt!jo!2::6/!!Uif!efdl! xbt!dpotusvdufe!tmjhiumz!ejggfsfou!uibo!xbt!tipxo!po!uif!Qmboojoh!boe!Fowjsponfoubm! Dpnnjttjpo!qmbo!tfu!bt!ju!xbt!sfgjofe!cz!uif!Eftjho!Sfwjfx!Cpbse!tvctfrvfou!up!QFD! bqqspwbm/ Qmbo!gspn!uif!2::6!Qmboojoh!boe!Fowjsponfoubm!Dpnnjttjpo!Sfwjfx!pg!uif!Hpoepmb!Ibvt/!!Uif!pvuepps!ejojoh!efdl! dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju!xbt!bqqspwfe!xjui!uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!uif!cvjmejoh/ Vosfmbufe!up!uif!psjhjobm!efdl-!jo!3111!uif!Qmboojoh!boe!Fowjsponfoubm!bqqspwfe!b! dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju!gps!bo!pvuepps!ejojoh!efdl!po!uif!tlj!zbse!tjef!pg!uif!Hpoepmb!Ibvt/!!! Jo!3115-!uifsf!xbt!bo!bqqspwbm!gps!bo!beejujpobm!pvuepps!ejojoh!efdl!po!uif!tpvui!tjef! bttpdjbufe!xjui!uif!Ubq!Sppn!boe!Tboduvbsz/!!Gspn!uif!gjmft-!ju!bqqfbst!uibu!uif!qfsnju! fyqjsfe!boe!uibu!efdl!xbt!opu!dpotusvdufe/!!Mbtumz-!b!dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju!gps!bo!pvuepps! ejojoh!qbujp!xbt!bqqspwfe!bu!uif!gjstu!mfwfm!bu!uif!Ibotpo!Sbodi!Spbe!gspoubhf!jo!3127/!! B!qpsujpo!pg!uif!fyjtujoh!efdl!jt!po!uif!UpxoÉt!Ibotpo!Sbodi!Spbe!sjhiu.pg.xbz/!!Uif! qspqptfe!efdl!xjmm!jodsfbtf!uif!bsfb!xjuijo!uif!UpxoÉt!sjhiu.pg.xbz!cz!55!tr/!gu/!!Po! Tfqufncfs!32-!3132-!uif!Upxo!Dpvodjm!wpufe!vobojnpvtmz!up!bqqspwf!uif!bqqmjdbouÉt!sfrvftu! 3 up!qspdffe!uispvhi!uif!UpxoÉt!sfwjfx!qspdftt-!xijdi!jodmveft!uijt!tvcnjuubm!gps!bo! bnfoenfou!up!uif!dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju!boe!b!Eftjho!Sfwjfx!Cpbse!bqqmjdbujpo/! Jg!bqqspwfe!cz!uif!QFD!boe!uif!ESC-!uif!bqqmjdbou!xjmm!cf!sfrvjsfe!up!pcubjo!bo!fbtfnfou!ps! mjdfotf!gspn!uif!Upxo!Dpvodjm!up!vtf!uif!bjs!sjhiut!bcpwf!uif!UpxoÉt!sjhiu.pg.xbz/! 4 \[pojoh!Bobmztjt! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!ubcmf!jt!qspwjefe!up!efnpotusbuf!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif!tuboebset!pg!uif! Dpnnfsdjbm!Dpsf!2!\[pof!Ejtusjdu;! TuboebseBmmpxfe!cz!DD2Qspqptfe Tfucbdlt!)Gspou-!Tjef-!Sfbs*Op!sfrvjsfe!tfucbdltBeejujpobm!efdl!bsfb!pg!bqqspyjnbufmz! 55!tr/!gu/!jo!uif!UpxoÉt!sjhiu!pg!xbz-! epft!opu!fyufoe!boz!gvsuifs!uibo!uif! fyjtujoh!efdl/ Tusfbn!Tfucbdl 41!gu/!tfucbdl!gspn!dfoufsmjof!pg!Njmm!Nbyjnvn!pg!6!gu/!efdl!qspkfdujpo!joup! Dsffl-!efdlt!nbz!qspkfdu!6!gu/!joup!tusfbn!tfucbdl tfucbdl! Tjuf!Dpwfsbhf 91&!pg!tjuf!bsfbQspqptfe!sppgfe!bsfb!pwfs!efdl!epft! opu!bee!up!tjuf!dpwfsbhf!bt!uifsf!jt! cbtfnfou!mfwfm!cfmpx 5 Dsjufsjb!gps!Sfwjfx;!!! Bnfoenfou!up!b!Dpoejujpobm!Vtf!Qfsnju! Bt!joejdbufe!bcpwf-!uifsf!jt!bo!fyjtujoh!pvuepps!ejojoh!efdl!dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju!jttvfe!gps! uif!Hpoepmb!Ibvt!gps!uif!dvssfou!efdl/!!Bt!b!sftvmu-!uif!qspdftt!up!fyqboe!uif!efdl!jt!bo! bnfoenfou!up!uif!fyjtujoh!dpoejujpot!vtf!qfsnju/!!Tfdujpo!23.27.21;!BNFOENFOU! QSPDFEVSFT-!qspwjeft!uif!qspdftt!boe!sfwjfx!dsjufsjb!gps!bo!bnfoenfou;! B/Uif!benjojtusbups!nbz!bqqspwf!bnfoenfout!up!bo!fyjtujoh!dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju! )jodmvejoh-!cvu!opu!mjnjufe!up-!beejujpot!up!cvjmejoht!boe!tusvduvsft!bttpdjbufe!xjui! uif!vtf-!dibohft!up!uif!pqfsbujpo!pg!uif!vtf-!dibohft!up!uif!qsfwjpvt!dpoejujpot!pg! bqqspwbm-!fud/*!jg!uif!benjojtusbups!efufsnjoft!uif!bnfoenfou!nffut!uif!gpmmpxjoh! dsjufsjb;! 2/Uif!bnfoenfou!jt!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!bmm!bqqmjdbcmf!fmfnfout!pg!uijt!dpef! boe!uif!Wbjm!dpnqsfifotjwf!qmbo<!boe! 3/Uif!bnfoenfou!epft!opu!bmufs!uif!cbtjd!dibsbdufs!ps!joufou!pg!uif!psjhjobm! dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju<!boe! 4/Uif!bnfoenfou!xjmm!opu!bewfstfmz!bggfdu!uif!qvcmjd!ifbmui-!tbgfuz-!boe! xfmgbsf/! C/Bmm!bnfoenfout!up!bo!fyjtujoh!dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju!opu!nffujoh!uif!bcpwf!mjtufe! dsjufsjb-!bt!efufsnjofe!cz!uif!benjojtusbups-!tibmm!cf!sfwjfxfe!cz!uif!qmboojoh!boe! fowjsponfoubm!dpnnjttjpo!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!qspdfevsft!eftdsjcfe!jo!tfdujpo! 23.27.6!pg!uijt!dibqufs/! Uif!dsjufsjb!bsf!beesfttfe!jo!uif!bobmztjt!qspwjefe!cfmpx;! 2/Uif!bnfoenfou!jt!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!bmm!bqqmjdbcmf!fmfnfout!pg!uijt!dpef!boe!uif!Wbjm! dpnqsfifotjwf!qmbo/! BQQMJDBOU!BOBMZTJT;!!Bt!joejdbufe!jo!uif!\[pojoh!Bobmztjt-!uif!qspqptfe!bnfoenfou! dpnqmjft!xjui!uif!sfrvjsfnfout!pg!uif!Upxo!Dpef/!!Uif!Hpoepmb!Ibvt!jt!{pofe! Dpnnfsdjbm!Dpsf!2-!uif!qvsqptf!pg!xijdi!jt!qspwjefe!cfmpx;! 23.8C.2;!QVSQPTF;!Uif!Dpnnfsdjbm!Dpsf!2!Ejtusjdu!jt!joufoefe!up!qspwjef!tjuft! boe!up!nbjoubjo!uif!vojrvf!dibsbdufs!pg!uif!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!dpnnfsdjbm!bsfb-!xjui!jut! njyuvsf!pg!mpehft!boe!dpnnfsdjbm!ftubcmjtinfout!jo!b!qsfepnjoboumz!qfeftusjbo! fowjsponfou/!Uif!Dpnnfsdjbm!Dpsf!2!Ejtusjdu!jt!joufoefe!up!fotvsf!befrvbuf! mjhiu-!bjs-!pqfo!tqbdf-!boe!puifs!bnfojujft!bqqspqsjbuf!up!uif!qfsnjuufe!uzqft!pg! cvjmejoht!boe!vtft/!Uif!Ejtusjdu!sfhvmbujpot!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf! Vscbo!Eftjho!Hvjef!Qmbo!boe!Eftjho!Dpotjefsbujpot!qsftdsjcf!tjuf! efwfmpqnfou!tuboebset!uibu!bsf!joufoefe!up!fotvsf!uif!nbjoufobodf!boe! qsftfswbujpo!pg!uif!ujhiumz!dmvtufsfe!bssbohfnfout!pg!cvjmejoht!gspoujoh!po! 6 qfeftusjboxbzt!boe!qvcmjd!hsffoxbzt-!boe!up!fotvsf!dpoujovbujpo!pg!uif! cvjmejoh!tdbmf!boe!bsdijufduvsbm!rvbmjujft!uibu!ejtujohvjti!uif!Wjmmbhf/! Uif!bqqmjdbcmf!dpnqsfifotjwf!qmboojoh!epdvnfout!jodmvef!uif!Wbjm!Mboe!Vtf!Qmbo!boe! uif!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!Nbtufs!Qmbo/!!Cpui!epdvnfout!qspwjef!hpbmt!boe!pckfdujwft!uibu!bqqmz! up!uif!qspqptfe!fyqbotjpo!pg!uif!pvuepps!ejojoh!efdl;!! Wbjm!Mboe!Vtf!Qmbo!! Uif!hpbmt!bsujdvmbufe!ifsf!sfgmfdu!uif!eftjsft!pg!uif!djuj{fosz!bt!fyqsfttfe! uispvhi!uif!tfsjft!pg!qvcmjd!nffujoht!uibu!xfsf!ifme!uispvhipvu!uif!qspkfdu/!B! tfu!pg!jojujbm!hpbmt!xfsf!efwfmpqfe!xijdi!xfsf!uifo!tvctuboujbmmz!sfwjtfe!bgufs! ejggfsfou!uzqft!pg!pqjojpot!xfsf!cspvhiu!pvu!jo!uif!tfdpoe!nffujoh/!Uif!hpbm! tubufnfout!xfsf!efwfmpqfe!up!sfgmfdu!b!hfofsbm!dpotfotvt!podf!uif!qvcmjd!ibe! ibe!uif!pqqpsuvojuz!up!sfgmfdu!po!uif!dpodfqut!boe!jefbt!jojujbmmz!qsftfoufe/!Uif! hpbm!tubufnfout!xfsf!uifo!sfwjtfe!uispvhi!uif!sfwjfx!qspdftt!xjui!uif!Ubtl! Gpsdf-!uif!Qmboojoh!boe!Fowjsponfoubm!Dpnnjttjpo!boe!Upxo!Dpvodjm!boe!opx! sfqsftfou!qpmjdz!hvjefmjoft!jo!uif!sfwjfx!qspdftt!gps!ofx!efwfmpqnfou! qspqptbmt/!Uiftf!hpbm!tubufnfout!tipvme!cf!vtfe!jo!dpokvodujpo!xjui!uif! bepqufe!Mboe!Vtf!Qmbo!nbq-!jo!uif!fwbmvbujpo!pg!boz!efwfmpqnfou!qspqptbm/!! Uif!hpbm!tubufnfout!xijdi!bsf!sfgmfdufe!jo!uif!eftjho!pg!uif!qspqptfe!Qmbo!bsf! bt!gpmmpxt;!! 2/!Hfofsbm!Hspxui!0!Efwfmpqnfou! 2/2/!Wbjm!tipvme!dpoujovf!up!hspx!jo!b!dpouspmmfe!fowjsponfou-!nbjoubjojoh! b!cbmbodf!cfuxffo!sftjefoujbm-!dpnnfsdjbm!boe!sfdsfbujpobm!vtft!up!tfswf! cpui!uif!wjtjups!boe!uif!qfsnbofou!sftjefou/!! 2/3/!Uif!rvbmjuz!pg!uif!fowjsponfou!jodmvejoh!bjs-!xbufs!boe!puifs!obuvsbm! sftpvsdft!tipvme!cf!qspufdufe!bt!uif!Upxo!hspxt/!! 2/4/!Uif!rvbmjuz!pg!efwfmpqnfou!tipvme!cf!nbjoubjofe!boe!vqhsbefe! xifofwfs!qpttjcmf/!! 2/5/!Uif!psjhjobm!uifnf!pg!uif!pme!Wjmmbhf!Dpsf!tipvme!cf!dbssjfe!joup!ofx! efwfmpqnfou!jo!uif!Wjmmbhf!Dpsf!uispvhi!dpoujovfe!jnqmfnfoubujpo!pg! uif!Vscbo!Eftjho!Hvjef!Qmbo/!! 4/!Dpnnfsdjbm! 4/5!Dpnnfsdjbm!hspxui!tipvme!cf!dpodfousbufe!jo!fyjtujoh!dpnnfsdjbm! bsfbt!up!bddpnnpebuf!cpui!mpdbm!boe!wjtjups!offet/!! 5/!Wjmmbhf!Dpsf!0!Mjpotifbe! 5/!2/!Gvuvsf!dpnnfsdjbm!efwfmpqnfou!tipvme!dpoujovf!up!pddvs!qsjnbsjmz! jo!fyjtujoh!dpnnfsdjbm!bsfbt/!Gvuvsf!dpnnfsdjbm!efwfmpqnfou!jo!uif!Dpsf! bsfbt!offet!up!cf!dbsfgvmmz!dpouspmmfe!up!gbdjmjubuf!bddftt!boe!efmjwfsz/!! 5/4!Uif!bncjbodf!pg!uif!Wjmmbhf!jt!jnqpsubou!up!uif!jefoujuz!pg!Wbjm!boe! tipvme!cf!qsftfswfe/!)Tdbmf-!bmqjof!dibsbdufs-!tnbmm!upxo!gffmjoh-! 7 npvoubjot-!obuvsbm!tfuujoht-!joujnbuf!tj{f-!dptnpqpmjubo!gffmjoh-! fowjsponfoubm!rvbmjuz/*!! Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!Nbtufs!Qmbo! Uif!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!Nbtufs!Qmbo!jt!cbtfe!po!uif!qsfnjtf!uibu!uif!Wjmmbhf!dbo!cf! qmboofe!boe!eftjhofe/!Uif!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!Nbtufs!Qmbo!jt!joufoefe!up!cf!dpotjtufou! xjui!uif!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!Vscbo!Eftjho!Hvjef!Qmbo-!boe!bmpoh!xjui!uif!Hvjef!Qmbo-!ju! voefstdpsft!uif!jnqpsubodf!pg!uif!sfmbujpotijq!cfuxffo!uif!cvjmu!fowjsponfou! boe!qvcmjd!tqbdft/!Gvsuifsnpsf-!uif!Nbtufs!Qmbo!qspwjeft!b!dmfbsmz!tubufe!tfu!pg! hpbmt!boe!pckfdujwft!pvumjojoh!ipx!uif!Wjmmbhf!xjmm!hspx!jo!uif!gvuvsf/!! Hpbmt!gps!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!bsf!tvnnbsj{fe!jo!tjy!nbkps!hpbm!tubufnfout/!Xijmf!uifsf!jt! b!dfsubjo!bnpvou!pg!pwfsmbq!cfuxffo!uiftf!tjy!hpbmt-!fbdi!gpdvtft!po!bo!btqfdu! pg!uif!Wjmmbhf!boe!uif!dpnnvojuz!bt!b!xipmf/!B!tfsjft!pg!pckfdujwft!pvumjof! tqfdjgjd!tufqt!uibu!dbo!cf!ublfo!upxbse!bdijfwjoh!fbdi!tubufe!hpbm/!Qpmjdz! tubufnfout!ibwf!cffo!efwfmpqfe!up!hvjef!uif!Upxo(t!efdjtjpo.nbljoh!jo! bdijfwjoh!fbdi!pg!uif!tubufe!pckfdujwft/!! Uif!bqqmjdbcmf!tubufe!hpbmt-!pckfdujwft!boe!bdujpo!tufqt!pg!uif!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf! Nbtufs!Qmbo!bsf!bt!gpmmpxt;!! HPBM!$2!FODPVSBHF!IJHI!RVBMJUZ-!SFEFWFMPQNFOU!XIJMF! QSFTFSWJOH!VOJRVF!BSDIJUFDUVSBM!TDBMF!PG!UIF!WJMMBHF!JO!PSEFS! UP!TVTUBJO!JUT!TFOTF!PG!DPNNVOJUZ!BOE!JEFOUJUZ/!! Pckfdujwf!2/3;!Fodpvsbhf!uif!vqhsbejoh!boe!sfefwfmpqnfou!pg! sftjefoujbm!boe!dpnnfsdjbm!gbdjmjujft/!! HPBM!$3!UP!GPTUFS!B!TUSPOH!UPVSJTU!JOEVTUSZ!BOE!QSPNPUF!ZFBS. BSPVOE!FDPOPNJD!IFBM!UI!BOE!WJBCJMJUZ!GPS!UIF!WJMMBHF!BOE!GPS! UIF!DPNNVOJUZ!BT!B!XIPMF/!! Pckfdujwf!3/2;!Sfdphoj{f!uif!wbsjfuz!pg!mboe!vtft!gpvoe!jo!uif!22!tvc. bsfbt!uispvhipvu!uif!Wjmmbhf!boe!bmmpx!gps!efwfmpqnfou!uibu!jt! dpnqbujcmf!xjui!uiftf!ftubcmjtife!mboe!vtf!qbuufsot/!! Pckfdujwf!3/3;!Sfdphoj{f!uif!jnqpsubodf!pg!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!bt!b!njyfe.vtf! dfoufs!pg!bdujwjujft!gps!pvs!hvftut-!wjtjupst!boe!sftjefout/!! Qpmjdz!3/3/2;!Uif!eftjho!dsjufsjb!jo!uif!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!Vscbo!Eftjho! Hvjef!Qmbo!tibmm!cf!uif!qsjnbsz!hvjejoh!epdvnfou!up!qsftfswf!uif! fyjtujoh!bsdijufduvsbm!tdbmf!boe!dibsbdufs!pg!uif!dpsf!bsfb!pg!Wbjm! Wjmmbhf/!! Pckfdujwf!3/5;!Fodpvsbhf!uif!efwfmpqnfou!pg!b!wbsjfuz!pg!ofx! dpnnfsdjbm!bdujwjuz!xifsf!dpnqbujcmf!xjui!fyjtujoh!mboe!vtft/!! Qpmjdz!3/5/3;!Bdujwjuz!uibu!qspwjeft!ojhiu!mjgf!boe!fwfojoh! foufsubjonfou!gps!cpui!uif!hvftu!boe!uif!dpnnvojuz!tibmm!cf! fodpvsbhfe/!! 8 Pckfdujwf!3/6;!Fodpvsbhf!uif!dpoujovfe!vqhsbejoh-!sfopwbujpo!boe! nbjoufobodf!pg!fyjtujoh!mpehjoh!boe!dpnnfsdjbm!gbdjmjujft!up!cfuufs!tfswf! uif!offet!pg!pvs!hvftut/!! HPBM!$4!UP!SFDPHOJ\[F!BT!B!UPQ!QSJPSJUZ!UIF!FOIBODFNFOU!PG!UIF! XBMLJOH!FYQFSJFODF!UISPVHIPVU!UIF!WJMMBHF!! Qpmjdz!4/2/2;!Qsjwbuf!efwfmpqnfou!qspkfdut!tibmm!jodpsqpsbuf! tusffutdbqf!jnqspwfnfout!)tvdi!bt!qbwfs!usfbunfout-!mboetdbqjoh-! mjhiujoh!boe!tfbujoh!bsfbt*-!bmpoh!bekbdfou!qfeftusjbo!xbzt/!! Pckfdujwf!4/4;!Fodpvsbhf!b!xjef!wbsjfuz!pg!bdujwjujft-!fwfout-!boe!tusffu! mjgf!bmpoh!qfeftusjbo!xbzt!boe!qmb{bt/!! Qpmjdz!4/4/3;!Pvuepps!ejojoh!jt!bo!jnqpsubou!tusffutdbqf!gfbuvsf! boe!tibmm!cf!fodpvsbhfe!jo!dpnnfsdjbm!jogjmm!ps!sfefwfmpqnfou! qspkfdut/!! Uif!qspqptfe!fyqbotjpo!up!uif!fyjtujoh!pvuepps!ejojoh!efdl!xjmm!qspwjef!mjwfmjoftt! uispvhi!pvuepps!ejojoh!xijdi!jt!bo!jefoujgjfe!efwfmpqnfou!pckfdujwf!pg!uif!Upxo! joufoefe!up!jodsfbtf!bdujwjuz!jo!uif!dpnnfsdjbm!dpsft/!Uif!fyqboefe!pvuepps!ejojoh! efdl!xjmm!qspwjef!bo!foibodfnfou!up!uif!tqbdf!uibu!beet!fofshz!boe!wjubmjuz!up!uif! tusffutdbqf-!dpotjtufou!xjui!Efwfmpqnfou!Pckfdujwf!4/4/!!Uif!fyqbotjpo!pg!uif! pvuepps!ejojoh!efdl!ibt!cffo!eftjhofe!up!dpnqmz!xjui!bmm!bqqmjdbcmf!sfrvjsfnfout!pg! uif!\[pojoh!Dpef/!!Uif!qspqptbm!uifsfgpsf!dpnqmjft!xjui!uijt!dsjufsjpo/! 3/Uif!bnfoenfou!epft!opu!bmufs!uif!cbtjd!dibsbdufs!ps!joufou!pg!uif!psjhjobm!dpoejujpobm! vtf!qfsnju/! BQQMJDBOU!BOBMZTJT;!!Uif! psjhjobm!dpoejujpobm!vtf! qfsnju-!bqqspwfe!bt!qbsu!pg! uif!cvjmejoh!dpotusvdujpo-! bmmpxfe!gps!uif!tfdpoe!gmpps! tqbdf!up!ibwf!bo!pvuepps! ejojoh!efdl/!!Pvuepps!ejojoh! ibt!bmxbzt!cffo!fodpvsbhfe! jo!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf-!up!fomjwfo!uif! tusffutdbqf!boe!jt!dpotjtufou! xjui!uif!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!Nbtufs! Qmbo/!!Uif!qspqptfe! fyqbotjpo!pg!uif!pvuepps! ejojoh!efdl!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui! Uif!Hpoepmb!Ibvt!jt!bo!jdpojd!cvjmejoh!jo!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf-!xjui!uif!Bmnsftj! uijt!psjhjobm!dibsbdufs!boe! Sftubvsbou!dpousjcvujoh!up!uif!mjwfmjoftt!pg!Tfjcfsu!Djsdmf/!! joufou/!!! 9 4/Uif!bnfoenfou!xjmm!opu!bewfstfmz!bggfdu!uif!qvcmjd!ifbmui-!tbgfuz-!boe!xfmgbsf/! BQQMJDBOU!BOBMZTJT;!!Uif!fyqbotjpo!up!uif!pvuepps!ejojoh!efdl!ibt!cffo!eftjhofe! up!dpnqmz!xjui!bmm!sfrvjsfnfout!pg!uif!Wbjm!\[pojoh!Dpef/!!Pof!pg!uif!qsjnbsz!eftjho! dpotjefsbujpot!xbt!nbjoubjojoh!uif!tfucbdl!sfrvjsfnfout!gspn!Njmm!Dsffl/!!Uif! bqqmjdbou!ibt!xpslfe!xjui!uif!Upxo!up!wfsjgz!uibu!bmm!qvcmjd!ifbmui-!tbgfuz-!boe!xfmgbsf! sfrvjsfnfout!ibwf!cffo!nfu/!!! 10 Dsjufsjb!gps!Sfwjfx;!!! Dpoejujpobm!Vtf!Qfsnju! Uif!bqqmjdbou!ibt!bmtp!beesfttfe!uif!dsjufsjb!gps!sfwjfx!pg!b!dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju/!Tfdujpo! 23.27.7;!DSJUFSJB<!GJOEJOHT!qspwjeft!uif!sfwjfx!dsjufsjb!gps!b!dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju;! B/Gbdupst!Fovnfsbufe;!Cfgpsf!bdujoh!po!b!dpoejujpobm!vtf!qfsnju!bqqmjdbujpo-!uif! qmboojoh!boe!fowjsponfoubm!dpnnjttjpo!tibmm!dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!gbdupst!xjui! sftqfdu!up!uif!qspqptfe!vtf;! 2/Sfmbujpotijq!boe!jnqbdu!pg!uif!vtf!po!efwfmpqnfou!pckfdujwft!pg!uif!upxo/! 3/Fggfdu!pg!uif!vtf!po!mjhiu!boe!bjs-!ejtusjcvujpo!pg!qpqvmbujpo-!usbotqpsubujpo! gbdjmjujft-!vujmjujft-!tdippmt-!qbslt!boe!sfdsfbujpo!gbdjmjujft-!boe!puifs!qvcmjd! gbdjmjujft!boe!qvcmjd!gbdjmjujft!offet/! 4/Fggfdu!vqpo!usbggjd-!xjui!qbsujdvmbs!sfgfsfodf!up!dpohftujpo-!bvupnpujwf!boe! qfeftusjbo!tbgfuz!boe!dpowfojfodf-!usbggjd!gmpx!boe!dpouspm-!bddftt-! nbofvwfsbcjmjuz-!boe!sfnpwbm!pg!topx!gspn!uif!tusffut!boe!qbsljoh!bsfbt/! 5/Fggfdu!vqpo!uif!dibsbdufs!pg!uif!bsfb!jo!xijdi!uif!qspqptfe!vtf!jt!up!cf! mpdbufe-!jodmvejoh!uif!tdbmf!boe!cvml!pg!uif!qspqptfe!vtf!jo!sfmbujpo!up! tvsspvoejoh!vtft/! 6/Tvdi!puifs!gbdupst!boe!dsjufsjb!bt!uif!dpnnjttjpo!effnt!bqqmjdbcmf!up!uif! qspqptfe!vtf/! 7/Uif!fowjsponfoubm!jnqbdu!sfqpsu!dpodfsojoh!uif!qspqptfe!vtf-!jg!bo! fowjsponfoubm!jnqbdu!sfqpsu!jt!sfrvjsfe!cz!dibqufs!23!pg!uijt!ujumf/! Uif!dsjufsjb!bsf!beesfttfe!jo!uif!bobmztjt!qspwjefe!cfmpx;! 2/Sfmbujpotijq!boe!jnqbdu!pg!uif!vtf!po!efwfmpqnfou!pckfdujwft!pg!uif!upxo/! BQQMJDBOU!BOBMZTJT;!!Uif!qspqptfe!pvuepps!qbujp!xjmm!qspwjef!mjwfmjoftt!uispvhi! pvuepps!ejojoh!xijdi!jt!bo!jefoujgjfe!efwfmpqnfou!pckfdujwf!pg!uif!Upxo!joufoefe!up! jodsfbtf!bdujwjuz!jo!uif!dpnnfsdjbm!dpsft/!!Ju!xjmm!ibwf!b!qptjujwf!jnqbdu!po!uif! qfeftusjbo!fowjsponfou-!qspwjejoh!bdujwjuz!po!uif!tfdpoe!gmpps/!!Uif!qspqptfe!pvuepps! qbujp!xjmm!qspwjef!bo!foibodfnfou!up!uif!tqbdf!uibu!beet!fofshz!boe!wjubmjuz!up!uif! tusffutdbqf-!dpotjtufou!xjui!Efwfmpqnfou!Pckfdujwf!4/4/!! 3/Fggfdu!pg!uif!vtf!po!mjhiu!boe!bjs-!ejtusjcvujpo!pg!qpqvmbujpo-!usbotqpsubujpo!gbdjmjujft-! vujmjujft-!tdippmt-!qbslt!boe!sfdsfbujpo!gbdjmjujft-!boe!puifs!qvcmjd!gbdjmjujft!boe!qvcmjd! gbdjmjujft!offet/! 11 BQQMJDBOU!BOBMZTJT;!!Evf!up!uif!obuvsf!pg!uif!qspqptbm-!uif!fyqbotjpo!pg!uif! pvuepps!ejojoh!efdl!bu!uif!Hpoepmb!Ibvt!ibt!mjuumf-!jg!boz-!jnqbdu!po!uif!bcpwf! sfgfsfodfe!dsjufsjb/!!Tpnf!bsfbt!cfmpx!uif!efdl!xjmm!cf!xjuijo!uif!tibef!boe!sfdfjwf! mftt!mjhiu/! 4/Fggfdu!vqpo!usbgÑd-!xjui!qbsujdvmbs!sfgfsfodf!up!dpohftujpo-!bvupnpujwf!boe! qfeftusjbo!tbgfuz!boe!dpowfojfodf-!usbgÑd!Òpx!boe!dpouspm-!bddftt-!nbofvwfsbcjmjuz-! boe!sfnpwbm!pg!topx!gspn!uif!tusffut!boe!qbsljoh!bsfbt/! BQQMJDBOU!BOBMZTJT;!!Uif!fyqbotjpo!pg!uif!pvuepps!ejojoh!efdl!mpdbufe!po!uif! tfdpoe!mfwfm!pg!uif!cvjmejoh!xjmm!ibwf!mjuumf!ofhbujwf!fggfdu!po!qfeftusjbo!npwfnfou!ps! tbgfuz!jo!uif!bsfb/!!Uifsf!bsf!op!jnqbdut!up!usbggjd!gmpx/!!Cfdbvtf!uif!tusffu!jt!ifbufe-! sfnpwbm!pg!topx!jt!opu!b!dpodfso/! 5/Fggfdu!vqpo!uif!dibsbdufs!pg!uif!bsfb!jo!xijdi!uif!qspqptfe!vtf!jt!up!cf!mpdbufe-! jodmvejoh!uif!tdbmf!boe!cvml!pg!uif!qspqptfe!vtf!jo!sfmbujpo!up!tvsspvoejoh!vtft/! BQQMJDBOU!BOBMZTJT;!!Uif!qspqptfe!fyqbotjpo!up!uif!fyjtujoh!pvuepps!ejojoh!efdl! xjmm!ibwf!b!qptjujwf!fggfdu!vqpo!uif!dibsbdufs!pg!uif!bsfb-!gvsuifsjoh!uif!pvuepps!ejojoh! dvmuvsf!uibu!ibt!cffo!ftubcmjtife!xjuijo!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf/!Uif!fyqbotjpo!up!uif!pvuepps! efdl!xjmm!bee!mjwfmjoftt-!bdujwjuz!boe!joufsftu!jo!uif!bsfb/!!Pvuepps!ejojoh!ibt!bmxbzt! cffo!bo!jnqpsubou!btqfdu!up!uif!dibsbdufs!pg!uif!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf!boe!jt!dpnnpo!jo!uif! bsfb/!!! Uif!Csjehf!Tusffu!Mpehf-!bekbdfou!up!uif!Hpoepmb!Ibvt-!ipvtft!8!Ifsnjut!boe!Mpt! Bnjhpt-!cpui!pg!xijdi!ibwf!pvuepps!ejojoh!efdlt!boe0ps!qbujpt/!!Sfe!Mjpo-!bdsptt! Ibotpo!Sbodi!Spbe-!bmtp!ibt!pvuepps!ejojoh/!!Ejsfdumz!bdsptt!uif!tusffu!jt!uif!Cjh!Cfbs! Cjtusp-!bmtp!qspwjejoh!pvuepps!ejojoh!jo!uif!bsfb/!!Nboz!pg!uiftf!bmtp!fodspbdi!po!uif! UpxoÉt!sjhiu.pg.xbz/! 8!Ifsnjut!boe!Mpt!Bnjhpt!bsf!mpdbufe!jo!uif!bekbdfou!Csjehf!Tusffu!Mpehf/!!Cpui!pggfs!pvuepps!ejojoh!pqqpsuvojujft!uibu! ibwf!dsfbufe!b!gftujwf!bunptqifsf!jo!uif!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf/!! 12 Uif!Sfe!Mjpo!qspwjeft!pvuepps!ejojoh/!!Uif!pvuepps!qbujp!ibt!ifmqfe!up!bdujwbuf!uif!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf-!dsfbujoh!b!hbuifsjoh!bsfb!gps! mpdbmt!boe!wjtjupst!bmjlf/!! Npsf!sfdfoumz-!uif!Cmbdl!Cfbs!Cjtusp!ibt!fyqboefe!uifjs!pvuepps!ejojoh!pggfsjoht/!!Uif!Ibotpo!Sbodi!Spbe!tusffutdbqf!boe! Tfjcfsu!Djsdmf!bsf!fomjwfofe!cz!uiftf!pvuepps!ejojoh!efdlt!boe0ps!qbujpt/ 6/Tvdi!puifs!gbdupst!boe!dsjufsjb!bt!uif!dpnnjttjpo!effnt!bqqmjdbcmf!up!uif!qspqptfe! vtf/! BQQMJDBOU!BOBMZTJT;!!Uif!bqqmjdbou!dbo!qspwjef!boz!beejujpobm!jogpsnbujpo! sfrvftufe!cz!uif!Tubgg!boe!puifs!sfwjfxjoh!cpbset/! ! 7/Uif!fowjsponfoubm!jnqbdu!sfqpsu!dpodfsojoh!uif!qspqptfe!vtf-!jg!bo!fowjsponfoubm! jnqbdu!sfqpsu!jt!sfrvjsfe!cz!dibqufs!23!pg!uijt!ujumf/! BQQMJDBOU!BOBMZTJT;!!Bo!fowjsponfoubm!jnqbdu!sfqpsu!jt!opu!sfrvjsfe!cz!Dibqufs! 23.23-!Wbjm!Upxo!Dpef<!uifsfgpsf-!uijt!dsjufsjpo!jt!opu!bqqmjdbcmf/!! 13 Dpodmvtjpo! Uif!hpbm!pg!fyqboejoh!uif!efdl!jt!up!qspwjef!beejujpobm!pvuepps!tfbujoh!uibu!dbo!cf!vtfe! zfbs.spvoe!gps!Bmnsftj/!!!Uif!fyjtujoh!efdl!ibt!ibe!mjnjufe!tvddftt!evf!up!jut!tnbmm!tj{f!boe! gvodujpobmjuz/!!Uif!jodsfbtfe!efdl!bsfb!xjmm!bee!up!uif!wjcsbodf!boe!fdpopnjd!tubcjmjuz!pg!uif! Upxo!xijmf!bmtp!bjejoh!jo!uif!tvddftt!pg!bo!ftubcmjtife!mpdbm!cvtjoftt/!!Uif!qspqptfe! dpwfsjoh!pg!uif!efdl!bmmpxt!gps!hsfbufs!nvmuj.tfbtpobm!vtf/!!Uif!qspqptfe!beejujpobm!efdl! bsfb!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!eftjho!pg!uif!Hpoepmb!Ibvt-!vtjoh!nbufsjbmt!boe!dpmpst!pg!uif! fyjtujoh!bsdijufduvsf/!!Uif!qspqptbm!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!dsjufsjb!gps!sfwjfx!pg!b!dpoejujpobm! vtf!qfsnju!gps!bo!pvuepps!ejojoh!efdl!jo!Wbjm!Wjmmbhf-!boe!dpnqmjft!xjui!bmm!puifs!sfrvjsfnfout! pg!uif!Upxo!Dpef/! 14 TO: Planning and Environmental Commission FROM:Community Development Department DATE: April11, 2022 SUBJECT: A request for a recommendation to the Vail Town Council, pursuant to Section 12-3-7, Amendment, Vail Town Code, for prescribed regulations amendments to Title 12, Zoning Regulations and Title 14, Development Standards, Vail Town Code, to amend the regulations on landscaping to clarify how landscaping beneath decks should be considered and setting forth details in regard thereto. (PEC22-0001) Applicant: Town of Vail Planner: Greg Roy I.SUMMARY The applicant, the Town of Vail, is requesting a recommendation of approval to the Vail Town Council for a prescribed regulation amendment pursuant to Section 12-3-7 Amendment, Vail Town Code to amend Section 14-10-8, Landscaping, Drainage, and Erosion Control, Vail Town Code, and Section 12-2-2 Definition Of Words And Terms, Vail Town Code, to amend the regulations on landscaping to clarify how landscaping beneath decks should be considered. Based upon Staff’s review of the criteria outlined in Section VII of this memorandum and the evidence and testimony presented, the Community Development Department recommends a recommendation of approval of this application, subject to the findings noted in Section VIII of this memorandum. II. DESCRIPTION OF REQUEST The applicant requests a recommendation of approval to the Vail Town Council for a prescribed regulation amendment pursuant to Section 12-3-7 Amendment, Vail Town Code to amend Section 14-10-8, Landscaping, Drainage, and Erosion Control, Vail Town Code, and Section 12-2-2 Definition Of Words And Terms, Vail Town Code to amend the regulations on landscaping to clarify how landscaping beneath decks should be consideredand setting forth details in regard thereto. (PEC22-0001) The threemain changes proposed are as follows: Amend the landscaping definitions listed in Town Code to all be the same. Provide a route for the Design Review Board to determine if landscaping underneath a deck serves the purpose of landscaping and whether or not it should be counted towards the minimum amount required. Clarify that the decks that qualify as “core development” mean only on grade decks and not decks at upper levels. III.BACKGROUND The Community Development Department strives for rules and regulations that are consistent, enforceable, predictable and easily understood. The current code language does not address when landscaping underneath a deck should be counted or should not be counted. Staff has been utilizing a reasonableness standard that has resulted in few issues until recently. An application was submitted that included landscaping underneath a deck that was located ten feet back from the front edge of the deck and the height of the deck was nine feet above the landscaping. Staff did not count that area towards the landscaping and provided a determination to the applicant, upon request, stating such. That determination was appealed to the Design Review Board who then overturned the determination. Afterwards, Staff held three meetings with the Design Review Board to try to find a resolution to the issue, but the resulting regulatory proposals were cumbersome and ineffective in a practical sense. Ideas around sun/shade angle or a ratio of height to depth were explored, but all seemed overly complicated and would require multiple factors for review and design. The Board and Staff determined that creating regulations for exceptional cases would be unduly burdensome and therefore the proposed language would be the best solution. The proposed amendment will clarify the rules around these few cases and will be applied consistently and predictably in the future. IV. PROPOSED TEXT AMENDMENT LANGUAGE The applicant proposes the following language to be added to Title 14: The proposed amendments are as follows(text to be deleted is in strikethrough, text that is to be added is bold. Sections of text that are not amended have been omitted.): Proposed new code language 12-2-2 LANDSCAPING: Natural or significant rock outcroppings, native vegetation, planted areas and plant materials, including trees, shrubs, lawns, flowerbeds and ground cover, shall be deemed landscaping together with the core development such as walks, at Town of Vail Page 2 grade decks, patios, terraces, water features, and like features not occupying more than twenty percent (20%) of the landscaped area. 14-2-1 LANDSCAPE AREA: The area of a site not covered by buildings, driveways, and covered walkways. Core development (hardscape) such as walks, decks, patios, terraces, water features, and like features shall also be considered landscape area as long as they do not exceed twenty percent (20%) of the landscape area. See Landscaping LANDSCAPING: P Natural or significant rock outcroppings, native vegetation, p lanted areas and plant materials, including trees, shrubs, lawns, flowerbeds and ground cover,shall be deemed landscaping together with core development such as walks, at grade decks, patios, terraces, water features, and like features not occupying more than twenty percent (20%) of the landscaped area. For the purposes of this title, natural or significant rock outcroppings, trees or native vegetation shall be deemed landscaping in hillside residential, single-family residential, primary/secondary residential, two-family residential, residential cluster, and low density multi-family zone districts. 14-10-8 (F): (F) Landscaping proposed underneath an above grade deck may be counted toward the required minimum landscaping subject to review by the Design Review Board. V. ROLES OF REVIEWING BODIES Order of Review: Generally, text amendment applications will be reviewed by the Planning and Environmental Commission and the Commission will forward a recommendation to the Town Council. The Town Council will then review the text amendment application and make the final decision. Planning and Environmental Commission: The Planning and Environmental Commission is responsible for the review of a text amendment application, pursuant to Section 12-3-7, Amendment, Vail Town Code, and forwarding of a recommendation to the Town Council. Town Council: The Town Council is responsible for final approval, approval with modifications, or denial of a text amendment application, pursuant to Section 12-3-7, Amendment, Vail Town Code. Staff: Town of Vail Page 3 The Town Staff facilitatestheapplication review process. Staff reviews the submitted applicationmaterials forcompleteness andgeneral compliance with the appropriate requirements of the Town Code. Staff also provides the Planning and Environmental Commission a memorandum containing a description and background of the application; an evaluation of the application in regard tothe criteria and findings outlined by the Town Code; and a recommendation of approval, approval with modifications, or denial. VI. APPLICABLE PLANNING DOCUMENTS Staff believes that the following provisions of the Vail Town Code and Vail Land Use Plan are relevant to the review of this proposal: Vail Comprehensive Plan Land Use and Development Goal #1 1.3: The quality of development should be maintained and upgraded whenever possible. Vail 2020 Strategic Plan Goal #1: Vail will continue to manage growth, maintaining a balance between the bulk and mass of residential, commercial and recreational uses to ensure the quality, character, diversity and vitality of the town by ensuring that all regulatory and advisory land use documents are updated and current, providing ease of compliance and enforcement, and uniformity among regulatory and advisory documents. Goal #3: Ensure fairness and consistency in the development review process. Title 12 – Zoning Regulations, Vail Town Code Chapter 12-2, Definitions (in part) LANDSCAPING: Natural or significant rock outcroppings, native vegetation, planted areas and plant materials, including trees, shrubs, lawns, flowerbeds and ground cover, shall be deemed landscaping together with the core development such as walks, decks, patios, terraces, water features, and like features not occupying more than twenty percent (20%) of the landscaped area. Title 14 Development Standards, Vail Town Code Chapter 14-2-1, Definitions of words and terms: DECK SETBACK (Ground Level): A line or location within a lot or site which establishes the permitted location of an at grade (within 5 feet of grade) deck or patio on a lot. Town of Vail Page 4 DECK SETBACK (Not Ground Level): A line or location within a lot or site which establishes the permitted location of an above grade (greater than 5 feet above grade) deck or balcony on a lot. Chapter 14-10-8, Landscaping, Drainage, and Erosion Control (in part) A.Various natural vegetation zones exist within the Gore Valley as a result of the form and aspects of the land itself. The north facing slopes within the valley are typically heavily wooded with spruce, pine and aspen and generally receive less direct sunlight than the drier south facing slopes which typically consist of sage, aspen and other vegetation tolerant of drier conditions. The valley floor which is adjacent to Gore Creek consists of a wide variety of trees and shrubs adapted to the relatively fertile soil and natural availability of water. The goal of any landscape plan should be to preserve and enhance the natural landscape character of the area in which it is to be located and serve as an aid in fire prevention and protection. The landscape scale and overall landscape design shall be developed so that new vegetation is integral with the natural landscape and the inherent form, line, color and texture of the local plant communities. The major objective of the landscaping is to help reduce the scale of new structures, to assist in the screening of structures, to reduce the risk to life and structures from the intrusion of fire from wildland fire exposure and fire exposures from adjacent structures, and to mitigate structure fires from spreading to wildland fuels. The planting of large-sized, well-spaced plant materials is encouraged. Fire wise plant materials are required due to their ability to resist fire. Trees shall be maintained through limbing and pruning in order to prevent limbs from being too close to structures and other plant materials. Special care should be taken in selecting the types of plants to use when designing a landscape plan. Final selection should be based upon the soils and climate, ease of establishment, suitability for the specific use desired, ability to deter the spread of fires and the level of maintenance that can be provided. New planting shall use plants that are indigenous to the Rocky Mountain alpine and subalpine zones or are capable of being introduced into these zones. VII. CRITERIA FOR REVIEW 1. The extent to which the text amendment furthers the general and specific purposes of the zoning regulations; and The general purpose of the zoning regulations is for “promoting the health, safety, morals, and general welfare of the town, and to promote the coordinated and harmonious development of the town in a manner that will conserve and enhance its natural environment and its established character as a resort and residential community of high quality”. This text amendment is intended to clarify the definitions of landscaping to ensure adequate landscaping is provided on a site as prescribed in this code. Doing so will enhance the character of the town as a residential community of the highest quality by Town of Vail Page 5 reducing the visual impact of buildings.It will also further the specific purposes below: “7. To prevent excessive population densities and overcrowding of the land with structures. 8. To safeguard and enhance the appearance of the town. 10. To assure adequate open space, recreation opportunities, and other amenities and facilities conducive to designed living quarters. “ Staff finds that the proposed text amendment conformsto this criterion. 2. The extent to which the text amendment would better implement and better achieve the applicable elements of the adopted goals, objectives, and policies outlined in the Vail comprehensive plan and is compatible with the development objectives of the town; and The results of this amendment are minimal. The purpose it to add clarity and remove ambiguity, thereby providing better service. Staff finds that the proposed text amendment conformsto this criterion. 3. The text amendment demonstrates how conditions have substantially changed since the adoption of the subject regulation and how the existing regulation is no longer appropriate or is inapplicable; and The existing regulations lack clarity concerning how landscaping underneath a deck is measured. The introduction of the Vail Village Townhouse District with small lots results in a need for creative site planning in order to meet all the requirements. As GRFA is unlimited in this district the limiting factor tends to be site coverage and landscaping for this area of town. As these lots redevelop over time the situation is likely to come up more often in the future and this amendment addressing the question is needed. Staff finds that the proposed text amendment conformsto this criterion. 4. The extent to which the text amendment provides a harmonious, convenient, workable relationship among land use regulations consistent with municipal development objectives; and The proposed language allows for the needed flexibility when reviewing landscaping under decks that are above grade. It does not create any new standards that would be inconsistent with past projects but does bring attention to the possible need for a secondary review from the Design Review Board when appropriate. Staff finds that the proposed text amendment conformsto this criterion. Town of Vail Page 6 5.Such other factors and criteria the Planning and Environmental Commission and/or council deem applicable to the proposed text amendments Staff will provide additional information as needed should the PEC and/or Council determine other factors or criteria applicable to the proposed text amendments. VIII. STAFF RECOMMENDATION The Community Development Department recommends that the Planning and Environmental Commission forward a recommendation of approval for the prescribed regulation amendment to the Vail Town Council. This recommendation is based upon the review of the criteria outlined in Section Vll of this memorandum and the evidence and testimony presented. Should the Planning and Environmental Commission choose to forward a recommendation of approval to the Vail Town Council for the proposed prescribed regulation amendment, the Community Development Department recommends the Commission pass the following motion: "The Planning and Environmental Commission forwards a recommendation of approval to the Vail Town Council for prescribed regulations amendments to Title 12, Zoning Regulations and Title 14, Development Standards, Vail Town Code, to amend the regulations on landscaping to clarify how landscaping beneath decks should be considered and setting forth details in regard thereto. (PEC22-0001)” Should the Planning and Environmental Commission choose to forward a recommendation of approval to the Vail Town Council for the proposed prescribed regulation amendment, the Community Development Department recommends the Commission makes the following findings: “Based upon a review of Section VII of the April 11, 2022 staff memorandum to the Planning and Environmental Commission, and the evidence and testimony presented, the Planning and Environmental Commission finds: 1. That the amendment is consistent with the applicable elements of the adopted goals, objectives and policies outlined in the Vail Comprehensive Plan and is compatible with the development objectives of the Town; and 2. That the amendment furthers the general and specific purposes of the Zoning Regulations outlined in Section 12-1-2, Purpose, Vail Town Code; and 3. That the amendment promotes the health, safety, morals, and general welfare of the Town and promotes the coordinated and harmonious development of the Town in a Town of Vail Page 7 manner that conserves and enhances its natural environment and its established character as a resort and residential community of the highest quality." IX.ATTACHMENTS None Town of Vail Page 8 TO: Planning and Environmental Commission FROM:Community Development Department DATE: April 11, 2022 SUBJECT: A request for a recommendation to the Vail Town Council, pursuant to Section 12-3-7, Amendment, Vail Town Code, for prescribed regulations amendments to Title 14, Development Standards, Vail Town Code, Title 12 Zoning Regulations, Vail Town Code, and Title 11, Sign Regulations, Vail Town Code to correct out of date references and setting forth details in regard thereto. (PEC22-0003) Applicant: Town of Vail Planner: Jonathan Spence I. SUMMARY The Community Development Department is proposing to update the Vail Town Code to correct out of date references identified by an audit performed by the code company. These updates are meant to reflect changes in state law (Colorado Revised Statues) and are not substantive in nature. II.DESCRIPTION OF REQUEST The Community Development Department is requesting that the Planning and Environmental Commission forward a recommendation of approval to the Vail Town Council for amendments to Sections 12, pursuant to Section 12-3-7, Amendment, Vail Town Code, to correct out of date references. These out of date references to Colorado Revised Statutes were discovered by a routine audit performed by the code company. III. PROPOSED TEXT AMENDMENT LANGUAGE Please see the draft ordinance prepared by the Town’s legal staff included as Attachment A for an understanding of the limited scope of the changes. IV.ROLES OF REVIEWING BODIES Order of Review: Generally, text amendment applications will be reviewed by the Planning and Environmental Commission and the Commission will forward a recommendation to the Town Council. The Town Council will then review the text amendment application and make the final decision. Planning and Environmental Commission: The Planning and Environmental Commission is responsible for the review of a text amendment application, pursuant to Section 12-3-7, Amendment, Vail Town Code, and forwarding of a recommendation to the Town Council. Design Review Board: The Design Review Board (DRB) has no review authority over a text amendment to the Vail Town Code. The DRB held three separate work sessions to review the proposed text amendment. The board is supportive of the language submitted to the PEC for their review. Town Council: The Town Council is responsible for final approval, approval with modifications, or denial of a text amendment application, pursuant to Section 12-3-7, Amendment, Vail Town Code. Staff: The Town Staff facilitates the application review process. Staff reviews the submitted application materials for completeness and general compliance with the appropriate requirements of the Town Code. Staff also provides the Planning and Environmental Commission a memorandum containing a description and background of the application; an evaluation of the application in regard tothe criteria and findings outlined by the Town Code; and a recommendation of approval, approval with modifications, or denial. V. APPLICABLE PLANNING DOCUMENTS Staff believes that following provisions of the Vail Town Code and Vail Land Use Plan are relevant to the review of this proposal: Title 12, Zoning Regulations, Vail Town Code CHAPTER 12-1, TITLE, PURPOSE AND APPLICABILITY (in part) Section 12-1-2: Purpose: Town of Vail Page 2 A. General: These regulations are enacted for the purpose of promoting the health, safety, morals, and general welfare of the Town, and to promote the coordinated and harmonious development of the Town in a manner that will conserve and enhance its natural environment and its established character as a resort and residential community of high quality. B. Specific: These regulations are intended to achieve the following more specific purposes: 1. To provide for adequate light, air, sanitation, drainage, and public facilities. 2. To secure safety from fire, panic, flood, avalanche, accumulation of snow, and other dangerous conditions. 3. To promote safe and efficient pedestrian and vehicular traffic circulation and to lessen congestion in the streets. 4. To promote adequate and appropriately located off-street parking and loading facilities. 5. To conserve and maintain established community qualities and economic values. 6. To encourage a harmonious, convenient, workable relationship among land uses, consistent with Municipal development objectives. 7. To prevent excessive population densities and overcrowding of the land with structures. 8. To safeguard and enhance the appearance of the Town. 9. To conserve and protect wildlife, streams, woods, hillsides, and other desirable natural features. 10. To assure adequate open space, recreation opportunities, and other amenities and facilities conducive to desired living quarters. 11. To otherwise provide for the growth of an orderly and viable community. VI. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS The proposed prescribed regulation amendment does not have any identifiable environmental impacts. Town of Vail Page 3 VII.CRITERIA FOR REVIEW 1.The extent to which the text amendment furthers the general and specific purposes of the zoning regulations; and The general purposes of the zoning regulations are for “promoting the health, safety, morals, and general welfare of the town, and to promote the coordinated and harmonious development of the town in a manner that will conserve and enhance its natural environment and its established character as a resort and residential community of high quality”. This text amendment is intended to addressminor changes in state law and out of date references in order to maintain an accurate municipal code. Staff finds that the proposed text amendment meetsthis criterion. 2. The extent to which the text amendment would better implement and better achieve the applicable elements of the adopted goals, objectives, and policies outlined in the Vail comprehensive plan and is compatible with the development objectives of the town; and The proposed text amendment will update the Town Code to reflect changes to state law and the references thereto. The changes will not have bearing on development objectives of the Town of Vail. Staff finds that the proposed text amendment meets this criterion. 3. The text amendment demonstrates how conditions have substantially changed since the adoption of the subject regulation and how the existing regulation is no longer appropriate or is inapplicable; and The proposed text changes are the result of changes made to Colorado Revised Statues which the code, at times, references. The amendments bring the code up to date with applicable statutes. Staff finds that this criterion is not applicable. 4. The extent to which the text amendment provides a harmonious, convenient, workable relationship among land use regulations consistent with municipal development objectives; and The proposed text amendments will have no effect on the town’s land use regulations or their effectiveness thereof. Staff finds that this criterion is not applicable. Town of Vail Page 4 5.Such other factors and criteria the Planning and Environmental Commission and/or council deem applicable to the proposed text amendments Staff will provide additional information as needed should the PEC and/or council determine other factors or criteria applicable to the proposed text amendments. VIII. STAFF RECOMMENDATION The Community Development Department recommends that the Planning and Environmental Commission forward a recommendation of approval for the prescribed regulation amendment to the Vail Town Council. This recommendation is based upon the review of the criteria outlined in Section VII of this memorandum and the evidence and testimony presented. Should the Planning and Environmental Commission choose to forward a recommendation of approval to the Vail Town Council for the proposed prescribed regulation amendment, the Community Development Department recommends the Commission pass the following motion: "The Planning and Environmental Commission forwards a recommendation of approval to the Vail Town Council for prescribed regulations amendments to Title 12 Zoning Regulations, Vail Town Code, to correct out of date references and setting forth details in regard thereto. (PEC22-0003).” Should the Planning and Environmental Commission choose to forward a recommendation of approval to the Vail Town Council for the proposed prescribed regulation amendment, the Community Development Department recommends the Commission makes the following findings: “Based upon a review of Section VII of the April 11, 2022staff memorandum to the Planning and Environmental Commission, and the evidence and testimony presented, the Planning and Environmental Commission finds: 1. That the amendment is consistent with the applicable elements of the adopted goals, objectivesand policies outlined in the Vail Comprehensive Plan and is compatible with the development objectives of the Town; and 2. That the amendment furthers the general and specific purposes of the Zoning Regulations outlined in Section 12-1-2, Purpose, Vail Town Code; and 3. That the amendment promotes the health, safety, morals, and general welfare of the Town and promotes the coordinated and harmonious development of the Town in a manner that conserves and enhances its natural environment and its established Town of Vail Page 5 character as a resort and residential community of the highest quality." IX. ATTACHMENTS A. Draft Ordinance correcting various sections of Title 12. Town of Vail Page 6 ORDINANCE NO. ___ SERIES 2022 AN ORDINANCE CORRECTING VARIOUS SECTIONS OF TITLE 12 OF THE VAIL TOWN CODE TO REFLECT CHANGES IN STATE LAW WHEREAS, the Town seeks to maintain an accurate municipal code, substantive changes were made to various Title 12 zoning regulations; and WHERAS, the Town wishes to have accurate guidelines regarding geologically sensitive areas and development. NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT ORDAINED BY THE TOWN COUNCIL OF THE TOWN OF VAIL, COLORADO, THAT: Section 1. Section 12-2-2 of the Vail Town Code is hereby amended as follows: 12-2-2: DEFINITIONS OF WORDS AND TERMS: For purposes of this Title, the following terms shall have the following meanings:When used in this title, the words and phrases contained in this title shall have the specific meanings as defined in this section. * * * FRACTIONAL FEE CLUB UNIT: An individual dwelling unit in a fractional fee club described as such in the project documentation and not an accommodation unit within the fractional fee club. No offer of a fractional fee club unit shall be made except pursuant to an application for registration and certification as a subdivision developer of a timeshare program or an exemption from registration approved by the State of Colorado Real Estate Commission pursuant to Colorado Revised Statutes 12-61-401 et seq., C.R.S. § 12-10-501, et seq., and the rules and regulations promulgated pursuant thereto. Within ten (10) days after receipt of a written request, the developer of a fractional fee club unit shall provide to the staff of the Department of Community Development a copy of the application or request for exemption filed with the State of Colorado Real Estate Commission and/or evidence of approval of the application or request for exemption. * * * Section 2. Section 12-21-2 of the Vail Town Code is hereby amended as follows: 12-21-2: DEFINITIONS: For the purposes of this Chapter, the following terms shall have the following meanings words contained in this section are defined as follows: 1 4/6/2022 S:\\COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT\\BOARDS\\PLANNING ENVIRONMENTAL COMMISSION\\PEC MEETINGS 2022\\041122\\PEC22-0003 ZONING CODE CORRECTIONS\\DRAFT ORDINANCE.DOCX *** START OF CONSTRUCTION (for other than new construction or Substantial Improvements Under The Coastal Barrier Resources Act (Pub. L. No. 97-348 16 U.S.C. § 3501, et seq.)): Includes S substantial improvement and means the date the building permit was issued, provided the actual start of construction, repair, reconstruction, rehabilitation, addition, placement, or other improvement was within one hundred eighty (180) days of the permit date. The "actual start" means: either the first placement of permanent construction of a structure on a site, such as the pouring of slab or footings; the installation of piles, the construction of columns, or any work beyond the stage of excavation; or the placement of a manufactured home on a foundation. Permanent construction doesnot include: land preparation, such as clearing, grading and filling; nor does it include the installation of streets and/or walkways; nor does it include excavation for basement, footings, piers or foundations or the erection of temporary forms; nor does it include or the installation on the property of accessory buildings, such as garages or sheds not occupied as dwelling units or not part of the main structure. For a substantial improvement, the "actual start of construction" means the first alteration of any wall, ceiling, floor, or other structural part of a building, whether or not that alteration affects the external dimensions of the building. * * * Section 3. Section 12-21-13.B.1 of the Vail Town Code is hereby amended as follows: 12-21-13: RESTRICTIONS IN GEOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREAS: * * * B. Investigation: 1. In any area located within the boundaries of the Lincoln DeVore map, or in any area identified as a debris flow or debris avalanche area by the Mears map, or in any area identified as a rockfall area by the Schmueser map, no initial application for a building permit, grading permit or major or minor subdivision shall be approved until a site specific geologic investigation is complete. For thepurpose s of this Section, a site specific geologic investigation shall be deemed a detailed geologic investigation which is applicable to each respective site. All reports and studies required by this Section shall be prepared by a "professional geologist", as defined by Colorado Revised Statutes section 34-1-01 C.R.S. § 23-41-208, as amended, or a "registered professional engineer", as defined by Colorado Revised Statutes section 12-25-102 C.R.S. § 12-120-202, as amended, 2 4/6/2022 S:\\COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT\\BOARDS\\PLANNING ENVIRONMENTAL COMMISSION\\PEC MEETINGS 2022\\041122\\PEC22-0003 ZONING CODE CORRECTIONS\\DRAFT ORDINANCE.DOCX under the direction of and at the expense of the owner/applicant and submitted to the Department of Community Development. *** Section 4. If any part, section, subsection, sentence, clause or phrase of this ordinance is for any reason held to be invalid, such decision shall not effect the validity of the remaining portions of this ordinance; and the Council hereby declares it would have passed this ordinance, and each part, section, subsection, sentence, clause or phrase thereof, regardless of the fact that any one or more parts, sections, subsections, sentences, clauses or phrases be declared invalid. Section 5. The Council hereby finds, determines and declares that this ordinance is necessary and proper for the health, safety and welfare of the Town and the inhabitants thereof. Section 6. The amendment of any provision of the Town Code as provided in this ordinance shall not affect any right which has accrued, any duty imposed, any violation that occurred prior to the effective date hereof, any prosecution commenced, nor any other action or proceeding as commenced under or by virtue of the provision amended. The amendment of any provision hereby shall not revive any provision or any ordinance previously repealed or superseded unless expressly stated herein. Section 7. All bylaws, orders, resolutions and ordinances, or parts thereof, inconsistentherewith are repealed to the extent only of such inconsistency. This repealer shall not be construed to revise any bylaw, order, resolution or ordinance, or part thereof, theretofore repealed. INTRODUCED, READ ON FIRST READING, APPROVED, AND ORDERED PUBLISHED ONCE IN FULL ON FIRST READING this ___ day of ______________, 2022 and a public hearing for second reading of this Ordinance set for the _____day of ______________, 2022, in the Council Chambers of the Vail Municipal Building, Vail, Colorado. _____________________________ Kim Langmaid, Mayor ATTEST: ____________________________ Tammy Nagel, Town Clerk READ AND APPROVED ON SECOND READING AND ORDERED PUBLISHED this ___ day of ______________, 2022. _____________________________ Kim Langmaid, Mayor 3 4/6/2022 S:\\COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT\\BOARDS\\PLANNING ENVIRONMENTAL COMMISSION\\PEC MEETINGS 2022\\041122\\PEC22-0003 ZONING CODE CORRECTIONS\\DRAFT ORDINANCE.DOCX ATTEST: ____________________________ Tammy Nagel, Town Clerk 4 4/6/2022 S:\\COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT\\BOARDS\\PLANNING ENVIRONMENTAL COMMISSION\\PEC MEETINGS 2022\\041122\\PEC22-0003 ZONING CODE CORRECTIONS\\DRAFT ORDINANCE.DOCX